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Alves Bezerra Morais P, Britto KB, Messias E, de Andrade P, Werner E, Costa AV, Lacerda V, Pinheiro CJG, de Paula H, Borges WDS. Synthesis and Phytotoxic Evaluation of Isatin Derivatives Supported by 3D-QSAR Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:255-266. [PMID: 36583683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Concerned about weed infestation, a major threat to food production and herbicide resistance that interferes in the mechanism of action of the main herbicides, we have synthesized eight isatin derivatives using the "Click Chemistry" approach through copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC). Sixteen isatin derivatives were evaluated for their phytotoxic activity against the seed culture of the model plants, Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa. Six of them showed phytotoxic activity similar to the positive control, trifluralin. Hypocotyl length measurement analysis in L. sativa revealed that triazole derivative 8 is more active than trifluralin. For A. cepa, root length measurement analyses revealed that 3, 10, 14, 16, and 17 were similar to the positive control trifluralin. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) model construction using the acetolactate synthase (ALS) crystallographic structure displayed pki values of predicted inhibitory activity and contour maps revealing sterically bulky groups for 11, the CF3 group in ortho, and for 17, Br in ortho, favoring the inhibitory ALS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Alves Bezerra Morais
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroquímica, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29500000Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Karolinni B Britto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29075910Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Evandro Messias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroquímica, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29500000Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Peterson de Andrade
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, ManchesterM1 7DN, U.K
| | - Elias Werner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29075-910Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Adilson Vidal Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroquímica, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29500000Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Valdemar Lacerda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29075910Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Heberth de Paula
- Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29500000Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Warley de Souza Borges
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29075910Vitória, ES, Brazil
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Xu Y, Li S, Hao L, Li X, Zheng M. Tribenuron-methyl-resistant Descurainia sophia L. exhibits negative cross-resistance to imazethapyr conferred by a Pro197Ser mutation in acetolactate synthase and reduced metabolism. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1467-1473. [PMID: 34951107 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Descurainia sophia L. is one of the most notorious weeds infesting winter wheat in China. Mutations at Pro197 in acetolactate synthase (ALS) results in resistance of D. sophia to tribenuron-methyl and cross-resistance to many ALS inhibitors. Negative cross-resistance to imazethapyr was observed in tribenuron-methyl-resistant (TR) D. sophia with the Pro197Ser mutation in a previous study. In the present research, another TR D. sophia with the Pro197Ser mutation was obtained. To explore the mechanisms of negative cross-resistance, the ALS sensitivity, the absorption and metabolism of imazethapyr in tribenuron-methyl-susceptible (TS) and TR D. sophia were studied. RESULTS The TR D. sophia population with the Pro197Ser mutation (pHB23) displayed negative cross-resistance to imazethapyr and no cross-resistance to imazamox and imazapic. In contrast, TR D. sophia populations with other Pro197 mutations had no or low resistance to imazethapyr. The ALS in the pHB23 population was more susceptible to imazethapyr than that in the TS population. There was no difference in the absorption of imazethapyr, imazamox, and imazapic between TS and pHB23 plants. However, the metabolism of imazethapyr in TS D. sophia was faster than that in pHB23 plants up to 1 week after treatment. There was no significant difference in the metabolism of imazamox and imazapic between TS and pHB23 plants. CONCLUSION The TR D. sophia population with the Pro197Ser mutation exhibited negative cross-resistance to imazethapyr, which was likely due to reduced metabolism and increased sensitivity of ALS to imazethapyr. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Xu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lubo Hao
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingqi Zheng
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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3
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Loubet I, Caddoux L, Fontaine S, Michel S, Pernin F, Barrès B, Le Corre V, Délye C. A high diversity of mechanisms endows ALS-inhibiting herbicide resistance in the invasive common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.). Sci Rep 2021; 11:19904. [PMID: 34620913 PMCID: PMC8497474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (common ragweed) is a globally invasive, allergenic, troublesome arable weed. ALS-inhibiting herbicides are broadly used in Europe to control ragweed in agricultural fields. Recently, ineffective treatments were reported in France. Target site resistance (TSR), the only resistance mechanism described so far for ragweed, was sought using high-throughput genotyping-by-sequencing in 213 field populations randomly sampled based on ragweed presence. Additionally, non-target site resistance (NTSR) was sought and its prevalence compared with that of TSR in 43 additional field populations where ALS inhibitor failure was reported, using herbicide sensitivity bioassay coupled with ALS gene Sanger sequencing. Resistance was identified in 46 populations and multiple, independent resistance evolution demonstrated across France. We revealed an unsuspected diversity of ALS alleles underlying resistance (9 amino-acid substitutions involved in TSR detected across 24 populations). Remarkably, NTSR was ragweed major type of resistance to ALS inhibitors. NTSR was present in 70.5% of the resistant plants and 74.1% of the fields harbouring resistance. A variety of NTSR mechanisms endowing different resistance patterns evolved across populations. Our study provides novel data on ragweed resistance to herbicides, and emphasises that local resistance management is as important as mitigating gene flow from populations where resistance has arisen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Loubet
- UMR Agroécologie, INRAE, Dijon, France.,USC CASPER, Anses, INRAE, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Benoit Barrès
- USC CASPER, Anses, INRAE, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Tanigaki S, Uchino A, Okawa S, Miura C, Hamamura K, Matsuo M, Yoshino N, Ueno N, Toyama Y, Fukumi N, Kijima E, Masuda T, Shimono Y, Tominaga T, Iwakami S. Gene expression shapes the patterns of parallel evolution of herbicide resistance in the agricultural weed Monochoria vaginalis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:928-940. [PMID: 34270808 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds is an example of parallel evolution, through which genes encoding herbicide target proteins are repeatedly represented as evolutionary targets. The number of herbicide target-site genes differs among species, and little is known regarding the effects of duplicate gene copies on the evolution of herbicide resistance. We investigated the evolution of herbicide resistance in Monochoria vaginalis, which carries five copies of sulfonylurea target-site acetolactate synthase (ALS) genes. Suspected resistant populations collected across Japan were investigated for herbicide sensitivity and ALS gene sequences, followed by functional characterization and ALS gene expression analysis. We identified over 60 resistant populations, all of which carried resistance-conferring amino acid substitutions exclusively in MvALS1 or MvALS3. All MvALS4 alleles carried a loss-of-function mutation. Although the enzymatic properties of ALS encoded by these genes were not markedly different, the expression of MvALS1 and MvALS3 was prominently higher among all ALS genes. The higher expression of MvALS1 and MvALS3 is the driving force of the biased representation of genes during the evolution of herbicide resistance in M. vaginalis. Our findings highlight that gene expression is a key factor in creating evolutionary hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tanigaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Uchino
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsu, 514-2392, Japan
| | - Shigenori Okawa
- Miyagi Prefectural Furukawa Agricultural Experiment Station, Fukoku 88, Furukawa-Osaki, 989-6227, Japan
| | - Chikako Miura
- Akita Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station, 34-1 Yuwaaikawa-azagenpachizawa, Akita, 010-1231, Japan
| | - Kenshiro Hamamura
- Japan Association for Advancement of Phyto-Regulators (JAPR), 860 Kashiwada-cho, Ushiku, 300-1211, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Matsuo
- Field Science Center, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Namiko Yoshino
- Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 50 Harajukuminami, Arai, 960-2156, Japan
| | - Naoya Ueno
- Yamanashi Prefectural Agritechnology Center, 1100 Shimoimai, Kai, 400-0105, Japan
| | - Yusuke Toyama
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, 678-1 Tomigaoka, Iwata, 438-0803, Japan
| | - Naoya Fukumi
- Tottori Agricultural Experiment Station, 260 Hashimoto, Tottori, 680-1142, Japan
| | - Eiji Kijima
- Yamaguchi Prefectural Agriculture and Forestry General Technology Center, 1-1-1 Ouchihikami, Yamaguchi, 753-0231, Japan
| | - Taro Masuda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Shimono
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tohru Tominaga
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwakami
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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5
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Xie L, Zang X, Cheng W, Zhang Z, Zhou J, Chen M, Tang Y. Harzianic Acid from Trichoderma afroharzianum Is a Natural Product Inhibitor of Acetohydroxyacid Synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10.1021/jacs.1c03988. [PMID: 34132537 PMCID: PMC8674378 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) is the first enzyme in the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic pathway and is a validated target for herbicide and fungicide development. Here we report harzianic acid (HA, 1) produced by the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma afroharzianum t-22 (Tht22) as a natural product inhibitor of AHAS. The biosynthetic pathway of HA was elucidated with heterologous reconstitution. Guided by a putative self-resistance enzyme in the genome, HA was biochemically demonstrated to be a selective inhibitor of fungal AHAS, including those from phytopathogenic fungi. In addition, HA can inhibit a common resistant variant of AHAS in which the active site proline is mutated. Structural analysis of AHAS complexed with HA revealed the molecular basis of competitive inhibition, which differs from all known commercial AHAS inhibitors. The alternative binding mode also rationalizes the selectivity of HA, as well as effectiveness toward resistant mutants. A proposed role of HA biosynthesis by Tht22 in the rhizosphere is discussed based on the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Jiahai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mengbin Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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6
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Guo Y, Cheng L, Long W, Gao J, Zhang J, Chen S, Pu H, Hu M. Synergistic mutations of two rapeseed AHAS genes confer high resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides for weed control. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:2811-2824. [PMID: 32556395 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A double mutant 5N of rapeseed was obtained with a synergistic effect of high resistance to sulfonylurea herbicide. Excellent weed control was observed in Ning R201 created by 5N resources. Sulfonylurea herbicides, which inhibit acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), have become the most widely used herbicides worldwide. However, weed control in rapeseed crop production remains challenging in China due to the shortage of available herbicide-resistant cultivars. In this study, we developed a rapeseed line (PN19) with sulfonylurea herbicide resistance through seed mutagenesis. Molecular analysis revealed a Trp-574-Leu mutation in BnAHAS1-2R of PN19 according to the sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana, and an allele-specific cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker was developed to target the point mutation. A double mutant (5N) with very high sulfonylurea resistance was then created through pyramiding two mutant genes of PN19 and M342 by molecular marker-assisted selection. Herbicide resistance identification, toxicology testing, and an in vitro enzyme activity assay of AHAS in 5N indicated that each mutant was four and eight times more resistant to sulfonylurea than M342 and PN19, respectively. Protein structure analysis of AHAS1 demonstrated that the leucine of mutant Trp-574-Leu destroyed the original π-plane stacking effect of the local region for tribenuron-methyl binding, leading to herbicide tolerance. Isobole graph analysis showed a significant synergistic effect of the combination of two mutant genes in 5N for improved tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicides. Finally, we bred rapeseed variety Ning R201 using 5N herbicide resistance resources, and observed excellent weed control performance. Together, these results demonstrate the practical value of 5N application for optimizing and simplifying rapeseed cultivation in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Guo
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing Sub-center, National Center of Oil Crops Improvement, Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing Sub-center, National Center of Oil Crops Improvement, Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Weihua Long
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing Sub-center, National Center of Oil Crops Improvement, Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jianqin Gao
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing Sub-center, National Center of Oil Crops Improvement, Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jiefu Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing Sub-center, National Center of Oil Crops Improvement, Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Song Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing Sub-center, National Center of Oil Crops Improvement, Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Huiming Pu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing Sub-center, National Center of Oil Crops Improvement, Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China.
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Maolong Hu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing Sub-center, National Center of Oil Crops Improvement, Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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7
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Qu RY, Yang JF, Chen Q, Niu CW, Xi Z, Yang WC, Yang GF. Fragment-based discovery of flexible inhibitor targeting wild-type acetohydroxyacid synthase and P197L mutant. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3403-3412. [PMID: 31943722 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensifying weed resistance has challenged the use of existing acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS)-inhibiting herbicides. Hence, there is currently an urgent requirement for the discovery of a new AHAS inhibitor to effectively control AHAS herbicide-resistant weed species produced by target mutation. RESULTS To combat weed resistance caused by AHAS with P197L mutation, we built a structure library consisting of pyrimidinyl-salicylic acid derivatives. Using the pharmacophore-linked fragment virtual screening (PFVS) approach, hit compound 8 bearing 6-phenoxymethyl substituent was identified as a potential AHAS inhibitor with antiresistance effect. Subsequently, derivatives of compound 8 were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activities. The study of the enzyme-based structure-activity relationship and structure-resistance relationship studies led to the discovery of a qualified candidate, 28. This compound not only significantly inhibited the activity of wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana (At) AHAS and P197L mutant, but also exhibited good antiresistance properties (RF = 0.79). Notably, compared with bispyribac at 37.5-150 g of active ingredient per hectare (g a.i. ha-1 ), compound 27 exhibited higher growth inhibition against both sensitive and resistant Descurainia sophia, CONCLUSION: The title compounds have great potential to be developed as new leads to effectively control herbicide-resistant weeds comprising AHAS with P197L mutation. Also, our study provided a positive case for discovering novel, potent and antiresistance inhibitors using a fragment-based drug design approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Yu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Chemical Biology Center, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Chemical Biology Center, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Chemical Biology Center, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Cong-Wei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Chemical Biology Center, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Chemical Biology Center, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, P. R. China
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8
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Bourdineaud JP. Toxicity of the herbicides used on herbicide-tolerant crops, and societal consequences of their use in France. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:698-721. [PMID: 32543998 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1770781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In France, the implementation of mutant herbicide-tolerant crops and the use of the related herbicides - sulfonylureas and imidazolinones - have triggered a strong societal reaction illustrated by the intervening actions of environmentalist groups illegally mowing such crops. Trials are in progress, and therefore should be addressed the questions of the environmental risks and the toxicity of these herbicides for the animals and humans consuming the products derived from these plants. Regulatory authorities have allowed these mutant and herbicide-tolerant plants arguing that the herbicides against which they resist only target an enzyme found in 'weeds' (the acetolactate synthase, ALS), and that therefore all organisms lacking this enzyme would be endowed with immunity to these herbicides. The toxicological literature does not match with this argument: 1) Even in organisms displaying the enzyme ALS, these herbicides impact other molecular targets than ALS; 2) These herbicides are toxic for animals, organisms that do not possess the enzyme ALS, and especially invertebrates, amphibians and fish. In humans, epidemiological studies have shown that the use and handling of these toxins are associated with a significantly increased risk of colon and bladder cancers, and miscarriages. In agricultural soils, these herbicides have a persistence of up to several months, and water samples have concentrations of some of these herbicides above the limit value in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Bourdineaud
- Laboratory of Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France.,CRIIGEN, Paris, France
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9
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Fang J, Wan C, Wang W, Ma L, Wang X, Cheng C, Zhou J, Qiao Y, Wang X. Engineering Herbicide-Tolerance Rice Expressing an Acetohydroxyacid Synthase with a Single Amino Acid Deletion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041265. [PMID: 32070060 PMCID: PMC7072996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) is an essential enzyme involved in branched amino acids. Several herbicides wither weeds via inhibiting AHAS activity, and the AHAS mutants show tolerance to these herbicides. However, most AHAS mutations are residue substitutions but not residue deletion. Here, residue deletion was used to engineering the AHAS gene and herbicide-tolerant rice. Molecular docking analysis predicted that the W548 of the AHAS was a residue deletion to generate herbicide tolerance. The AHAS-ΔW548 protein was generated in vitro to remove the W548 residue. Interestingly, the deletion led to the tetramer dissociation of the AHAS, while this dissociation did not reduce the activity of the AHAS. Moreover, the W548 deletion contributed to multi-family herbicides tolerance. Specially, it conferred more tolerance to sulfometuron-methyl and bispyribac-sodium than the W548L substitution. Further analysis revealed that AHAS-ΔW548 had the best performance on the sulfometuron-methyl tolerance compared to the wild-type control. Over-expression of the AHAS-ΔW548 gene into rice led to the tolerance of multiple herbicides in the transgenic line. The T-DNA insertion and the herbicide treatment did not affect the agronomic traits and yields, while more branched-chain amino acids were detected in transgenic rice seeds. Residue deletion of W548 in the AHAS could be a useful strategy for engineering herbicide tolerant rice. The increase of branched-chain amino acids might improve the umami tastes of the rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fang
- Crop Breeding and Cultivating Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Rd, Shanghai 201403, China; (C.W.); (X.W.); (C.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.Q.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Changzhao Wan
- Crop Breeding and Cultivating Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Rd, Shanghai 201403, China; (C.W.); (X.W.); (C.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 99 Haike Rd, Shanghai 201210, China;
| | - Liuyin Ma
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Xinqi Wang
- Crop Breeding and Cultivating Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Rd, Shanghai 201403, China; (C.W.); (X.W.); (C.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Can Cheng
- Crop Breeding and Cultivating Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Rd, Shanghai 201403, China; (C.W.); (X.W.); (C.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Jihua Zhou
- Crop Breeding and Cultivating Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Rd, Shanghai 201403, China; (C.W.); (X.W.); (C.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yongjin Qiao
- Crop Breeding and Cultivating Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Rd, Shanghai 201403, China; (C.W.); (X.W.); (C.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Crop Breeding and Cultivating Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jingqi Rd, Shanghai 201403, China; (C.W.); (X.W.); (C.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.Q.)
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10
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Li J, Gao X, Li M, Fang F. Resistance evolution and mechanisms to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in Capsella bursa-pastoris populations from China. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 159:17-21. [PMID: 31400779 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Capsella bursa-pastoris is a serious broadleaf weed in winter wheat fields in China. It has evolved high levels of resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides and has caused substantial losses of wheat yield in recent years. We monitored the herbicide resistance of Capsella bursa-pastoris collected from 18 regions of Shandong Province in 2009, 2013 and 2017, respectively. Compared with the 2009 populations, the number of populations resistant to florasulam had increased in 2013 and 2017. Resistance to tribenuron-methyl increased in 2013, but decreased in 2017. The 2009 and 2013 populations developed resistance only to tribenuron-methyl, but some 2017 populations developed cross-resistance to imazethapyr and florasulam as well. Mutations in ALS (Pro-197-Thr/Ser/His/Arg/Leu/Gln) were identified in the 2009 and 2013 populations; however, two ALS mutations (Pro197 and/or Trp574) were identified in 2017 plants. Meanwhile, plants containing both point mutations (Pro197 + Trp574) were identified in the 2017 populations. This study demonstrated that target site gene mutations were the main reason for Capsella bursa-pastoris resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Although target-site mutation is the reason for resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in Capsella bursa-pastoris, the resistance patterns and mutations identified have changed over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Weed Science Department, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Xingxiang Gao
- Weed Science Department, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- Weed Science Department, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Feng Fang
- Weed Science Department, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, PR China
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11
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Gibson B, Vidgren V, Peddinti G, Krogerus K. Diacetyl control during brewery fermentation via adaptive laboratory engineering of the lager yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 45:1103-1112. [PMID: 30306366 PMCID: PMC6267509 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diacetyl contributes to the flavor profile of many fermented products. Its typical buttery flavor is considered as an off flavor in lager-style beers, and its removal has a major impact on time and energy expenditure in breweries. Here, we investigated the possibility of lowering beer diacetyl levels through evolutionary engineering of lager yeast for altered synthesis of α-acetolactate, the precursor of diacetyl. Cells were exposed repeatedly to a sub-lethal level of chlorsulfuron, which inhibits the acetohydroxy acid synthase responsible for α-acetolactate production. Initial screening of 7 adapted isolates showed a lower level of diacetyl during wort fermentation and no apparent negative influence on fermentation rate or alcohol yield. Pilot-scale fermentation was carried out with one isolate and results confirmed the positive effect of chlorsulfuron adaptation. Diacetyl levels were over 60% lower at the end of primary fermentation relative to the non-adapted lager yeast and no significant change in fermentation performance or volatile flavor profile was observed due to the adaptation. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a non-synonymous SNP in the ILV2 gene of the adapted isolate. This mutation is known to confer general tolerance to sulfonylurea compounds, and is the most likely cause of the improved tolerance. Adaptive laboratory evolution appears to be a natural, simple and cost-effective strategy for diacetyl control in brewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Gibson
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, VTT, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Virve Vidgren
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, VTT, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Gopal Peddinti
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, VTT, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Kristoffer Krogerus
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, VTT, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland.,Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, Kemistintie 1, Aalto, P.O. Box 16100, 00076, Espoo, Finland
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12
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Commercial AHAS-inhibiting herbicides are promising drug leads for the treatment of human fungal pathogenic infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9649-E9658. [PMID: 30249642 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809422115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased prevalence of drug-resistant human pathogenic fungal diseases poses a major threat to global human health. Thus, new drugs are urgently required to combat these infections. Here, we demonstrate that acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), the first enzyme in the branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis pathway, is a promising new target for antifungal drug discovery. First, we show that several AHAS inhibitors developed as commercial herbicides are powerful accumulative inhibitors of Candida albicans AHAS (K i values as low as 800 pM) and have determined high-resolution crystal structures of this enzyme in complex with several of these herbicides. In addition, we have demonstrated that chlorimuron ethyl (CE), a member of the sulfonylurea herbicide family, has potent antifungal activity against five different Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans (with minimum inhibitory concentration, 50% values as low as 7 nM). Furthermore, in these assays, we have shown CE and itraconazole (a P450 inhibitor) can act synergistically to further improve potency. Finally, we show in Candida albicans-infected mice that CE is highly effective in clearing pathogenic fungal burden in the lungs, liver, and spleen, thus reducing overall mortality rates. Therefore, in view of their low toxicity to human cells, AHAS inhibitors represent a new class of antifungal drug candidates.
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13
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Liu N, Tu J, Dong G, Wang Y, Sheng C. Emerging New Targets for the Treatment of Resistant Fungal Infections. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5484-5511. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Tu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Qu RY, Yang JF, Devendar P, Kang WM, Liu YC, Chen Q, Niu CW, Xi Z, Yang GF. Discovery of New 2-[(4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxy]-6-(substituted phenoxy)benzoic Acids as Flexible Inhibitors of Arabidopsis thaliana Acetohydroxyacid Synthase and Its P197L Mutant. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:11170-11178. [PMID: 29186952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the search for new antiresistance acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS, EC 2.2.1.6) inhibitors to combat weed resistance associated with AHAS mutations, a series of 2-[(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxy]-6-(substituted phenoxy)benzoic acids 11-38 were designed and synthesized via the strategy of conformational flexibility analysis. Compounds 21, 22, 26, 33, 36, and 38 with high potency against both wild-type AtAHAS and its P197L mutant were identified as promising candidates with low resistance factors (RF, defined as the ratio between the ki values toward P197L mutant and wild-type AHAS) ranging from 0.73 to 6.32. Especially, compound 22 (RF = 0.73) was further identified as the most potent antiresistance AHAS inhibitor because of its significantly reduced resistance level compared with that of tribenuron-methyl (RF = 2650) and bispyribac (RF = 4.57). Furthermore, compounds 26, 33, 36, and 38 also displayed promising herbicidal activities against sensitive and resistant (P197L) Descurainia sophia at the dosage of 75-150 g of active ingredient (ai)/ha. Notably, compounds 33 and 38 still maintained over 60% herbicidal activity toward the resistant weed even at much lower dosages (37.5 g ai/ha). Therefore, the designed scaffold has the great potential to discover new candidate compounds for the control of weed resistance associated with AHAS mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Yu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU) , Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jing-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU) , Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Ponnam Devendar
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU) , Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Wei-Ming Kang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU) , Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Yu-Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU) , Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU) , Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Cong-Wei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University (NKU) , Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University (NKU) , Tianjin 300071, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 30071, PR China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU) , Wuhan 430079, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 30071, PR China
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15
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Qu RY, Yang JF, Liu YC, Chen Q, Hao GF, Niu CW, Xi Z, Yang GF. Computational design of novel inhibitors to overcome weed resistance associated with acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) P197L mutant. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:1373-1381. [PMID: 27748000 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGOUND Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS; EC 2.2.1.6) is the first common enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway leading to the branched-chain amino acids in plants and a wide range of microorganisms. With the long-term and wide application of AHAS inhibitors, weed resistance is becoming a global problem, which leads to an urgent demand for novel inhibitors to antagonize both wild-type and resistant AHAS. RESULTS Pyrimidinyl salicylic acid derivatives, as one of the main classes of commercial AHAS herbicides, show potential anti-resistant bioactivity to wild-type and P197L mutant. In current work, a series of novel 2-benzoyloxy-6-pyrimidinyl salicylic acid derivatives were designed through fragment-based drug discovery. Fortunately, the newly synthesized compounds showed good inhibitory activity against both wild-type and P197L mutant. Some compounds not only had a lower resistance factor value but also showed excellent inhibitory activity against wild-type AHAS and P197L mutant. Furthermore, greenhouse experiments showed compound 11m displayed almost 100% inhibition against both wild-type and high-resistant Descurainia sophia at a dosage of 150 g a.i. ha-1 . CONCLUSION The present work indicated that the 2-benzoyloxy-6-pyrimidinyl salicylic acid motif was well worth further optimization. Also, compound 11m could be used as a potential anti-resistant AHAS herbicide, which requires further research. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Yu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge-Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Wei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjing, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjing, 300071, People's Republic of China
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16
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Garcia MD, Wang JG, Lonhienne T, Guddat LW. Crystal structure of plant acetohydroxyacid synthase, the target for several commercial herbicides. FEBS J 2017; 284:2037-2051. [PMID: 28485824 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS, EC 2.2.1.6) is the first enzyme in the branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis pathway. Five of the most widely used commercial herbicides (i.e. sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, triazolopyrimidines, pyrimidinyl-benzoates and sulfonylamino-cabonyl-triazolinones) target this enzyme. Here we have determined the first crystal structure of a plant AHAS in the absence of any inhibitor (2.9 Å resolution) and it shows that the herbicide-binding site adopts a folded state even in the absence of an inhibitor. This is unexpected because the equivalent regions for herbicide binding in uninhibited Saccharomyces cerevisiae AHAS crystal structures are either disordered, or adopt a different fold when the herbicide is not present. In addition, the structure provides an explanation as to why some herbicides are more potent inhibitors of Arabidopsis thaliana AHAS compared to AHASs from other species (e.g. S. cerevisiae). The elucidation of the native structure of plant AHAS provides a new platform for future rational structure-based herbicide design efforts. DATABASE The coordinates and structure factors for uninhibited AtAHAS have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank (www.pdb.org) with the PDB ID code 5K6Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Daniel Garcia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jian-Guo Wang
- State-Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Thierry Lonhienne
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luke William Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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17
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Rey-Caballero J, Menéndez J, Osuna MD, Salas M, Torra J. Target-site and non-target-site resistance mechanisms to ALS inhibiting herbicides in Papaver rhoeas. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 138:57-65. [PMID: 28456305 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Target-site and non-target-site resistance mechanisms to ALS inhibitors were investigated in multiple resistant (tribenuron-methyl and 2,4-D) and only 2,4-D resistant, Spanish corn poppy populations. Six amino-acid replacements at the Pro197 position (Ala197, Arg197, His197, Leu197, Thr197 and Ser197) were found in three multiple resistant populations. These replacements were responsible for the high tribenuron-methyl resistance response, and some of them, especially Thr197 and Ser197, elucidated the cross-resistant pattern for imazamox and florasulam, respectively. Mutations outside of the conserved regions of the ALS gene (Gly427 and Leu648) were identified, but not related to resistance response. Higher mobility of labeled tribenuron-methyl in plants with multiple resistance was, however, similar to plants with only 2,4-D resistance, indicating the presence of non-target-site resistance mechanisms (NTSR). Metabolism studies confirmed the presence of a hydroxy imazamox metabolite in one of the populations. Lack of correlation between phenotype and genotype in plants treated with florasulam or imazamox, non-mutated plants surviving imazamox, tribenuron-methyl translocation patterns and the presence of enhanced metabolism revealed signs of the presence of NTSR mechanisms to ALS inhibitors in this species. On this basis, selection pressure with ALS non-SU inhibitors bears the risk of promoting the evolution of NTSR mechanisms in corn poppy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Rey-Caballero
- Department d'Hortofructicultura, Botànica i Jardineria, Agrotecnio, Universitat de Lleida, Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, Spain
| | - Julio Menéndez
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Campus Universitario de La Rábida, 21071 Palos de la Frontera, Huelva, Spain
| | - Maria D Osuna
- "Finca La Orden-Valdesequera" Research Centre, Ctra. A-V, Km372, 06187 Guadajira, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Marisa Salas
- DuPont de Nemours, Reu Delarivière Lefoullon, La Defense Cedex, Paris 92064, France
| | - Joel Torra
- Department d'Hortofructicultura, Botànica i Jardineria, Agrotecnio, Universitat de Lleida, Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida, Spain.
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18
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Comprehensive understanding of acetohydroxyacid synthase inhibition by different herbicide families. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1091-E1100. [PMID: 28137884 PMCID: PMC5321015 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616142114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Five commercial herbicide families inhibit acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS, E.C. 2.2.1.6), which is the first enzyme in the branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis pathway. The popularity of these herbicides is due to their low application rates, high crop vs. weed selectivity, and low toxicity in animals. Here, we have determined the crystal structures of Arabidopsis thaliana AHAS in complex with two members of the pyrimidinyl-benzoate (PYB) and two members of the sulfonylamino-carbonyl-triazolinone (SCT) herbicide families, revealing the structural basis for their inhibitory activity. Bispyribac, a member of the PYBs, possesses three aromatic rings and these adopt a twisted "S"-shaped conformation when bound to A. thaliana AHAS (AtAHAS) with the pyrimidinyl group inserted deepest into the herbicide binding site. The SCTs bind such that the triazolinone ring is inserted deepest into the herbicide binding site. Both compound classes fill the channel that leads to the active site, thus preventing substrate binding. The crystal structures and mass spectrometry also show that when these herbicides bind, thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) is modified. When the PYBs bind, the thiazolium ring is cleaved, but when the SCTs bind, ThDP is modified to thiamine 2-thiazolone diphosphate. Kinetic studies show that these compounds not only trigger reversible accumulative inhibition of AHAS, but also can induce inhibition linked with ThDP degradation. Here, we describe the features that contribute to the extraordinarily powerful herbicidal activity exhibited by four classes of AHAS inhibitors.
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19
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The 2.0 Å X-ray structure for yeast acetohydroxyacid synthase provides new insights into its cofactor and quaternary structure requirements. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171443. [PMID: 28178302 PMCID: PMC5298238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) catalyzes the first step of branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis, a pathway essential to the life-cycle of plants and micro-organisms. The catalytic subunit has thiamin diphosphate (ThDP) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as indispensable co-factors. A new, high resolution, 2.0 Å crystal structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae AHAS reveals that the dimer is asymmetric, with the catalytic centres having distinct structures where FAD is trapped in two different conformations indicative of different redox states. Two molecules of oxygen (O2) are bound on the surface of each active site and a tunnel in the polypeptide appears to passage O2 to the active site independently of the substrate. Thus, O2 appears to play a novel “co-factor” role in this enzyme. We discuss the functional implications of these features of the enzyme that have not previously been described.
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20
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Liu Y, Li Y, Wang X. Acetohydroxyacid synthases: evolution, structure, and function. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8633-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Wei W, Cheng D, Liu J, Li Y, Ma Y, Li Y, Yu S, Zhang X, Li Z. Design, synthesis and SAR study of novel sulfonylureas containing an alkenyl moiety. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:8356-66. [PMID: 27533925 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01555g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of sulfonylurea compounds was designed and synthesized via introducing an alkenyl moiety into the aryl-5 position and most title compounds exhibited enhanced antifungal activities and limited herbicidal activities compared with chlorsulfuron. Then, a CoMSIA calculation for antifungal activities was carried out to establish a 3D-QSAR model in which a cross-validated q(2) of 0.585 and a correlation coefficient r(2) of 0.989 were obtained. The derived model revealed that hydrophobic and electrostatic fields were the two most important factors for antifungal activity. Structure optimization was performed according to the CoMSIA model and compound 9z was found to be as potent as chlorothalonil in vitro against C. cornigerum, the pathogen of the wheat sharp eyespot disease. In order to study the fungicidal mechanism, 9z was successfully docked into yeast AHAS using a flexible molecular docking method and the resulting binding pattern was similar to that of chlorimuron-ethyl, indicating that the antifungal activity of compounds 9 was probably due to the inhibition of fungal AHAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Elemento-Organic, Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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22
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Liu YC, Qu RY, Chen Q, Yang JF, Cong-Wei N, Zhen X, Yang GF. Triazolopyrimidines as a New Herbicidal Lead for Combating Weed Resistance Associated with Acetohydroxyacid Synthase Mutation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4845-4857. [PMID: 27265721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS; also known as acetolactate synthase; EC 2.2.1.6, formerly EC 4.1.3.18) is the first common enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway leading to the branched-chain amino acids in plants and a wide range of microorganisms. Weed resistance to AHAS-inhibiting herbicides, increasing at an exponential rate, is becoming a global problem and leading to an urgent demand of developing novel compounds against both resistant and wild AHAS. In the present work, a series of novel 2-aroxyl-1,2,4-triazolopyrimidine derivatives (a total of 55) were designed and synthesized with the aim to discover an antiresistant lead compound. Fortunately, the screening results indicated that many of the newly synthesized compounds showed a better, even excellent, inhibition effect against both the wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana AHAS and P197L mutants. Among them, compounds 5-3 to 5-17, compounds 5-19 to 5-26, compounds 5-28 to 5-45, and compound 5-48 have the lower values of resistance factor (RF) and display a potential power to overcome resistance associated with the P197L mutation in the enzyme levels. Further greenhouse in vivo assay showed that compounds 5-15 and 5-20 displayed "moderate" to "good" herbicidal activity against both the wild type-and the resistant (P197L mutation) Descurainia sophia, even at a rate as low as 0.9375 (g of ai/ha). The above results indicated that these two compounds could be used as new leads for the future development of antiresistance herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Ren-Yu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jing-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Niu Cong-Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xi Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjing 30071, PR China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjing 30071, PR China
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Chen S, McElroy JS, Flessner ML, Dane F. Utilizing next-generation sequencing to study homeologous polymorphisms and herbicide-resistance-endowing mutations in Poa annua acetolactate synthase genes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2015; 71:1141-8. [PMID: 25180862 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to herbicide resistance in non-model polyploid weed species is fraught with difficulty owing to the gene duplication and lack of reference sequences. Our research seeks to overcome these obstacles by Illumina HiSeq read mapping, SNP calling and allele frequency determinations. Our focus is on the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene, the target site of ALS-inhibiting herbicides, in Poa annua, an allotetraploid weed species originating from two diploid parents, P. supina and P. infirma. RESULTS ALS contigs with complete coding regions of P. supina, P. infirma and P. annua were assembled and compared with ALS genes from other plant species. The ALS infirma-homeolog of P. annua showed higher levels of nucleotide sequence variability than the supina-homeolog. Comparisons of read mappings of P. annua and a simulated P. supina × P. infirma hybrid showed high resemblance. Two homeolog-specific primer pairs were designed and used to amplify a 1860 bp region covering all resistance-conferring codons in the ALS gene. Four P. annua populations, GN, RB, GW and LG, showed high resistance to two ALS inhibitors, bispyribac-sodium and foramsulfuron, and two populations, HD and RS, showed lower resistance in the rate-response trial. Mutations conferring Trp-574-Leu substitution were observed in the infirma-homeolog of GN and RB and in the supina-homeolog of GW and LG, but no resistance-conferring mutation was observed in the two populations of lower resistance, HD and RS. CONCLUSION In this study we have demonstrated the use of NGS data to study homeologous polymorphisms, parentage and herbicide resistance in an allotetraploid weed species, P. annua. Complete coding sequences of the ALS gene were assembled for P. infirma, P. supina, infirma-homeolog and supina-homeolog in P. annua. A pipeline consisting of read mapping, SNP calling and allele frequency calculation was developed to study the parentage of P. annua, which provided a new perspective on this topic besides the views of morphology, karyotype and phylogeny. Our two homeolog-specific primer pairs can be utilized in future research to separate the homeologs of the ALS gene in P. annua and cover all the codons that have been reported to confer herbicide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Chen
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - J Scott McElroy
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Michael L Flessner
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Fenny Dane
- Department of Horticulture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Synthesis and evaluation of novel N-(4′-arylpyrimidin-2′-yl) sulfonylurea derivatives as potential antifungal agents. Chem Res Chin Univ 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-015-4362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Inhibitors of amino acids biosynthesis as antifungal agents. Amino Acids 2014; 47:227-49. [PMID: 25408465 PMCID: PMC4302243 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal microorganisms, including the human pathogenic yeast and filamentous fungi, are able to synthesize all proteinogenic amino acids, including nine that are essential for humans. A number of enzymes catalyzing particular steps of human-essential amino acid biosynthesis are fungi specific. Numerous studies have shown that auxotrophic mutants of human pathogenic fungi impaired in biosynthesis of particular amino acids exhibit growth defect or at least reduced virulence under in vivo conditions. Several chemical compounds inhibiting activity of one of these enzymes exhibit good antifungal in vitro activity in minimal growth media, which is not always confirmed under in vivo conditions. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the present knowledge on pathways of amino acids biosynthesis in fungi, with a special emphasis put on enzymes catalyzing particular steps of these pathways as potential targets for antifungal chemotherapy.
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Yu Q, Powles SB. Resistance to AHAS inhibitor herbicides: current understanding. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:1340-50. [PMID: 24338926 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) inhibitor herbicides currently comprise the largest site-of-action group (with 54 active ingredients across five chemical groups) and have been widely used in world agriculture since they were first introduced in 1982. Resistance evolution in weeds to AHAS inhibitors has been rapid and identified in populations of many weed species. Often, evolved resistance is associated with point mutations in the target AHAS gene; however non-target-site enhanced herbicide metabolism occurs as well. Many AHAS gene resistance mutations can occur and be rapidly enriched owing to a high initial resistance gene frequency, simple and dominant genetic inheritance and lack of major fitness cost of the resistance alleles. Major advances in the elucidation of the crystal structure of the AHAS (Arabidopsis thaliana) catalytic subunit in complex with various AHAS inhibitor herbicides have greatly improved current understanding of the detailed molecular interactions between AHAS, cofactors and herbicides. Compared with target-site resistance, non-target-site resistance to AHAS inhibitor herbicides is less studied and hence less understood. In a few well-studied cases, non-target-site resistance is due to enhanced rates of herbicide metabolism (metabolic resistance), mimicking that occurring in tolerant crop species and often involving cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. However, the specific herbicide-metabolising, resistance-endowing genes are yet to be identified in resistant weed species. The current state of mechanistic understanding of AHAS inhibitor herbicide resistance is reviewed, and outstanding research issues are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yu
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Thompson C, Tar'an B. Genetic characterization of the acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) gene responsible for resistance to imidazolinone in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2014; 127:1583-91. [PMID: 24821525 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-014-2320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A point mutation in the AHAS1 gene leading to resistance to imidazolinone in chickpea was identified. The resistance is inherited as a single gene. A KASP marker targeting the mutation was developed. Weed control in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is challenging due to poor crop competition ability and limited herbicide options. A chickpea genotype with resistance to imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides has been identified, but the genetic inheritance and the mechanism were unknown. In many plant species, resistance to IMI is caused by point mutation(s) in the acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) gene resulting in an amino acid substitution preventing herbicide attachment to the molecule. The main objective of this research was to characterize the resistance to IMI herbicides in chickpea. Two homologous AHAS genes namely AHAS1 and AHAS2 sharing 80 % amino acid sequence similarity were identified in the chickpea genome. Cluster analysis indicated independent grouping of AHAS1 and AHAS2 across legume species. A point mutation in the AHAS1 gene at C675 to T675 resulting in an amino acid substitution from Ala205 to Val205 confers the resistance to IMI in chickpea. A KASP marker targeting the point mutation was developed and effectively predicted the response to IMI herbicides in a recombinant inbred (RI) population of chickpea. The RI population was used in molecular mapping where the major locus for the reaction to IMI herbicide was mapped to chromosome 5. Segregation analysis across an F2 population and RI population demonstrated that the resistance is inherited as a single gene in a semi-dominant fashion. The simple genetic inheritance and the availability of KASP marker generated in this study would speed up development of chickpea varieties with resistance to IMI herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Thompson
- Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
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Li ZS, Wang WM, Lu W, Niu CW, Li YH, Li ZM, Wang JG. Synthesis and biological evaluation of nonsymmetrical aromatic disulfides as novel inhibitors of acetohydroxyacid synthase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3723-7. [PMID: 23726033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
46 Novel nonsymmetrical aromatic disulfides containing [1,3,4]thiadiazole or [1,3,4]oxadiazole groups were synthesized and their biological activities were evaluated as inhibitors of acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS, EC 2.2.1.6). Besides their strong in vitro inhibition against plant AHAS, compounds 3e and 3f also display 80-100% post-emergence herbicidal activities in greenhouse bioassay at 1500g /ha dosage. The assay of exogenous branched-chain amino acids supplementation on rape root growth of 3e suggests that the herbicidal activity has relationship with AHAS inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Shun Li
- State-Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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Lee YT, Cui CJ, Chow EWL, Pue N, Lonhienne T, Wang JG, Fraser JA, Guddat LW. Sulfonylureas Have Antifungal Activity and Are Potent Inhibitors of Candida albicans Acetohydroxyacid Synthase. J Med Chem 2012; 56:210-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301501k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chang-Jun Cui
- State-Key Laboratory and Institute
of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | | | | | | | - Jian-Guo Wang
- State-Key Laboratory and Institute
of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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30
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Zhao Y, Wen X, Niu C, Xi Z. Arginine 26 and Aspartic Acid 69 of the Regulatory Subunit are Key Residues of Subunits Interaction of Acetohydroxyacid Synthase Isozyme III fromE. coli. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2445-54. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Shang J, Wang WM, Li YH, Song HB, Li ZM, Wang JG. Synthesis, crystal structure, in vitro acetohydroxyacid synthase inhibition, in vivo herbicidal activity, and 3D-QSAR of new asymmetric aryl disulfides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8286-8293. [PMID: 22905906 DOI: 10.1021/jf302206x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS; EC 2.2.1.6) is an important bioactive target for the design of environmentally benign herbicides. On the basis of previous virtual screening, 50 asymmetric aryl disulfides containing [1,2,4]triazole groups were synthesized and characterized by (1)H NMR, HRMS, and crystal structure. Compounds I-a, I-b, and I-p show Ki values of 1.70, 4.69, and 5.57 μM, respectively, for wild type Arabidopsis thaliana AHAS (AtAHAS) and low resistance against mutant type AtAHAS W574L. At 100 mg L(-1) concentration, compounds I-a, II-a, and II-b exhibit 86.6, 81.7, and 87.5% in vivo rape root growth inhibition. CoMFA steric and electrostatic contour maps were established, and a possible binding mode was suggested from molecular docking, which provide valuable information to understand the key structural features of these disulfide compounds. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first comprehensive case suggesting that asymmetric aryl disulfides are novel AHAS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
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32
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Sala CA, Bulos M, Altieri E, Weston B. Response to imazapyr and dominance relationships of two imidazolinone-tolerant alleles at the Ahasl1 locus of sunflower. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2012; 124:385-396. [PMID: 21964993 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Imisun and CLPlus are two imidazolinone (IMI) tolerance traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) determined by the expression of different alleles at the same locus, Ahasl1-1 and Ahasl1-3, respectively. This paper reports the level of tolerance expressed by plants containing both alleles in a homozygous, heterozygous and in a heterozygous stacked state to increasing doses of IMI at the enzyme and whole plant levels. Six genotypes of the Ahasl1 gene were compared with each other in three different genetic backgrounds. These materials were treated at the V2-V4 stage with increasing doses of imazapyr (from 0 to 480 g a.i. ha(-1)) followed by an assessment of the aboveground biomass and herbicide phytotoxicity. The estimated dose of imazapyr required to reduce biomass accumulation by 50% (GR(50)) differed statistically for the six genotypes of the Ahasl1 gene. Homozygous CLPlus (Ahasl1-3/Ahasl1-3) genotypes and materials containing a combination of both tolerant alleles (Imisun/CLPlus heterozygous stack, Ahasl1-1/Ahasl1-3) showed the highest values of GR(50), 300 times higher than the susceptible genotypes and more than 2.5 times higher than homozygous Imisun materials (Ahasl1-1/Ahasl1-1). In vitro AHAS enzyme activity assays using increasing doses of herbicide (from 0 to 100 μM) showed similar trends, where homozygous CLPlus materials and those containing heterozygous stacks of Imisun/CLPlus were statistically similar and showed the least level of inhibition of enzyme activity to increasing doses of herbicide. The degree of dominance for the accumulation of biomass after herbicide application calculated for the Ahasl1-1 allele indicated that it is co-dominant to recessive depending on the imazapyr dose used. By the contrary, the Ahasl1-3 allele showed dominance to semi dominance according to the applied dose. This last allele is dominant over Ahasl1-1 over the entire range of herbicide rates tested. At the level of enzymatic activity, however, both alleles showed recessivity to semi-recessivity with respect to the wild-type allele, even though the Ahasl1-3 allele is dominant over Ahasl1-1 at all the herbicides rates used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Sala
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Nidera S.A, Casilla de Correo 6, CP.: 2600, Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Kishchenko EM, Komarnitskii IK, Kuchuk NV. Transgenic sugar beet tolerant to imidazolinone obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. CYTOL GENET+ 2011. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452711030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Expression, characterization, and site-directed mutation of a multiple herbicide-resistant acetohydroxyacid synthase (rAHAS) from Pseudomonas sp. Lm10. Curr Microbiol 2011; 63:145-50. [PMID: 21638043 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9953-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A multiple herbicide-resistant acetohydroxyacid synthase (rAHAS) gene was cloned from Pseudomonas sp. Lm10. Sequence analysis showed that the rAHAS regulatory subunit was identical to that of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 (sensitive AHAS, sAHAS), whereas six different sites [H134→N (rAHAS→sAHAS), A135→P, S136→T, I210→V, F264→Y, and S486→W] were found in the catalytic subunit. The rAHAS and sAHAS were over expressed, purified and characterized. rAHAS showed higher resistance to four kinds of AHAS-inhibitor herbicides than sAHAS. The resistance factor of rAHAS was 56.0-fold, 12.6-fold, 6.5-fold, and 9.2-fold as compared with sAHAS when metsulfuron-methyl, imazethapyr, flumetsulam, and pyriminobac-methyl used as inhibitor, respectively. The specific activity of rAHAS was lower than that of sAHAS and the K (m) value of rAHAS for pyruvate was approximately onefold higher than the corresponding value for sAHAS. Data from site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that alteration at A135, F264, and S486 resulted in resistance reduction, while the mutation at H134, S136, and I210 has little effect on the resistance. A135 was mainly responsible for resistance to imidazolinone; F264 conferred resistance to sulfonylurea and triazolopyrimidine sulfonamide; and S486 showed multiple herbicides resistance to the four herbicides.
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Vyazmensky M, Steinmetz A, Meyer D, Golbik R, Barak Z, Tittmann K, Chipman DM. Significant Catalytic Roles for Glu47 and Gln 110 in All Four of the C−C Bond-Making and -Breaking Steps of the Reactions of Acetohydroxyacid Synthase II. Biochemistry 2011; 50:3250-60. [DOI: 10.1021/bi102051h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vyazmensky
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Life Sciences, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Andrea Steinmetz
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Göttingen Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Department of Bioanalytics, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Danilo Meyer
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Göttingen Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Department of Bioanalytics, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ralph Golbik
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ze'ev Barak
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Life Sciences, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Kai Tittmann
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Göttingen Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Department of Bioanalytics, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - David M. Chipman
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Life Sciences, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Yu Q, Han H, Vila-Aiub MM, Powles SB. AHAS herbicide resistance endowing mutations: effect on AHAS functionality and plant growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:3925-34. [PMID: 20627897 PMCID: PMC2935867 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-two amino acid substitutions at seven conserved amino acid residues in the acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) gene have been identified to date that confer target-site resistance to AHAS-inhibiting herbicides in biotypes of field-evolved resistant weed species. However, the effect of resistance mutations on AHAS functionality and plant growth has been investigated for only a very few mutations. This research investigates the effect of various AHAS resistance mutations in Lolium rigidum on AHAS functionality and plant growth. The enzyme kinetics of AHAS from five purified L. rigidum populations, each homozygous for the resistance mutations Pro-197-Ala, Pro-197-Arg, Pro-197-Gln, Pro-197-Ser or Trp-574-Leu, were characterized and the pleiotropic effect of three mutations on plant growth was assessed via relative growth rate analysis. All these resistance mutations endowed a herbicide-resistant AHAS and most resulted in higher extractable AHAS activity, with no-to-minor changes in AHAS kinetics. The Pro-197-Arg mutation slightly (but significantly) increased the K(m) for pyruvate and remarkably increased sensitivity to feedback inhibition by branched chain amino acids. Whereas the Pro-197-Ser and Trp-574-Leu mutations exhibited no significant effects on plant growth, the Pro-197-Arg mutation resulted in lower growth rates. It is clear that, at least in L. rigidum, these five AHAS resistance mutations have no major impact on AHAS functionality and hence probably no plant resistance costs. These results, in part, explain why so many Pro-197 AHAS resistance mutations in AHAS have evolved and why the Pro-197-Ser and the Trp-574-Leu AHAS resistance mutations are frequently found in many weed species.
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Choi JD, Gedi V, Pham CN, Ryu KH, Lee HS, Kim GH, Yoon MY. Site-directed mutagenesis of catalytic and regulatory subunits of Mycobacterium tuberculosis acetohydroxyacid synthase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vila-Aiub MM, Neve P, Powles SB. Fitness costs associated with evolved herbicide resistance alleles in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 184:751-767. [PMID: 19825013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Predictions based on evolutionary theory suggest that the adaptive value of evolved herbicide resistance alleles may be compromised by the existence of fitness costs. There have been many studies quantifying the fitness costs associated with novel herbicide resistance alleles, reflecting the importance of fitness costs in determining the evolutionary dynamics of resistance. However, many of these studies have incorrectly defined resistance or used inappropriate plant material and methods to measure fitness. This review has two major objectives. First, to propose a methodological framework that establishes experimental criteria to unequivocally evaluate fitness costs. Second, to present a comprehensive analysis of the literature on fitness costs associated with herbicide resistance alleles. This analysis reveals unquestionable evidence that some herbicide resistance alleles are associated with pleiotropic effects that result in plant fitness costs. Observed costs are evident from herbicide resistance-endowing amino acid substitutions in proteins involved in amino acid, fatty acid, auxin and cellulose biosynthesis, as well as enzymes involved in herbicide metabolism. However, these resistance fitness costs are not universal and their expression depends on particular plant alleles and mutations. The findings of this review are discussed within the context of the plant defence trade-off theory and herbicide resistance evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Vila-Aiub
- Western Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative (WAHRI), School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Chipman DM, Barak Z, Shaanan B, Vyazmensky M, Binshtein E, Belenky I, Temam V, Steinmetz A, Golbik R, Tittmann K. Origin of the specificities of acetohydroxyacid synthases and glyoxylate carboligase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Huang X, He J, Sun XF, Sun JQ, Li YF, Shen JJ, Li SP. Characterization and molecular mechanism of a naturally occurring metsulfuron-methyl resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Structure and Functional Effect of Tryptophan Mutants of Nicotiana tabacum Acetohydroxyacid Synthase. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2008.29.9.1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ji FQ, Niu CW, Chen CN, Chen Q, Yang GF, Xi Z, Zhan CG. Computational Design and Discovery of Conformationally Flexible Inhibitors of Acetohydroxyacid Synthase to Overcome Drug Resistance Associated with the W586L Mutation. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:1203-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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43
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Souza TC, Josa D, Ramalho TC, Caetano MS, da Cunha EF. Molecular modelling ofMycobacterium tuberculosisacetolactate synthase catalytic subunit and its molecular docking study with inhibitors. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020802129974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Duggleby RG, McCourt JA, Guddat LW. Structure and mechanism of inhibition of plant acetohydroxyacid synthase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:309-24. [PMID: 18234503 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants and microorganisms synthesize valine, leucine and isoleucine via a common pathway in which the first reaction is catalysed by acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS, EC 2.2.1.6). This enzyme is of substantial importance because it is the target of several herbicides, including all members of the popular sulfonylurea and imidazolinone families. However, the emergence of resistant weeds due to mutations that interfere with the inhibition of AHAS is now a worldwide problem. Here we summarize recent ideas on the way in which these herbicides inhibit the enzyme, based on the 3D structure of Arabidopsis thaliana AHAS. This structure also reveals important clues for understanding how various mutations can lead to herbicide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G Duggleby
- RDBiotech, 22 Parklands Boulevard, Little Mountain, Queensland 4551, Australia.
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Choi KJ, Noh KM, Kim DE, Ha BH, Kim EE, Yoon MY. Identification of the catalytic subunit of acetohydroxyacid synthase in Haemophilus influenzae and its potent inhibitors. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 466:24-30. [PMID: 17718999 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 07/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS; EC 2.2.1.6) is a thiamin diphosphate- (ThDP)- and FAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthetic pathway of the branched-amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine, and valine. The gene from Haemophilus influenzae that encodes the AHAS catalytic subunit was cloned, overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and purified to homogeneity. The purified H. influenzae AHAS catalytic subunit (Hin-AHAS) appeared as a single band on SDS-PAGE gel, with a molecular mass of approximately 63 kDa. The enzyme catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of pyruvate to form acetolactate, with a K(m) of 9.2mM and the specific activity of 1.5 micromol/min/mg. The cofactor activation constant (K(c)=13.5 microM) and the dissociation constant (K(d)=3.3 microM) of ThDP were also determined by enzymatic assay and tryptophan fluorescence quenching studies, respectively. We screened a chemical library to discover new inhibitors of the Hin AHAS catalytic subunit. Through which, AVS-2087 (IC(50)=0.53 microM), KSW30191 (IC(50)=1.42 microM), and KHG20612 (IC(50)=4.91 microM) displayed potent inhibition as compare to sulfometuron methyl (IC(50)=276.31 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Jae Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, 17 Haedang-dong, Sungdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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Yu Z, Niu C, Ban S, Wen X, Xi Z. Study on structure-activity relationship of mutation-dependent herbicide resistance acetohydroxyacid synthase through 3D-QSAR and mutation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-007-0267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Xi Z, Yu Z, Niu C, Ban S, Yang G. Development of a general quantum-chemical descriptor for steric effects: density functional theory based QSAR study of herbicidal sulfonylurea analogues. J Comput Chem 2007; 27:1571-6. [PMID: 16868987 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis has become one of the most effective approaches for optimizing lead compounds and designing new drugs. Although large number of quantum-chemical descriptors were defined and applied successfully, it is still a big challenge to develop a general quantum-chemical descriptor describing the bulk effects more directly and effectively. In this article, we defined a general quantum-chemical descriptor by characterizing the volume of electron cloud for specific substituent using the method of density functional theory. The application of our defined steric descriptors in the QSAR analysis of sulfonylurea analogues resulted in four QSAR models with high quality (the best model: q2 = 0.881, r2 = 0.901, n = 35, s = 0.401, F = 68.44), which indicated that this descriptor may provide an effective way for solving the problem how to directly describe steric effect in quantum chemistry-based QSAR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, 300071
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Hartshorn MJ, Verdonk ML, Chessari G, Brewerton SC, Mooij WTM, Mortenson PN, Murray CW. Diverse, high-quality test set for the validation of protein-ligand docking performance. J Med Chem 2007; 50:726-41. [PMID: 17300160 DOI: 10.1021/jm061277y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A procedure for analyzing and classifying publicly available crystal structures has been developed. It has been used to identify high-resolution protein-ligand complexes that can be assessed by reconstructing the electron density for the ligand using the deposited structure factors. The complexes have been clustered according to the protein sequences, and clusters have been discarded if they do not represent proteins thought to be of direct interest to the pharmaceutical or agrochemical industry. Rules have been used to exclude complexes containing non-drug-like ligands. One complex from each cluster has been selected where a structure of sufficient quality was available. The final Astex diverse set contains 85 diverse, relevant protein-ligand complexes, which have been prepared in a format suitable for docking and are to be made freely available to the entire research community (http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk). The performance of the docking program GOLD against the new set is assessed using a variety of protocols. Relatively unbiased protocols give success rates of approximately 80% for redocking into native structures, but it is possible to get success rates of over 90% with some protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hartshorn
- Astex Therapeutics, Ltd., 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
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Ohsako T, Tominaga T. Nucleotide substitutions in the acetolactate synthase genes of sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of Monochoria vaginalis (Pontederiaceae). Genes Genet Syst 2007; 82:207-15. [PMID: 17660691 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.82.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Some point mutations in acetolactate synthase (ALS) confer resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in weeds. To clarify the evolution of the herbicide resistance of Monochoria vaginalis, a weed in rice fields in Japan, the nucleotide sequences of four genes encoding ALS were surveyed in five sulfonylurea-resistant (SU-R) and five sulfonylurea-susceptible (SU-S) biotypes. In the ALS1 gene, two SU-R biotypes showed nucleotide substitutions changing Pro197 to Ser and Leu, respectively. In a different gene, ALS3, three other SU-R biotypes showed either of the two nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions seen in ALS1. Only two biotypes geographically located distantly from each other shared the same mutation conferring SU resistance in the same gene. These patterns of nucleotide substitutions indicate that the SU-R phenotype was acquired independently by different biotypes. Nucleotide diversity values of the genes showing SU-R mutations were higher than those of ALS2 lacking any SU-R mutation and of a putative pseudogene, ALS4. This result suggests that the maintenance of nucleotide variability within target genes provides an opportunity for the evolution of SU-R phenotypes by herbicide-driven selection for mutations conferring resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ohsako
- Laboratory of Agroecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University, Seika, kyoto, Japan.
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McCourt JA, Duggleby RG. Acetohydroxyacid synthase and its role in the biosynthetic pathway for branched-chain amino acids. Amino Acids 2006; 31:173-210. [PMID: 16699828 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The branched-chain amino acids are synthesized by plants, fungi and microorganisms, but not by animals. Therefore, the enzymes of this pathway are potential target sites for the development of antifungal agents, antimicrobials and herbicides. Most research has focused upon the first enzyme in this biosynthetic pathway, acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) largely because it is the target site for many commercial herbicides. In this review we provide a brief overview of the important properties of each enzyme within the pathway and a detailed summary of the most recent AHAS research, against the perspective of work that has been carried out over the past 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A McCourt
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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