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Lee CE. Genome architecture underlying salinity adaptation in the invasive copepod Eurytemora affinis species complex: A review. iScience 2023; 26:107851. [PMID: 37752947 PMCID: PMC10518491 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With climate change, habitat salinity is shifting rapidly throughout the globe. In addition, many destructive freshwater invaders are recent immigrants from saline habitats. Recently, populations of the copepod Eurytemora affinis species complex have invaded freshwater habitats multiple times independently from saline estuaries on three continents. This review discusses features of this species complex that could enhance their evolutionary potential during rapid environmental change. Remarkably, across independent freshwater invasions, natural selection has repeatedly favored the same alleles far more than expected. This high degree of parallelism is surprising, given the expectation of nonparallel evolution for polygenic adaptation. Factors such as population structure and the genome architecture underlying critical traits under selection might help drive rapid adaptation and parallel evolution. Given the preponderance of saline-to-freshwater invasions and climate-induced salinity change, the principles found here could provide invaluable insights into mechanisms operating in other systems and the potential for adaptation in a changing planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Eunmi Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Birge Hall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Whiting JR, Mahmud MA, Bradley JE, MacColl ADC. Prior exposure to long-day photoperiods alters immune responses and increases susceptibility to parasitic infection in stickleback. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201017. [PMID: 32605431 PMCID: PMC7423467 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal disease and parasitic infection are common across organisms, including humans, and there is increasing evidence for intrinsic seasonal variation in immune systems. Changes are orchestrated through organisms' physiological clocks using cues such as day length. Ample research in diverse taxa has demonstrated multiple immune responses are modulated by photoperiod, but to date, there have been few experimental demonstrations that photoperiod cues alter susceptibility to infection. We investigated the interactions among photoperiod history, immunity and susceptibility in laboratory-bred three-spined stickleback (a long-day breeding fish) and its external, directly reproducing monogenean parasite Gyrodactylus gasterostei. We demonstrate that previous exposure to long-day photoperiods (PLD) increases susceptibility to infection relative to previous exposure to short days (PSD), and modifies the response to infection for the mucin gene muc2 and Treg cytokine foxp3a in skin tissues in an intermediate 12 L : 12 D photoperiod experimental trial. Expression of skin muc2 is reduced in PLD fish, and negatively associated with parasite abundance. We also observe inflammatory gene expression variation associated with natural inter-population variation in resistance, but find that photoperiod modulation of susceptibility is consistent across host populations. Thus, photoperiod modulation of the response to infection is important for host susceptibility, highlighting new mechanisms affecting seasonality of host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Whiting
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Muayad A. Mahmud
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Scientific Research Center, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Janette E. Bradley
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andrew D. C. MacColl
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Aguirre WE, Young A, Navarrete-Amaya R, Valdiviezo-Rivera J, Jiménez-Prado P, Cucalón RV, Nugra-Salazar F, Calle-Delgado P, Borders T, Shervette VR. Vertebral number covaries with body form and elevation along the western slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes in the Neotropical fish genusRhoadsia(Teleostei: Characidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Windsor E Aguirre
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ashley Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Pedro Jiménez-Prado
- Escuela de Gestión Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas, Ecuador
| | - Roberto V Cucalón
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fredy Nugra-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Zoología de Vertebrados de la Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Paola Calle-Delgado
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Casilla, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Thomas Borders
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Hohenlohe PA, Magalhaes IS. The Population Genomics of Parallel Adaptation: Lessons from Threespine Stickleback. POPULATION GENOMICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/13836_2019_67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Maciejewski MF, Hernandez CA, Bolnick DI. Investigating the association between armour coverage and parasite infection in an estuarine population of stickleback. EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY RESEARCH 2019; 20:69-82. [PMID: 36226095 PMCID: PMC9552957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When threespine stickleback colonized fresh water, they repeatedly evolved reduced armour plating via changes in Eda allele frequency. This evolution is typically attributed to differential predation pressure between marine and freshwater environments. However, the chromosomal region containing Eda is associated with many other phenotypes, including schooling, antipredator behaviour, and immunity. Consequently, the evolution of armour plating may be driven by multiple selective pressures acting on Eda or linked genes. QUESTION Is parasite infection associated with armour phenotype? HYPOTHESIS Parasite load differs between stickleback armour plate morphs. ORGANISMS An armour-polymorphic population of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), and their parasites. FIELD SITE In June 2009 and 2012, we sampled stickleback from a single human-made salt-marsh pool in the Campbell River Estuary on Vancouver Island. METHODS We counted macroparasites on approximately 100 fish per year and counted lateral armour plates. We used generalized linear models to test for correlations between armour morph and parasite load. RESULTS Most parasite species were not associated with armour. The gill parasite Thersitina was more abundant on more fully armoured fish in both years. The nematode Eustrongylides also exhibited a marginally significant positive trend. If parasitic infections reduce stickleback fitness, this positive covariance between armour and infection would accelerate the loss of armour plating in stickleback colonizing fresh water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine A Hernandez
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel I Bolnick
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Morris MRJ, Bowles E, Allen BE, Jamniczky HA, Rogers SM. Contemporary ancestor? Adaptive divergence from standing genetic variation in Pacific marine threespine stickleback. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:113. [PMID: 30021523 PMCID: PMC6052716 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Populations that have repeatedly colonized novel environments are useful for studying the role of ecology in adaptive divergence – particularly if some individuals persist in the ancestral habitat. Such “contemporary ancestors” can be used to demonstrate the effects of selection by comparing phenotypic and genetic divergence between the derived population and their extant ancestors. However, evolution and demography in these “contemporary ancestors” can complicate inferences about the source (standing genetic variation, de novo mutation) and pace of adaptive divergence. Marine threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) have colonized freshwater environments along the Pacific coast of North America, but have also persisted in the marine environment. To what extent are marine stickleback good proxies of the ancestral condition? Results We sequenced > 5800 variant loci in over 250 marine stickleback from eight locations extending from Alaska to California, and phenotyped them for platedness and body shape. Pairwise FST varied from 0.02 to 0.18. Stickleback were divided into five genetic clusters, with a single cluster comprising stickleback from Washington to Alaska. Plate number, Eda, body shape, and candidate loci showed evidence of being under selection in the marine environment. Comparisons to a freshwater population demonstrated that candidate loci for freshwater adaptation varied depending on the choice of marine populations. Conclusions Marine stickleback are structured into phenotypically and genetically distinct populations that have been evolving as freshwater stickleback evolved. This variation complicates their usefulness as proxies of the ancestors of freshwater populations. Lessons from stickleback may be applied to other “contemporary ancestor”-derived population studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1228-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R J Morris
- Department of Biology, Ambrose University, 150 Ambrose Circle SW, Calgary, AB, T3H 0L5, Canada.
| | - Ella Bowles
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Brandon E Allen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Heather A Jamniczky
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Sean M Rogers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Whiting JR, Magalhaes IS, Singkam AR, Robertson S, D'Agostino D, Bradley JE, MacColl ADC. A genetics-based approach confirms immune associations with life history across multiple populations of an aquatic vertebrate (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3174-3191. [PMID: 29924437 PMCID: PMC6221044 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how wild immune variation covaries with other traits can reveal how costs and trade‐offs shape immune evolution in the wild. Divergent life history strategies may increase or alleviate immune costs, helping shape immune variation in a consistent, testable way. Contrasting hypotheses suggest that shorter life histories may alleviate costs by offsetting them against increased mortality, or increase the effect of costs if immune responses are traded off against development or reproduction. We investigated the evolutionary relationship between life history and immune responses within an island radiation of three‐spined stickleback, with discrete populations of varying life histories and parasitism. We sampled two short‐lived, two long‐lived and an anadromous population using qPCR to quantify current immune profile and RAD‐seq data to study the distribution of immune variants within our assay genes and across the genome. Short‐lived populations exhibited significantly increased expression of all assay genes, which was accompanied by a strong association with population‐level variation in local alleles and divergence in a gene that may be involved in complement pathways. In addition, divergence around the eda gene in anadromous fish is likely associated with increased inflammation. A wider analysis of 15 populations across the island revealed that immune genes across the genome show evidence of having diverged alongside life history strategies. Parasitism and reproductive investment were also important sources of variation for expression, highlighting the caution required when assaying immune responses in the wild. These results provide strong, gene‐based support for current hypotheses linking life history and immune variation across multiple populations of a vertebrate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Whiting
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Isabel S Magalhaes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Abdul R Singkam
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.,Pendidikan Biologi JPMIPA FKIP, University of Bengkulu, Bengkulu, Indonesia
| | - Shaun Robertson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniele D'Agostino
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Janette E Bradley
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew D C MacColl
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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Østbye K, Taugbøl A, Ravinet M, Harrod C, Pettersen RA, Bernatchez L, Vøllestad LA. Ongoing niche differentiation under high gene flow in a polymorphic brackish water threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) population. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:14. [PMID: 29402230 PMCID: PMC5800020 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine threespine sticklebacks colonized and adapted to brackish and freshwater environments since the last Pleistocene glacial. Throughout the Holarctic, three lateral plate morphs are observed; the low, partial and completely plated morph. We test if the three plate morphs in the brackish water Lake Engervann, Norway, differ in body size, trophic morphology (gill raker number and length), niche (stable isotopes; δ15N, δ13C, and parasites (Theristina gasterostei, Trematoda spp.)), genetic structure (microsatellites) and the lateral-plate encoding Stn382 (Ectodysplasin) gene. We examine differences temporally (autumn 2006/spring 2007) and spatially (upper/lower sections of the lake - reflecting low versus high salinity). RESULTS All morphs belonged to one gene pool. The complete morph was larger than the low plated, with the partial morph intermediate. The number of lateral plates ranged 8-71, with means of 64.2 for complete, 40.3 for partial, and 14.9 for low plated morph. Stickleback δ15N was higher in the lower lake section, while δ13C was higher in the upper section. Stickleback isotopic values were greater in autumn. The low plated morph had larger variances in δ15N and δ13C than the other morphs. Sticklebacks in the upper section had more T. gasterostei than in the lower section which had more Trematoda spp. Sticklebacks had less T. gasterostei, but more Trematoda spp. in autumn than spring. Sticklebacks with few and short rakers had more T. gasterostei, while sticklebacks with longer rakers had more Trematoda. spp. Stickleback with higher δ15N values had more T. gasterostei, while sticklebacks with higher δ15N and δ13C values had more Trematoda spp. The low plated morph had fewer Trematoda spp. than other morphs. CONCLUSIONS Trait-ecology associations may imply that the three lateral plate morphs in the brackish water lagoon of Lake Engervann are experiencing ongoing divergent selection for niche and migratory life history strategies under high gene flow. As such, the brackish water zone may generally act as a generator of genomic diversity to be selected upon in the different environments where threespine sticklebacks can live.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjartan Østbye
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, NO2418 Elverum, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Po. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Annette Taugbøl
- Norwegian Institute for nature research (NINA), Fakkelgården, 2624 Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Mark Ravinet
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Po. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Chris Harrod
- Department of Physiological Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Limnology, Postfach 165, D-24302 Plön, Germany
- Universidad de Antofagasta, Fish and Stable Isotope Ecology Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander von Humbolt, Avenida Angamos, 601 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Ruben Alexander Pettersen
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Po. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Department of Biology, Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand 1030, Avenue de la Medecine, Quebec, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Po. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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