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Vitali V, Martínez-Sancho E, Treydte K, Andreu-Hayles L, Dorado-Liñán I, Gutierrez E, Helle G, Leuenberger M, Loader NJ, Rinne-Garmston KT, Schleser GH, Allen S, Waterhouse JS, Saurer M, Lehmann MM. The unknown third - Hydrogen isotopes in tree-ring cellulose across Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152281. [PMID: 34942249 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This is the first Europe-wide comprehensive assessment of the climatological and physiological information recorded by hydrogen isotope ratios in tree-ring cellulose (δ2Hc) based on a unique collection of annually resolved 100-year tree-ring records of two genera (Pinus and Quercus) from 17 sites (36°N to 68°N). We observed that the high-frequency climate signals in the δ2Hc chronologies were weaker than those recorded in carbon (δ13Cc) and oxygen isotope signals (δ18Oc) but similar to the tree-ring width ones (TRW). The δ2Hc climate signal strength varied across the continent and was stronger and more consistent for Pinus than for Quercus. For both genera, years with extremely dry summer conditions caused a significant 2H-enrichment in tree-ring cellulose. The δ2Hc inter-annual variability was strongly site-specific, as a result of the imprinting of climate and hydrology, but also physiological mechanisms and tree growth. To differentiate between environmental and physiological signals in δ2Hc, we investigated its relationships with δ18Oc and TRW. We found significant negative relationships between δ2Hc and TRW (7 sites), and positive ones between δ2Hc and δ18Oc (10 sites). The strength of these relationships was nonlinearly related to temperature and precipitation. Mechanistic δ2Hc models performed well for both genera at continental scale simulating average values, but they failed on capturing year-to-year δ2Hc variations. Our results suggest that the information recorded by δ2Hc is significantly different from that of δ18Oc, and has a stronger physiological component independent from climate, possibly related to the use of carbohydrate reserves for growth. Advancements in the understanding of 2H-fractionations and their relationships with climate, physiology, and species-specific traits are needed to improve the modelling and interpretation accuracy of δ2Hc. Such advancements could lead to new insights into trees' carbon allocation mechanisms, and responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vitali
- Stable Isotope Research Center (SIRC), Ecosystem Ecology, Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Forest Dynamics, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - E Martínez-Sancho
- Dendrosciences, Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Forest Dynamics, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - K Treydte
- Dendrosciences, Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Forest Dynamics, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - L Andreu-Hayles
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA; CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vall.s), Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Llu.s Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Dorado-Liñán
- Department of Systems and Natural Resources, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Gutierrez
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Helle
- German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 4.3 Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - M Leuenberger
- Climate and Environmental Physics Division and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - N J Loader
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - G H Schleser
- FZJ Research Center Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Agrosphere (IBG-3), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - S Allen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J S Waterhouse
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Saurer
- Stable Isotope Research Center (SIRC), Ecosystem Ecology, Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Forest Dynamics, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - M M Lehmann
- Stable Isotope Research Center (SIRC), Ecosystem Ecology, Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Forest Dynamics, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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2
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Didion‐Gency M, Bachofen C, Buchmann N, Gessler A, Morin X, Vicente E, Vollenweider P, Grossiord C. Interactive effects of tree species mixture and climate on foliar and woody trait variation in a widely distributed deciduous tree. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Didion‐Gency
- Forest Dynamics Unit Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Christoph Bachofen
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering EPFL Lausanne Switzerland
- Community Ecology Unit Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics Unit Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Xavier Morin
- CEFEUniversité de Montpellier—CNRSEPHEIRDUniv. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Eduardo Vicente
- Department of Ecology Joint Research Unit University of Alicante—CEAMUniversity of Alicante Alicante Spain
| | - Pierre Vollenweider
- Forest Dynamics Unit Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering EPFL Lausanne Switzerland
- Community Ecology Unit Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL Lausanne Switzerland
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3
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Trabi CL, Pereira L, Guan X, Miranda MT, Bittencourt PRL, Oliveira RS, Ribeiro RV, Jansen S. A User Manual to Measure Gas Diffusion Kinetics in Plants: Pneumatron Construction, Operation, and Data Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:633595. [PMID: 34163496 PMCID: PMC8216216 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.633595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The Pneumatron device measures gas diffusion kinetics in the xylem of plants. The device provides an easy, low-cost, and powerful tool for research on plant water relations and gas exchange. Here, we describe in detail how to construct and operate this device to estimate embolism resistance of angiosperm xylem, and how to analyse pneumatic data. Simple and more elaborated ways of constructing a Pneumatron are shown, either using wires, a breadboard, or a printed circuit board. The instrument is based on an open-source hardware and software system, which allows users to operate it in an automated or semi-automated way. A step-by-step manual and a troubleshooting section are provided. An excel spreadsheet and an R-script are also presented for fast and easy data analysis. This manual aims at helping users to avoid common mistakes, such as unstable measurements of the minimum and maximum amount of gas discharged from xylem tissue, which has major consequences for estimating embolism resistance. Major advantages of the Pneumatron device include its automated and accurate measurements of gas diffusion rates, including highly precise measurements of the gas volume in intact, embolised conduits. It is currently unclear if the method can also be applied to woody monocots, gymnosperm species that possess torus-margo pit membranes, or to herbaceous species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Center R&D in Ecophysiology and Biophysics, Agronomic Institute (IAC), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Xinyi Guan
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcela T. Miranda
- Center R&D in Ecophysiology and Biophysics, Agronomic Institute (IAC), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael S. Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafael V. Ribeiro
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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4
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Guan X, Pereira L, McAdam SAM, Cao KF, Jansen S. No gas source, no problem: Proximity to pre-existing embolism and segmentation affect embolism spreading in angiosperm xylem by gas diffusion. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1329-1345. [PMID: 33529382 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Embolism spreading in dehydrating angiosperm xylem is driven by gas movement between embolized and sap-filled conduits. Here we examine how the proximity to pre-existing embolism and hydraulic segmentation affect embolism propagation. Based on the optical method, we compare xylem embolism resistance between detached leaves and leaves attached to branches, and between intact leaves and leaves with cut minor veins, for six species. Embolism resistance of detached leaves was significantly lower than that of leaves attached to stems, except for two species, with all vessels ending in their petioles. Cutting of minor veins showed limited embolism spreading in minor veins near the cuts prior to major veins. Moreover, despite strong agreement in the overall embolism resistance of detached leaves between the optical and pneumatic method, minor differences were observed during early stages of embolism formation. We conclude that embolism resistance may represent a relative trait due to an open-xylem artefact, with embolism spreading possibly affected by the proximity and connectivity to pre-existing embolism as a gas source, while hydraulic segmentation prevents such artefact. Since embolism formation may not rely on a certain pressure difference threshold between functional and embolized conduits, we speculate that embolism is facilitated by pressure-driven gas diffusion across pit membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Guan
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology "Coaracy M. Franco", Center R&D in Ecophysiology and Biophysics, Agronomic Institute (IAC), Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Changes in sessile oak (Quercus petraea) productivity under climate change by improved leaf phenology in the 3-PG model. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Otu-Larbi F, Conte A, Fares S, Wild O, Ashworth K. Current and future impacts of drought and ozone stress on Northern Hemisphere forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6218-6234. [PMID: 32893912 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rising ozone (O3 ) concentrations, coupled with an increase in drought frequency due to climate change, pose a threat to plant growth and productivity which could negatively affect carbon sequestration capacity of Northern Hemisphere (NH) forests. Using long-term observations of O3 mixing ratios and soil water content (SWC), we implemented empirical drought and O3 stress parameterizations in a coupled stomatal conductance-photosynthesis model to assess their impacts on plant gas exchange at three FLUXNET sites: Castelporziano, Blodgett and Hyytiälä. Model performance was evaluated by comparing model estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP) and latent heat fluxes (LE) against present-day observations. CMIP5 GCM model output data were then used to investigate the potential impact of the two stressors on forests by the middle (2041-2050) and end (2091-2100) of the 21st century. We found drought stress was the more significant as it reduced model overestimation of GPP and LE by ~11%-25% compared to 1%-11% from O3 stress. However, the best model fit to observations at all the study sites was obtained with O3 and drought stress combined, such that the two stressors counteract the impact of each other. With the inclusion of drought and O3 stress, GPP at CPZ, BLO and HYY is projected to increase by 7%, 5% and 8%, respectively, by mid-century and by 14%, 11% and 14% by 2091-2100 as atmospheric CO2 increases. Estimates were up to 21% and 4% higher when drought and O3 stress were neglected respectively. Drought stress will have a substantial impact on plant gas exchange and productivity, off-setting and possibly negating CO2 fertilization gains in future, suggesting projected increases in the frequency and severity of droughts in the NH will play a significant role in forest productivity and carbon budgets in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriano Conte
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvano Fares
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute of BioEconomy (IBE), Rome, Italy
| | - Oliver Wild
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Kirsti Ashworth
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Practical Implications of Different Phenotypic and Molecular Responses of Evergreen Conifer and Broadleaf Deciduous Forest Tree Species to Regulated Water Deficit in a Container Nursery. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11091011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent climatic changes have resulted in an increased frequency and prolonged periods of drought and strained water resources affecting plant production. We explored the possibility of reducing irrigation in a container nursery and studied the growth responses of seedlings of four economically important forest trees: broadleaf deciduous angiosperms Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., and evergreen conifers Abies alba Mill. and Pinus sylvestris L. We also studied markers of water stress including modifications of biomass allocation, leaf anatomy, proline accumulation, and expression of selected genes. Growth of the broadleaved deciduous species was more sensitive to the reduced water supply than that of conifers. Remarkably, growth of the shade tolerant Abies was not affected. Adjustment of biomass allocations was strongest in P. sylvestris, with a remarkable increase in allocation to roots. In response to water deficit both deciduous species accumulated proline in leaves and produced leaves with shorter palisade cells, reduced vascular tissues, and smaller conduit diameters. These responses did not occur in conifers. Relative transcript abundance of a gene encoding the Zn-finger protein in Q. petraea and a gene encoding the pore calcium channel protein 1 in A. alba increased as water deficit increased. Our study shows major differences between functional groups in response to irrigation, with seedlings of evergreen conifers having higher tolerance than the deciduous species. This suggests that major water savings could be achieved by adjusting irrigation regime to functional group or species requirements.
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Bert D, Lebourgeois F, Ponton S, Musch B, Ducousso A. Which oak provenances for the 22nd century in Western Europe? Dendroclimatology in common gardens. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234583. [PMID: 32520978 PMCID: PMC7286526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The current distribution area of the two sympatric oaks Quercus petraea and Q. robur covers most of temperate Western Europe. Depending on their geographic location, populations of these trees are exposed to different climate constraints, to which they are adapted. Comparing the performances of trees from contrasting populations provides the insight into their expected resilience to future climate change required for forest management. In this study, the descendants of 24 Q. petraea and two Q. robur provenances selected from sites throughout Europe were grown for 20 years in three common gardens with contrasting climates. The 2420 sampled trees allowed the assessments of the relationship between radial growth and climate. An analysis of 15-year chronologies of ring widths, with different combinations of climate variables, revealed different response patterns between provenances and between common gardens. As expected, provenances originating from sites with wet summers displayed the strongest responses to summer drought, particularly in the driest common garden. All provenances displayed positive significant relationships between the temperature of the previous winter and radial growth when grown in the common garden experiencing the mildest winter temperatures. Only eastern provenances from continental cold climates also clearly expressed this limitation of growth by cold winter temperatures in the other two common gardens. However, ecological distance, calculated on the basis of differences in climate between the site of origin and the common garden, was not clearly related to the radial growth responses of the provenances. This suggests that the gradient of genetic variability among the selected provenances was not strictly structured according to climate gradients. Based on these results, we provide guidelines for forest managers for the assisted migration of Quercus petraea and Q. robur provenances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Bert
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, Cestas, France
| | | | - Stéphane Ponton
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, France
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9
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Ectomycorrhizal Colonisation in Declining Oak Stands on the Krotoszyn Plateau, Poland. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root tips and the diversity of mycorrhizal fungal species at three English oak (Quercus robur) sites (two 120 year old sites and one 60 year old site). The three oak stands in decline, located in western Poland, were characterized by a low degree of vital ECM colonization: 30.2%, 29.1% and 25.6% at Krotoszyn (K), Piaski (P) and Karczma Borowa (KB), respectively. DNA (ITS) barcoding revealed a total of 18 ECM fungal species. Based on exploration types, ectomycorrhizae were classified with respect to ecologically relevant features. The contact type was significantly correlated with C:N and Corg, while the short distance type was correlated with Ca, phosphorus (P2O5) and pH. The medium distance exploration type was significantly correlated with fine-grained soil particle size fractions: coarse silt (0.05–0.02 mm) and fine silt (0.02–0.002 mm), and clay (<0.002 mm). The long distance type showed a similar pattern to the medium distance smooth type, but was also correlated with nitrate (N). The values of biometric root parameters of oak trees at the analysed forest sites were arranged as follows: K > P > KB, and were opposite to the condition of the tree crowns. A negative correlation of vital ECM root tip abundance with the crown health status of oaks was observed, whereas higher ECM diversity reflected better crown health in the oak stands studied.
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Martínez-Sancho E, Dorado-Liñán I, Gutiérrez Merino E, Matiu M, Helle G, Heinrich I, Menzel A. Increased water-use efficiency translates into contrasting growth patterns of Scots pine and sessile oak at their southern distribution limits. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:1012-1028. [PMID: 29030903 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In forests, the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Ca ) has been related to enhanced tree growth and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE). However, in drought-prone areas such as the Mediterranean Basin, it is not yet clear to what extent this "fertilizing" effect may compensate for drought-induced growth reduction. We investigated tree growth and physiological responses at five Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and five sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) sites located at their southernmost distribution limits in Europe for the period 1960-2012 using annually resolved tree-ring width and δ13 C data to track ecophysiological processes. Results indicated that all 10 natural stands significantly increased their leaf intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci ), and consequently iWUE. Different trends in the theoretical gas-exchange scenarios as a response to increasing Ca were found: generally, Ci tended to increase proportionally to Ca , except for trees at the driest sites in which Ci remained constant. Ci from the oak sites displaying higher water availability tended to increase at a comparable rate to Ca . Multiple linear models fitted at site level to predict basal area increment (BAI) using iWUE and climatic variables better explained tree growth in pines (31.9%-71.4%) than in oak stands (15.8%-46.8%). iWUE was negatively linked to pine growth, whereas its effect on growth of oak differed across sites. Tree growth in the western and central oak stands was negatively related to iWUE, whereas BAI from the easternmost stand was positively associated with iWUE. Thus, some Q. petraea stands might have partially benefited from the "fertilizing" effect of rising Ca , whereas P. sylvestris stands due to their strict closure of stomata did not profit from increased iWUE and consequently showed in general growth reductions across sites. Additionally, the inter-annual variability of BAI and iWUE displayed a geographical polarity in the Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Martínez-Sancho
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Isabel Dorado-Liñán
- Departamento de Silvicultura y Gestión de los Sistemas Forestales, CIFOR-INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Gutiérrez Merino
- Departament of Biological Evolution, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Matiu
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Gerhard Helle
- Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, GFZ - German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ingo Heinrich
- Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, GFZ - German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Annette Menzel
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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11
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Bacilieri R, Ducousso A, Petit RJ, Kremer A. MATING SYSTEM AND ASYMMETRIC HYBRIDIZATION IN A MIXED STAND OF EUROPEAN OAKS. Evolution 2017; 50:900-908. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/1994] [Accepted: 03/07/1995] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bacilieri
- Laboratoire de génétique et d'amélioration des arbres forestiers; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; B.P. 45 33611 Gazinet Cestas France
| | - Alexis Ducousso
- Laboratoire de génétique et d'amélioration des arbres forestiers; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; B.P. 45 33611 Gazinet Cestas France
| | - Rémy J. Petit
- Laboratoire de génétique et d'amélioration des arbres forestiers; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; B.P. 45 33611 Gazinet Cestas France
| | - Antoine Kremer
- Laboratoire de génétique et d'amélioration des arbres forestiers; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; B.P. 45 33611 Gazinet Cestas France
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12
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Martínez-Sancho E, Dorado-Liñán I, Hacke UG, Seidel H, Menzel A. Contrasting Hydraulic Architectures of Scots Pine and Sessile Oak at Their Southernmost Distribution Limits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:598. [PMID: 28473841 PMCID: PMC5397420 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many temperate European tree species have their southernmost distribution limits in the Mediterranean Basin. The projected climatic conditions, particularly an increase in dryness, might induce an altitudinal and latitudinal retreat at their southernmost distribution limit. Therefore, characterizing the morphological and physiological variability of temperate tree species under dry conditions is essential to understand species' responses to expected climate change. In this study, we compared branch-level hydraulic traits of four Scots pine and four sessile oak natural stands located at the western and central Mediterranean Basin to assess their adjustment to water limiting conditions. Hydraulic traits such as xylem- and leaf-specific maximum hydraulic conductivity (KS-MAX and KL-MAX), leaf-to-xylem area ratio (AL:AX) and functional xylem fraction (FX) were measured in July 2015 during a long and exceptionally dry summer. Additionally, xylem-specific native hydraulic conductivity (KS-N) and native percentage of loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) were measured for Scots pine. Interspecific differences in these hydraulic traits as well as intraspecific variability between sites were assessed. The influence of annual, summer and growing season site climatic aridity (P/PET) on intraspecific variability was investigated. Sessile oak displayed higher values of KS-MAX, KL-MAX, AL:AX but a smaller percentage of FX than Scots pines. Scots pine did not vary in any of the measured hydraulic traits across the sites, and PLC values were low for all sites, even during one of the warmest summers in the region. In contrast, sessile oak showed significant differences in KS-MAX, KL-MAX, and FX across sites, which were significantly related to site aridity. The striking similarity in the hydraulic traits across Scots pine sites suggests that no adjustment in hydraulic architecture was needed, likely as a consequence of a drought-avoidance strategy. In contrast, sessile oak displayed adjustments in the hydraulic architecture along an aridity gradient, pointing to a drought-tolerance strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Martínez-Sancho
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Isabel Dorado-Liñán
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
- Departamento de Silvicultura y Gestión de los Sistemas Forestales, Centro de Investigación Forestal–Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Uwe G. Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, EdmontonAB, Canada
| | - Hannes Seidel
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Annette Menzel
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität MünchenGarching, Germany
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13
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Vanoni M, Bugmann H, Nötzli M, Bigler C. Quantifying the effects of drought on abrupt growth decreases of major tree species in Switzerland. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:3555-3570. [PMID: 28725350 PMCID: PMC5513292 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought entails important effects on tree physiology, which may result in short‐ to long‐term radial growth decreases. While the majority of studies have focused on annual drought‐related variability of growth, relatively little is known about sustained growth decreases following drought years. We apply a statistical framework to identify climatic factors that induce abrupt growth decreases and may eventually result in tree mortality. We used tree‐ring data from almost 500 standing dead trees and 200 living trees in eight sites of the Swiss network of strict forest reserves, including four of the most important Central European tree species (Abies alba, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus spp.). First, to assess short‐term growth responses to drought under various climate and site conditions, we calculated correlations and linear mixed‐effects models between ring‐width indices (RWIs) and drought based on the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Second, to quantify drought effects on abrupt growth decreases, we applied distributed lag nonlinear models (DLNMs), which account for both delayed effects and the nonlinear relationship between the SPEI and the occurrence of abrupt growth decreases. Positive correlations between RWIs and the SPEI indicated short‐term growth responses of all species, particularly at arid sites. Results of the DLNMs revealed species‐specific growth responses to drought. For Quercus spp., abrupt growth decreases were more likely to occur several years following severe drought, whereas for P. abies, A. alba, and F. sylvatica abrupt growth decreases started frequently immediately in the drought year. We conclude that the statistical framework allows for quantifying the effects of drought intensity on the probability of abrupt growth decreases, which ultimately contributes to an improved understanding of climate impacts on forest community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vanoni
- Forest Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich Universitätstrasse 16CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich Universitätstrasse 16CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Nötzli
- Forest Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich Universitätstrasse 16CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Christof Bigler
- Forest Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich Universitätstrasse 16CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland
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Bouche PS, Delzon S, Choat B, Badel E, Brodribb TJ, Burlett R, Cochard H, Charra-Vaskou K, Lavigne B, Li S, Mayr S, Morris H, Torres-Ruiz JM, Zufferey V, Jansen S. Are needles of Pinus pinaster more vulnerable to xylem embolism than branches? New insights from X-ray computed tomography. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:860-70. [PMID: 26574193 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants can be highly segmented organisms with an independently redundant design of organs. In the context of plant hydraulics, leaves may be less embolism resistant than stems, allowing hydraulic failure to be restricted to distal organs that can be readily replaced. We quantified drought-induced embolism in needles and stems of Pinus pinaster using high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). HRCT observations of needles were compared with the rehydration kinetics method to estimate the contribution of extra-xylary pathways to declining hydraulic conductance. High-resolution computed tomography images indicated that the pressure inducing 50% of embolized tracheids was similar between needle and stem xylem (P50 needle xylem = -3.62 MPa, P50 stem xylem = -3.88 MPa). Tracheids in both organs showed no difference in torus overlap of bordered pits. However, estimations of the pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductance at the whole needle level by the rehydration kinetics method were significantly higher (P50 needle = -1.71 MPa) than P50 needle xylem derived from HRCT. The vulnerability segmentation hypothesis appears to be valid only when considering hydraulic failure at the entire needle level, including extra-xylary pathways. Our findings suggest that native embolism in needles is limited and highlight the importance of imaging techniques for vulnerability curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline S Bouche
- Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- UMR1202 BIOGECO, INRA, F-33610, Cestas, France
- BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, UMR 1202, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- UMR1202 BIOGECO, INRA, F-33610, Cestas, France
- BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, UMR 1202, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales, 2753, Australia
| | - Eric Badel
- INRA, UMR 457 PIAF, Clermont University, F-63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Regis Burlett
- UMR1202 BIOGECO, INRA, F-33610, Cestas, France
- BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, UMR 1202, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR 457 PIAF, Clermont University, F-63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Bruno Lavigne
- UMR1202 BIOGECO, INRA, F-33610, Cestas, France
- BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, UMR 1202, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Shan Li
- Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hugh Morris
- Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - José M Torres-Ruiz
- UMR1202 BIOGECO, INRA, F-33610, Cestas, France
- BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, UMR 1202, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Vivian Zufferey
- Institut des sciences en production végétale IPV, Agroscope, CH-1260, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
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15
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Annighöfer P, Beckschäfer P, Vor T, Ammer C. Regeneration patterns of European oak species (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., Quercus robur L.) in dependence of environment and neighborhood. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134935. [PMID: 26266803 PMCID: PMC4534096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercus robur L. (pedunculate oak) and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. (sessile oak) are two European oak species of great economic and ecological importance. Even though both oaks have wide ecological amplitudes of suitable growing conditions, forests dominated by oaks often fail to regenerate naturally. The regeneration performance of both oak species is assumed to be subject to a variety of variables that interact with one another in complex ways. The novel approach of this research was to study the effect of many ecological variables on the regeneration performance of both oak species together and identify key variables and interactions for different development stages of the oak regeneration on a large scale in the field. For this purpose, overstory and regeneration inventories were conducted in oak dominated forests throughout southern Germany and paired with data on browsing, soil, and light availability. The study was able to verify the assumption that the occurrence of oak regeneration depends on a set of variables and their interactions. Specifically, combinations of site and stand specific variables such as light availability, soil pH and iron content on the one hand, and basal area and species composition of the overstory on the other hand. Also browsing pressure was related to oak abundance. The results also show that the importance of variables and their combinations differs among the development stages of the regeneration. Light availability becomes more important during later development stages, whereas the number of oaks in the overstory is important during early development stages. We conclude that successful natural oak regeneration is more likely to be achieved on sites with lower fertility and requires constantly controlling overstory density. Initially sufficient mature oaks in the overstory should be ensured. In later stages, overstory density should be reduced continuously to meet the increasing light demand of oak seedlings and saplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Annighöfer
- Department Silviculture & Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Philip Beckschäfer
- Chair of Forest Inventory & Remote Sensing, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torsten Vor
- Department Silviculture & Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Ammer
- Department Silviculture & Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Martin-StPaul NK, Longepierre D, Huc R, Delzon S, Burlett R, Joffre R, Rambal S, Cochard H. How reliable are methods to assess xylem vulnerability to cavitation? The issue of 'open vessel' artifact in oaks. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:894-905. [PMID: 25074860 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Three methods are in widespread use to build vulnerability curves (VCs) to cavitation. The bench drying (BD) method is considered as a reference because embolism and xylem pressure are measured on large branches dehydrating in the air, in conditions similar to what happens in nature. Two other methods of embolism induction have been increasingly used. While the Cavitron (CA) uses centrifugal force to induce embolism, in the air injection (AI) method embolism is induced by forcing pressurized air to enter a stem segment. Recent studies have suggested that the AI and CA methods are inappropriate in long-vesselled species because they produce a very high-threshold xylem pressure for embolism (e.g., P50) compared with what is expected from (i) their ecophysiology in the field (native embolism, water potential and stomatal response to xylem pressure) and (ii) the P50 obtained with the BD method. However, other authors have argued that the CA and AI methods may be valid because they produce VCs similar to the BD method. In order to clarify this issue, we assessed VCs with the three above-mentioned methods on the long-vesselled Quercus ilex L. We showed that the BD VC yielded threshold xylem pressure for embolism consistent with in situ measurements of native embolism, minimal water potential and stomatal conductance. We therefore concluded that the BD method provides a reliable estimate of the VC for this species. The CA method produced a very high P50 (i.e., less negative) compared with the BD method, which is consistent with an artifact related to the vessel length. The VCs obtained with the AI method were highly variable, producing P50 ranging from -2 to -8.2 MPa. This wide variability was more related to differences in base diameter among samples than to differences in the length of samples. We concluded that this method is probably subject to an artifact linked to the distribution of vessel lengths within the sample. Overall, our results indicate that the CA and the AI should be used with extreme caution on long-vesselled species. Our results also highlight that several criteria may be helpful to assess the validity of a VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Martin-StPaul
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE-IRD, 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution CNRS, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - D Longepierre
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE-IRD, 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - R Huc
- INRA UR629, Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Domaine Saint Paul Site Agroparc, 84194 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - S Delzon
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France
| | - R Burlett
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France
| | - R Joffre
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE-IRD, 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - S Rambal
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE-IRD, 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Biologia, CP 3037, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - H Cochard
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63177 Aubière, France
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Cochard H, Badel E, Herbette S, Delzon S, Choat B, Jansen S. Methods for measuring plant vulnerability to cavitation: a critical review. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4779-91. [PMID: 23888067 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Xylem cavitation resistance has profound implications for plant physiology and ecology. This process is characterized by a 'vulnerability curve' (VC) showing the variation of the percentage of cavitation as a function of xylem pressure potential. The shape of this VC varies from 'sigmoidal' to 'exponential'. This review provides a panorama of the techniques that have been used to generate such a curve. The techniques differ by (i) the way cavitation is induced (e.g. bench dehydration, centrifugation, or air injection), and (ii) the way cavitation is measured (e.g. percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) or acoustic emission), and a nomenclature is proposed based on these two methods. A survey of the literature of more than 1200 VCs was used to draw statistics on the usage of these methods and on their reliability and validity. Four methods accounted for more than 96% of all curves produced so far: bench dehydration-PLC, centrifugation-PLC, pressure sleeve-PLC, and Cavitron. How the shape of VCs varies across techniques and species xylem anatomy was also analysed. Strikingly, it was found that the vast majority of curves obtained with the reference bench dehydration-PLC method are 'sigmoidal'. 'Exponential' curves were more typical of the three other methods and were remarkably frequent for species having large xylem conduits (ring-porous), leading to a substantial overestimation of the vulnerability of cavitation for this functional group. We suspect that 'exponential' curves may reflect an open-vessel artefact and call for more precautions with the usage of the pressure sleeve and centrifugation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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18
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Li MH, Cherubini P, Dobbertin M, Arend M, Xiao WF, Rigling A. Responses of leaf nitrogen and mobile carbohydrates in different Quercus species/provenances to moderate climate changes. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15 Suppl 1:177-84. [PMID: 22583546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and shortage of water have been evidenced in the recent past and are predicted for the future. Climate change will inevitably have considerable impact on plant physiology, growth, productivity and forest ecosystem functions. The present study determined the effects of simulated daytime air warming (+1 to 1.5 °C during the growing season), drought (-40% and -57% of mean precipitation of 728 mm during the 2007 and 2008 growing season, respectively) and their combination, on leaf nitrogen (N) and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) of two Quercus species (Q. robur and Q. petraea) and provenances (two provenances for each species) grown in two soil types in Switzerland across two treatment years, to test the hypothesis that leaf N and NSC in the more water-sensitive species (Q. robur) and provenances (originating from water-rich locations) will more strongly respond to global warming and water deficit, compared to those in the more drought-tolerant species (Q. petraea) or provenances. No species- and provenance-specific responses in leaf N and NSC to the climate treatment were found, indicating that the results failed to support our hypothesis. The between-species variation of leaf N and NSC concentrations mainly reflected differences in biology of the two species, and the between-provenance variation of N and NSC concentrations apparently mirrored the climate of their origins. Hence, we conclude that (i) the two Quercus species studied are somewhat insensitive, due to their distribution covering a wide geographical and climate range, to moderate climate change within Switzerland, and (ii) a moderate global warming of B1 scenario (IPCC 2007) will not, or at least less, negatively affect the N and carbon physiology in Q. robur and Q. petraea.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-H Li
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
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Rasheed-Depardieu C, Parent C, Crèvecoeur M, Parelle J, Tatin-Froux F, Le Provost G, Capelli N. Identification and expression of nine oak aquaporin genes in the primary root axis of two oak species, Quercus petraea and Quercus robur. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51838. [PMID: 23284785 PMCID: PMC3524086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) belong to the Major Intrinsic Protein family that conducts water and other small solutes across biological membranes. This study aimed to identify and characterize AQP genes in the primary root axis of two oak species, Quercus petraea and Quercus robur. Nine putative AQP genes were cloned, and their expression was profiled in different developmental root zones by real-time PCR. A detailed examination of the predicted amino acid sequences and subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolated AQPs could be divided into two subfamilies, which included six plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) and three tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs). We characterized the anatomical features of the roots and defined three developmental root zones: the immature, transition and mature zones. Expression analysis of the AQPs was performed according to these root developmental stages. Our results showed that the expression of PIP2;3 and TIP1 was significantly higher in Quercus petraea compared with Quercus robur in the three root zones. However, PIP2;1 and TIP2;1 were found to be differentially expressed in the mature zone of the two oak species. Of the nine AQP genes identified and analyzed, we highlighted four genes that might facilitate a deeper understanding of how these two closely related tree species adapted to different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Parent
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Besançon, France
| | - Michèle Crèvecoeur
- Département de Botanique et Biologie végétale, Université de Genève, Genève, Suisse
| | - Julien Parelle
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Besançon, France
| | | | - Grégoire Le Provost
- UMR 1202 BIOGECO, INRA, Cestas, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, Talence, France
| | - Nicolas Capelli
- Université de Franche-Comté, UMR 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Besançon, France
- * E-mail:
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20
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Mortazavi B, Conte MH, Chanton JP, Weber JC, Martin TA, Cropper WP. Variability in the carbon isotopic composition of foliage carbon pools (soluble carbohydrates, waxes) and respiration fluxes in southeastern U.S. pine forests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Morisset JB, Mothe F, Bock J, Bréda N, Colin F. Epicormic ontogeny in Quercus petraea constrains the highly plausible control of epicormic sprouting by water and carbohydrates. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:365-77. [PMID: 22147545 PMCID: PMC3268537 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is increasing evidence that suppressed bud burst and thus epicormic shoot emergence (sprouting) are controlled by water-carbohydrate supplies to entire trees and buds. This direct evidence is still lacking for oak. In other respects, recent studies focused on sessile oak, Quercus petraea, have confirmed the important constraints of sprouting by epicormic ontogeny. The main objective of this paper was thus to provide provisional confirmation of the water-carbohydrate control and direct evidence of the ontogenic constraints by bringing together results already published in separate studies on water status and distribution of carbohydrates, and on accompanying vegetation and epicormics, which also quantify epicormic ontogeny. METHODS This paper analyses results gained from a sessile oak experiment in which part of the site was free from fairly tall, dense accompanying vegetation. This experiment was initially focused on stand water status and more recently on the carbohydrate distribution of dominant trees. External observations of the epicormic composition and internal observations with X-ray computer tomography were undertaken on 60 and six trees, respectively. KEY RESULTS Sprouting was more intense in the part of the stand free from accompanying vegetation and on upper trunk segments. A clear effect of epicormic ontogeny was demonstrated as well: the more epicormics a trunk segment bears, the more chances it had to bear sprouts. CONCLUSIONS These results indirectly infer water-carbohydrate control and show direct evidence of constraints by epicormic ontogeny. These results have far-reaching consequences related to the quantification of all functions fulfilled by any type of epicormic structure in any part of the tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. B. Morisset
- LERFoB (Forest and Wood Resources), UMR 1092 INRA/AgroParisTech Centre INRA de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - F. Mothe
- LERFoB (Forest and Wood Resources), UMR 1092 INRA/AgroParisTech Centre INRA de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - J. Bock
- R&D, ONF, DT Lorraine Direction Forêt, bat 802 les merises, 54840 Velaine en Haye, France
| | - N. Bréda
- EEF (Forest Ecology and Ecophysiology), UMR 1137 INRA/UHP, Centre INRA de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - F. Colin
- LERFoB (Forest and Wood Resources), UMR 1092 INRA/AgroParisTech Centre INRA de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
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Ennajeh M, Simões F, Khemira H, Cochard H. How reliable is the double-ended pressure sleeve technique for assessing xylem vulnerability to cavitation in woody angiosperms? PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:205-210. [PMID: 21401617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The reliability of a double-ended pressure sleeve technique was evaluated on three woody angiosperm species with contrasting maximum vessel lengths. Vulnerability curves (VCs) were constructed by varying sample length and the size of the pressure sleeves. VCs were compared against curves obtained with reference techniques. For the two diffuse-porous species, Betula pendula and Prunus persica, VCs built with shoot segments shorter than maximum vessel length strongly overestimated species vulnerability. Furthermore, increasing the size of the pressure sleeve also tended to lead to overestimated VCs. For the ring-porous species Quercus robur, the technique strongly overestimated vulnerability to embolism, whatever the sample length or chamber tested. In conclusion, the double-ended pressure sleeve technique only gives reliable VCs on diffuse-porous angiosperms with short pressure sleeves, only when segments are longer than maximum vessel length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Ennajeh
- Département des Sciences de la Vie, Université de Gabès, Cité Erriadh-Zrig, Tunisia
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Cochard H, Herbette S, Barigah T, Badel E, Ennajeh M, Vilagrosa A. Does sample length influence the shape of xylem embolism vulnerability curves? A test with the Cavitron spinning technique. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2010; 33:1543-1552. [PMID: 20444214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Cavitron spinning technique is used to construct xylem embolism vulnerability curves (VCs), but its reliability has been questioned for species with long vessels. This technique generates two types of VC: sigmoid 's'-shaped and exponential, levelling-off 'r'-shaped curves. We tested the hypothesis that 'r'-shaped VCs were anomalous and caused by the presence of vessels cut open during sample preparation. A Cavitron apparatus was used to construct VCs from samples of different lengths in species with contrasting vessel lengths. The results were compared with VCs obtained using other independent techniques. When vessel length exceeded sample length, VCs were 'r'-shaped and anomalous. Filling vessels cut open at both ends with air before measurement produced more typical 's'-shaped VCs. We also found that exposing segments of 11 woody species in a Cavitron at the pressure measured in planta before sampling considerably increased the degree of embolism above the native state level for species with long vessels. We concluded that open vessels were abnormally more vulnerable to cavitation than intact vessels. We recommend restricting this technique to species with short conduits. The relevance of our conclusions for other spinning techniques is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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24
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Gonzalez-Benecke CA, Martin TA. Water availability and genetic effects on water relations of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) stands. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 30:376-392. [PMID: 20071360 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect of water availability on water relations of 11-year-old loblolly pine stands was studied over two growing seasons in material from two contrasting seed sources. Increasing soil water availability via irrigation increased transpiration rate, and maximum daily transpiration rate on irrigated plots was similar for both seasons, reaching values of 4.3 mm day(-)(1). Irrigation also changed soil water extraction patterns. In the rain-fed control plots, 73% of the average daily transpiration was extracted from the upper 0.75 m of the soil profile. Under irrigated conditions, 92% of transpired water was extracted from the upper 0.75 m of soil, with 79% of transpired water coming from the upper 0.35 m of the profile; only 10% of total transpiration in this treatment was extracted from the soil below 1 m. There was an irrigation x seed source interaction in the response of canopy conductance to water vapor (G(C)) to vapor pressure deficit (D). Under water-limited conditions, trees from the South Carolina seed source (SC) had stronger stomatal control than trees from the Florida seed source (FL), but this difference was not present when water was not limiting. The transpiration-induced water potential gradient from roots to shoots (DeltaPsi) was relatively constant across treatments (P = 0.52) and seed sources (P = 0.72), averaging 0.75 MPa. This reflects strong stomatal control that maintains relatively constant DeltaPsi but at the same time allows leaf water potential (Psi(l)) to fluctuate dramatically in synchrony with soil water potential (Psi(s)). The two seed sources evaluated also showed differences in foliar N and delta(13)C, possibly reflecting differences in adaptation to ambient humidity and water availability regimes in their respective ranges. These differences among seed sources under different water availability scenarios may be informative to natural resource managers and breeders as they design tree improvement and genetic deployment programs for future climate scenarios. For example, the increased stomatal control of SC under decreased soil moisture availability may make this taxon a more conservative deployment choice than FL under future, drier climate scenarios but perhaps at the risk of lower productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Gonzalez-Benecke
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, P.O. Box 110410, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0410, USA
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Genet H, Bréda N, Dufrêne E. Age-related variation in carbon allocation at tree and stand scales in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) using a chronosequence approach. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 30:177-192. [PMID: 20018984 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two types of physiological mechanisms can contribute to growth decline with age: (i) the mechanisms leading to the reduction of carbon assimilation (input) and (ii) those leading to modification of the resource economy. Surprisingly, the processes relating to carbon allocation have been little investigated as compared to research on the processes governing carbon assimilation. The objective of this paper was thus to test the hypothesis that growth decrease related to age is accompanied by changes in carbon allocation to the benefit of storage and reproductive functions in two contrasting broad-leaved species: beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.). Age-related changes in carbon allocation were studied using a chronosequence approach. Chronosequences, each consisting of several even-aged stands ranging from 14 to 175 years old for beech and from 30 to 134 years old for sessile oak, were divided into five or six age classes. In this study, carbon allocations to growth, storage and reproduction were defined as the relative amount of carbon invested in biomass increment, carbohydrate increment and seed production, respectively. Tree-ring width and allometric relationships were used to assess biomass increment at the tree and stand scales. Below-ground biomass was assessed using a specific allometric relationship between root:shoot ratio and age, established from the literature review. Seasonal variations of carbohydrate concentrations were used to assess carbon allocation to storage. Reproduction effort was quantified for beech stands by collecting seed and cupule production. Age-related flagging of biomass productivity was assessed at the tree and stand scales, and carbohydrate quantities in trees increased with age for both species. Seed and cupule production increased with stand age in beech from 56 gC m(-)(2) year(-1) at 30 years old to 129 gC m(-2) year(-1) at 138 years old. In beech, carbon allocation to storage and reproductive functions increased with age to the detriment of carbon allocation to growth functions. In contrast, the carbon balance between growth and storage remained constant between age classes in sessile oak. The contrasting age-related changes in carbon allocation between beech and sessile oak are discussed with reference to the differences in growing environment, phenology and hydraulic properties of ring-porous and diffuse-porous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Genet
- UMR INRA UHP 1137 Forest Ecology and Ecophysiology Unit, F-54 280 Champenoux, France
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Engel V, Stieglitz M, Williams M, Griffin K. Forest canopy hydraulic properties and catchment water balance: observations and modeling. Ecol Modell 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3800(02)00068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Morecroft MD, Roberts JM. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of mature canopy Oak (
Quercus robur
) and Sycamore (
Acer pseudoplatanus
) trees throughout the growing season. Funct Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Morecroft
- NERC Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Oxford University Field Laboratory, Wytham, Oxford OX2 8QT and,
| | - J. M. Roberts
- NERC Institute of Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
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Gieger T, Thomas FM. Effects of defoliation and drought stress on biomass partitioning and water relations of Quercus robur and Quercus petraea. Basic Appl Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1078/1439-1791-00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Does pre-dawn water potential reflect conditions of equilibrium in plant and soil water status? ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1146-609x(99)80015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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