1
|
George G, Stasyuk AJ, Solà M. Prediction of the ground state for indenofluorene-type systems with Clar's π-sextet model. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13676-13687. [PMID: 39211490 PMCID: PMC11351611 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03465a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This study introduces the Ground State Stability (GSS) rule that allows predicting the nature of the ground state of indenofluorene (IF)-type systems from the simple counting of the Clar's π-sextets in the closed- and open-shell configurations. The IF-type system exhibits a triplet ground state when acquiring double or more the number of Clar's π-sextets in the open-shell form relative to the closed-shell form; otherwise, it assumes an open-shell singlet ground state. Performed state-of-the-art DFT calculations and analysis of aromaticity for the systems of interest validate the effectiveness of the proposed rule. We demonstrate that aromaticity plays the most crucial role in determining the ground electronic state for such polycyclic hydrocarbons. The simplicity of the GSS rule makes it a robust strategy for identifying promising systems in the development of indenofluorene-type materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gibu George
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Anton J Stasyuk
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, i Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) Av. Joan XXIII 27-31 Barcelona Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Salikov RF, Belyy AY, Ilyushchenko MK, Platonov DN, Sokolova AD, Tomilov YV. Antiaromaticity of Cycloheptatrienyl Anions: Structure, Acidity, and Magnetic Properties. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401041. [PMID: 38785416 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Investigations of the nature and degree of antiaromaticity of cycloheptatrienyl anion derivatives using both experimental and computational tools are presented. The ground state of cycloheptatrienyl anion in the gas phase is triplet, planar and Baird-aromatic. In DMSO, it assumes a singlet distorted allylic form with a paratropic ring current. The other derivatives in both phases assume either allylic or diallylic conformations depending on the substituent pattern. A combination of experimental and computational methods was used to determine the pKa values of 16 derivatives in DMSO, which ranged from 36 to -10.7. We revealed that the stronger stabilization of the anionic system, which correlates with acidity, does not necessarily imply a lower degree of antiaromaticity in terms of magnetic properties. Conversely, the substitution pattern first affects the geometry of the ring through the bulkiness of the substituents and their better conjugation with a more distorted system. Consequently, the distortion reduces the cyclic conjugation in the π-system and thereby decreases the paratropic current in a magnetic field, which manifests itself as a decrease in the NICS. The triplet-state geometries and magnetic properties are nearly independent on the substitution pattern, which is typical for simple aromatic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinat F Salikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry, Higher School of Economics National Research University, Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Y Belyy
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Matvey K Ilyushchenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry N Platonov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alena D Sokolova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Yury V Tomilov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gazdag T, Meiszter E, Mayer PJ, Holczbauer T, Ottosson H, Maurer AB, Abrahamsson M, London G. An Exploration of Substituent Effects on the Photophysical Properties of Monobenzopentalenes. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300737. [PMID: 38284145 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Monobenzopentalenes have received moderate attention compared to dibenzopentalenes, yet their accessibility as stable, non-symmetric structures with diverse substituents could be interesting for materials applications, including molecular photonics. Recently, monobenzopentalene was considered computationally as a potential chromophore for singlet fission (SF) photovoltaics. To advance this compound class towards photonics applications, the excited state energetics must be characterized, computationally and experimentally. In this report we synthesized a series of stable substituted monobenzopentalenes and provided the first experimental exploration of their photophysical properties. Structural and opto-electronic characterization revealed that all derivatives showed 1H NMR shifts in the olefinic region, bond length alternation in the pentalene unit, low-intensity absorptions reflecting the ground-state antiaromatic character and in turn the symmetry forbidden HOMO-to-LUMO transitions of ~2 eV and redox amphotericity. This was also supported by computed aromaticity indices (NICS, ACID, HOMA). Accordingly, substituents did not affect the fulfilment of the energetic criterion of SF, as the computed excited-state energy levels satisfied the required E(S1)/E(T1)>2 relationship. Further spectroscopic measurements revealed a concentration dependent quenching of the excited state and population of the S2 state on the nanosecond timescale, providing initial evidence for unusual photophysics and an alternative entry point for singlet fission with monobenzopentalenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Gazdag
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/a, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Enikő Meiszter
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter J Mayer
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala, 751 20, Sweden
| | - Tamás Holczbauer
- Chemical Crystallography Research Laboratory and Stereochemistry Research Group, Institute for Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala, 751 20, Sweden
| | - Andrew B Maurer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Maria Abrahamsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Gábor London
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu C, Kuhn L, Makurvet FD, Knorr ES, Lin X, Kawade RK, Mentink-Vigier F, Hanson K, Alabugin IV. Tethering Three Radical Cascades for Controlled Termination of Radical Alkyne peri-Annulations: Making Phenalenyl Ketones without Oxidants. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4187-4211. [PMID: 38316011 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Although Bu3Sn-mediated radical alkyne peri-annulations allow access to phenalenyl ring systems, the oxidative termination of these cascades provides only a limited selection of the possible isomeric phenalenone products with product selectivity controlled by the intrinsic properties of the new cyclic systems. In this work, we report an oxidant-free termination strategy that can overcome this limitation and enable selective access to the full set of isomerically functionalized phenalenones. The key to preferential termination is the preinstallation of a "weak link" that undergoes C-O fragmentation in the final cascade step. Breaking a C-O bond is assisted by entropy, gain of conjugation in the product, and release of stabilized radical fragments. This strategy is expanded to radical exo-dig cyclization cascades of oligoalkynes, which provide access to isomeric π-extended phenalenones. Conveniently, these cascades introduce functionalities (i.e., Bu3Sn and iodide moieties) amenable to further cross-coupling reactions. Consequently, a variety of polyaromatic diones, which could serve as phenalenyl-based open-shell precursors, can be synthesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Leah Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Favour D Makurvet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Erica S Knorr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Xinsong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Rahul K Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Frederic Mentink-Vigier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saha HK, Mallick D, Das S. Dibenzoheterole-Fused s-Indacenes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16248-16258. [PMID: 37943573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterole (pyrrole, thiophene, furan, thiophene-S,S-dioxide)-fused s-indacenes are known for their enhanced paratropic ring-current strength. However, the outcome of the antiaromatic properties for dibenzoheterole-fused s-indacene antiaromatics remained underexplored. Carbazole-, dibenzothiophene-, dibenzofuran-, and dibenzo[b,d]thiophene-5,5-dioxide-fused s-indacenes 1-4, respectively, were synthesized and characterized by experimental (NMR, single-crystal, UV-vis, CV) and computational (DFT) approaches to study the ground-state antiaromatic properties. Sulfone-containing 4 showed the weakest paratropic ring-current strength for the s-indacene unit, while 1-3 showed a relatively greater paratropicity for the s-indacene unit, as evidenced by the changes in 1H NMR chemical shifts of s-indacene protons. Such observation was explained by the electron-withdrawing effect of the sulfone group and loss of 4n + 2 aromaticity of the heterole unit for 4 reducing its s-indacene paratropicity strength as the nonaromaticity of the heterole unit reduces the π-bond character at the dibenzo[b,d]thiophene-5,5-dioxide/s-indacene fusion site to avoid antiaromatic s-indacene ring formation. The modulation of the paratropic ring-current strength of s-indacene for 1-4 was further supported by the NICS(1)zz and ring-current (ACID) calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemonta Kumar Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Dibyendu Mallick
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumyajit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moriyasu R, Quintero SM, Gómez-García CJ, Suzuki K, Kitamura C, Murata M, Alonso M, Casado J, Kato SI. Isomerism tunes the diradical character of difluorenopyrroles at constant Hückel-level anti-aromaticity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13468-13474. [PMID: 38033889 PMCID: PMC10685319 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03297c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A new diradical based on diindenocarbazole or difluorenopyrrole was synthesized and experimentally characterized by optical, electrochemical, and magnetic techniques, as well as quantum chemical calculations. The isomerism of these structures tunes the diradical character and the associated properties, representing a unique case of such important modulation. A full study of the electronic structure was carried out considering the perturbative interactions between different canonical forms as well as the anti-aromatic character of the molecular cores. Such a study reveals how we can tune diradical character simply by reorganizing the bonding patterns at constant chemical costs (composition).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Moriyasu
- Department of Materials Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture 2500 Hassaka-cho Hikone Shiga 522-8533 Japan
| | - Sergio Moles Quintero
- Departament of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga Campus de Teatinos s/n Málaga 29071 Spain
| | - Carlos J Gómez-García
- Departament of Inorganic Chemsitry, University of Valencia C/ DR. Moliner, 50, 46100 Brujassot Valencia Spain
| | - Kazumasa Suzuki
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya university Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Chitoshi Kitamura
- Department of Materials Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture 2500 Hassaka-cho Hikone Shiga 522-8533 Japan
| | - Michihisa Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology 5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-ku Osaka 535-8585 Japan
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)Plei nlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Juan Casado
- Departament of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga Campus de Teatinos s/n Málaga 29071 Spain
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kato
- Department of Materials Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture 2500 Hassaka-cho Hikone Shiga 522-8533 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lirette F, Darvish A, Zhou Z, Wei Z, Renn L, Petrukhina MA, Weitz RT, Morin JF. Dibenzannulated peri-acenoacenes from anthanthrene derivatives. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10184-10193. [PMID: 37772122 PMCID: PMC10530754 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02898d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of dibenzannulated phenyl-annulated [4,2]peri-acenoacenes have been synthesized in three straightforward steps from 4,10-dibromoanthanthrone (vat orange 3). The phenyl bisannulation of [4,2]peri-acenoacene provides extra stability by increasing the overall aromatic character of the molecules, and allows for a 45-80% increase of the molar extinction coefficient (ε) compared to their [5,2]peri-acenoacene isomers. Depending on the substituents attached to the π-conjugated core, some derivatives exhibit strong aggregation in the solid state with association constant (Ka) up to 255 M-1, resulting in a significant broadening of the absorption spectrum and a substantial decrease of the bandgap value (more than 0.3 V) from solution to the solid state. One [4,2]peri-acenoacene derivative was doubly reduced using cesium and the crystal structure of the resulting salt has been obtained. Field-effect transistors showing a temperature-dependent hole mobility have been tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Lirette
- Département de chimie and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (CERMA) 1045 Ave de la Médecine, Université Laval Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Ali Darvish
- Département de chimie and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (CERMA) 1045 Ave de la Médecine, Université Laval Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York 1400 Washington Avenue Albany New York 12222-0100 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York 1400 Washington Avenue Albany New York 12222-0100 USA
| | - Lukas Renn
- 1st Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Georg-August-University Göttingen Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York 1400 Washington Avenue Albany New York 12222-0100 USA
| | - R Thomas Weitz
- 1st Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Georg-August-University Göttingen Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Jean-François Morin
- Département de chimie and Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (CERMA) 1045 Ave de la Médecine, Université Laval Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mizuno Y, Nogata A, Suzuki M, Nakayama KI, Hisaki I, Kishi R, Konishi A, Yasuda M. Synthesis and Characterization of Dibenzothieno[ a, f]pentalenes Enabling Large Antiaromaticity and Moderate Open-Shell Character through a Small Energy Barrier for Bond-Shift Valence Tautomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20595-20609. [PMID: 37695346 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical rationalization of bond-shift valence tautomerization, characterized by double-well potential surfaces, is one of the most challenging topics of study among the rich electronic properties of antiaromatic molecules. Although the pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect (PJTE) is an essential effect to provide attractive characteristics of 4nπ systems, an understanding of the structure-property relationship derived from the PJTE for planar 4nπ electron systems is still in its infancy. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of two regioisomers of the thiophene-fused diareno[a,f]pentalenes 6 and 7. The magnetic and optoelectronic properties characterize these sulfur-doped diareno[a,f]pentalenes as open-shell antiaromatic molecules, in sharp contrast to the closed-shell antiaromatic systems of 3 and 5, in which these main cores consist of the same number of π electrons as 6 and 7. Notably, thiophene-fused 6b and 7b showed pronounced antiaromaticity, the strongest among the previous systems, as well as moderate open-shell characteristics. Our experimental and theoretical investigations concluded that these properties of 6b and 7b are derived from the small energy barrier Ea‡ for the bond-shift valence tautomerization. The energy profile of the single crystal of 6b showed the temperature-dependent structural variations assigned to the dynamic mutual exchange between the two Cs-symmetric structures, which was also supported by changes in the chemical shifts of variable-temperature 1H NMR spectra in the solution phase. Both experimental and computational results revealed the importance of introducing heteroaromatic rings into 4nπ systems for controlling the PJTE and manifesting the antiaromatic and open-shell natures originating from the high-symmetric structure. The findings of this study advance the understanding of antiaromaticity characterized by the PJTE by controlling the energy barrier for bond-shift valence tautomerizations, potentially leading to the rational design of optoelectronic devices based on novel antiaromatic molecules possessing the strong contributions of their high-symmetric geometries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mizuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Nogata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Karas LJ, Jalife S, Viesser RV, Soares JV, Haley MM, Wu JI. Tetra-tert-butyl-s-indacene is a Bond-Localized C 2h Structure and a Challenge for Computational Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307379. [PMID: 37467313 PMCID: PMC10528983 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Whether tetra-tert-butyl-s-indacene is a symmetric D2h structure or a bond-alternating C2h structure remains a standing puzzle. Close agreement between experimental and computed proton chemical shifts based on minima structures optimized at the M06-2X, ωB97X-D, and M11 levels confirm a bond-localized C2h symmetry, which is consistent with the expected strong antiaromaticity of TtB-s-indacene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Said Jalife
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Renan V Viesser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - João V Soares
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1253, USA
| | - Judy I Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Takase M, Takata T, Oki K, Mori S, Uno H. Substituent effects on paratropicity and diatropicity in π-extended hexapyrrolohexaazacoronene. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7036-7043. [PMID: 37389264 PMCID: PMC10306074 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc07037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Research into the application of antiaromatic compounds as molecular materials is an attractive strategy in the development of electronic materials. Antiaromatic compounds have traditionally been considered to be unstable, and thus, the creation of stable antiaromatic compounds has been sought in the field of organic chemistry. Recently, some studies have been reported on the synthesis, isolation, and elucidation of the physical properties of compounds with stability and definitive antiaromatic properties. In general, antiaromatic compounds are considered to be more susceptible to substituents due to their inherently narrow HOMO-LUMO gap compared to aromatic compounds. However, there have been no studies examining substituent effects in antiaromatic compounds. In this study, we have developed a synthetic method to introduce various substituents into π-extended hexapyrrolohexaazacoronene (homoHPHAC+), one of the stable and clearly antiaromatic compounds, and investigated the substituent effects on the optical, redox, and geometrical properties and paratropicity of a series of compounds. In addition, the properties of the two-electron oxidized form, homoHPHAC3+, were investigated. Control of electronic properties by introducing substituents into antiaromatic compounds provides a new design guideline for molecular materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Takase
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
- Research Unit on Molecular Materials Science for Toroidal π-Electron Systems, Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Toranosuke Takata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Kosuke Oki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Research Unit on Molecular Materials Science for Toroidal π-Electron Systems, Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
- Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES), Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jhang SJ, Pandidurai J, Chu CP, Miyoshi H, Takahara Y, Miki M, Sotome H, Miyasaka H, Chatterjee S, Ozawa R, Ie Y, Hisaki I, Tsai CL, Cheng YJ, Tobe Y. s-Indacene Revisited: Modular Synthesis and Modulation of Structures and Molecular Orbitals of Hexaaryl Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4716-4729. [PMID: 36796008 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Though s-indacene is an intriguing antiaromatic hydrocarbon of 12 π-electrons, it has been underrepresented due to the lack of efficient and versatile methods to prepare stable derivatives. Herein we report a concise and modular synthetic method for hexaaryl-s-indacene derivatives bearing electron-donating/-accepting groups at specific positions to furnish C2h-, D2h-, and C2v-symmetric substitution patterns. We also report the effects of substituents on their molecular structures, frontier molecular orbital (MO) levels, and magnetically induced ring current tropicities. Both theoretical calculations and X-ray structure analyses indicate that the derivatives of the C2h-substitution pattern adopt different C2h structures with significant bond length alternation depending on the electronic property of the substituents. Due to the nonuniform distribution of the frontier MOs, their energy levels are selectively modulated by the electron-donating substituents. This leads to the inversion of the HOMO and HOMO-1 sequences with respect to those of the intrinsic s-indacene as theoretically predicted and experimentally proven by the absorption spectra at visible and near-infrared regions. The NICS values and the 1H NMR chemical shifts of the s-indacene derivatives indicate their weak antiaromaticity. The different tropicities are explained by the modulation of the HOMO and HOMO-1 levels. In addition, for the hexaxylyl derivative, weak fluorescence from the S2 excited state was detected due to the large energy gap between the S1 and S2 states. Notably, an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) fabricated using the hexaxylyl derivative exhibited moderate hole carrier mobility, a result which opens the door for optoelectronic applications of s-indacene derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Jie Jhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Jayabalan Pandidurai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Piao Chu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Hirokazu Miyoshi
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yuta Takahara
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masahito Miki
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sotome
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shreyam Chatterjee
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Rumi Ozawa
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ie
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Chia-Lin Tsai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Cheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.,Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.,Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Q, Ishida M, Wang Y, Li C, Baryshnikov G, Zhu B, Sha F, Wu X, Ågren H, Furuta H, Xie Y. Antiaromatic Sapphyrin Isomer: Transformation into Contracted Porphyrinoids with Variable Aromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212174. [PMID: 36342501 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sapphyrin is a pentapyrrolic expanded porphyrin with a 22π aromatic character. Herein, we report the synthesis of a 20π antiaromatic sapphyrin isomer 1 by oxidative cyclization of a pentapyrrane precursor P5 with a terminal β-linked pyrrole. The resulting isomer 1, containing a mis-linked bipyrrole unit in the skeleton, exhibits a reactivity for further oxidation due to the distinct antiaromatic electronic structure, affording a fused macrocycle 2, possessing a spiro-carbon-containing [5.6.5.6]-tetracyclic structure. Subsequent treatment with an acid afforded a weakly aromatic pyrrolone-appended N-confused corrole 3, and thermal fusion gave a [5.6.5.7]-tetracyclic-ring-embedded 14π aromatic triphyrin(2.1.1) analog 4. The cyclization at the mis-linked pyrrole moiety of P5 played a crucial role in synthesizing the antiaromatic porphyrinoid susceptible to facile transformation to novel porphyrinoids with variable aromaticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qizhao Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yunyun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chengjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Glib Baryshnikov
- Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, 60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Feng Sha
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Iwata K, Egawa Y, Yamanishi K, Tsuji H. Preparation of 2,3-Dibromo-1 H-indenes and Tetrabromodihydro- s-indacenes as Synthetic Building Blocks. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13882-13890. [PMID: 36226725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The acid-induced intramolecular cyclization of 1,1-disubstituted 3-aryl-2,3-dibromoallylalcohols affords 2,3-dibromo-1H-indene derivatives. This method is also applicable to the preparation of tetrabromodihydro-s-indacenes. The thus obtained multi-brominated compounds can serve as versatile synthetic building blocks to obtain a variety of indene and indacene derivatives, as demonstrated by the synthesis of dialkylmethylene-bridged oligo(phenylenevinylene)s, which feature attractive photophysical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Iwata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Tsuchiya 2946, Hiratsuka 259-1293, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Egawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Tsuchiya 2946, Hiratsuka 259-1293, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yamanishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Tsuchiya 2946, Hiratsuka 259-1293, Japan
| | - Hayato Tsuji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Tsuchiya 2946, Hiratsuka 259-1293, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang J, Wang W, Zhang L, Meng X. Recent advances in the synthesis of benzo[b]thiophene fused polycyclic derivatives: strategies and reactions. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.108003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
15
|
Khatua R, Debata S, Sahu S. Computational study of electron transport in halogen incorporated diindenotetracene compounds: crystal structure, charge transport and optoelectronic properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13256-13265. [PMID: 35604064 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure, charge transport and optoelectronic properties of newly designed air-stable halogenated diindenotetracene (DIT) based OSCs are reported in this article. The structural, electronic and charge transport properties of the compounds are investigated using density functional theory (DFT) formalism. The air-stability and n-type characteristics are validated from their low lying LUMO energies (<-3.9 eV) and large electron affinity (EA) values (>3.0 eV). Compared with the parent DIT, the designed DIT-X compounds (except for DIT-I) exhibit larger electronic coupling (Ve is found to be ∼1.5 times larger than that of the bare DIT) and higher electron mobilities because of the effect of electron-withdrawing groups substituted at the peripheral positions of the DIT derivatives. The designed DIT-X compounds (except DIT-I) show high electron mobilities (∼2.4-5.4 cm2 V-1 s-1), implying that the compounds can serve as promising electron transport materials. In addition, the UV-visible optical spectra of DIT derivatives (except DIT-F) display bathochromic shifts as compared to the bare DIT compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudranarayan Khatua
- Computational Materials Research Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India.
| | - Suryakanti Debata
- Computational Materials Research Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India.
| | - Sridhar Sahu
- Computational Materials Research Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ukai S, Takamatsu A, Nobuoka M, Tsutsui Y, Fukui N, Ogi S, Seki S, Yamaguchi S, Shinokubo H. A Supramolecular Polymer Constituted of Antiaromatic Ni
II
Norcorroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shusaku Ukai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Aiko Takamatsu
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Masaki Nobuoka
- Department of Molecular Engineering Graduate School of, Engineering Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsutsui
- Department of Molecular Engineering Graduate School of, Engineering Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Soichiro Ogi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering Graduate School of, Engineering Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stanger A. The Aromatic Character of Diindeno[2,1- b:2',1'- h]biphenylene. Org Lett 2022; 24:1243-1246. [PMID: 35089721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The tropicity of the title system was studied using NICS(1.7)π,zz-XY-scans and current density analysis, showing a global diatropic loop and local dia- and paratropic loops. This aromaticity picture is very different from the one proposed based on NICS(1) and HOMA ( Org. Lett. 2021, 23, 8794-8798). It is predicted that 1 should be suitable for singlet fission applications. It is concluded that local aromatic indices should not be used for the full analysis of multiring conjugated systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Stanger
- Schulich Department of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Horii K, Nogata A, Mizuno Y, Iwasa H, Suzuki M, Nakayama KI, Konishi A, Yasuda M. Synthesis and Characterization of Dinaphtho[2,1-a:2,3-f]pentalene: A Stable Antiaromatic/Quinoidal Hydrocarbon Showing Appropriate Carrier Mobility in the Amorphous Layer. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki Horii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Nogata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mizuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruna Iwasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Nakayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kroeger AA, Karton A. Graphene-induced planarization of cyclooctatetraene derivatives. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:96-105. [PMID: 34677827 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stable equilibrium compounds containing a planar antiaromatic cyclooctatetraene (COT) ring are promising candidates for organic electronic devices such as organic semiconductor transistors. The planarization of COT by incorporation into rigid planar π-systems, as well as by oxidation or reduction has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Using dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations, we explore an alternative approach of planarizing COT derivatives by adsorption onto graphene. We show that strong π-π stacking interactions between graphene and COT derivatives induce a planar structure with an antiaromatic central COT ring. In addition to being reversible, this strategy provides a novel approach for planarizing COT without the need for incorporation into a rigid structure, atomic substitution, oxidation, or reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asja A Kroeger
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Esser B, Wössner JS, Hermann M. Conjugated Nanohoops with Dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes as Non-alternant and Antiaromatic π-Systems. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1740-7139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated nanohoops are excellent candidates to study structure-property relationships, as optoelectronic materials and as hosts for supramolecular chemistry. While carbon nanohoops containing aromatics are well studied, antiaromatic units had not been incorporated until recently by our group using dibenzo[a,e]pentalene (DBP). The non-alternant electronic character of the DBP units significantly influences the optoelectronic properties of such nanohoops. We herein summarize our synthetic strategies to DBP-containing nanohoops, their structural and electronic properties, chirality and host-guest chemistry. We demonstrate how incorporating antiaromatic units leads to unique properties and opens new synthetic avenues, making such nanohoops attractive as potential electronic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Esser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jan S Wössner
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Mathias Hermann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Saha HK, Mallick D, Das S. Unveiling two antiaromatic s-indacenodicarbazole isomers with tuneable paratropicity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8492-8495. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02318k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Linear and curved antiaromatic s-indacenodicarbazole isomers were synthesized and characterized to show tuneable strength of s-indacene paratropicity, as analyzed by NICS(1)zz and ACID (ring-current) calculations. The curved isomer showed a...
Collapse
|
22
|
Saez DA, Vogt-Geisse S, Vöhringer-Martinez E. Ene-adducts from 1,4-dihydropyridines and α,β-unsaturated nitriles: asynchronous transition states displaying aromatic features. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8662-8671. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00989g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Covalent adducts between 1,4-ditrimethylsilyl-1,4-dihydropyridine and α,β-unsaturated nitriles are formed through ionic or Ene mechanisms modulated by environmental or structural features, sharing common transition states with aromatic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Adrian Saez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Stefan Vogt-Geisse
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Esteban Vöhringer-Martinez
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xu T, Han Y, Shen Z, Hou X, Jiang Q, Zeng W, Ng PW, Chi C. Antiaromatic Dicyclopenta[ b,g]/[ a,f]naphthalene Isomers Showing an Open-Shell Singlet Ground State with Tunable Diradical Character. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20562-20568. [PMID: 34843229 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the first isolation of 1,3,5,7-tetra-tert-butyl-s-indacene in 1986, core-expanded s- and as-indacenes have attracted intensive interest. However, there is no reported synthesis of such type of molecules due to their high reactivity for over 30 years. Herein, we report the successful synthesis of two relatively stable, core-expanded indacene isomers, dicyclopenta[b,g]-naphthalene (5) and dicyclopenta[a,f]naphthalene (6). X-ray crystallographic analyses reveal that the backbone of 5 adopts a bond-delocalized structure, while that of 6 exhibits a bond-localized character. Variable-temperature 1H NMR/ESR measurements, electronic absorption spectra, and theoretical calculations confirm that both molecules are globally antiaromatic and have an open-shell singlet ground state. However, 6 shows stronger antiaromaticity, a larger diradical character (y0 = 48%), and a smaller singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T = -0.99 kcal mol-1) compared to 5 (y0 = 30%, ΔES-T = -6.88 kcal mol-1), which can be explained by their different quinoidal structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhongjin Shen
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xudong Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wangdong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Wen Ng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ukai S, Takamatsu A, Nobuoka M, Tsutsui Y, Fukui N, Ogi S, Seki S, Yamaguchi S, Shinokubo H. A Supramolecular Polymer Constituted of Antiaromatic Ni II Norcorroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114230. [PMID: 34862699 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
For the creation of next-generation organic electronic materials, the integration of π-systems has recently become a central theme. Such functional materials can be assembled by supramolecular polymerization when aromatic π-systems are used as monomers, and the properties of the resulting supramolecular polymer strongly depend on the electronic structure of the monomers. Here, we demonstrate the construction of a supramolecular polymer consisting of an antiaromatic π-system as the monomer. An amide-functionalized NiII norcorrole derivative formed a one-dimensional supramolecular polymer through π-π stacking and hydrogen-bonding interactions, ensuring the persistency of the conducting pathway against thermal perturbation, which results in higher charge mobility along the tightly bound linear aggregates than that of the aromatic analogue composed of ZnII porphyrins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusaku Ukai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Aiko Takamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Masaki Nobuoka
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of, Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsutsui
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of, Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ogi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of, Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Holland EK, Thorley KJ, Parkin SR, Anthony JE. Revisiting the Octadehydro[12]annulenes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. Holland
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40509 USA
| | - Karl J. Thorley
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40509 USA
| | - Sean R. Parkin
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40509 USA
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40509 USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Barker JE, Price TW, Karas LJ, Kishi R, MacMillan SN, Zakharov LN, Gómez-García CJ, Wu JI, Nakano M, Haley MM. A Tale of Two Isomers: Enhanced Antiaromaticity/Diradical Character versus Deleterious Ring-Opening of Benzofuran-fused s-Indacenes and Dicyclopenta[b,g]naphthalenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22385-22392. [PMID: 34383986 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We examine the effects of fusing two benzofurans to s-indacene (indacenodibenzofurans, IDBFs) and dicyclopenta[b,g]naphthalene (indenoindenodibenzofurans, IIDBFs) to control the strong antiaromaticity and diradical character of these core units. Synthesis via 3-functionalized benzofuran yields syn-IDBF and syn-IIDBF. syn-IDBF possesses a high degree of paratropicity, exceeding that of the parent hydrocarbon, which in turn results in strong diradical character for syn-IIDBF. In the case of the anti-isomers, synthesized via 2-substituted benzofurans, these effects are decreased; however, both derivatives undergo an unexpected ring-opening reaction during the final dearomatization step. All the results are compared to the benzothiophene-fused analogues and show that the increased electronegativity of oxygen in the syn-fused derivatives leads to enhancement of the antiaromatic core causing greater paratropicity. For syn-IIDBF increased diradical character results from rearomati-zation of the core naphthalene unit in order to relieve this paratropicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Barker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, USA
| | - Tavis W Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, USA
| | - Lucas J Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, International Advanced Research Institute (QIQB-IARI), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Division of Quantum Photochemical Engineering, Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- Center for Advanced Materials Characterization at Oregon (CAMCOR), University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1433, USA
| | - Carlos J Gómez-García
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Judy I Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, International Advanced Research Institute (QIQB-IARI), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Division of Quantum Photochemical Engineering, Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Barker JE, Price TW, Karas LJ, Kishi R, MacMillan SN, Zakharov LN, Gómez‐García CJ, Wu JI, Nakano M, Haley MM. A Tale of Two Isomers: Enhanced Antiaromaticity/Diradical Character versus Deleterious Ring‐Opening of Benzofuran‐fused
s
‐Indacenes and Dicyclopenta[
b
,
g
]naphthalenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E. Barker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403-1253 USA
| | - Tavis W. Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403-1253 USA
| | - Lucas J. Karas
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston Houston Texas 77204 USA
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology International Advanced Research Institute (QIQB-IARI) Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Division of Quantum Photochemical Engineering Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC) Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Samantha N. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- Center for Advanced Materials Characterization at Oregon (CAMCOR) University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403-1433 USA
| | - Carlos J. Gómez‐García
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad de Valencia 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Judy I. Wu
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston Houston Texas 77204 USA
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology International Advanced Research Institute (QIQB-IARI) Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Division of Quantum Photochemical Engineering Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC) Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI) Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN) Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403-1253 USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hanida K, Kim J, Fukui N, Tsutsui Y, Seki S, Kim D, Shinokubo H. Antiaromatic 1,5-Diaza-s-indacenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20765-20770. [PMID: 34288340 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
s-Indacene is a classical non-alternant hydrocarbon that contains 12 π-electrons in a cyclic π-conjugation system. Herein, we report its nitrogen-doped analogue, 1,5-diaza-s-indacene. 1,5-Diaza-s-indacenes were readily prepared from commercially available 2,5-dichlorobenzene-1,4-diamine through a two-step transformation consisting of a palladium-catalyzed Larock cyclization with diaryl acetylenes followed by hydrogen abstraction. The thus obtained 1,5-diaza-s-indacenes exhibited distinct antiaromaticity, as manifested in clear bond-length alternation, a forbidden HOMO-LUMO transition, and a paratropic ring current. As compared to the parent s-indacene, the 1,5-diaza-s-indacenes showed higher electron-accepting ability owing to the presence of imine-type nitrogen atoms. The 1,5-diaza-s-indacene core is effectively conjugated with the peripheral aryl groups, which enables fine-tuning of the absorption spectra and redox properties. The two possible localized forms of 1,5-diaza-s-indacene were compared in terms of their energetic aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Hanida
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for, Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsutsui
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for, Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hanida K, Kim J, Fukui N, Tsutsui Y, Seki S, Kim D, Shinokubo H. Antiaromatic 1,5‐Diaza‐
s
‐indacenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Hanida
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for, Functional π-Electronic Systems Yonsei University Seoul 03722 South Korea
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsutsui
- Department of Molecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for, Functional π-Electronic Systems Yonsei University Seoul 03722 South Korea
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Anjalikrishna PK, Gadre SR, Suresh CH. Antiaromaticity-Aromaticity Interplay in Fused Benzenoid Systems Using Molecular Electrostatic Potential Topology. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5999-6012. [PMID: 34210140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of antiaromaticity-aromaticity interplay in aromatic-antiaromatic (A-aA)-fused systems is studied using molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) analysis, which clearly brings out the electron-rich π-regions of molecular systems. Benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene are the aromatic units and cyclobutadiene and pentalene are the antiaromatic units considered to construct the A-aA-fused systems. The fused system is seen to reduce the antiaromaticity by adopting a configuration containing the least number of localized bonds over antiaromatic moieties. This is clearly observed in 25 isomers of a fused system composed of three naphthalene and two cyclobutadiene units. Denoting the number of π-bonds in the cyclobutadiene rings by the notation (n, n'), the systems belonging to the class (0, 0) and (2, 2) turn out to be the most and least stable configurations, respectively. The stability of the fused system depends on the empty π-character of the antiaromatic ring, hence naphthalene and benzene prefer to fuse with cyclobutadiene in a linear and angular fashion, respectively. Generally, a configuration with the maximum number of 'empty' rings (0, 0, 0, ...) is considered to be the most stable for the given A-aA system. The stability and aromatic/antiaromatic character of A-aA-fused systems with pentalene is also interpreted in a similar way. MESP topology, clearly bringing out the distribution of double bonds in the fused systems, leads to a simple interpretation of the aromatic/antiaromatic character of them. Also, it leads to powerful predictions on stable macrocyclic A-aA systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puthannur K Anjalikrishna
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shridhar R Gadre
- Department of Scientific Computing, Modelling and Simulation, SavitribaiPhule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Cherumuttathu H Suresh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Warren GI, Barker JE, Zakharov LN, Haley MM. Enhancing the Antiaromaticity of s-Indacene through Naphthothiophene Fusion. Org Lett 2021; 23:5012-5017. [PMID: 34129339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Addressing the instability of antiaromatic compounds often involves protection with bulky groups and/or fusion of aromatic rings, thus decreasing paratropicity. We report four naphthothiophene-fused s-indacene isomers, one of which is more antiaromatic than parent s-indacene. This surprising result is examined computationally through nucleus-independent chemical shift XY calculations and experimentally via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and cyclic voltammetry, with the latter two indicating that this molecule possesses the lowest highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy gap observed for heterocycle-fused s-indacene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle I Warren
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Joshua E Barker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- CAMCOR, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nakazato T, Takekoshi H, Sakurai T, Shinokubo H, Miyake Y. Synthesis and Characterization of 16π Antiaromatic 2,7-Dihydrodiazapyrenes: Antiaromatic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons with Embedded Nitrogen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13877-13881. [PMID: 33847045 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe the two-electron reduction of N,N'-dimethyl-2,7-diazapyrenium dications (MDAP2+ ), which afforded the corresponding reduced form (MDAP0 ) as a highly electron-rich 16π antiaromatic system. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of MDAP0 revealed a distorted quinoidal structure with high bond-length alternation. The 1 H NMR spectrum of MDAP0 exhibited a diagnostic proton signal (4.6 ppm) that is distinctly upfield shifted compared to that of aromatic diazapyrene (8.3 ppm). Theoretical calculations supported the existence of a paratropic ring current. These results indicate that MDAP0 exhibits antiaromatic character derived from its peripheral 16π-electron conjugation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Nakazato
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Haruka Takekoshi
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sakurai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyake
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nakazato T, Takekoshi H, Sakurai T, Shinokubo H, Miyake Y. Synthesis and Characterization of 16π Antiaromatic 2,7‐Dihydrodiazapyrenes: Antiaromatic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons with Embedded Nitrogen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Nakazato
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Haruka Takekoshi
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Takahiro Sakurai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyake
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bartkowski K, Pawlicki M. (Aza)Acenes Share the C2 Bridge with (Anti)Aromatic Macrocycles: Local vs. Global Delocalization Paths. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Bartkowski
- Department of Chemistry University of Wrocław F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry University of Wrocław F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wrocław Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30387 Kraków Poland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bartkowski K, Pawlicki M. (Aza)Acenes Share the C2 Bridge with (Anti)Aromatic Macrocycles: Local vs. Global Delocalization Paths. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9063-9070. [PMID: 33406296 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A strong conjugation present in fused systems plays a crucial role in tuning of the properties that would be showing a dependence on the efficiency of π-electrons coupling. The π-cloud available in the final structure can be drastically influenced by a side- or a linear fusion of unsaturated and conjugated hydrocarbons. The linear welding of naphthalene/anthracene or quinoxaline/benzo[g]quinoxaline with triphyrin(2.1.1) gives structures where the competition between local and global delocalization is distinguished. The aromatic character observed in skeletons strongly depends on the oxidation state of the macrocyclic flanking and is either extended over the whole system or kept as a composition of local currents (diatropic and paratropic) of incorporated units. The hybrid systems show the properties derived from the π-conjugations that interlace one another but also show a significant independence of (aza)acene subunits reflected in the observed spectroscopic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Bartkowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30387, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rottschäfer D, Neumann B, Stammler H, Sergeieva T, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Isolation of a 16π-Electrons 1,4-Diphosphinine-1,4-diide with a Planar C 4 P 2 Ring. Chemistry 2021; 27:3055-3064. [PMID: 33080114 PMCID: PMC7898681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first 1,4-diphosphinine-1,4-diide compound [(ADCPh )P]2 (5-Ph) (ADCPh =PhC{(NDipp)C}2 ; Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) derived from an anionic dicarbene (ADCPh ) as a red crystalline solid. Compound 5-Ph containing a 16π-electron planar fused-tricyclic ring system was obtained by the 4e reduction of [(ADCPh )PCl2 ]2 (4-Ph) with Mg (or KC8 ) in a quantitative yield. Experimental and computational results imply that the central 8π-electrons C4 P2 ring of 5-Ph, which is fused between two 6π-electrons C3 N2 aromatic rings, is antiaromatic. Thus, each of the phosphorus atoms of 5-Ph has two electron-lone-pairs, one in a p-type orbital is in conjugation with the C=C bonds of the C4 P2 ring, while the second resides in a σ-symmetric orbital. This can be shown with the gold complex [(ADCPh )P(AuCl)2 ]2 (6-Ph) obtained by reacting 5-Ph with (Me2 S)AuCl. A mixture of 5-Ph and 4-Ph undergoes comproportionation in the presence of MgCl2 to form the intermediate oxidation state compound [(ADCAr )P]2 (MgCl4 ) (7-Ph), which is an aromatic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Tetiana Sergeieva
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry GroupAllgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des SaarlandesCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry GroupAllgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des SaarlandesCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Usuba J, Hayakawa M, Yamaguchi S, Fukazawa A. Dithieno[
a
,
e
]pentalenes: Highly Antiaromatic Yet Stable π‐Electron Systems without Bulky Substituents. Chemistry 2020; 27:1638-1647. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Usuba
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8501 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on, Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) Nagoya University, Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayakawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8501 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on, Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) Nagoya University, Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on, Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) Nagoya University, Furo Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
| | - Aiko Fukazawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8501 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464–8602 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sharma H, Sharma PK, Das S. Revisiting indeno[2,1- c]fluorene synthesis while exploring the fully conjugated s-indaceno[2,1- c:6,5- c']difluorene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11319-11322. [PMID: 32840524 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04418k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Described herein is an alternative synthetic approach for conjugated indeno[2,1-c]fluorene, including the experimental and theoretical investigations of a tetraradicaloid s-indaceno[2,1-c:6,5-c']difluorene that belongs to the rarely explored indacenodifluorene family containing 4n + 2 monocyclic conjugated π-electrons. Expedient synthesis, broad absorption reaching 1150 nm, and small HOMO-LUMO energy gap make [2,1-c:6,5-c']s-IDF a promising candidate for optoelectronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India.
| | - Priyank Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India.
| | - Soumyajit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dressler JJ, Haley MM. Learning how to fine‐tune diradical properties by structure refinement. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Dressler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dressler JJ, Barker JE, Karas LJ, Hashimoto HE, Kishi R, Zakharov LN, MacMillan SN, Gomez-Garcia CJ, Nakano M, Wu JI, Haley MM. Late-Stage Modification of Electronic Properties of Antiaromatic and Diradicaloid Indeno[1,2-b]fluorene Analogues via Sulfur Oxidation. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10846-10857. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucas J. Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | | | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- CAMCOR, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1433, United States
| | - Samantha N. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Carlos J. Gomez-Garcia
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Quantum Information and Quantum Biology Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Judy I. Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-6231, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhao M, Zhang B, Miao Q. Revisiting Indolo[3,2-b]carbazole: Synthesis, Structures, Properties, and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9678-9683. [PMID: 32162418 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Indolo[3,2-b]carbazole presents a π-skeleton with a remarkable electronic structure and interesting potential applications. It is, however, also associated with ambiguity and controversy. Herein, new derivatives of indolo[3,2-b]carbazole are reported and they have enabled a comprehensive study on the electronic structure of indolo[3,2-b]carbazole and the development of a new n-type organic semiconductor. Experimental and computational studies show that indolo[3,2-b]carbazole has a largely localized p-benzoquinonediimine moiety and significant antiaromaticity. When substituted with (4-silylethynyl)phenyl groups, the indolo[3,2-b]carbazole exhibits one-dimensional π-π stacking and functions as an n-type organic semiconductor in solution-processed field effect transistors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Binghao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Miao
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Dressler JJ, Cárdenas Valdivia A, Kishi R, Rudebusch GE, Ventura AM, Chastain BE, Gómez-García CJ, Zakharov LN, Nakano M, Casado J, Haley MM. Diindenoanthracene Diradicaloids Enable Rational, Incremental Tuning of Their Singlet-Triplet Energy Gaps. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
43
|
Liu SY, Kawashima H, Fukui N, Shinokubo H. A 2-to-2' 18-to-18' doubly linked Ni(ii) norcorrole dimer: an effectively conjugated antiaromatic dyad. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6846-6849. [PMID: 32432636 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02543g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and properties of a 2-to-2' 18-to-18' doubly linked Ni(ii) norcorrole dimer are described. It adopts a highly planar structure, resulting in effective electronic interactions between the constituent norcorrole units. Nevertheless, each norcorrole unit exhibits substantial antiaromaticity, which stands in sharp contrast to stacked norcorrole dimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Liu
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tang S, Zhang L, Ruan H, Zhao Y, Wang X. A Magnetically Robust Triplet Ground State Sulfur-Hydrocarbon Diradical Dication. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7340-7344. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Center of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
| | - Huapeng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhao M, Zhang B, Miao Q. Revisiting Indolo[3,2‐
b
]carbazole: Synthesis, Structures, Properties, and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Zhao
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong China
| | - Binghao Zhang
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong China
| | - Qian Miao
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mayer PJ, El Bakouri O, Holczbauer T, Samu GF, Janáky C, Ottosson H, London G. Structure-Property Relationships in Unsymmetric Bis(antiaromatics): Who Wins the Battle between Pentalene and Benzocyclobutadiene?†. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5158-5172. [PMID: 32189503 PMCID: PMC7311060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
According
to the currently accepted structure–property relationships,
aceno-pentalenes with an angular shape (fused to the 1,2-bond of the
acene) exhibit higher antiaromaticity than those with a linear shape
(fused to the 2,3-bond of the acene). To explore and expand the current
view, we designed and synthesized molecules where two isomeric, yet,
different, 8π antiaromatic subunits, a benzocyclobutadiene (BCB)
and a pentalene, are combined into, respectively, an angular and a
linear topology via an unsaturated six-membered ring. The antiaromatic
character of the molecules is supported experimentally by 1H NMR, UV–vis, and cyclic voltammetry measurements and X-ray
crystallography. The experimental results are further confirmed by
theoretical studies including the calculation of several aromaticity
indices (NICS, ACID, HOMA, FLU, MCI). In the case of the angular molecule,
double bond-localization within the connecting six-membered ring resulted
in reduced antiaromaticity of both the BCB and pentalene subunits,
while the linear structure provided a competitive situation for the
two unequal [4n]π subunits. We found that in
the latter case the BCB unit alleviated its unfavorable antiaromaticity
more efficiently, leaving the pentalene with strong antiaromaticity.
Thus, a reversed structure–antiaromaticity relationship when
compared to aceno-pentalenes was achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Péter J Mayer
- MTA-TTK "Lendület" Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Ouissam El Bakouri
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 530, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tamás Holczbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely F Samu
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Csaba Janáky
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 530, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gábor London
- MTA-TTK "Lendület" Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nieman R, Silva NJ, Aquino AJA, Haley MM, Lischka H. Interplay of Biradicaloid Character and Singlet/Triplet Energy Splitting for cis-/trans-Diindenoacenes and Related Benzothiophene-Capped Oligomers as Revealed by Extended Multireference Calculations. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3664-3675. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reed Nieman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Nadeesha J. Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Adelia J. A. Aquino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Barker JE, Kodama T, Song MK, Frederickson CK, Jousselin-Oba T, Zakharov LN, Marrot J, Frigoli M, Johnson RP, Haley MM. Serendipitous Rediscovery of the Facile Cyclization of Z,Z-3,5-Octadiene-1,7-diyne Derivatives to Afford Stable, Substituted Naphthocyclobutadienes. Chempluschem 2020; 84:665-672. [PMID: 31944015 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The serendipitous isolation of very small amounts of two naphthocyclobutadiene (NCB) derivatives has led to the computational re-examination of the electrocyclization of Z,Z-3,5-octadiene-1,7-diyne as well as the experimental and computational study of diethynylindeno[2,1-a]fluorene derivatives that contain the 3,5-octadiene-1,7-diyne motif as part of a larger π-framework. In both cases the calculated potential energy surface strongly implicates two successive electrocyclic reactions to afford the antiaromatic products. With the octadienediyne fragment locked in the reactive conformation, the postulated diethynylindeno[2,1-a]fluorene intermediates afford the NCBs in modest to good yields. X-ray crystallography of four NCBs as well as NICS-XY scan calculations show that the paratropic motif is located primarily in the benzocyclobutadiene fragment within the larger π-scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Barker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, United States
| | - Takuya Kodama
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, United States
| | - Min K Song
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, United States
| | - Conerd K Frederickson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, United States
| | - Tanguy Jousselin-Oba
- UMR CNRS 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- CAMCOR - Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1433, United States
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- UMR CNRS 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Michel Frigoli
- UMR CNRS 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Richard P Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, United States
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hamaoka H, Shiroma S, Aburaya K, Hasegawa M, Nishinaga T. Oxidation of a Dithieno[3,4-b:3',4'-d]thiophene Cyclic Dimer Containing a Planar Cyclooctatetraene Ring: Retention of High Antiaromaticity During Reactions. Chempluschem 2020; 84:704-711. [PMID: 31944031 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One-electron and peracid oxidations of dithieno[3,4-b : 3',4'-d]thiophene cyclic dimer, which contains an antiaromatic planar cyclooctatetraene (COT) core, were conducted. The reaction of the cyclic dimer with SbCl5 produced isolable radical cation salts. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that the spin density of the radical cation resides not on the COT ring but on the peripheral sulfur and carbon atoms in the thiophene unit with retention of high antiaromaticity based on the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS). The peracid oxidation of the cyclic dimer was found to proceed not on the COT ring but on the bridging sulfur atom in the dithienothiophene moiety. The retention of the high antiaromaticity of the COT ring after the sulfoxide formation was experimentally confirmed based on the relative hardness, and also was theoretically supported by NICS calculations. Interestingly, the DFT calculations suggested that the high antiaromaticity does not enhance the reactivity towards the epoxidation on the COT ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hinako Hamaoka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shun Shiroma
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Aburaya
- Rigaku Corporation 3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8666, Japan
| | - Masashi Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Tohru Nishinaga
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ukai S, Koo YH, Fukui N, Seki S, Shinokubo H. Synthesis and electron-transport properties of a stable antiaromatic Ni II norcorrole with the smallest meso-substituent. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14383-14387. [PMID: 33047762 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03143g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
meso-Dimethylnorcorrole NiII complex exhibited enough stability under ambient conditions despite the distinct antiaromaticity. The small methyl substituents realized a dense and long-range π-stacking in its solid state, which resulted in the superior electron-transporting ability to previously reported NiII norcorroles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusaku Ukai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Yun Hee Koo
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|