1
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Westberg M, Su Y, Zou X, Huang P, Rustagi A, Garhyan J, Patel PB, Fernandez D, Wu Y, Hao C, Lo CW, Karim M, Ning L, Beck A, Saenkham-Huntsinger P, Tat V, Drelich A, Peng BH, Einav S, Tseng CTK, Blish C, Lin MZ. An orally bioavailable SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor exhibits improved affinity and reduced sensitivity to mutations. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadi0979. [PMID: 38478629 PMCID: PMC11193659 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi0979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (Mpro) such as nirmatrelvir (NTV) and ensitrelvir (ETV) have proven effective in reducing the severity of COVID-19, but the presence of resistance-conferring mutations in sequenced viral genomes raises concerns about future drug resistance. Second-generation oral drugs that retain function against these mutants are thus urgently needed. We hypothesized that the covalent hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor boceprevir (BPV) could serve as the basis for orally bioavailable drugs that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mpro more efficiently than existing drugs. Performing structure-guided modifications of BPV, we developed a picomolar-affinity inhibitor, ML2006a4, with antiviral activity, oral pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic efficacy similar or superior to those of NTV. A crucial feature of ML2006a4 is a derivatization of the ketoamide reactive group that improves cell permeability and oral bioavailability. Last, ML2006a4 was found to be less sensitive to several mutations that cause resistance to NTV or ETV and occur in the natural SARS-CoV-2 population. Thus, anticipatory design can preemptively address potential resistance mechanisms to expand future treatment options against coronavirus variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Westberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yichi Su
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinzhi Zou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pinghan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jaishree Garhyan
- Stanford In Vitro Biosafety Level 3 Service Center, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Puja Bhavesh Patel
- Stanford In Vitro Biosafety Level 3 Service Center, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Fernandez
- Program in Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Macromolecular Structure Knowledge Center, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chenzhou Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chieh-Wen Lo
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marwah Karim
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lin Ning
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aimee Beck
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Shirit Einav
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chien-Te K. Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Catherine Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael Z. Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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2
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Isaacs RCA, Newton CL, Cutrona KJ, Mercer SP, Dorsey BD, McDonough CM, Cook JJ, Krueger JA, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Lyle EA, Lynch JJ, Miller-Stein C, Michener MT, Wallace AA, White RB, Wong BK. P3 optimization of functional potency, in vivo efficacy and oral bioavailability in 3-aminopyrazinone thrombin inhibitors bearing non-charged groups at the P1 position. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1532-5. [PMID: 21295466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the S3 pocket of the thrombin active site is lined with lipophilic amino acid residues, the accommodation of polarity within the lipophilic P3 moiety of small molecule inhibitors is possible provided that the polar functionality is capable of pointing away from the binding pocket outwards toward solvent while simultaneously allowing the lipophilic portion of the P3 ligand to interact with the S3 amino acid residues. Manipulation of this motif provided the means to effect optimization of functional potency, in vivo antithrombotic efficacy and oral bioavailability in a series of 3-aminopyrazinone thrombin inhibitors which contained non-charged groups at the P1 position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C A Isaacs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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3
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Isaacs RC, Solinsky MG, Cutrona KJ, Newton CL, Naylor-Olsen AM, McMasters DR, Krueger JA, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Kuo LC, Yan Y, Lynch J, Lyle E. Structure-based design of novel groups for use in the P1 position of thrombin inhibitor scaffolds. Part 2: N-acetamidoimidazoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2062-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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4
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Staas DD, Savage KL, Sherman VL, Shimp HL, Lyle TA, Tran LO, Wiscount CM, McMasters DR, Sanderson PEJ, Williams PD, Lucas BJ, Krueger JA, Lewis SD, White RB, Yu S, Wong BK, Kochansky CJ, Anari MR, Yan Y, Vacca JP. Discovery of potent, selective 4-fluoroproline-based thrombin inhibitors with improved metabolic stability. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:6900-16. [PMID: 16870455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 06/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports from our laboratories described potent tripeptide thrombin inhibitors which incorporate heterocycle-substituted chlorophenyl groups in the P1 position. Using these as lead compounds for further optimization, we identified sites of metabolism and designed analogs with 4-fluoroproline in P2 and cyclopropane-containing side chains in P3 as an approach to reducing metabolism and improving their oral pharmacokinetic performance. The large (300-fold) difference in potency between analogs containing (4R)- and (4S)-4-fluoroproline was rationalized by analyzing inhibitor-enzyme interactions in crystal structures of related compounds and by molecular modeling which indicated that the more potent (4R)-4-fluoroproline isomer stabilizes a proline ring conformation that is preferred for binding to the enzyme. An optimal compound from this work, 41, exhibits high potency in a coagulation assay in human plasma (2xAPTT=190 nM), excellent selectivity versus the digestive enzyme trypsin (K(i)=3300 nM), and excellent oral bioavailability in dogs with moderate clearance (F=100%, CL=12 mL/min/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donnette D Staas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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5
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Isaacs RCA, Solinsky MG, Cutrona KJ, Newton CL, Naylor-Olsen AM, Krueger JA, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ. Structure-based design of novel groups for use in the P1 position of thrombin inhibitor scaffolds. Part 1: Weakly basic azoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:338-42. [PMID: 16257203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite their relatively weak basicity, simple azoles, specifically imidazoles and aminothiazoles, can function as potent surrogates for the more basic amines (e.g., alkyl amines, amidines, guanidines, etc.) which are most often employed as the P1 ligand in the design of noncovalent small molecule inhibitors of thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C A Isaacs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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6
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Deng JZ, McMasters DR, Rabbat PMA, Williams PD, Coburn CA, Yan Y, Kuo LC, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Krueger JA, Strulovici B, Vacca JP, Lyle TA, Burgey CS. Development of an oxazolopyridine series of dual thrombin/factor Xa inhibitors via structure-guided lead optimization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4411-6. [PMID: 16137886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin-inhibitor X-ray crystal structures, in combination with the installation of binding elements optimized within the pyrazinone series of thrombin inhibitors, were utilized to transform a weak triazolopyrimidine lead into a series of potent oxazolopyridines. A modification intended to attenuate plasma protein binding (i.e., conversion of the P3 pyridine to a piperidine) conferred significant factor Xa activity to this series. Ultimately, these dual thrombin/factor Xa inhibitors demonstrated excellent in vitro and in vivo anticoagulant efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Z Deng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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7
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Nantermet PG, Burgey CS, Robinson KA, Pellicore JM, Newton CL, Deng JZ, Selnick HG, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Krueger JA, Miller-Stein C, White RB, Wong B, McMasters DR, Wallace AA, Lynch JJ, Yan Y, Chen Z, Kuo L, Gardell SJ, Shafer JA, Vacca JP, Lyle TA. P2 pyridine N-oxide thrombin inhibitors: a novel peptidomimetic scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2771-5. [PMID: 15911253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have demonstrated that the critical hydrogen bonding motif of the established 3-aminopyrazinone thrombin inhibitors can be effectively mimicked by a 2-aminopyridine N-oxide. As this peptidomimetic core is more resistant toward oxidative metabolism, it also overcomes the metabolic liability associated with the pyrazinones. An optimization study of the P(1) benzylamide delivered the potent thrombin inhibitor 21 (K(i) = 3.2 nM, 2xaPTT = 360 nM), which exhibited good plasma levels and half-life after oral dosing in the dog (C(max) = 2.6 microM, t(1/2) = 4.5 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe G Nantermet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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8
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Chi L, Rogers KL, Uprichard AC, Gallagher KP. The therapeutic potential of novel anticoagulants. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 6:1591-605. [PMID: 15989566 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.6.11.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Conventional anticoagulant therapy has been based on indirect inhibition of coagulation factors with heparin and warfarin. These agents display liabilities prompting the development of new anticoagulants over the last two decades. The first to be developed was a series of low molecular weight heparins(LMWHs). Their favourable pharmacokinetic profiles and risk/benefit ratios led to widespread use in Europe and, more recently, approval for their use in the USA. Paralleling the development of LMWHs has been the pursuit of a different strategy focused on direct rather than indirect inhibition of enzymes in the coagulation cascade. In contrast to heparin, LMWHs, or other glycosaminoglycans, direct inhibitors exert their effects independent of either antithrombin III (ATIII) or heparin cofactor II (HCII) and more effectively inhibit clot-bound thrombin or FXa. Highly potent, selective (versus other serine proteases)direct thrombin and FXa inhibitors have been identified and isolated from natural sources, such as leeches, ticks and hookworms. The recombinant forms and analogues of the senatural proteins have been produced using molecular biology techniques, i.e., rHirudin, Hirulogs, recombinant tick anticoagulant peptide (rTAP), recombinant antistasin (rATS) and recombinant nematode anticoagulant peptide-5 (rNAP-5). The design of novel structures or the modification of existing chemicals has led to the synthesis of many non-peptide, low molecular weight inhibitors of thrombin and FXa. Some of them are orally active and may be suitable for long-term clinical use. In addition, considerable progress has been made in developing specific TF/VIIa complex inhibitors. The anticoagulation properties of the new agents are being characterised in experimental studies. Some of them have been advanced to large scale clinical trials and their effectiveness, and sometimes relative ineffectiveness,in arterial and venous thromboembolic disorders has been demonstrated. They are being tested for their potential as new antithrombotic agents that act via direct enzyme inhibition. Thus,the clinician should in future be able to target different thrombotic conditions with proven, specific anticoagulant interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chi
- Vascular and Cardiac Diseases and Drug Development, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division, Warner-Lambert Company, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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9
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Morrissette MM, Stauffer KJ, Williams PD, Lyle TA, Vacca JP, Krueger JA, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Wong BK, White RB, Miller-Stein C, Lyle EA, Wallace AA, Leonard YM, Welsh DC, Lynch JJ, McMasters DR. Low molecular weight thrombin inhibitors with excellent potency, metabolic stability, and oral bioavailability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4161-4. [PMID: 15261262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Modification of lead compound 1 by reducing lipophilicity in the P3 group produced a series of low molecular weight thrombin inhibitors with excellent potency in functional assays, metabolic stability, and oral bioavailability. These modifications led to the identification of two optimized compounds, 14 and 16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Morrissette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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10
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Rittle KE, Barrow JC, Cutrona KJ, Glass KL, Krueger JA, Kuo LC, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, McMasters DR, Morrissette MM, Nantermet PG, Newton CL, Sanders WM, Yan Y, Vacca JP, Selnick HG. Unexpected enhancement of thrombin inhibitor potency with o -aminoalkylbenzylamides in the P1 position. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3477-82. [PMID: 14505652 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin inhibitors incorporating o-aminoalkylbenzylamides in the P1 position were designed, synthesized and found to have enhanced potency and selectivity in several different structural classes. X-ray crystallographic analysis of compound 24 bound in the alpha-thrombin-hirugen complex provides an explanation for these unanticipated results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Rittle
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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11
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Nantermet PG, Barrow JC, Newton CL, Pellicore JM, Young M, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Krueger JA, McMasters DR, Yan Y, Kuo LC, Vacca JP, Selnick HG. Design and synthesis of potent and selective macrocyclic thrombin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2781-4. [PMID: 12873514 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of potent and selective proline- and pyrazinone-based macrocyclic thrombin inhibitors is described. Detailed SAR studies led to the incorporation of specific functional groups in the tether that enhanced functional activity against thrombin and provided exquisite selectivity against trypsin and tPA. X-ray crystallography and molecular modeling studies revealed the inhibitor-enzyme interactions responsible for this selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe G Nantermet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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12
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Sanderson PEJ, Cutrona KJ, Savage KL, Naylor-Olsen AM, Bickel DJ, Bohn DL, Clayton FC, Krueger JA, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Lyle EA, Wallace AA, Welsh DC, Yan Y. 3-amino-4-sulfonylpyridinone acetamide and related pyridothiadiazine thrombin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1441-4. [PMID: 12668008 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe a series of highly potent and efficacious thrombin inhibitors based on a 3-amino-4-sulfonylpyridinone acetamide template. The functionally dense sulfonyl group stabilizes the aminopyridinone, conformationally constrains the 4-substituent, and forms a hydrogen bond to the insertion loop tyrosine OH. We also describe a related series of fused bicyclic dihydrothiadiazinedioxide derivatives, of which one had improved pharmacokinetics in dogs after oral dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E J Sanderson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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13
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Burgey CS, Robinson KA, Lyle TA, Nantermet PG, Selnick HG, Isaacs RCA, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Krueger JA, Singh R, Miller-Stein C, White RB, Wong B, Lyle EA, Stranieri MT, Cook JJ, McMasters DR, Pellicore JM, Pal S, Wallace AA, Clayton FC, Bohn D, Welsh DC, Lynch JJ, Yan Y, Chen Z, Kuo L, Gardell SJ, Shafer JA, Vacca JP. Pharmacokinetic optimization of 3-amino-6-chloropyrazinone acetamide thrombin inhibitors. Implementation of P3 pyridine N-oxides to deliver an orally bioavailable series containing P1 N-benzylamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1353-7. [PMID: 12657281 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this manuscript we demonstrate that a modification principally directed toward the improvement of the aqueous solubility (i.e., introduction a P3 pyridine N-oxide) of the previous lead compound afforded a new series of potent orally bioavailable P1 N-benzylamide thrombin inhibitors. An expedited investigation of the P1 SAR with respect to oral bioavailability, plasma half-life, and human liver microsome stability revealed 5 as the best candidate for advanced evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Burgey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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14
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Samonina G, Ashmarin I, Lyapina L. Glyproline peptide family: review on bioactivity and possible origins. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2002; 8:229-234. [PMID: 12100966 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4680(02)00018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glyproline peptide family includes the simplest proline-containing linear peptides PG, GP, PGP, respective peptides with hydroxylated proline residues and (with some restriction) cyclic PG. Having close structural resemblance they display many similar bioactivities. The suppression of some reactions of blood coagulation and platelet aggregation and protection of gastric mucosa against various ulcerogenic factors are the most important glyproline effects. Glyprolines have two common putative sources: (1) collagen and elastin synthesis and catabolism, and (2) penetration of proline-containing di- and tripeptides from food protein hydrolysate from the intestine into bloodstream. Possible physiological and biochemical mechanisms of glyproline bioactivities are under discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Samonina
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, School of Biology, Moscow State Lomonosov University, Vorobjevy Gory 1, Building 12, 119899, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Lyapina LA, Pastorova VE, Samonina GE, Ashmarin IP. The effect of prolil-glycil-proline (PGP) peptide and PGP-rich substances on haemostatic parameters of rat blood. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2000; 11:409-14. [PMID: 10937800 DOI: 10.1097/00001721-200007000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of intravenous and intranasal administration of proline-containing peptide, especially prolil-glycil-proline (PGP), on the haemostatic system of rats was investigated. Tripeptide PGP after single intravenous (0.2, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg) or intranasal (0.5 mg/ kg) administration increased (P < 0.05) total fibrinolytic and fibrin depolymerizating (FDA) activities, and tissue plasminogen activator levels (t-PA), and decreased the plasmin inhibitors (PI) and activated factor XIII (factor XIIIa) levels in blood plasma. Repeated daily intranasal administration (5 days) of PGP produced a significant increase of anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activities (P < 0.05), and a decrease of platelet aggregation, PI and factor XIIIa levels in blood plasma. Fibrinogen concentrations remained practically unchanged. Chronic peroral administration of gelatin (protein particularly rich of PGP, prolil-glycil, glycil-proline) as a food supplement significantly increased t-PA level (by 120%) at day 10 and FDA (by 290%) at day 14 in blood plasma. We also observed potent suppression of thrombus formation (venous thrombosis model) by intranasal PGP administration. Therefore, PGP and some PGP-rich substances can be qualified as potent anticoagulant and antithrombotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Lyapina
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow M.V. Lomonosov State University, Russia
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16
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Lockyer S, Kambayashi J. Demonstration of flow and platelet dependency in a ferric chloride-induced model of thrombosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999; 33:718-25. [PMID: 10226858 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199905000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Further to characterize the processes involved in the FeCl3-induced thrombosis model, we determined the effect of aspirin, heparin, hirudin, trans-4-(aminomethyl) cyclohexane carboxylic acid (AMCHA), thrombocytopenia, and flow modifications on time to occlusion (TTO) and thrombus weight (TW) in the rat carotid artery. Aspirin, from 3 to 100 mg/kg, showed no dose-response relation for either TTO or TW and did not significantly affect ex vivo platelet aggregation. Heparin, at doses that significantly increased the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), dose-dependently increased the TTO of animals that showed an occlusion during the monitoring period and also reduced the TW. Hirudin required constant infusion to prevent occlusion and reduce the TW, when the APTT was also significantly increased. AMCHA did not affect the TW but reduced the TTO. Animals made thrombocytopenic by the use of antiplatelet serum did not occlude during the monitoring period, and the TW was significantly reduced. Changes in flow showed that the TTO was not affected, but the TW showed an inverse correlation with average flow. The results obtained for platelet depletion and flow modifications expand on previous findings with this model and support the physiological relevance of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lockyer
- Department of Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Maryland Research Laboratories, Otsuka America Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Rockville 20850, USA
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17
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Ambler J, Baker E, Bentley D, Brown L, Butler K, Butler P, Farr D, Dunnet K, Le Grand D, Hayler J, Janus D, Jones D, Menear K, Mercer M, Smith G, Talbot M, Tweed M. Studies towards the identification of potent, selective and bioavailable thrombin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:737-42. [PMID: 10201839 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The application of selection criteria, based on potency and physicochemical parameters, to a candidate library of thrombin inhibitors is described. The utility of the approach is exemplified by the discovery of a potent, selective and bioavailable thrombin inhibitor 62.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ambler
- Novartis Horsham Research Center, West Sussex
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18
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Hauptmann J, Stürzebecher J. Synthetic inhibitors of thrombin and factor Xa: from bench to bedside. Thromb Res 1999; 93:203-41. [PMID: 10074907 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(98)00192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Hauptmann
- Centre for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Erfurt, Germany
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19
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The development of novel noncovalent thrombin inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5113(99)80004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Abstract
Anticoagulant therapy has changed dramatically during the past two years. Low molecular weight heparin has substantially replaced unfractionated heparin as the parenteral anticoagulant of choice. The use of warfarin has substantially increased, especially for prevention of stroke in the setting of atrial fibrillation. It has become clear that warfarin cannot be administered effectively in an unmonitored fixed-dose fashion. The parenteral direct thrombin inhibitor desirudin was shown to be efficacious in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in man. Small thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors with in vivo oral anticoagulant activity have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Shafer
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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21
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Isaacs RC, Cutrona KJ, Newton CL, Sanderson PE, Solinsky MG, Baskin EP, Chen IW, Cooper CM, Cook JJ, Gardell SJ, Lewis SD, Lucas RJ, Lyle EA, Lynch JJ, Naylor-Olsen AM, Stranieri MT, Vastag K, Vacca JP. C6 modification of the pyridinone core of thrombin inhibitor L-374,087 as a means of enhancing its oral absorption. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1719-24. [PMID: 9873422 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1 (L-374,087) is a potent, selective, efficacious, and orally bioavailable thrombin inhibitor that contains a core 3-amino-2-pyridinone moiety. Replacement of the C6 pyridinone methyl group of 1 by a propyl group gave 5 (L-375,052), which retained all the excellent properties of 1, and also yielded higher plasma levels after oral dosing in dogs and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Isaacs
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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22
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Sanderson PE, Cutrona KJ, Dorsey BD, Dyer DL, McDonough CM, Naylor-Olsen AM, Chen IW, Chen Z, Cook JJ, Gardell SJ, Krueger JA, Lewis SD, Lin JH, Lucas BJ, Lyle EA, Lynch JJ, Stranieri MT, Vastag K, Shafer JA, Vacca JP. L-374,087, an efficacious, orally bioavailable, pyridinone acetamide thrombin inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:817-22. [PMID: 9871547 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the amidinopiperidine P1 group of 3-benzylsulfonylamino-6-methyl-2-pyridinone acetamide thrombin inhibitor L-373,890 (2) with a mildly basic 5-linked 2-amino-6-methylpyridine results in an equipotent compound L-374,087 (5, Ki = 0.5 nM). Compound 5 is highly selective for thrombin over trypsin, is efficacious in the rat ferric chloride model of arterial thrombosis and is orally bioavailable in dogs and cynomolgus monkeys. The structural basis for the critical importance of both methyl groups in 5 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Sanderson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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23
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Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Brady SF, Sisko JT, Cutrona KJ, Sanderson PE, Freidinger RM, Mao SS, Gardell SJ, Shafer JA. Characterization of the two-step pathway for inhibition of thrombin by alpha-ketoamide transition state analogs. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:4843-54. [PMID: 9478925 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.9.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of thrombin with several potent and selective alpha-ketoamide transition state analogs was characterized. L-370, 518 (H-N-Me-D-Phe-Pro-t-4-aminocyclohexylglycyl N-methylcarboxamide) a potent (Ki = 90 pM) and selective (>10(4)-fold versus trypsin) ketoamide thrombin inhibitor was shown to bind thrombin via a two-step reaction wherein the initially formed thrombin-inhibitor complex (EI1) rearranges to a more stable, final complex (EI2). A novel sequential stopped-flow analysis showed that k-1, the rate constant for dissociation of EI1, was comparable to k2, the rate constant for conversion of EI1 to EI2 (0.049 and 0.035 s-1, respectively) indicating that formation of the initial complex EI1 is partially rate controlling. Replacement of the N-terminal methylamino group in L-370,518 with a hydrogen (L-372,051) resulted in a 44-fold loss in potency (Ki = 4 nM) largely due to an increase in k-1. Consequently in the reaction of L-372,051 with thrombin formation of EI1 was not rate controlling. Replacement of the P1' N-methylcarboxamide group of L-370,518 with an azetidylcarboxamido (L-372,228) produced a 58-fold increase in the value of the equilibrium constant (K-1) for dissociation of EI1. Nevertheless, L-372,228 was a 2-fold more potent thrombin inhibitor (Ki = 40 pM) than L-370,518 due to its 16-fold higher k2 and 10-fold lower k-2 values. The desketoamide analogs of L-370,518 and L-372,051, namely L-371,912 and L-372,011, inhibited thrombin via a one-step process. The Ki value for L-371,912 and the K-1 value for its alpha-ketoamide analog, L-370,518, were similar (5 and 14 nM, respectively). Likewise, the Ki value for L-372,011 and the K-1 value for its alpha-ketoamide analog, L-372,051, were similar (330 and 285 nM, respectively). These observations are consistent with the view that the alpha-ketoamides L-370,518 and L-372,051 form initial complexes with thrombin that are similar to the complexes formed by their desketoamide analogs, and in a second step the alpha-ketoamides react with the active site serine residue of thrombin to form a more stable hemiketal adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Lewis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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Lai MT, Di Cera E, Shafer JA. Kinetic pathway for the slow to fast transition of thrombin. Evidence of linked ligand binding at structurally distinct domains. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:30275-82. [PMID: 9374513 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.48.30275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetic pathway for the Na+-induced slow --> fast transition of thrombin was characterized. The slow form was shown to consist of two conformers in a 3:1 ratio (ES2:ES1) at 5 degrees C, pH 7.4, Gamma/2 0.3. ES2 binds Na+ 3 orders of magnitude faster than does ES1. The small molecule active site-directed inhibitor L-371,912, and the exosite I binding ligand hirugen, like Na+, bind selectively to ES2 and induce the slow --> fast conversion of thrombin. The slow --> fast transition is limited by the rate of conversion of ES1 to ES2 (k approximately 28 s-1 at 5 degrees C). Replacement of Arg-221a or Lys-224 at the Na+ binding site with Ala appears to selectively alter the slow form and reduce the apparent affinity of the mutants for Na+ and L-371,912. This replacement, however, has little effect on the affinity for the inhibitor in the presence of saturating concentrations of Na+. The kinetically linked ligand binding at the Na+ binding site, exosite I, and the active site of thrombin characterized in the present study indicates the basis for the plasticity of this important enzyme, and suggests the possibility that the substrate specificity and, therefore, the procoagulant and anticoagulant activities of thrombin may be subject to allosteric regulation by as yet unidentified physiologically important effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Lai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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Chapter 6. Thrombin and Factor Xa Inhibition. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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