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McKnight DT, Huerlimann R, Bower DS, Schwarzkopf L, Alford RA, Zenger KR. The interplay of fungal and bacterial microbiomes on rainforest frogs following a disease outbreak. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Donald T. McKnight
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Roger Huerlimann
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
- Marine Climate Change Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Onnason Okinawa Japan
| | - Deborah S. Bower
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
- School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England Armidale New South Wales Australia
| | - Lin Schwarzkopf
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Ross A. Alford
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Kyall R. Zenger
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
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Rowley JJL, Callaghan CT. The FrogID dataset: expert-validated occurrence records of Australia's frogs collected by citizen scientists. Zookeys 2020; 912:139-151. [PMID: 32123502 PMCID: PMC7040047 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.912.38253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This dataset represents expert-validated occurrence records of calling frogs across Australia collected via the national citizen science project FrogID (http://www.frogid.net.au). FrogID relies on participants recording calling frogs using smartphone technology, after which point the frogs are identified by expert validators, resulting in a database of georeferenced frog species records. This dataset represents one full year of the project (10 November 2017-9 November 2018), including 54,864 records of 172 species, 71% of the known frog species in Australia. This is the first instalment of the dataset, and we anticipate providing updated datasets on an annual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi J L Rowley
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia Australian Museum Research Institute Sydney Australia.,Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
| | - Corey T Callaghan
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
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Ferro JM, Cardozo DE, Suárez P, Boeris JM, Blasco-Zúñiga A, Barbero G, Gomes A, Gazoni T, Costa W, Nagamachi CY, Rivera M, Parise-Maltempi PP, Wiley JE, Pieczarka JC, Haddad CFB, Faivovich J, Baldo D. Chromosome evolution in Cophomantini (Amphibia, Anura, Hylinae). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192861. [PMID: 29444174 PMCID: PMC5812657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hylid tribe Cophomantini is a diverse clade of Neotropical treefrogs composed of the genera Aplastodiscus, Boana, Bokermannohyla, Hyloscirtus, and Myersiohyla. The phylogenetic relationships of Cophomantini have been comprehensively reviewed in the literature, providing a suitable framework for the study of chromosome evolution. Employing different banding techniques, we studied the chromosomes of 25 species of Boana and 3 of Hyloscirtus; thus providing, for the first time, data for Hyloscirtus and for 15 species of Boana. Most species showed karyotypes with 2n = 2x = 24 chromosomes; some species of the B. albopunctata group have 2n = 2x = 22, and H. alytolylax has 2n = 2x = 20. Karyotypes are all bi-armed in most species presented, with the exception of H. larinopygion (FN = 46) and H. alytolylax (FN = 38), with karyotypes that have a single pair of small telocentric chromosomes. In most species of Boana, NORs are observed in a single pair of chromosomes, mostly in the small chromosomes, although in some species of the B. albopunctata, B. pulchella, and B. semilineata groups, this marker occurs on the larger pairs 8, 1, and 7, respectively. In Hyloscirtus, NOR position differs in the three studied species: H. alytolylax (4p), H. palmeri (4q), and H. larinopygion (1p). Heterochromatin is a variable marker that could provide valuable evidence, but it would be necesserary to understand the molecular composition of the C-bands that are observed in different species in order to test its putative homology. In H. alytolylax, a centromeric DAPI+ band was observed on one homologue of chromosome pair 2. The band was present in males but absent in females, providing evidence for an XX/XY sex determining system in this species. We review and discuss the importance of the different chromosome markers (NOR position, C-bands, and DAPI/CMA3 patterns) for their impact on the taxonomy and karyotype evolution in Cophomantini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Ferro
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Dario E. Cardozo
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Pablo Suárez
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Juan M. Boeris
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Ailin Blasco-Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citogenética y Biomoléculas de Anfibios (LICBA), Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gastón Barbero
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico, Universidad Maimónides, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anderson Gomes
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Abaetetuba, Pará, Brazil
| | - Thiago Gazoni
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus de Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - William Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP – Univ. Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
| | - Cleusa Y. Nagamachi
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Miryan Rivera
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citogenética y Biomoléculas de Anfibios (LICBA), Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricia P. Parise-Maltempi
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus de Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - John E. Wiley
- The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Julio C. Pieczarka
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Celio F. B. Haddad
- Departamento de Zoologia e Centro de Aquicultura, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus de Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Julián Faivovich
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”—CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Baldo
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
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Rowley JJL, Alford RA. Hot bodies protect amphibians against chytrid infection in nature. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1515. [PMID: 23519020 PMCID: PMC3604863 DOI: 10.1038/srep01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental context strongly affects many host-pathogen interactions, but the underlying causes of these effects at the individual level are usually poorly understood. The amphibian chytrid fungus has caused amphibian population declines and extinctions in many parts of the world. Many amphibian species that have declined or have been extirpated by the pathogen in some environments coexist with it in others. Here we show that in three species of rainforest frogs in nature, individuals' probability of infection by the amphibian chytrid fungus was strongly related to their thermal history. Individuals' probability of infection declined rapidly as they spent more time above the pathogen's upper optimum temperature. This relationship can explain population-level patterns of prevalence in nature, and suggests that natural or artificial selection for higher thermal preferences could reduce susceptibility to this pathogen. Similar individual-level insights could improve our understanding of environmental context-dependence in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi J L Rowley
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology and Amphibian Disease Ecology Group, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
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Kindermann C, Narayan EJ, Wild F, Wild CH, Hero JM. The effect of stress and stress hormones on dynamic colour-change in a sexually dichromatic Australian frog. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 165:223-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Adult and Juvenile Sex Identification in Threatened MonomorphicGeocriniaFrogs Using Fecal Steroid Analysis. J HERPETOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1670/11-290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bell RC, MacKenzie JB, Hickerson MJ, Chavarría KL, Cunningham M, Williams S, Moritz C. Comparative multi-locus phylogeography confirms multiple vicariance events in co-distributed rainforest frogs. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:991-9. [PMID: 21900325 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Though Pleistocene refugia are frequently cited as drivers of species diversification, comparisons of molecular divergence among sister species typically indicate a continuum of divergence times from the Late Miocene, rather than a clear pulse of speciation events at the Last Glacial Maximum. Community-scale inference methods that explicitly test for multiple vicariance events, and account for differences in ancestral effective population size and gene flow, are well suited for detecting heterogeneity of species' responses to past climate fluctuations. We apply this approach to multi-locus sequence data from five co-distributed frog species endemic to the Wet Tropics rainforests of northeast Australia. Our results demonstrate at least two episodes of vicariance owing to climate-driven forest contractions: one in the Early Pleistocene and the other considerably older. Understanding how repeated cycles of rainforest contraction and expansion differentially affected lineage divergence among co-distributed species provides a framework for identifying evolutionary processes that underlie population divergence and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayna C Bell
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Murphy M, Murphy S. A nine year survey of the vertebrate fauna of the Bruxner-Ulidarra conservation area in the New South Wales north coast bioregion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7882/az.2011.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mendez D, Freeman AB, Spratt DM, Speare R. Pathology of cutaneous trombidiosis caused by larval trombiculid mites in a wild Lesueur's tree frog (Litoria wilcoxii). Aust Vet J 2010; 88:328-30. [PMID: 20633173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous trombidiosis caused by larvae of trombiculid mites (Vercammenia gloriosa and V. zweifelorum) in the skin of a wild tree frog, Litoria wilcoxii, in northern Queensland, Australia manifested as small, domed vesicular lesions on the dorsal and lateral surfaces posterior to the eyes. The lesions contained small, orange trombiculid mites, with a surrounding minimal inflammatory reaction. The general health and behaviour of the frog appeared unaffected. Provisional diagnosis of cutaneous trombidiosis can be made from its distinctive clinical appearance and confirmed by biopsy with direct microscopic examination of mites. This case report represents a new host record.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mendez
- Amphibian Diseases Ecology Group, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
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Van Sluys M, Hero JM. How does chytrid infection vary among habitats? The case of Litoria wilcoxii (Anura, Hylidae) in SE Queensland, Australia. ECOHEALTH 2009; 6:576-583. [PMID: 20155300 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-010-0278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Most analyses dealing with the geographical distribution of the chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) have been performed on large geographical scales and data on more localized distribution of the chytrid within catchments are scarce. In this study, we compare the prevalence and intensity of infection of chytrid within and outside rainforest habitats at five independent catchments in southeast Queensland. In each catchment, we sampled adult Litoria wilcoxii along two transects on the same stream: one in forested areas, and the other in open nearby farmland. We analyzed swabs using quantitative PCR techniques. Male frogs were in higher densities in open habitats compared with the nearby forested areas. Infected male frogs were found in all catchments surveyed; however, prevalence of B. dendrobatidis in adult males was higher in the forested habitats than in the open habitats in four of the catchments. There was no significant difference in intensity of infection between forested and open habitats. For adult females and juveniles, sample sizes were not high enough for comparisons. Our results suggest that habitat influences chytrid prevalence and open areas may provide refuge from chytrid-induced population declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Van Sluys
- Department of Ecology, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Sao Francisco Xavier 524, Maracana, CEP 20550-013, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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VAN BUSKIRK J. Getting in shape: adaptation and phylogenetic inertia in morphology of Australian anuran larvae. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:1326-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Couper P, Hoskin C. Litho-refugia: the importance of rock landscapes for the long-term persistence of Australian rainforest fauna. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.7882/az.2008.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Phylogeography of the parasitic fly Batrachomyia in the Wet Tropics of north-east Australia, and susceptibility of host frog lineages in a mosaic contact zone. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Rowley JJL, Alford RA. Movement patterns and habitat use of rainforest stream frogs in northern Queensland, Australia: implications for extinction vulnerability. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/wr07014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Amphibians are one of the most highly threatened groups of animals, but their effective conservation is hampered by a paucity of basic ecological knowledge, particularly for tropical stream-breeding species, in which declines have been most common and severe. We examined the movement patterns and habitat use of three stream-breeding frog species at five sites in northern Queensland, Australia. Movement and habitat use differed significantly among species. Litoria lesueuri moved more frequently and greater distances than did our other study species, and was often located away from streams, moving between intact rainforest and highly disturbed environments. Litoria genimaculata moved less frequently and shorter distances and was more restricted to stream environments compared with L. lesueuri, but was often located in the canopy. L. genimaculata occasionally moved large distances along and between streams, but was never located outside of intact rainforest. Litoria nannotis moved almost as frequently as the other species, but remained in streams during the day, did not move large distances along or between streams, and was always located within intact rainforest. Because of its sedentary behaviour, narrow habitat tolerance and affinity for stream environments, L. nannotis may be more vulnerable to extinction in human-modified landscapes compared with L. lesueuri and L. genimaculata.
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Kriger KM, Hero JM. Large-scale seasonal variation in the prevalence and severity of chytridiomycosis. J Zool (1987) 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Pukala TL, Bertozzi T, Donnellan SC, Bowie JH, Surinya-Johnson KH, Liu Y, Jackway RJ, Doyle JR, Llewellyn LE, Tyler MJ. Host-defence peptide profiles of the skin secretions of interspecific hybrid tree frogs and their parents, female Litoria splendida and male Litoria caerulea. FEBS J 2006; 273:3511-9. [PMID: 16824041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Five healthy adult female first-generation hybrid tree frogs were produced by interspecific breeding of closely related tree frogs Litoria splendida and L. caerulea in a cage containing large numbers of males and females of both species. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences established the female parent to be L. splendida. The peptide profile of the hybrid frogs included the neuropeptide caerulein, four antibiotics of the caerin 1 family and several neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors of the caerin 1 and 2 classes of peptides. The skin secretions of the hybrids contained some peptides common to only one parent, some produced by both parental species, and four peptides expressed by the hybrids but not the parental species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Pukala
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Australia
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Blackwell GL, Bassett SM, Dickman CR. MEASUREMENT ERROR ASSOCIATED WITH EXTERNAL MEASUREMENTS COMMONLY USED IN SMALL-MAMMAL STUDIES. J Mammal 2006. [DOI: 10.1644/05-mamm-a-215r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Woodhams DC, Rollins-Smith LA, Carey C, Reinert L, Tyler MJ, Alford RA. Population trends associated with skin peptide defenses against chytridiomycosis in Australian frogs. Oecologia 2005; 146:531-40. [PMID: 16205955 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many species of amphibians in the wet tropics of Australia have experienced population declines linked with the emergence of a skin-invasive chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. An innate defense, antimicrobial peptides produced by granular glands in the skin, may protect some species from disease. Here we present evidence that supports this hypothesis. We tested ten synthesized peptides produced by Australian species, and natural peptide mixtures from five Queensland rainforest species. Natural mixtures and most peptides tested in isolation inhibited growth of B. dendrobatidis in vitro. The three most active peptides (caerin 1.9, maculatin 1.1, and caerin 1.1) were found in the secretions of non-declining species (Litoria chloris, L. caerulea, and L. genimaculata). Although the possession of a potent isolated antimicrobial peptide does not guarantee protection from infection, non-declining species (L. lesueuri and L. genimaculata) inhabiting the rainforest of Queensland possess mixtures of peptides that may be more protective than those of the species occurring in the same habitat that have recently experienced population declines associated with chytridiomycosis (L. nannotis, L. rheocola, and Nyctimystes dayi). This study demonstrates that in vitro effectiveness of skin peptides correlates with the degree of decline in the face of an emerging pathogen. Further research is needed to assess whether this non-specific immune defense may be useful in predicting disease susceptibility in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Woodhams
- School of Tropical Biology, James Cook University, 4811, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
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FAIVOVICH JULIÁN, HADDAD CÉLIOF, GARCIA PAULOC, FROST DARRELR, CAMPBELL JONATHANA, WHEELER WARDC. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE FROG FAMILY HYLIDAE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HYLINAE: PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS AND TAXONOMIC REVISION. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2005. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2005)294[0001:srotff]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Retallick RWR, McCallum H, Speare R. Endemic infection of the amphibian chytrid fungus in a frog community post-decline. PLoS Biol 2004; 2:e351. [PMID: 15502873 PMCID: PMC521176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been implicated in the decline and extinction of numerous frog species worldwide. In Queensland, Australia, it has been proposed as the cause of the decline or apparent extinction of at least 14 high-elevation rainforest frog species. One of these, Taudactylus eungellensis, disappeared from rainforest streams in Eungella National Park in 1985-1986, but a few remnant populations were subsequently discovered. Here, we report the analysis of B. dendrobatidis infections in toe tips of T. eungellensis and sympatric species collected in a mark-recapture study between 1994 and 1998. This longitudinal study of the fungus in individually marked frogs sheds new light on the effect of this threatening infectious process in field, as distinct from laboratory, conditions. We found a seasonal peak of infection in the cooler months, with no evidence of interannual variation. The overall prevalence of infection was 18% in T. eungellensis and 28% in Litoria wilcoxii/jungguy, a sympatric frog that appeared not to decline in 1985-1986. No infection was found in any of the other sympatric species. Most importantly, we found no consistent evidence of lower survival in T. eungellensis that were infected at the time of first capture, compared with uninfected individuals. These results refute the hypothesis that remnant populations of T. eungellensis recovered after a B. dendrobatidis epidemic because the pathogen had disappeared. They show that populations of T. eungellensis now persist with stable, endemic infections of B. dendrobatidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. R Retallick
- 1School of Tropical Biology, James Cook UniversityTownsville, QueenslandAustralia
- 2Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QueenslandAustralia
- 3School of Life Sciences—Biology, Arizona State UniversityTempe, ArizonaUnited States of America
| | - Hamish McCallum
- 2Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QueenslandAustralia
| | - Rick Speare
- 4Amphibian Diseases Group, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook UniversityTownsville, QueenslandAustralia
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