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Koh W, Kwak H, Cheong E, Lee CJ. GABA tone regulation and its cognitive functions in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:523-539. [PMID: 37495761 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter released at GABAergic synapses, mediating fast-acting phasic inhibition. Emerging lines of evidence unequivocally indicate that a small amount of extracellular GABA - GABA tone - exists in the brain and induces a tonic GABA current that controls neuronal activity on a slow timescale relative to that of phasic inhibition. Surprisingly, studies indicate that glial cells that synthesize GABA, such as astrocytes, release GABA through non-vesicular mechanisms, such as channel-mediated release, and thereby act as the source of GABA tone in the brain. In this Review, we first provide an overview of major advances in our understanding of the cell-specific molecular and cellular mechanisms of GABA synthesis, release and clearance that regulate GABA tone in various brain regions. We next examine the diverse ways in which the tonic GABA current regulates synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity through extrasynaptic GABAA-receptor-mediated mechanisms. Last, we discuss the physiological mechanisms through which tonic inhibition modulates cognitive function on a slow timescale. In this Review, we emphasize that the cognitive functions of tonic GABA current extend beyond mere inhibition, laying a foundation for future research on the physiological and pathophysiological roles of GABA tone regulation in normal and abnormal psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuhyun Koh
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hankyul Kwak
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunji Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea.
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2
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Tega Y, Kubo Y, Miura H, Ri K, Tomise A, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. Carrier-Mediated Process of Putrescine Elimination at the Rat Blood-Retinal Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109003. [PMID: 37240348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Putrescine is a bioactive polyamine. Its retinal concentration is strictly controlled to maintain a healthy sense of vision. The present study investigated putrescine transport at the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of putrescine regulation in the retina. Our microdialysis study showed that the elimination rate constant during the terminal phase was significantly greater (1.90-fold) than that of [14C]D-mannitol, which is a bulk flow marker. The difference in the apparent elimination rate constants of [3H]putrescine and [14C]D-mannitol was significantly decreased by unlabeled putrescine and spermine, suggesting active putrescine transport from the retina to the blood across the BRB. Our study using model cell lines of the inner and outer BRB showed that [3H]putrescine transport was time-, temperature-, and concentration-dependent, suggesting the involvement of carrier-mediated processes in putrescine transport at the inner and outer BRB. [3H]Putrescine transport was significantly reduced under Na+-free, Cl--free, and K+-replacement conditions, and attenuated by polyamines or organic cations such as choline, a choline transporter-like protein (CTL) substrate. Rat CTL1 cRNA-injected oocytes exhibited marked alterations in [3H]putrescine uptake, and CTL1 knockdown significantly reduced [3H]putrescine uptake in model cell lines, suggesting the possible participation of CTL1 in putrescine transport at the BRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Tega
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miura
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kairi Ri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ayaka Tomise
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Akanuma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hosoya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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3
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Chen Y, León-Letelier RA, Abdel Sater AH, Vykoukal J, Dennison JB, Hanash S, Fahrmann JF. c-MYC-Driven Polyamine Metabolism in Ovarian Cancer: From Pathogenesis to Early Detection and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:623. [PMID: 36765581 PMCID: PMC9913358 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
c-MYC and its paralogues MYCN and MYCL are among the most frequently amplified and/or overexpressed oncoproteins in ovarian cancer. c-MYC plays a key role in promoting ovarian cancer initiation and progression. The polyamine pathway is a bona fide target of c-MYC signaling, and polyamine metabolism is strongly intertwined with ovarian malignancy. Targeting of the polyamine pathway via small molecule inhibitors has garnered considerable attention as a therapeutic strategy for ovarian cancer. Herein, we discuss the involvement of c-MYC signaling and that of its paralogues in promoting ovarian cancer tumorigenesis. We highlight the potential of targeting c-MYC-driven polyamine metabolism for the treatment of ovarian cancers and the utility of polyamine signatures in biofluids for early detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Johannes F. Fahrmann
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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4
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Rieck J, Skatchkov SN, Derst C, Eaton MJ, Veh RW. Unique Chemistry, Intake, and Metabolism of Polyamines in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Its Body. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040501. [PMID: 35454090 PMCID: PMC9025450 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are small, versatile molecules with two or more nitrogen-containing positively charged groups and provide widespread biological functions. Most of these aspects are well known and covered by quite a number of excellent surveys. Here, the present review includes novel aspects and questions: (1) It summarizes the role of most natural and some important synthetic PAs. (2) It depicts PA uptake from nutrition and bacterial production in the intestinal system following loss of PAs via defecation. (3) It highlights the discrepancy between the high concentrations of PAs in the gut lumen and their low concentration in the blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, while concentrations in cellular cytoplasm are much higher. (4) The present review provides a novel and complete scheme for the biosynthesis of Pas, including glycine, glutamate, proline and others as PA precursors, and provides a hypothesis that the agmatine pathway may rescue putrescine production when ODC knockout seems to be lethal (solving the apparent contradiction in the literature). (5) It summarizes novel data on PA transport in brain glial cells explaining why these cells but not neurons preferentially accumulate PAs. (6) Finally, it provides a novel and complete scheme for PA interconversion, including hypusine, putreanine, and GABA (unique gliotransmitter) as end-products. Altogether, this review can serve as an updated contribution to understanding the PA mystery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Rieck
- Institut für Zell- und Neurobiologie, Centrum 2, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Serguei N. Skatchkov
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA;
- Correspondence: (S.N.S.); (R.W.V.)
| | - Christian Derst
- Institut für Integrative Neuroanatomie, Centrum 2, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Misty J. Eaton
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA;
| | - Rüdiger W. Veh
- Institut für Zell- und Neurobiologie, Centrum 2, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence: (S.N.S.); (R.W.V.)
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5
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Kovács Z, Skatchkov SN, Veh RW, Szabó Z, Németh K, Szabó PT, Kardos J, Héja L. Critical Role of Astrocytic Polyamine and GABA Metabolism in Epileptogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:787319. [PMID: 35069115 PMCID: PMC8770812 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.787319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicate that astrocytes are essential players of the excitatory and inhibitory signaling during normal and epileptiform activity via uptake and release of gliotransmitters, ions, and other substances. Polyamines can be regarded as gliotransmitters since they are almost exclusively stored in astrocytes and can be released by various mechanisms. The polyamine putrescine (PUT) is utilized to synthesize GABA, which can also be released from astrocytes and provide tonic inhibition on neurons. The polyamine spermine (SPM), synthesized form PUT through spermidine (SPD), is known to unblock astrocytic Cx43 gap junction channels and therefore facilitate astrocytic synchronization. In addition, SPM released from astrocytes may also modulate neuronal NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors. As a consequence, astrocytic polyamines possess the capability to significantly modulate epileptiform activity. In this study, we investigated different steps in polyamine metabolism and coupled GABA release to assess their potential to control seizure generation and maintenance in two different epilepsy models: the low-[Mg2+] model of temporal lobe epilepsy in vitro and in the WAG/Rij rat model of absence epilepsy in vivo. We show that SPM is a gliotransmitter that is released from astrocytes and significantly contributes to network excitation. Importantly, we found that inhibition of SPD synthesis completely prevented seizure generation in WAG/Rij rats. We hypothesize that this antiepileptic effect is attributed to the subsequent enhancement of PUT to GABA conversion in astrocytes, leading to GABA release through GAT-2/3 transporters. This interpretation is supported by the observation that antiepileptic potential of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug levetiracetam can be diminished by specifically blocking astrocytic GAT-2/3 with SNAP-5114, suggesting that levetiracetam exerts its effect by increasing surface expression of GAT-2/3. Our findings conclusively suggest that the major pathway through which astrocytic polyamines contribute to epileptiform activity is the production of GABA. Modulation of astrocytic polyamine levels, therefore, may serve for a more effective antiepileptic drug development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Kovács
- Department of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Savaria University Centre, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Serguei N. Skatchkov
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central Del Caribe, Bayamon, PR, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central Del Caribe, Bayamon, PR, United States
| | - Rüdiger W. Veh
- Institut für Zell- und Neurobiologie, Centrum 2, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zsolt Szabó
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Németh
- MS Metabolomics Research Group, Centre for Structural Study, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál T. Szabó
- MS Metabolomics Research Group, Centre for Structural Study, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julianna Kardos
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Héja
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
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6
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Uptake of Biotinylated Spermine in Astrocytes: Effect of Cx43 siRNA, HIV-Tat Protein and Polyamine Transport Inhibitor on Polyamine Uptake. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081187. [PMID: 34439853 PMCID: PMC8391674 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are polycationic biomolecules containing multiple amino groups. Patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) have high concentrations of the polyamine N-acetylated spermine in their brain and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and have increased PA release from astrocytes. These effects are due to the exposure to HIV-Tat. In healthy adult brain, PAs are accumulated but not synthesized in astrocytes, suggesting that PAs must enter astrocytes to be N-acetylated and released. Therefore, we tested if Cx43 hemichannels (Cx43-HCs) are pathways for PA flux in control and HIV-Tat-treated astrocytes. We used biotinylated spermine (b-SPM) to examine polyamine uptake. We found that control astrocytes and those treated with siRNA-Cx43 took up b-SPM, similarly suggesting that PA uptake is via a transporter/channel other than Cx43-HCs. Surprisingly, astrocytes pretreated with both HIV-Tat and siRNA-Cx43 showed increased accumulation of b-SPM. Using a novel polyamine transport inhibitor (PTI), trimer 44NMe, we blocked b-SPM uptake, showing that PA uptake is via a PTI-sensitive transport mechanism such as organic cation transporter. Our data suggest that Cx43 HCs are not a major pathway for b-SPM uptake in the condition of normal extracellular calcium concentration but may be involved in the release of PAs to the extracellular space during viral infection.
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7
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Malpica-Nieves CJ, Rivera-Aponte DE, Tejeda-Bayron FA, Mayor AM, Phanstiel O, Veh RW, Eaton MJ, Skatchkov SN. The involvement of polyamine uptake and synthesis pathways in the proliferation of neonatal astrocytes. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1169-1180. [PMID: 32816168 PMCID: PMC7908810 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02881-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs), such as spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM), are essential to promote cell growth, survival, proliferation, and longevity. In the adult central nervous system (CNS), SPD and SPM are accumulated predominantly in healthy adult glial cells where PA synthesis is not present. To date, the accumulation and biosynthesis of PAs in developing astrocytes are not well understood. The purpose of the present study was to determine the contribution of uptake and/or synthesis of PAs using proliferation of neonatal astrocytes as an endpoint. We inhibited synthesis of PAs using α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO; an inhibitor of the PA biosynthetic enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)) and inhibited uptake of PAs using trimer44NMe (PTI; a novel polyamine transport inhibitor). DFMO, but not PTI alone, blocked proliferation, suggesting that PA biosynthesis was present. Furthermore, exogenous administration of SPD rescued cell proliferation when PA synthesis was blocked by DFMO. When both synthesis and uptake of PAs were inhibited (DFMO + PTI), exogenous SPD no longer supported proliferation. These data indicate that neonatal astrocytes synthesize sufficient quantities of PAs de novo to support cell proliferation, but are also able to import exogenous PAs. This suggests that the PA uptake mechanism is present in both neonates as well as in adults and can support cell proliferation in neonatal astrocytes when ODC is blocked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Malpica-Nieves
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, P.O. Box 60327, Bayamón, PR, 00960-6032, USA
| | - David E Rivera-Aponte
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, P.O. Box 60327, Bayamón, PR, 00960-6032, USA
| | - Flavia A Tejeda-Bayron
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, P.O. Box 60327, Bayamón, PR, 00960-6032, USA
| | - Angel M Mayor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR, 00956, USA
| | - Otto Phanstiel
- Department of Medical Education, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Rüdiger W Veh
- Institut für Zell- Und Neurobiologie, Charité, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Misty J Eaton
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, P.O. Box 60327, Bayamón, PR, 00960-6032, USA
| | - Serguei N Skatchkov
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, P.O. Box 60327, Bayamón, PR, 00960-6032, USA.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, P.O. Box 60327, Bayamón, PR, 00960-6032, USA.
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8
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Moriyama Y, Hatano R, Moriyama S, Uehara S. Vesicular polyamine transporter as a novel player in amine-mediated chemical transmission. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183208. [PMID: 32004521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The solute carrier 18B1 (SLC18B1) is the most recently identified gene of the vesicular amine transporter family and is conserved in the animal kingdom from insects to humans. Proteoliposomes containing the purified human SLC18B1 protein transport not only monoamines, but also polyamines, such as spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm), using an electrochemical gradient of H+ established by vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) as the driving force. SLC18B1 gene knockdown abolished the exocytosis of polyamines from mast cells, which affected the secretion of histamine. SLC18B1 gene knockout decreased polyamine levels by ~20% in the brain, and impaired short- and long-term memory. Thus, the SLC18B1 protein is responsible for the vesicular storage and release of polyamines, and functions as a vesicular polyamine transporter (VPAT). VPAT may define when, where, and how polyamine-mediated chemical transmission occurs, providing insights into the more versatile and complex features of amine-mediated chemical transmission than currently considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Moriyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri 399-0781, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; CYRIC Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Ryo Hatano
- Department of Medicinal Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Satomi Moriyama
- Laboratory of Bio-Molecular Dynamics, Department of Collaborative Research, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Uehara
- Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri 399-0781, Japan
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Beneficial effects of spermidine on cardiovascular health and longevity suggest a cell type-specific import of polyamines by cardiomyocytes. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 47:265-272. [PMID: 30578348 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent and exciting in vivo studies show that supplementation with the polyamine spermidine (Spd) is cardioprotective and prolongs lifespan in both mice and humans. The mechanisms behind Spd-induced cardioprotection are supposed to involve Spd-evoked stimulation of autophagy, mitophagy and mitochondrial respiration and improved the mechano-elastical function of cardiomyocytes. Although cellular uptake of Spd was not characterized, these results suggest that Spd is imported by the cardiomyocytes and acts intracellularly. In the light of these new and thrilling data, we discuss in the present review cellular polyamine import with a special focus on mechanisms that may be relevant for Spd uptake by electrically excitable cells such as cardiomyocytes.
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Skatchkov SN, Antonov SM, Eaton MJ. Glia and glial polyamines. Role in brain function in health and disease. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747816010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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11
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Signor C, Temp FR, Mello CF, Oliveira MS, Girardi BA, Gais MA, Funck VR, Rubin MA. Intrahippocampal infusion of spermidine improves memory persistence: Involvement of protein kinase A. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 131:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Abstract
This review focuses on the roles of glia and polyamines (PAs) in brain function and dysfunction, highlighting how PAs are one of the principal differences between glia and neurons. The novel role of PAs, such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine and their precursors and derivatives, is discussed. However, PAs have not yet been a focus of much glial research. They affect many neuronal and glial receptors, channels, and transporters. They are therefore key elements in the development of many diseases and syndromes, thus forming the rationale for PA-focused and glia-focused therapy for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei N Skatchkov
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad, Central del Caribe, PO Box 60-327, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad, Central del Caribe, PO Box 60-327, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA.
| | - Michel A Woodbury-Fariña
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, 307 Calle Eleonor Roosevelt, San Juan, PR 00918-2720, USA
| | - Misty Eaton
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad, Central del Caribe, PO Box 60-327, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA
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13
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Identification of a mammalian vesicular polyamine transporter. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6836. [PMID: 25355561 PMCID: PMC4213795 DOI: 10.1038/srep06836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermine and spermidine act as neuromodulators upon binding to the extracellular site(s) of various ionotropic receptors, such as N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. To gain access to the receptors, polyamines synthesized in neurons and astrocytes are stored in secretory vesicles and released upon depolarization. Although vesicular storage is mediated in an ATP-dependent, reserpine-sensitive fashion, the transporter responsible for this process remains unknown. SLC18B1 is the fourth member of the SLC18 transporter family, which includes vesicular monoamine transporters and vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Proteoliposomes containing purified human SLC18B1 protein actively transport spermine and spermidine by exchange of H(+). SLC18B1 protein is predominantly expressed in the hippocampus and is associated with vesicles in astrocytes. SLC18B1 gene knockdown decreased both SLC18B1 protein and spermine/spermidine contents in astrocytes. These results indicated that SLC18B1 encodes a vesicular polyamine transporter (VPAT).
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14
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Poulin R, Casero RA, Soulet D. Recent advances in the molecular biology of metazoan polyamine transport. Amino Acids 2011; 42:711-23. [PMID: 21814785 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Very limited molecular knowledge exists about the identity and protein components of the ubiquitous polyamine transporters found in animal cells. However, a number of reports have been published over the last 5 years on potential candidates for metazoan polyamine permeases. We review the available evidence on these putative polyamine permeases, as well as establish a useful "identikit picture" of the general polyamine transport system, based on its properties as found in a wide spectrum of mammalian cells. Any molecular candidate encoding a putative "general" polyamine permease should fit that provided portrait. The current models proposed for the mechanism of polyamine internalization in mammalian cells are also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Poulin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.
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Xie S, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang C. Antitumor conjugates with polyamine vectors and their molecular mechanisms. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:1049-61. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.504205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Shin J, Shen F, Huguenard J. PKC and polyamine modulation of GluR2-deficient AMPA receptors in immature neocortical pyramidal neurons of the rat. J Physiol 2007; 581:679-91. [PMID: 17379631 PMCID: PMC2075192 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.130963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPA receptors (AMPARs) mediate the bulk of fast synaptic excitation in the CNS. We have recently shown that AMPAR-dependent synaptic transmission in immature neocortical pyramidal neurons is mediated by GluR2-deficient receptors that can be modulated by intra- or extracellular polyamines (PAs). Phosphorylation of AMPARs, e.g. by PKC, can lead to enhanced excitation, and PAs are known to modulate PKC activity. Therefore, PAs and PKC might interact to influence AMPAR function. To test this hypothesis, we made whole cell recordings from immature (P12-14) layer V pyramidal neurons and assayed two measures of PA influence on synaptic AMPAR function - inward rectification and use-dependent unblock (UDU), with the latter assayed by differences in rectification between a pair of EPSCs evoked at short (50 ms) latencies. We have previously shown that EPSCs in immature pyramidal neurons displayed inward rectification, which was enhanced by intracellular spermine, as was UDU. Staurosporin (ST), a PKC inhibitor, reversed the effect of PA on rectification and UDU, suggesting that PKC modulates postsynaptic activation of AMPARs. Similarly, polyamine-dependent rectification of spontaneous EPSCs was reversed by treatment with ST or GFX109203X, a specific PKC inhibitor. Chelating intracellular Ca(2+) with BAPTA reproduced the effects of ST. In addition, PA immunoreactivity in layer V pyramidal neurons was reduced by PKC inhibition indicating that PKC activity influences PA metabolism. Taken together, these data support the involvement of postsynaptic PKC activation in both the inward rectification and UDU of EPSCs in immature rat cortex, and suggest an important mechanism by which excitatory synaptic transmission can be dynamically modulated by changes in either [Ca(2+)](i) or [PA](i).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Shin
- Department Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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17
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Krauss M, Langnaese K, Richter K, Brunk I, Wieske M, Ahnert-Hilger G, Veh RW, Laube G. Spermidine synthase is prominently expressed in the striatal patch compartment and in putative interneurones of the matrix compartment. J Neurochem 2006; 97:174-89. [PMID: 16515550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous polyamines spermidine and spermine are known as modulators of glutamate receptors and inwardly rectifying potassium channels. They are synthesized by a set of specific enzymes in which spermidine synthase is the rate-limiting step catalysing the formation of the spermine precursor spermidine from putrescine. Spermidine and spermine were previously localized to astrocytes, probably reflecting storage rather than synthesis in these cells. In order to identify the cellular origin of spermidine and spermine synthesis in the brain, antibodies were raised against recombinant mouse spermidine synthase. As expected, strong spermidine synthase-like immunoreactivity was obtained in regions known to express high levels of spermidine and spermine, such as the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. In the striatum, spermidine synthase was found in neurones and the neuropil of the patch compartment (striosome) as defined by expression of the micro opiate receptor. The distinct expression pattern of spermidine synthase, however, only partially overlapped with the distribution of the products spermidine and spermine in the striatum. In addition, spermidine synthase-like immunoreactivity was seen in patch compartment-apposed putative interneurones. These spermidine synthase-positive neurones did not express any marker characteristic of the major striatal interneurone classes. The neuropil labelling in the patch compartment and in adjacent putative interneurones may indicate a role for polyamines in intercompartmental signalling in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krauss
- Centre for Anatomy, Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Romero-Calderón R, Krantz D. Transport of polyamines in Drosophila S2 cells: kinetics, pharmacology and dependence on the plasma membrane proton gradient. Biochem J 2006; 393:583-9. [PMID: 16248856 PMCID: PMC1360709 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyamine transport activities have been described in diverse multicellular systems, but their bioenergetic mechanisms and molecular identity remain unclear. In the present paper, we describe a high-affinity spermine/spermidine transport activity expressed in Drosophila S2 cells. Ion-replacement experiments indicate that polyamine uptake across the cell membrane is Na+-, K+-, Cl-- and Ca2+-independent, but pH-sensitive. Additional experiments using ionophores suggest that polyamine uptake may be H+-coupled. Pharmacological experiments show that polyamine uptake in S2 cells is selectively blocked by MGBG {methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) or 1,1'-[(methylethanediylidine)-dinitrilo]diguanidine} and paraquat (N,N-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium), two known inhibitors of polyamine uptake in mammalian cells. In addition, inhibitors known to block the Slc22 (solute carrier 22) family of organic anion/cation transporters inhibit spermine uptake in S2 cells. These data and the genetic tools available in Drosophila will facilitate the molecular identification and further characterization of this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Krantz
- †Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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19
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Perez V, Bouschet T, Fernandez C, Bockaert J, Journot L. Dynamic reorganization of the astrocyte actin cytoskeleton elicited by cAMP and PACAP: a role for phosphatidylInositol 3-kinase inhibition. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 21:26-32. [PMID: 15654840 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)-raising agents induce astrocytes grown in vitro to adopt a stellate morphology resembling their in vivo appearance, through the depolymerization of actomyosin stress fibres. The signalling pathways responsible for cAMP-induced astrocyte stellation have thus far remained largely elusive. We showed in this study that the neurotrophic peptide PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) mimicked the effect of forskolin, a direct activator of adenylate cyclase, on the actin cytoskeleton of primary rat astrocytes. The depolymerization of stress fibres induced by PACAP or forskolin was prevented by the expression of a constitutively active mutant of RhoA, but not by a protein kinase A (PKA) blocker, indicating that cAMP-raising agents act upstream of RhoA, in a PKA-independent manner. In addition, PACAP and forskolin inhibited basal Akt phosphorylation, and basal and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K) activities. Incubation with a PI 3-K blocker resulted in the depolymerization of stress fibres. This effect was blocked by the expression of a constitutively active mutant of RhoA, indicating that PI 3-K inhibition acted upstream of RhoA. Together, these data demonstrate for the first time that depolymerization of stress fibres, and the resulting astrocyte stellation, induced by stimulation of cAMP production involves the inhibition of the PI 3-K-RhoA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgili Perez
- UPR 2580 CNRS, Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle,141, rue de la cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
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20
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Schreiber RC, Boeshore KL, Laube G, Veh RW, Zigmond RE. Polyamines increase in sympathetic neurons and non-neuronal cells after axotomy and enhance neurite outgrowth in nerve growth factor-primed PC12 cells. Neuroscience 2005; 128:741-9. [PMID: 15464282 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Following axonal damage, sympathetic neurons are capable of regenerating and reinnervating their target tissues. Some years ago exogenous administration of polyamines was shown to enhance this regeneration. Recently, it was found that axonal injury leads to a dramatic up-regulation of the expression of arginase I in sympathetic neurons. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of arginine to ornithine, which can subsequently be converted to the diamine putrescine and, ultimately, to the polyamines spermidine and spermine. In the present study, using an antiserum that reacts with both spermidine and spermine, we have found an increase in polyamine levels in both neurons and non-neuronal cells in the superior cervical ganglion 2 and 5 days following transection of the ganglion's postganglionic trunks. Using PC12 cells primed with nerve growth factor and then stripped off the culture dish and replated as a model system for axotomized sympathetic neurons, we found that spermidine treatment, with or without nerve growth factor, resulted in an increased percentage of cells with a neurite whose length was at least twice the diameter of the neuron's cell body. These increases could be seen within 48 h and were still evident after 8 days. Together, these data support the possibility that endogenous polyamines are involved in the normal regeneration which occurs following sympathetic axonal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Schreiber
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4975, USA
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21
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Dot J, Lluch M, Blanco I, Rodríguez-Alvarez J. Polyamine uptake in cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Neurochem Int 2004; 44:549-56. [PMID: 15209423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have examined the transport of polyamines in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Our results suggest the existence of two different transporters for polyamines in these neurons. Putrescine and spermidine uptake (K ap m = 2.17 and 1.39 microM, respectively), were affected when extracellular sodium was replaced with choline (about 30% inhibition over controls) or sucrose (about 2.5-fold potentiation over controls). By contrast, the substitution of sodium by choline or sucrose did not modify spermine uptake (K ap m = 13.53 microM) in cerebellar granule cells. Accordingly, alteration of membrane potential with ouabain was able to block putrescine (50% inhibition) and spermidine (60% inhibition) uptake but not spermine uptake. These results indicate that putrescine and spermidine transport in cerebellar granule cells is membrane potential dependent, whereas spermine uptake is not modulated by membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Dot
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biologia Molecular Instituto de Neurociencias, Edificio M, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Theiss C, Bohley P, Bisswanger H, Voigt J. Uptake of polyamines by the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and their effect on ornithine decarboxylase activity. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 161:3-14. [PMID: 15002659 DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Uptake of exogenous polyamines by the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and their effects on polyamine metabolism were investigated. Our data show that, in contrast to mammalian cells, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii does not contain short-living, high-affinity polyamine transporters whose cellular level is dependent on the polyamine concentration. However, exogenous polyamines affect polyamine metabolism in Chlamydomonas cells. Exogenous putrescine caused a slow increase of both putrescine and spermidine and, vice versa, exogenous spermidine also led to an increase of the intracellular levels of both spermidine and putrescine. No intracellular spermine was detected under any conditions. Exogenous spermine was taken up by the cells and caused a decrease in their putrescine and spermidine levels. As in other organisms, exogenous polyamines led to a decrease in the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, a key enzyme of polyamine synthesis. In contrast to mammalian cells, this polyamine-induced decrease in ornithine decarboxylase activity is not mediated by a polyamine-dependent degradation or inactivation, but exclusively due to a decreased synthesis of ornithine decarboxylase. Translation of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA, but not overall protein biosynthesis is slowed by increased polyamine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Theiss
- Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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23
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Dolińska M, Dybel A, Zabłocka B, Albrecht J. Glutamine transport in C6 glioma cells shows ASCT2 system characteristics. Neurochem Int 2003; 43:501-7. [PMID: 12742097 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(03)00040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that glutamine (Gln) uptake in a rat astrocytoma-derived C6 cell line shows characteristics similar with the uptake of a model ASC system substrate, threonine, whose pH-dependence and partial tolerance of Li(+) substitution for Na(+) resemble the ASCT2 variant of the system. In support of the previous findings, RT-PCR analysis revealed that C6 cells strongly express ASCT2 mRNA, but not at all GlnT mRNA or NAT2 mRNA, the A and N system variants specifically engaged in Gln transport in normal CNS. Other features of Gln transport in C6 cells indicating the involvement of ASCT2 system included its resistance to ouabain and stimulation of Gln efflux from the cells in the presence of excess Gln or cysteine (Cys), demonstrating that the system operates in the exchange mode. Replacement of NaCl in the incubation medium with isoosmotic sucrose did neither significantly affect the kinetics, nor any other major characteristics of Gln or Thr transport, including its pH-dependence, inhibition by ASCT system substrates or resistance to the model system A substrate-N-methylamino-isobutyric acid (MeAiB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dolińska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego St. 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Barlow BK, Thiruchelvam MJ, Bennice L, Cory-Slechta DA, Ballatori N, Richfield EK. Increased synaptosomal dopamine content and brain concentration of paraquat produced by selective dithiocarbamates. J Neurochem 2003; 85:1075-86. [PMID: 12716439 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides may be a risk factor for Parkinson's disease based on epidemiologic data in humans, animal models and in vitro studies. Different dithiocarbamate pesticides potentiate the toxicity of both 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and paraquat in mouse models of Parkinsonism by an unknown mechanism. This study examined the effects of commercially used dithiocarbamates on [3H]dopamine transport in striatal synaptosomal vesicles and on the concentration of [14C]paraquat in vivo in mice. Different ethylenebis-dithiocarbamates and diethyl-dithiocarbamate increased dopamine accumulation in synaptosomes, whereas dimethyl-dithiocarbamate and methyl-dithiocarbamate did not. Increased dopamine accumulation in synaptosomes was dose dependent and was related to the carbon backbone of these molecules. The dithiocarbamates that increased accumulation of dopamine did not alter the influx of dopamine, but rather delayed the efflux out of synaptosomes. These same dithiocarbamates also increased the tissue content of [14C]paraquat in vivo by a mechanism that appeared to be distinct from the dopamine transporter. There was a consistent relationship between the dithiocarbamates that increased synaptosomal accumulation of dopamine and tissue content of paraquat, with those previously demonstrated to enhance paraquat toxicity in vivo. These results suggest that selective dithiocarbamates may alter the kinetics of different endogenous and exogenous compounds to enhance their neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Barlow
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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25
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Ran I, Miura RM, Puil E. Spermine modulates neuronal excitability and NMDA receptors in juvenile gerbil auditory thalamus. Hear Res 2003; 176:65-79. [PMID: 12583882 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5955(02)00746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Medial geniculate body (MGB) neurons process synaptic inputs from auditory cortex. Corticothalamic stimulation evokes glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) that vary markedly in amplitude and duration during development. The EPSP decay phase is prolonged during second postnatal week but then shortens, significantly, until adulthood. The EPSP prolongation depends on spermine interactions with a polyamine-sensitive site on receptors for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). We examined effects of spermine application on EPSPs, firing modes, and membrane properties in gerbil MGB neurons during the P14 period of highest polyamine sensitivity. Spermine slowed EPSP decay and promoted firing on EPSPs, without changing passive membrane properties. Spermine increased membrane rectification on depolarization, which is mediated by tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive, persistent Na(+) conductance. As a result, spermine lowered threshold and increased tonic firing evoked with current injection by up to approximately 150%. These effects were concentration-dependent (ED(50)=100 microM), reversible, and eliminated by NMDA receptor antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV). In contrast, spermine increased dV/dt of the low threshold Ca(2+) spike (LTS) and burst firing, evoked from hyperpolarized potentials. LTS enhancement was greater at -55 mV than at hyperpolarized potentials and did not result from persistent Na(+) conductance or glutamate receptor mechanisms. In summary, spermine increased excitability by modulating NMDA receptors in juvenile gerbil neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israeli Ran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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26
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Masuko T, Kusama-Eguchi K, Sakata K, Kusama T, Chaki S, Okuyama S, Williams K, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K. Polyamine transport, accumulation, and release in brain. J Neurochem 2003; 84:610-7. [PMID: 12558981 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cycling of polyamines (spermine and spermidine) in the brain was examined by measuring polyamine transport in synaptic vesicles, synaptosomes and glial cells, and the release of spermine from hippocampal slices. It was found that membrane potential-dependent polyamine transport systems exist in synaptosomes and glial cells, and a proton gradient-dependent polyamine transport system exists in synaptic vesicles. The glial cell transporter had high affinities for both spermine and spermidine, whereas the transporters in synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles had a much higher affinity for spermine than for spermidine. Polyamine transport by synaptosomes was inhibited by putrescine, agmatine, histidine, and histamine. Transport by glial cells was also inhibited by these four compounds and additionally by norepinephrine. On the other hand, polyamine transport by synaptic vesicles was inhibited only by putrescine and histamine. These results suggest that the polyamine transporters present in glial cells, neurons, and synaptic vesicles each have different properties and are, presumably, different molecular entities. Spermine was found to be accumulated in synaptic vesicles and was released from rat hippocampal slices by depolarization using a high concentration of KCl. Polyamines, in particular spermine, may function as neuromodulators in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Masuko
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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27
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Vivó M, Camón L, de Vera N, Martínez E. Extracellular putrescine content after acute excitotoxic brain damage in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2002; 330:74-8. [PMID: 12213638 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of the local infusion of kainic acid (KA), by reverse dialysis in the rat striatum, on the concentration of polyamines in the extracellular striatal compartment and in tissue. KA infusion markedly increased (3-fold) extracellular putrescine (PUT) concentration, which reached its maximum at the end of the dialysis experiments (6 h). Tissue PUT concentration was also increased (2-fold) in the striatum perfused with KA but not in the contralateral side. Extracellular spermidine (SD) concentration but not tissue SD concentration was affected by KA. The increase in PUT was accompanied by histological damage around the probe and by an increase in ornithine decarboxylase content, as assessed by immunohistochemistry. These results indicate that in the first stages of the excitotoxic lesion, there is an increase in the extracellular concentrations of PUT and SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Vivó
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, (CSIC-IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th floor, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Dot J, Danchev N, Blanco I, Rodríguez-Alvarez J. Polyamine uptake is necessary for a normal biochemical maturation of astrocytes in culture. Neuroreport 2002; 13:1083-7. [PMID: 12060814 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200206120-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study we have explored the importance of polyamine uptake in the proliferation and biochemical maturation of cerebellar astroyctes in culture. The uptake of polyamines paralleled astrocyte proliferation measured as [3H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA. Inhibition of polyamine uptake did not alter the developmental profile of thymidine incorporation, perhaps due to a compensatory increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity but was able to reduce glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, an enzymatic marker for astrocyte biochemical maturation, from 9 days in vitro. The present results suggest that polyamine uptake plays an important role in the biochemical maturation of astrocytes in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Dot
- Instituto de Neurociencias and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio M, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona,08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Vivó M, de Vera N, Cortés R, Mengod G, Camón L, Martínez E. Polyamines in the basal ganglia of human brain. Influence of aging and degenerative movement disorders. Neurosci Lett 2001; 304:107-11. [PMID: 11335066 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of polyamines in the human basal ganglia was examined, using dansyl-derivatives and high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. A heterogeneous distribution of putrescine, spermidine (SD) and spermine (SM) was observed in control brains. A consistent negative correlation between SD and SM content and age was found in different brain areas. These results suggest an involvement of polyamines in age-related changes occurring in white-matter. When the influence of degenerative movement disorders -Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease (HD) and progressive supranuclear palsy- was analyzed, significant changes were observed only in HD, where a decrease in the concentration of SM was found in the putamen. These results suggest that in advanced stages of neurodegenerative processes, polyamines maintain their regulation. Only in the presence of severe atrophy, SM concentration is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vivó
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (CSIC-IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th floor. 08036, Barcelona, Spain
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