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Zhang M, Li Y, Feng R, Wang Z, Wang W, Zheng N, Wang S, Yan F, Lu Y, Tsai TY, Wei H. Change in Susceptibility Values in Knee Cartilage After Marathon Running Measured Using Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 54:1585-1593. [PMID: 34031930 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) has been used to study the magnetic susceptibility properties of collagen fibers in articular cartilage; however, it is unclear whether QSM is sensitive to changes due to degradation caused by long-distance running. It is clinically important to understand the link between long-distance running and microstructural changes in knee cartilage. PURPOSE To investigate the ability of QSM to assess microstructural changes within cartilage after repetitive loading. STUDY TYPE Prospective. POPULATION Thirteen recreational, male long-distance runners. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Three-dimensional gradient recalled echo acquired at 3 T. ASSESSMENT Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 3D kinematics (translations and rotations during treadmill walking and running) of the knee joint were collected before and after marathon running. The compartments for analysis included the patella, trochlea, and subregions of femoral and tibial cartilage. Changes in regional susceptibility and cartilage thickness were calculated after marathon running. A susceptibility profile was obtained by fitting susceptibility as a function of the normalized depth of cartilage from the superficial to deep layers. STATISTICAL TESTS Paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test, 95% confidence interval (CI) of the depth-wise susceptibility profile, Pearson correlation or Spearman correlation. RESULTS There was a statistically significant increase in susceptibility value in the weight-bearing region of central medial femoral cartilage (cMF-c) after marathon running (pre-marathon: -0.0219 ± 0.0151 ppm, post-marathon: -0.0070 ± 0.0213 ppm, P < 0.05), while the cartilage thickness did not show significant changes in any regions (P-value range: 0.068-0.963). Significant susceptibility elevations occurred in the middle and deep layers of cMF-c (95% CIs did not overlap). A trend toward a positive correlation was found between the changes in susceptibility value in cMF-c and proximal-distal translation of the knee joint during walking (r = 0.55, P = 0.101) and running (r = 0.57, P = 0.089). DATA CONCLUSION Localized magnetic susceptibility alterations were observed within knee cartilage in the weight-bearing area after repetitive loading without any morphologic changes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufei Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruimin Feng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongzheng Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjin Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaobai Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Department of Radiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Radiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tsung-Yuan Tsai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjiang Wei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Kiyan W, Nakagawa Y, Mukai S, Ito A, Arai T, Kuroki H. Quantitative Parameters for the Degeneration in Cartilage and Subchondral Bone of Human Knee by 3-D Ultrasound Scanning System. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:3239-3248. [PMID: 32980159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the use of ultrasound parameters obtained non-invasively through soft tissue (ST) to evaluate degeneration in cartilage and subchondral bone (SB) in the human knee. We developed a 3-D ultrasound system and introduced the ratio parameters Rcb and RcbT to suppress the attenuation effect in the ST or in both the ST and cartilage. As reference measurements, the grade for cartilage by visual judgment (Gsum) and ultrasound parameters for the cartilage and the SB were directly evaluated under arthroscopy. Rcb correlated significantly with Gsum (rs = -0.63) and with the corresponding parameter obtained directly under arthroscopy (r = 0.55). RcbT also correlated significantly with Gsum (rs = -0.46) but was not superior to Rcb. Rcb is considered to be an efficient parameter that reflects the total degeneration in both the cartilage and SB, including the information on cartilage thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kiyan
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Researching Department, Furuno Electric Company, Ltd., Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Nakagawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shogo Mukai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Arai
- Researching Department, Furuno Electric Company, Ltd., Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuroki
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Kiyan W, Nakagawa Y, Ito A, Iijima H, Nishitani K, Tanima-Nagai M, Mukai S, Tajino J, Yamaguchi S, Nakahata A, Zhang J, Aoyama T, Kuroki H. Ultrasound Parameters for Human Osteoarthritic Subchondral Bone ex Vivo: Comparison with Micro-Computed Tomography Parameters. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:2115-2130. [PMID: 30064850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify ultrasound parameters reflecting subchondral porosity (Po), subchondral plate thickness (Tpl) and bone volume fraction at the trabecular bone region (BV/TVTb). Sixteen osteoarthritic human lateral femoral condyles were evaluated ex vivo using a 15-MHz pulsed-echo ultrasound 3-D scanning system. The cartilage-subchondral bone (C-B) surface region (layer 1) and inner subchondral bone region (layer 2) were analyzed; we newly introduced entropy (ENT) and correlation (COR) of ultrasound texture parameters of the parallel (x) or perpendicular (z) direction to the C-B interface for this analysis. Po, Tpl and BV/TVTb were evaluated as reference measurements using micro-computed tomography. ENTL1x (ENT of layer 1, x-direction) and ENTL1z were significantly correlated with Po (both r values = 0.58), CORL2x with Tpl (r = -0.73) and CORL2z with BV/TVTb (r = -0.66). These are efficient indicators of the characteristics of osteoarthritis-related subchondral bone; the other texture parameters were not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kiyan
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Researching Department, Furuno Electric Company, Ltd., Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Nakagawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Iijima
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of System Design Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kohei Nishitani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Momoko Tanima-Nagai
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shogo Mukai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junichi Tajino
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoki Yamaguchi
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences at Narita, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakahata
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jue Zhang
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoki Aoyama
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuroki
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Kiyan W, Ito A, Nakagawa Y, Mukai S, Mori K, Arai T, Uchino E, Okuno Y, Kuroki H. Relationships Between Quantitative Pulse-Echo Ultrasound Parameters from the Superficial Zone of the Human Articular Cartilage and Changes in Surface Roughness, Collagen Content or Collagen Orientation Caused by Early Degeneration. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2017; 43:1703-1715. [PMID: 28499496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to quantitatively investigate the relationship between amplitude-based pulse-echo ultrasound parameters and early degeneration of the knee articular cartilage. Twenty samples from six human femoral condyles judged as grade 0 or 1 according to International Cartilage Repair Society grading were assessed using a 15-MHz pulsed-ultrasound 3-D scanning system ex vivo. Surface roughness (Rq), average collagen content (A1) and collagen orientation (A12) in the superficial zone of the cartilage were measured via laser microscopy and Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy. Multiple regression analysis with a linear mixed-effects model (LMM) revealed that a time-domain reflection coefficient at the cartilage surface (Rc) had a significant coefficient of determination with Rq and A12 (RLMMm2=0.79); however, Rc did not correlate with A1. Concerning the collagen characteristic in the superficial zone, Rc was found to be a sensitive indicator reflecting collagen disorganization, not collagen content, for the early degeneration samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kiyan
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Research Department, Furuno Electric Company, Ltd., Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Nakagawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shogo Mukai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Mori
- Applied Medical Engineering Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Arai
- Research Department, Furuno Electric Company, Ltd., Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Uchino
- Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okuno
- Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuroki
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Ahsanizadeh S, Li L. Strain-rate-dependent non-linear tensile properties of the superficial zone of articular cartilage. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:469-76. [PMID: 26291674 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1066779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The tensile properties of articular cartilage play an important role in the compressive behavior and integrity of the tissue. The stress-strain relationship of cartilage in compression was observed previously to depend on the strain-rate. This strain-rate dependence has been thought to originate mainly from fluid pressurization. However, it was not clear to what extent the tensile properties of cartilage contribute to the strain-rate dependence in compressive behavior of cartilage. The aim of the present study was to quantify the strain-rate dependent stress-strain relationship and hysteresis of articular cartilage in tension. METHODS Uniaxial tensile tests were performed to examine the strain-rate dependent non-linear tensile properties of the superficial zone of bovine knee cartilage. Tensile specimens were oriented in the fiber direction indicated by the India ink method. Seven strain-rates were used in the measurement ranging from 0.1 to 80%/s, which corresponded to nearly static to impact joint loadings. RESULTS The experimental data showed substantial strain-rate and strain-magnitude dependent load response: for a given strain-magnitude, the tensile stress could vary by a factor of 1.95 while the modulus by a factor of 1.58 with strain-rate; for a given strain-rate, the modulus at 15% strain could be over four times the initial modulus at no strain. The energy loss in cartilage tension upon unloading exhibited a complex variation with the strain-rate. CONCLUSION The strain-rate dependence of cartilage in tension observed from the present study is relatively weaker than that in compression observed previously, but is considerable to contribute to the strain-rate dependent load response in compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahand Ahsanizadeh
- a Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - LePing Li
- a Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
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Wei B, Zong M, Yan C, Mao F, Guo Y, Yao Q, Xu Y, Wang L. Use of quantitative MRI for the detection of progressive cartilage degeneration in a mini-pig model of osteoarthritis caused by anterior cruciate ligament transection. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 42:1032-8. [PMID: 25656460 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the progression of cartilage degeneration using delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) and T2 mapping in a mini-pig model of osteoarthritis (OA) caused by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). METHODS Twelve mini-pigs underwent ACLT in the left knee and were monitored by dGEMRIC (T1, gadolinium [Gd]) and T2 mapping after 2, 4, or 6 weeks (n = 4 each). No ACLT surgery was performed in four healthy control mini-pigs, which were also monitored by dGEMRIC and T2 mapping. Cartilage samples from the weight-bearing regions of the left medial femoral condyles were collected for macroscopic, histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analysis. Correlations between biochemical contents and T1,Gd and T2 values were evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS T1,Gd values were gradually reduced and T2 values increased over time. Cartilage surfaces showed roughness at 4 weeks and additional defects at 6 weeks. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) distribution and content gradually reduced over time (P < 0.05), and collagen distribution and anisotropy were obviously changed at 6 weeks. However, collagen content did not differ significantly among postoperative timepoints. GAG content was positively related to T1,Gd values (r = 0.888; P < 0.001) and negatively related to T2 values (r = -0.865; P < 0.001). Collagen content had no discernible correlation with T1,Gd or T2 values. CONCLUSION dGEMRIC and T2 mapping can monitor the progression of cartilage degeneration in a mini-pig model of ACLT-induced OA, permitting early detection of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Cartilage Regeneration Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zong
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Cartilage Regeneration Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyong Mao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Cartilage Regeneration Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Cartilage Regeneration Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqiang Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Cartilage Regeneration Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Cartilage Regeneration Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Cartilage Regeneration Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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A review of translational animal models for knee osteoarthritis. ARTHRITIS 2012; 2012:764621. [PMID: 23326663 PMCID: PMC3541554 DOI: 10.1155/2012/764621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis remains a tremendous public health concern, both in terms of health-related quality of life and financial burden of disease. Translational research is a critical step towards understanding and mitigating the long-term effects of this disease process. Animal models provide practical and clinically relevant ways to study both the natural history and response to treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Many factors including size, cost, and method of inducing osteoarthritis are important considerations for choosing an appropriate animal model. Smaller animals are useful because of their ease of use and cost, while larger animals are advantageous because of their anatomical similarity to humans. This evidence-based review will compare and contrast several different animal models for knee osteoarthritis. Our goal is to inform the clinician about current research models, in order to facilitate the transfer of knowledge from the "bench" to the "bedside."
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Wu JP, Kirk TB, Peng Z, Miller K, Zheng MH. UTILIZATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM AND POWER SPECTRAL ANALYSIS FOR ASSESSMENT OF EARLY DEGENERATION OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218957705001564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of articular cartilage begins from deterioration of the collagen fibres in the superficial zone. Standard histology using 2D imaging technique is often used to determine the microstructure of collagen fibres and the physiological functions of articular cartilage. However, information of the 3D collageneous structure in the cartilage could be lost and misinterpreted in 2D observations. In contrast, confocal microscopy permits studying the 3D internal structure of bulk articular cartilage with minimal physical disturbing. Using fibre optic laser scanning confocal microscopy, a 3D histology has been previously developed to visualize the collagen matrix in the superficial zone by means of identifying the early arthritic changes in articular cartilage. In this study, we characterized the collagen orientation in the superficial zone of normal cartilage, the cartilage with surface disruption and fibrillated cartilage using Fast Fourier transforms and power spectral analysis techniques. Thus, we have established an objective method for assessing the early pathology changes in the articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Wu
- 3D Imaging and Biomechanics Laboratory, The School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - T. B. Kirk
- 3D Imaging and Biomechanics Laboratory, The School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Z. Peng
- School of Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia, 4811, Australia
| | - K. Miller
- 3D Imaging and Biomechanics Laboratory, The School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - M. H. Zheng
- Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Surgery and Pathology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, 6009, Australia
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Wu JP, Kirk TB, Zheng MH. ASSESSMENT OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF COLLAGEN FIBERS IN THE SUPERFICIAL ZONE OF BOVINE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218957704001338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the structure and the collagen matrix of the superficial zone of articular cartilage using a 3D imaging technique. The split line thought to represent the orientation of the collagen fibres in the superficial zone was found using Hultkrantz's method. A semitransparent membrane was physically peeled off from the most superficial surface of bovine articular cartilage. Using fibre optic laser scanning confocal microscopy, the collagen matrix in normal cartilage, the membrane and the cartilage with the membrane peeled off were studied. The superficial zone was found to contain a more sophisticated 3D collagenous matrix than previously reported. The collagen matrix in the membrane consists of interwoven long collagen bundles, and the collagen fibres immediately subjacent to it align spatially in a predominantly oblique direction to the articular surface. The split line does not represent the orientation of the collagen in the membrane. This study presents a 3D visualization technique for a minimal-invasive examination of the 3D architecture of the collagen fibres in the superficial zone of articular cartilage, and offers a new insight into the 3D structure of the collagen matrix in the superficial zone of native cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Wu
- 3D Imaging and Biomechanics Laboratory, the School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - T. B. Kirk
- 3D Imaging and Biomechanics Laboratory, the School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - M. H. Zheng
- Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Surgery and Pathology, The University of Western Australia. Perth, WA, Australia, 6009, Australia
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Peng Z, Fasiolo M, Hart K. INVESTIGATION INTO CHANGES IN COLLAGEN STRUCTURE OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE AND WEAR PARTICLES OF KNEE JOINTS FOR OSTEOARTHRITIC WEAR ASSESSMENT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218957709002316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our bodies deteriorate from wear and tear processes, which give rise to ache and pain. This degenerative process is medically referred to as osteoarthritis (OA) and it is estimated to affect a large portion of the population at some stage in their life. There is a need for research into new and improved techniques that might be developed into a schema to aid in the early diagnosis and prognosis of a patient's condition. This can be achieved by studying the morphology of the collagen fibers in the wear particles generated to gain an insight into the osteoarthritic condition exhibited by the joint. The study has been conducted in three phases. Firstly, an animal model has been used to generate samples of cartilage and wear particles for the study. A suitable staining technique has then been developed that allows the three-dimensional visualization and quantitative analysis of the structure of the collagen matrix of sheep cartilage and in wear particles. Finally, correlation of the changes in the collagen matrix as per OA severity has been studied. The study has identified key numerical parameters to characterize distinctive wear features of the cartilage and wear debris. A good correlation of the wear features of the cartilage and wear particle samples has been found. The positive results attained by this study suggest that with the aid of further research and development, it is distinctly possible to develop improved diagnostic procedures for clinical osteoarthritic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Peng
- School of Engineering and Physical Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia
| | - Mark Fasiolo
- School of Engineering and Physical Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia
| | - Kane Hart
- School of Engineering and Physical Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia
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Kraus VB, Huebner JL, DeGroot J, Bendele A. The OARSI histopathology initiative - recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the guinea pig. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18 Suppl 3:S35-52. [PMID: 20864022 PMCID: PMC2948547 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review focuses on the criteria for assessing osteoarthritis (OA) in the guinea pig at the macroscopic and microscopic levels, and recommends particular assessment criteria to assist standardization in the conduct and reporting of preclinical trails in guinea pig models of OA. METHODS A review was conducted of all OA studies from 1958 until the present that utilized the guinea pig. The PubMed database was originally searched August 1, 2006 using the following search terms: guinea pig and OA. We continued to check the database periodically throughout the process of preparing this chapter and the final search was conducted January 7, 2009. Additional studies were found in a review of abstracts from the OsteoArthritis Research Society International (OARSI) conferences, Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) conferences, and literature related to histology in other preclinical models of OA reviewed for relevant references. Studies that described or used systems for guinea pig joint scoring on a macroscopic, microscopic, or ultrastructural basis were included in the final comprehensive summary and review. General recommendations regarding methods of OA assessment in the guinea pig were derived on the basis of a comparison across studies and an inter-rater reliability assessment of the recommended scoring system. RESULTS A histochemical-histological scoring system (based on one first introduced by H. Mankin) is recommended for semi-quantitative histological assessment of OA in the guinea pig, due to its already widespread adoption, ease of use, similarity to scoring systems used for OA in humans, its achievable high inter-rater reliability, and its demonstrated correlation with synovial fluid biomarker concentrations. Specific recommendations are also provided for histological scoring of synovitis and scoring of macroscopic lesions of OA. CONCLUSIONS As summarized herein, a wealth of tools exist to aid both in the semi-quantitative and quantitative assessment of OA in the guinea pig and provide a means of comprehensively characterizing the whole joint organ. In an ongoing effort at standardization, we recommend specific criteria for assessing the guinea pig model of OA as part of an OARSI initiative, termed herein the OARSI-HISTOgp recommendations.
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Gurkan I, Ranganathan A, Yang X, Horton WE, Todman M, Huckle J, Pleshko N, Spencer RG. Modification of osteoarthritis in the guinea pig with pulsed low-intensity ultrasound treatment. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:724-33. [PMID: 20175971 PMCID: PMC2873836 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Hartley guinea pig develops articular cartilage degeneration similar to that seen in idiopathic human osteoarthritis (OA). We investigated whether the application of pulsed low-intensity ultrasound (PLIUS) to the Hartley guinea pig joint would prevent or attenuate the progression of this degenerative process. METHODS Treatment of male Hartley guinea pigs was initiated at the onset of degeneration (8 weeks of age) to assess the ability of PLIUS to prevent OA, or at a later age (12 months) to assess the degree to which PLIUS acted to attenuate the progression of established disease. PLIUS (30 mW/cm(2)) was applied to stifle joints for 20 min/day over periods ranging from 3 to 10 months, with contralateral limbs serving as controls. Joint cartilage histology was graded according to a modified Mankin scale to evaluate treatment effect. Immunohistochemical staining for interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-13, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 was performed on the cartilage to evaluate patterns of expression of these proteins. RESULTS PLIUS did not fully prevent cartilage degeneration in the prevention groups, but diminished the severity of the disease, with the treated joints showing markedly decreased surface irregularities and a much smaller degree of loss of matrix staining as compared to controls. PLIUS also attenuated disease progression in the groups with established disease, although to a somewhat lesser extent as compared to the prevention groups. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated a markedly decreased degree of TGF-beta1 production in the PLIUS-treated joints. This indicates less active endogenous repair, consistent with the marked reduction in cartilage degradation. CONCLUSIONS PLIUS exhibits the ability to attenuate the progression of cartilage degeneration in an animal model of idiopathic human OA. The effect was greater in the treatment of early, rather than established, degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilksen Gurkan
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Xu Yang
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | - Walter E. Horton
- Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Martin Todman
- Smith and Nephew Group Research Centre, York Science Park, Heslington, York, UK
| | - James Huckle
- Smith and Nephew Group Research Centre, York Science Park, Heslington, York, UK
| | | | - Richard G. Spencer
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
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13
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Huebner JL, Williams JM, Deberg M, Henrotin Y, Kraus VB. Collagen fibril disruption occurs early in primary guinea pig knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:397-405. [PMID: 19825496 PMCID: PMC2826602 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A major barrier inhibiting the discovery of structural modifying agents for osteoarthritis (OA) is an incomplete understanding of early disease events. Herein, we investigated the time course of collagen II cleavage and fibril disruption in the well-validated Hartley guinea pig model of spontaneous OA of the knee. METHODS Knee joints of 46 male Hartley guinea pigs were analyzed at 3 weeks, 2, 4, 7, 10, 12, and 18 months of age for histological severity of OA, cartilage collagen fibril disruption by semi-quantitative polarized light microscopy, and expression of type II collagen degradation biomarkers, 9A4 and Coll2-1, by immunohistochemistry. In addition, serum biomarkers specific for collagen II degradation, CTX-II, C2C, and Coll2-1 were quantified. RESULTS Collagen fibril disruption and expression of the collagenase-generated cleavage neoepitope, 9A4, were observed as early as 2 months of age, despite the appearance of histological OA at 4 months of age. Only serum Coll2-1 increased coincident with the early disruption of the collagen fibril between 3 weeks and 7 months, in contrast to serum C2C, which did not change significantly or correlate with histological severity. Inversely, CTX-II declined dramatically from 3 weeks to 4 months and remaining low thereafter, coincident with growth plate turnover. CONCLUSIONS Collagenase cleavage and disruption of the type II collagen network are early OA disease events in this model, preceding histological evidence of proteoglycan loss. The markedly different serum profiles of collagen II-related biomarkers during the early stages of disease development suggest compartmental segregation and temporal regulation of collagen degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michelle Deberg
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yves Henrotin
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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14
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Wu JP, Kirk TB, Zheng MH. Study of the collagen structure in the superficial zone and physiological state of articular cartilage using a 3D confocal imaging technique. J Orthop Surg Res 2008; 3:29. [PMID: 18637164 PMCID: PMC2503973 DOI: 10.1186/1749-799x-3-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The collagen structure in the superficial zone of articular cartilage is critical to the tissue's durability. Early osteoarthritis is often characterized with fissures on the articular surface. This is closely related to the disruption of the collagen network. However, the traditional histology can not offer visualization of the collagen structure in articular cartilage because it uses conventional optical microscopy that does not have insufficient imaging resolution to resolve collagen from proteoglycans in hyaline articular cartilage. This study examines the 3D collagen network of articular cartilage scored from 0 to 2 in the scoring system of International Cartilage Repair Society, and aims to develop a 3D histology for assessing early osteoarthritis. Methods Articular cartilage was visually classified into five physiological groups: normal cartilage, aged cartilage, cartilage with artificial and natural surface disruption, and fibrillated. The 3D collagen matrix of the cartilage was acquired using a 3D imaging technique developed previously. Traditional histology was followed to grade the physiological status of the cartilage in the scoring system of International Cartilage Repair Society. Results Normal articular cartilage contains interwoven collagen bundles near the articular surface, approximately within the lamina splendens. However, its collagen fibres in the superficial zone orient predominantly in a direction spatially oblique to the articular surface. With age and disruption of the articular surface, the interwoven collagen bundles are gradually disappeared, and obliquely oriented collagen fibres change to align predominantly in a direction spatially perpendicular to the articular surface. Disruption of the articular surface is well related to the disappearance of the interwoven collagen bundles. Conclusion A 3D histology has been developed to supplement the traditional histology and study the subtle changes in the collagen network in the superficial zone during early physiological alteration of articular cartilage. The fibre confocal imaging technology used in this study has allowed developing confocal arthroscopy for in vivo studying the chondrocytes in different depth of articular cartilage. Therefore, the current study has potential to develop an in vivo 3D histology for diagnosis of early osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian P Wu
- 3D Imaging Laboratory, the School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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15
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Bolbos R, Benoit-Cattin H, Langlois JB, Chomel A, Chereul E, Odet C, Janier M, Pastoureau P, Beuf O. Measurement of knee cartilage thickness using MRI: a reproducibility study in a meniscectomized guinea pig model of osteoarthritis. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2008; 21:366-75. [PMID: 17708519 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The in vivo precision (reproducibility) of quantitative MRI is of particular importance in osteoarthritis (OA) progression of small magnitude and response to therapy. In this study, three-dimensional high-resolution MRI performed at 7 T was used to assess the short-term reproducibility of measurements of mean tibial cartilage thickness in a meniscectomized guinea pig model of OA. MR image acquisition was repeated five times in nine controls (SHAM) and 10 osteoarthritic animals 3 months after meniscectomy (MNX), in vivo. The animals were then killed for histomorphometric assessment and correlation with the MRI-based measurements. Medial tibial cartilage thickness was measured on MR images using semi-automatic dedicated 3D software developed in-house. The reproducibility of measurements of cartilage thickness was assessed by five repeated MRI examinations with a short recovery delay between examinations (48 h). The computed coefficients of variation were 8.9% for the SHAM group and 8.2% for the MNX group. The coefficients of variation were compatible with expected thickness variations between normal and pathological animals. A positive agreement and significant partial correlation (Spearman r' = 0.74; P < 0.01) between the MRI and histomorphometric data was established. Three-dimensional high-resolution MRI is a promising non-invasive research tool for in vivo follow-up. This modality could be used for staging and monitoring therapy response in small-animal models of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bolbos
- Plate-forme ANIMAGE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Rhône-Alpes Genopole, Lyon, France
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16
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Bolbos R, Benoit-Cattin H, Langlois JB, Chomel A, Chereul E, Odet C, Pastoureau P, Janier M, Beuf O. Knee cartilage thickness measurements using MRI: a 4(1/2)-month longitudinal study in the meniscectomized guinea pig model of OA. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15:656-65. [PMID: 17303445 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/23/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to follow, over a 4(1/2)-month period, the medial tibia cartilage thickness on a meniscectomy (MNX) guinea pig osteoarthritis (OA) model and to compare with control animals, using three-dimensional high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (3D HR-MRI). METHODS MRI experimentations were performed in vivo at 7 T on guinea pig knee joints. 3D HR-MR images were acquired in 60 controls (SHAM) and 45 osteoarthritic animals (MNX) at four time-points (15, 45, 90 and 135 days) after surgery. Medial tibial cartilage thickness was measured from MRI images using in-house dedicated 3D software followed by a statistical analysis. At each time-point 15 SHAM and 15 MNX animals were sacrificed for histomorphometric assessments. RESULTS No significant difference of mean cartilage thickness between the groups was found at early stage (D45) using MRI; however, significant differences were found between the groups at D90 (P<0.001) and D135 (P<0.001). Histomorphometry data confirmed the pathological status of the animals and was well correlated with MRI at D15 (r=0.79, P<0.01), D45 (r=0.67, P<0.01), and D135 (r=0.39, P<0.05) for SHAM, and at D45 (r=0.63, P<0.01), and D135 (r=0.81, P<0.01) for MNX. CONCLUSION Medial tibial cartilage measurement based on HR-MR images enables the monitoring of longitudinal cartilage thickness changes. This technique showed significant differences between SHAM and MNX as from D90 after surgery. It could be used as a noninvasive and reproducible tool to monitor therapeutic response in this OA model.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bolbos
- Plate-forme ANIMAGE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Rhône-Alpes Genopole, Lyon, France
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17
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Wilson W, Driessen NJB, van Donkelaar CC, Ito K. Prediction of collagen orientation in articular cartilage by a collagen remodeling algorithm. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14:1196-202. [PMID: 16797194 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue engineering is a promising method to treat damaged cartilage. So far it has not been possible to create tissue-engineered cartilage with an appropriate structural organization. It is envisaged that cartilage tissue engineering will significantly benefit from knowledge of how the collagen fiber orientation is directed by mechanical conditions. The goal of the present study is to evaluate whether a collagen remodeling algorithm based on mechanical loading can be corroborated by the collagen orientation in healthy cartilage. METHODS According to the remodeling algorithm, collagen fibrils align with a preferred fibril direction, situated between the positive principal strain directions. The remodeling algorithm was implemented in an axisymmetric finite element model of the knee joint. Loading as a result of typical daily activities was represented in three different phases: rest, standing and gait. RESULTS In the center of the tibial plateau the collagen fibrils run perpendicular to the subchondral bone. Just below the articular surface they bend over to merge with the articular surface. Halfway between the center and the periphery, the collagen fibrils bend over earlier, resulting in a thicker superficial and transitional zones. Near the periphery fibrils in the deep zone run perpendicular to the articular surface and slowly bend over to angles of -45 degrees and +45 degrees with the articular surface. CONCLUSION The collagen structure as predicted with the collagen remodeling algorithm corresponds very well with the collagen structure in healthy knee joints. This remodeling algorithm is therefore considered to be a valuable tool for developing loading protocols for tissue engineering of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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18
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Bi X, Li G, Doty SB, Camacho NP. A novel method for determination of collagen orientation in cartilage by Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FT-IRIS). Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13:1050-8. [PMID: 16154778 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The orientation of collagen molecules is an important determinant of their functionality in connective tissues. The objective of the current study is to establish a method to determine the alignment of collagen molecules in histological sections of cartilage by polarized Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FT-IRIS), a method based on molecular vibrations. METHODS Polarized FT-IRIS data obtained from highly oriented tendon collagen were utilized to calibrate the derived spectral parameters. The ratio of the integrated areas of the collagen amide I/II absorbances was used as an indicator of collagen orientation. These data were then applied to FT-IRIS analysis of the orientation of collagen molecules in equine articular cartilage, in equine repair cartilage after microfracture treatment, and in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Polarized light microscopy (PLM), the most frequently utilized technique to evaluate collagen fibril orientation in histological sections, was performed on picrosirius red-stained sections for comparison. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Thicknesses of each zone of normal equine cartilage (calculated based on differences in collagen orientation) were equivalent as determined by PLM and FT-IRIS. Comparable outcomes were obtained from the PLM and FT-IRIS analyses of repair and osteoarthritis tissues, whereby similar zonal variations in collagen orientation were apparent for the two methods. However, the PLM images of human osteoarthritic cartilage showed less obvious zonal discrimination and orientation compared to the FT-IRIS images, possibly attributable to the FT-IRIS method detecting molecular orientation changes prior to their manifestation at the microscopic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Bi
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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19
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Fini M, Giavaresi G, Torricelli P, Cavani F, Setti S, Canè V, Giardino R. Pulsed electromagnetic fields reduce knee osteoarthritic lesion progression in the aged Dunkin Hartley guinea pig. J Orthop Res 2005; 23:899-908. [PMID: 16023006 DOI: 10.1016/j.orthres.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An experimental in vivo study was performed to test if the effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) on chondrocyte metabolism and adenosine A2a agonist activity could have a chondroprotective effect on the knee of Dunkin Hartley guinea-pigs of 12 months with spontaneously developed osteoarthritis (OA). After a pilot study, 10 animals were randomly divided into two groups: PEMF-treated group (6 h/day for 3 months) and Sham-treated group. Microradiography and histomorphometry were performed on the entire articular surface of knee joints used in evaluating chondropathy severity, cartilage thickness (CT), cartilage surface Fibrillation Index (FI), subchondral bone plate thickness (SBT) and histomorphometric characteristics of trabecular epiphyseal bone. The PEMF-treated animals showed a significant reduction of chondropathy progression in all knee examined areas (p<0.05). CT was significantly higher (p<0.001) in the medial tibia plateaus of the PEMF-treated group when compared to the Sham-treated group. The highest value of FI was observed in the medial tibia plateau of the Sham-treated group (p<0.05). Significant lower values were observed in SBT of PEMF-treated group in comparison to Sham-treated group in all knee examined areas (p<0.05). The present study results show that PEMFs preserve the morphology of articular cartilage and slower the progression of OA lesions in the knee of aged osteoarthritic guinea pigs. The chondroprotective effect of PEMFs was demonstrated not only in the medial tibial plateau but also on the entire articular surface of the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fini
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Codivilla-Putti Research Institute, Rizzoli Institute of Orthopaedics, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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20
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Abstract
Cartilage taken from the osteoarthritic bovine patellae was used to investigate the progression of change in the collagenous architecture associated with the development of fibrillated lesions. Differential interference contrast optical microscopy using fully hydrated radial sections revealed a continuity in the alteration of the fibrillar architecture in the general matrix consistent with the progressive destructuring of a native radial arrangement of fibrils repeatedly interconnected in the transverse direction via a non-entwinement-based linking mechanism. This destructuring is shown to occur in the still intact regions adjacent to the disrupted lesion thus rendering them more vulnerable to radial rupture. Two contrasting modes of surface rupture were observed and these are explained in terms of the absence or presence of a skewed structural weakening of the intermediate zone. A mechanism of surface rupture initiation based on simple bi-layer theory is proposed to account for the intensification of surface ruptures observed in the intact regions on advancing towards the fibrillation front. Focusing specifically on the primary collagen architecture in the cartilage matrix, this study proposes a pathway of change from intact to overt disruption within a unified structural framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Broom
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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21
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Wheaton AJ, Dodge GR, Borthakur A, Kneeland JB, Schumacher HR, Reddy R. Detection of changes in articular cartilage proteoglycan by T(1rho) magnetic resonance imaging. J Orthop Res 2005; 23:102-8. [PMID: 15607881 PMCID: PMC2858575 DOI: 10.1016/j.orthres.2004.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the feasibility of T(1rho)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantitatively measure changes in proteoglycan content in cartilage. The T(1rho) MRI technique was implemented in an in vivo porcine animal model with rapidly induced cytokine-mediated cartilage degeneration. Six pigs were given an intra-articular injection of recombinant porcine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) into the knee joint before imaging to induce changes in cartilage via matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) induction. The induction of MMPs by IL-1 was used since it has been extensively studied in many systems and is known to create conditions that mimic in part characteristics similar to those of osteoarthritis. The contralateral knee joint was given a saline injection to serve as an internal control. T(1rho)-weighted MRI was performed on a 4 T whole-body clinical scanner employing a 2D fast spin-echo-based T(1rho) imaging sequence. T(1rho) relaxation parameter maps were computed from the T(1rho)-weighted image series. The average T(1rho) relaxation rate, R(1rho) (1/T(1rho)) of the IL-1beta-treated patellae was measured to be on average 25% lower than that of saline-injected patellae indicating a loss of proteoglycan. There was an average reduction of 49% in fixed charge density, measured via sodium MRI, of the IL-1beta-treated patellae relative to control corroborating the loss of proteoglycan. The effects of IL-1beta, primarily loss of PG, were confirmed by histological and immunochemical findings. The results from this study demonstrate that R(1rho) is able to track proteoglycan content in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wheaton
- B1 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 422 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6100, USA.
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Wheaton AJ, Borthakur A, Dodge GR, Kneeland JB, Schumacher HR, Reddy R. Sodium magnetic resonance imaging of proteoglycan depletion in an in vivo model of osteoarthritis. Acad Radiol 2004; 11:21-8. [PMID: 14746398 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(03)00574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility of using sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a noninvasive quantitative technique for measuring proteoglycan (PG) content in an in vivo porcine model of osteoarthritis (OA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Biochemical conditions similar to those of OA were created by an intra-articular injection of recombinant porcine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) into the knee joint of pigs (n = 6) before performing MRI. The contralateral knee joint was given a saline injection to serve as an internal control. Sodium MRI data were acquired on a 4-T clinical MR scanner and used to compute quantitative sodium and fixed charge density (FCD) maps based on a previously established methodology. In vivo FCD maps were compared with FCD maps obtained using ex vivo patellae harvested from the specimens. The tissue and joint fluid were subjected to histologic and immunohistochemical analyses as independent measurements of IL-1beta activity and PG loss. RESULTS The average FCD of IL-1beta-treated patellae was measured to be 49% lower than that of saline-treated patellae, indicating a loss of PG content. These results were supported by histologic and immunochemical findings, most notably a reduction in staining for PG and an increase in matrix metalloproteinases in the synovial fluid. CONCLUSION Sodium MRI can serve as a quantitative method to measure in vivo changes in PG content in an animal model of OA. The use of a noninvasive quantitative in vivo PG measurement technique such as sodium MRI on an animal model would aid greatly in efforts to monitor the efficacy of treatments for OA. Furthermore, these results indicate that early degenerative events could be detected noninvasively in vivo in humans with PG-depleting diseases such as OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wheaton
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, B1 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6100, USA
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23
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Wang J, Verdonk P, Elewaut D, Veys EM, Verbruggen G. Homeostasis of the extracellular matrix of normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage chondrocytes in vitro. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003; 11:801-9. [PMID: 14609533 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(03)00168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In normal articular cartilage cells, the IGFRI/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) autocrine pathway was shown to overrule the catabolic effects of the IL-1/IL-1RI pathway by up-regulation of the IL-1RII decoy receptor. The activity of the IGF-1/IGFR1 and IL-1/IL-1R pathways, and of the IL-1RII control mechanism in the synthesis and turnover of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by chondrocytes from normal and osteoarthritic (OA) articular cartilage was compared in order to identify possible therapeutic targets of this disease. METHODS Phenotypically stable human articular cartilage cells were obtained from normal and OA cartilage of the same knee showing focal OA. The cells were cultured in alginate beads over 1 week to re-establish the intracellular cytokine and growth factors, to reexpress the respective plasma membrane receptors and to reach equilibrium in accumulated cell-associated matrix (CAM) compounds. Following liberation of the cells from the alginate beads, the levels of cell-associated matrix (CAM) aggrecan, type II collagen and fibronectin, of intracellular IGF-1, IL-1alpha and beta and of their respective plasma membrane-bound receptors, IGFR1, IL-1RI and the decoy receptor IL-1RII, were assayed using flow cytometry. RESULTS Coordinated production and accumulation of CAM aggrecan and type II collagen under the effect of the IGFR1/IGF-1 autocrine pathway-as documented for chondrocytes from healthy controls-was absent when the chondrocytes had been obtained from OA joints. When compared with cells obtained from normal tissues, chondrocytes from fibrillated OA cartilage expressed significantly higher intracellular IGF-1 levels and plasma membrane-bound IGFR1. At the same time, significantly higher intracellular IL-1alpha and beta levels and upregulated plasma membrane-bound IL-1RI were observed. Plasma membrane-bound IL-1RII decoy receptor was downregulated in OA chondrocytes. The levels of CAM aggrecan, type II collagen and fibronectin were significantly reduced in the chondrocytes obtained from pathological tissue. CONCLUSION Paired analysis of normal and OA chondrocytes from the same knee joint has shown an enhanced capacity of chondrocytes from OA cartilage to produce ECM macromolecules. However, the same cells have increased catabolic signalling pathways. As a consequence of this increased IL-1 activity and the reduced amounts of IL-1RII decoy receptor, less of the produced ECM macromolecules may persist in the CAM of the OA chondrocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Autocrine Communication
- Cartilage, Articular/metabolism
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cell Separation/methods
- Cells, Cultured
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Growth Substances/metabolism
- Homeostasis
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/pathology
- Paracrine Communication
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type I
- Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type II
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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