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Hossain MM, King P, Hackett J, Gerard HC, Niwinski R, Wu L, Van Kaer L, Dyson G, Gibson H, Borowsky AD, Sebzda E. Peripheral-derived regulatory T cells contribute to tumor-mediated immune suppression in a nonredundant manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404916121. [PMID: 39207730 PMCID: PMC11388331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404916121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying tumor-mediated mechanisms that impair immunity is instrumental for the design of new cancer therapies. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a key component of cancer-derived immune suppression; however, these lymphocytes are necessary to prevent systemic autoimmunity in mice and humans, and thus, direct targeting of Tregs is not a clinical option for cancer patients. We have previously demonstrated that excising transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 2 (Klf2) within the T cell lineage blocks the generation of peripheral-derived Tregs (pTregs) without impairing production of thymic-derived Tregs. Using this mouse model, we have now demonstrated that eliminating pTregs is sufficient to delay/prevent tumor malignancy without causing autoimmunity. Cancer-bearing mice that expressed KLF2 converted tumor-specific CD4+ T cells into pTregs, which accumulated in secondary lymphoid organs and impaired further T cell effector activity. In contrast, pTreg-deficient mice retained cancer-specific immunity, including improved T cell infiltration into "cold" tumors, reduced T cell exhaustion in tumor beds, restricted generation of tumor-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and the continued production of circulating effector T cells that arose in a cancer-dependent manner. Results indicate that tumor-specific pTregs are critical for early stages of cancer progression and blocking the generation of these inhibitory lymphocytes safely delays/prevents malignancy in preclinical models of melanoma and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Moazzem Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Paul King
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Justin Hackett
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Herve C Gerard
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Rajmund Niwinski
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Gregory Dyson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
- Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Heather Gibson
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
- Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Eric Sebzda
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI 48201
- Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201
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2
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Cai B, Thomas R. Dendritic cells and antigen-specific immunotherapy in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2024; 38:101940. [PMID: 38485600 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2024.101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells and trigger downstream immune responses to antigen while integrating cellular pathogen and damage-associated molecular pattern (PAMP and DAMP) or immunomodulatory signals. In healthy individuals, resting and tolerogenic DCs draining skin and intestine facilitate expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg) to maintain peripheral antigen-specific immune tolerance. In patients with rheumatic diseases, however, DCs activated by PAMPs and DAMPs expand self-reactive effector T cells, including follicular helper T cells that promote the expansion of activated autoreactive B cells, chronic inflammation and end-organ damage. With the development of cellular and nanoparticle (NP)-based self-antigen-specific immunotherapies we here consider the new opportunities and the challenges for restoring immunoregulation in the treatment and prevention of autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic conditions through DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cai
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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3
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Song D, Ding Y. A new target of radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy: regulatory T cells. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1330099. [PMID: 38259489 PMCID: PMC10800811 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1330099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one important treatment for malignant tumours. It is widely believed today that radiotherapy has not only been used as a local tumour treatment method, but also can induce systemic anti-tumour responses by influencing the tumour microenvironment, but its efficacy is limited by the tumour immunosuppression microenvironment. With the advancement of technology, immunotherapy has entered a golden age of rapid development, gradually occupying a place in clinical tumour treatment. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) widely distributing in the tumour microenvironment play an important role in mediating tumour development. This article analyzes immunotherapy, the interaction between Tregs, tumours and radiotherapy. It briefly introduces immunotherapies targeting Tregs, aiming to provide new strategies for radiotherapy combined with Immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yun Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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4
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Kawakami R, Sakaguchi S. Regulatory T Cells for Control of Autoimmunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1444:67-82. [PMID: 38467973 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-9781-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells, which specifically express the master transcription factor FoxP3, are indispensable for the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis. Their functional or numerical anomalies can be causative of autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases. Recent advances in the research of the cellular and molecular basis of how Treg cells develop, exert suppression, and maintain their function have enabled devising various ways for controlling physiological and pathological immune responses by targeting Treg cells. It is now envisaged that Treg cells as a "living drug" are able to achieve antigen-specific immune suppression of various immune responses and reestablish immunological self-tolerance in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Kawakami
- Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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5
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Mikami N, Sakaguchi S. Regulatory T cells in autoimmune kidney diseases and transplantation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:544-557. [PMID: 37400628 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00733-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells that express the transcription factor forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) are naturally present in the immune system and have roles in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and immune system and tissue homeostasis. Treg cells suppress T cell activation, expansion and effector functions by various mechanisms, particularly by controlling the functions of antigen-presenting cells. They can also contribute to tissue repair by suppressing inflammation and facilitating tissue regeneration, for example, via the production of growth factors and the promotion of stem cell differentiation and proliferation. Monogenic anomalies of Treg cells and genetic variations of Treg cell functional molecules can cause or predispose patients to the development of autoimmune diseases and other inflammatory disorders, including kidney diseases. Treg cells can potentially be utilized or targeted to treat immunological diseases and establish transplantation tolerance, for example, by expanding natural Treg cells in vivo using IL-2 or small molecules or by expanding them in vitro for adoptive Treg cell therapy. Efforts are also being made to convert antigen-specific conventional T cells into Treg cells and to generate chimeric antigen receptor Treg cells from natural Treg cells for adoptive Treg cell therapies with the aim of achieving antigen-specific immune suppression and tolerance in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Mikami
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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6
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Wing JB, Sakaguchi S. Regulatory Immune Cells. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-8165-1.00013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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7
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Waters E, Williams C, Kennedy A, Sansom DM. In Vitro Analysis of CTLA-4-Mediated Transendocytosis by Regulatory T Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2559:171-187. [PMID: 36180633 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2647-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) constitutively express the inhibitory receptor CTLA-4, which is fundamental to their role in immune suppression. Mechanistically, CTLA-4 on Tregs can attenuate T cell activation by physically removing and internalizing costimulatory ligands CD80 and CD86 from the surface of antigen-presenting cells by transendocytosis. Therefore, the process of transendocytosis can be harnessed as a tool to study the molecular basis of CTLA-4 biology and a key aspect of Treg suppressive function. In this chapter, we describe a method of human Treg isolation and expansion resulting in high CTLA-4 expression. We then detail a transendocytosis assay using artificial antigen-presenting cells (DG-75 B Cell lines) expressing fluorescently tagged ligands mixed with the expanded Tregs. This methodology can be applied to testing of patients carrying CTLA-4 mutations, providing a robust model to assess the degree of functional disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Waters
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Pears Building, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Cayman Williams
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Pears Building, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Alan Kennedy
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Pears Building, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - David M Sansom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Pears Building, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.
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8
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Orozco G, Gupta M, Gedaly R, Marti F. Untangling the Knots of Regulatory T Cell Therapy in Solid Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883855. [PMID: 35720387 PMCID: PMC9198594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous preclinical studies have provided solid evidence supporting adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to induce organ tolerance. As a result, there are 7 currently active Treg cell-based clinical trials in solid organ transplantation worldwide, all of which are early phase I or phase I/II trials. Although the results of these trials are optimistic and support both safety and feasibility, many experimental and clinical unanswered questions are slowing the progression of this new therapeutic alternative. In this review, we bring to the forefront the major challenges that Treg cell transplant investigators are currently facing, including the phenotypic and functional diversity of Treg cells, lineage stability, non-standardized ex vivo Treg cell manufacturing process, adequacy of administration route, inability of monitoring and tracking infused cells, and lack of biomarkers or validated surrogate endpoints of efficacy in clinical trials. With this plethora of interrogation marks, we are at a challenging and exciting crossroad where properly addressing these questions will determine the successful implementation of Treg cell-based immunotherapy in clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Orozco
- Department of Surgery - Transplant Division, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Meera Gupta
- Department of Surgery - Transplant Division, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Alliance Research Initiative [Treg cells to Induce Liver Tolerance (TILT) Alliance], University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Roberto Gedaly
- Department of Surgery - Transplant Division, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Alliance Research Initiative [Treg cells to Induce Liver Tolerance (TILT) Alliance], University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States.,Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Francesc Marti
- Department of Surgery - Transplant Division, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Alliance Research Initiative [Treg cells to Induce Liver Tolerance (TILT) Alliance], University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States.,Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
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9
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Munemura R, Maehara T, Murakami Y, Koga R, Aoyagi R, Kaneko N, Doi A, Perugino CA, Della-Torre E, Saeki T, Sato Y, Yamamoto H, Kiyoshima T, Stone JH, Pillai S, Nakamura S. Distinct disease-specific Tfh cell populations in two different fibrotic diseases: IgG4-related disease and Kimura's disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:440-455.e17. [PMID: 35568079 PMCID: PMC10369367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND How T follicular (Tfh) cells contribute to many different B-cell class-switching events during T cell-dependent immune responses has been unclear. Diseases with polarized isotype switching offer a unique opportunity for the exploration of Tfh subsets. Secondary and tertiary lymphoid organs (SLOs and TLOs) in patients with elevated tissue expression levels of IgE (Kimura's disease, KD) and those of IgG4 (IgG4-related disease, IgG4-RD) can provide important insights regarding cytokine expression by Tfh cells. OBJECTIVE To identify disease-specific Tfh cell subsets in SLOs and TLOs expressing IL-10 or IL-13 and thus identify different cellular drivers of class switching in two distinct types of fibrotic disorders: allergic fibrosis (driven by type 2 immune cells) and inflammatory fibrosis (driven by cytotoxic T lymphocytes). METHODS Single-cell RNA-sequencing, in situ sequencing, and multi-color immunofluorescence analysis was used to investigate B cells, Tfh cells and infiltrating type 2 cells in lesion tissues from patients with KD or IgG4-RD. RESULTS Infiltrating Tfh cells in TLOs from IgG4-RD were divided into six main clusters. We encountered abundant infiltrating IL-10-expressing LAG3+ Tfh cells in patients with IgG4-RD. Furthermore, we found that infiltrating AID+CD19+B cells expressing IL-4, IL-10, and IL-21 receptors correlated with IgG4 expression. In contrast, we found that infiltrating IL-13-expressing Tfh cells were abundant in affected tissues from patients with KD. Moreover, we observed few infiltrating IL-13-expressing Tfh cells in tissues from patients with IgG4-RD, despite high serum levels of IgE (but low IgE in the disease lesions). Cytotoxic T cells were abundant in IgG4-RD, and in contrast Type 2 immune cells were abundant in KD. CONCLUSIONS This single-cell dataset revealed a novel subset of IL10+LAG3+Tfh cells infiltrating the affected organs of IgG4-RD patients. In contrast, IL13+Tfh cells and type 2 immune cells infiltrated those of KD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Munemura
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Maehara
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Dento-craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yuka Murakami
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Risako Koga
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Aoyagi
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Kaneko
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Cory A Perugino
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Emanuel Della-Torre
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy, and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Takako Saeki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Sato
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yamamoto
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kiyoshima
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - John H Stone
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Shiv Pillai
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Seiji Nakamura
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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10
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Development and validation of a reporter gene assay to determine the bioactivity of anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108277. [PMID: 34773758 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CTLA-4 is an important immune checkpoint for the regulation of T cell activation, and anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being developed as mono- or combination therapy for various tumors with reliable clinical efficacy. Ipilimumab is the first approved inhibitor of immune checkpoint, and many other anti-CTLA-4 mAbs, including ipilimumab biosimilars, are in different stages of clinical trials. However, due to the immunomodulating nature of the mAbs targeting CTLA-4, mode of action (MoA) and cell-based bioassay to determine their bioactivities as the lot release or stability test has been a great challenge to quality control laboratories. In this study, we have developed and validated a reporter gene assay (RGA), in which two kinds of cell lines were engineered to measure the bioactivity of anti-CTLA-4 mAbs. Raji cells were stably transfected with the membrane-anchored anti-CD3 single chain antibody fragment (scFv) as antigen-presenting cells (APCs, Raji-CD3scFv cells), while Jurkat cells were stably transfected with CTLA-4 with Y201V mutation and NFAT controlled luciferase as the effector cells (Jurkat-CTLA-4-NFAT-luc cells). The ligation of CD80/CD86 on the APCs with CTLA-4 could reduce the luciferase expression accompanied with the activation of effector cells, while the anti-CTLA-4 mAb could reverse the reduction, which resulted in good dose response curve to determine its bioactivity. After optimizing various assay conditions, we performed full validation according to ICH-Q2 (R1), which demonstrated the excellent specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, and the cell passage stability. The satisfied performance characteristics render the RGA a good bioassay in the bioactivity determination of anti-CTLA-4 mAbs, as applied in characterization, batch release control, stability study, and biosimilar assessment.
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11
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Treg-expressed CTLA-4 depletes CD80/CD86 by trogocytosis, releasing free PD-L1 on antigen-presenting cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2023739118. [PMID: 34301886 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023739118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3-expressing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) constitutively and highly express the immune checkpoint receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), whose Treg-specific deficiency causes severe systemic autoimmunity. As a key mechanism of Treg-mediated suppression, Treg-expressed CTLA-4 down-regulates the expression of CD80/CD86 costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Here, we show that Treg-expressed CTLA-4 facilitated Treg-APC conjugation and immune synapse formation. The immune synapses thus formed provided a stable platform whereby Tregs were able to deplete CD80/CD86 molecules on APCs by extracting them via CTLA-4-dependent trogocytosis. The depletion occurred even with Tregs solely expressing a mutant CTLA-4 form lacking the cytoplasmic portion required for its endocytosis. The CTLA-4-dependent trogocytosis of CD80/CD86 also accelerated in vitro and in vivo passive transfer of other membrane proteins and lipid molecules from APCs to Tregs without their significant reduction on the APC surface. Furthermore, CD80 down-regulation or blockade by Treg-expressed membrane CTLA-4 or soluble CTLA-4-immunoglobulin (CTLA-4-Ig), respectively, disrupted cis-CD80/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) heterodimers and increased free PD-L1 on dendritic cells (DCs), expanding a phenotypically distinct population of CD80lo free PD-L1hi DCs. Thus, Tregs are able to inhibit the T cell stimulatory activity of APCs by reducing their CD80/CD86 expression via CTLA-4-dependent trogocytosis. This CD80/CD86 reduction on APCs is able to exert dual suppressive effects on T cell immune responses by limiting CD80/CD86 costimulation to naïve T cells and by increasing free PD-L1 available for the inhibition of programmed death-1 (PD-1)-expressing effector T cells. Blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 in combination may therefore synergistically hinder Treg-mediated immune suppression, thereby effectively enhancing immune responses, including tumor immunity.
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12
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Cook L, Reid KT, Häkkinen E, de Bie B, Tanaka S, Smyth DJ, White MP, Wong MQ, Huang Q, Gillies JK, Ziegler SF, Maizels RM, Levings MK. Induction of stable human FOXP3 + Tregs by a parasite-derived TGF-β mimic. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:833-847. [PMID: 33929751 PMCID: PMC8453874 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune homeostasis in the intestine is tightly controlled by FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), defects of which are linked to the development of chronic conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). As a mechanism of immune evasion, several species of intestinal parasites boost Treg activity. The parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus is known to secrete a molecule (Hp-TGM) that mimics the ability of TGF-β to induce FOXP3 expression in CD4+ T cells. The study aimed to investigate whether Hp-TGM could induce human FOXP3+ Tregs as a potential therapeutic approach for inflammatory diseases. CD4+ T cells from healthy volunteers were expanded in the presence of Hp-TGM or TGF-β. Treg induction was measured by flow cytometric detection of FOXP3 and other Treg markers, such as CD25 and CTLA-4. Epigenetic changes were detected using ChIP-Seq and pyrosequencing of FOXP3. Treg phenotype stability was assessed following inflammatory cytokine challenge and Treg function was evaluated by cellular co-culture suppression assays and cytometric bead arrays for secreted cytokines. Hp-TGM efficiently induced FOXP3 expression (> 60%), in addition to CD25 and CTLA-4, and caused epigenetic modification of the FOXP3 locus to a greater extent than TGF-β. Hp-TGM-induced Tregs had superior suppressive function compared with TGF-β-induced Tregs, and retained their phenotype following exposure to inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, Hp-TGM induced a Treg-like phenotype in in vivo differentiated Th1 and Th17 cells, indicating its potential to re-program memory cells to enhance immune tolerance. These data indicate Hp-TGM has potential to be used to generate stable human FOXP3+ Tregs to treat IBD and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cook
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kyle T Reid
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elmeri Häkkinen
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brett de Bie
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danielle J Smyth
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Madeleine Pj White
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - May Q Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Qing Huang
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jana K Gillies
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Megan K Levings
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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13
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Selck C, Dominguez-Villar M. Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cell Therapy in Autoimmune Diseases and Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661875. [PMID: 34054826 PMCID: PMC8160309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a heterogenous population of immunosuppressive T cells whose therapeutic potential for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and graft rejection is currently being explored. While clinical trial results thus far support the safety and efficacy of adoptive therapies using polyclonal Treg cells, some studies suggest that antigen-specific Treg cells are more potent in regulating and improving immune tolerance in a disease-specific manner. Hence, several approaches to generate and/or expand antigen-specific Treg cells in vitro or in vivo are currently under investigation. However, antigen-specific Treg cell therapies face additional challenges that require further consideration, including the identification of disease-relevant antigens as well as the in vivo stability and migratory behavior of Treg cells following transfer. In this review, we discuss these approaches and the potential limitations and describe prospective strategies to enhance the efficacy of antigen-specific Treg cell treatments in autoimmunity and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Selck
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Zhang W, Tao WW, Zhou J, Wu CY, Long F, Shen H, Zhu H, Mao Q, Xu J, Li SL, Wu QN. Structural analogues in herbal medicine ginseng hit a shared target to achieve cumulative bioactivity. Commun Biol 2021; 4:549. [PMID: 33972672 PMCID: PMC8110997 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By a pilot trial on investigating immunomodulatory activity and target of ginsenosides, the major bioactive components of ginseng, here we report that structural analogues in herbal medicines hit a shared target to achieve cumulative bioactivity. A ginsenoside analogues combination with definite immunomodulatory activity in vivo was designed by integrating pharmacodynamics, serum pharmacochemistry and pharmacokinetics approaches. The cumulative bioactivity of the ginsenoside analogues was validated on LPS/ATP-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. The potentially shared target NLRP3 involved in this immunomodulatory activity was predicted by systems pharmacology. The steady binding affinity between each ginsenoside and NLRP3 was defined by molecular docking and bio-layer interferometry assay. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes in LPS/ATP-induced RAW264.7 was significantly suppressed by the combination, but not by any individual, and the overexpression of NLRP3 counteracted the immunomodulatory activity of the combination. All these results demonstrate that the ginsenoside analogues jointly hit NLRP3 to achieve cumulative immunomodulatory activity. Zhang et al. design ginsenoside structural analogues and demonstrate that their combination shows more potent immunomodulatory activities than individual ginsenosides used alone at the same dosages. They predict that these analogues act on the joint target NLRP3 and consequently suggest that structural analogues hit a shared target to achieve cumulative bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Wei Tao
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Ying Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Long
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, People's Republic of China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi-Nan Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Inoue M, Yamashita K, Tsuji Y, Miki M, Amano S, Okumura T, Kuge K, Tone T, Enomoto S, Yoshimine C, Morita Y, Ando D, Kamada H, Mikami N, Tsutsumi Y, Tsunoda SI. Characterization of a TNFR2-Selective Agonistic TNF-α Mutant and Its Derivatives as an Optimal Regulatory T Cell Expander. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1740-1751. [PMID: 33782090 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subpopulation of lymphocytes that play a role in suppressing and regulating immune responses. Recently, it was suggested that controlling the functions and activities of Tregs might be applicable to the treatment of human diseases such as autoimmune diseases, organ transplant rejection, and graft-versus-host disease. TNF receptor type 2 (TNFR2) is a target molecule that modulates Treg functions. In this study, we investigated the role of TNFR2 signaling in the differentiation and activation of mouse Tregs. We previously reported the generation of a TNFR2-selective agonist TNF mutant, termed R2agoTNF, by using our unique cytokine modification method based on phage display. R2agoTNF activates cell signaling via mouse TNFR2. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of R2agoTNF for the proliferation and activation of Tregs in mice. R2agoTNF expanded and activated mouse CD4+CD25+ Tregs ex vivo. The structural optimization of R2agoTNF by internal cross-linking or IgG-Fc fusion selectively and effectively enhanced Treg expansion in vivo. Furthermore, the IgG-Fc fusion protein suppressed skin-contact hypersensitivity reactions in mice. TNFR2 agonists are expected to be new Treg expanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Inoue
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan.,Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kanako Yamashita
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuji
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Midori Miki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Shota Amano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Taichi Okumura
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Koki Kuge
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Takao Tone
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Shota Enomoto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Yoshimine
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Yuki Morita
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ando
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,National Institutes of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norihisa Mikami
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 65-0871, Japan; and
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tsunoda
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan; .,Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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16
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Adipose Tissue T Regulatory Cells: Implications for Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1278:125-139. [PMID: 33523447 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6407-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity dramatically increases the risk of numerous conditions, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and other components of the metabolic syndrome. Pro-inflammatory changes that occur in adipose tissue are critical to the pathogenesis of these obesity-induced complications. Adipose tissue is one of the body's largest endocrine organs, and the cells that comprise the adipose tissue immunoenvironment secrete multiple factors (including adipokines and cytokines) that impact systemic metabolism. In particular, immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) decline in obesity, partly in response to its complex interaction with adipocytes, and this decline contributes to disruption of the typical homeostasis observed in lean adipose tissue. Although the regulation of Treg differentiation, function, and enrichment is incompletely understood, factors including various cell-surface co-stimulatory molecules, certain lipid species, and cytokines such as PPARγ, adiponectin, and leptin are important mediators. It is also clear that there may be depot-specific differences in Tregs, rendering adipose tissue Tregs distinct from lymphoid or circulating Tregs, with implications on maintenance and functionality. While most of these findings are derived from studies in murine models, comparatively little is known about the human adipose tissue Treg signature, which requires further investigation.
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17
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Marx A, Yamada Y, Simon-Keller K, Schalke B, Willcox N, Ströbel P, Weis CA. Thymus and autoimmunity. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:45-64. [PMID: 33537838 PMCID: PMC7925479 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00842-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The thymus prevents autoimmune diseases through mechanisms that operate in the cortex and medulla, comprising positive and negative selection and the generation of regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Egress from the thymus through the perivascular space (PVS) to the blood is another possible checkpoint, as shown by some autoimmune/immunodeficiency syndromes. In polygenic autoimmune diseases, subtle thymic dysfunctions may compound genetic, hormonal and environmental cues. Here, we cover (a) tolerance-inducing cell types, whether thymic epithelial or tuft cells, or dendritic, B- or thymic myoid cells; (b) tolerance-inducing mechanisms and their failure in relation to thymic anatomic compartments, and with special emphasis on human monogenic and polygenic autoimmune diseases and the related thymic pathologies, if known; (c) polymorphisms and mutations of tolerance-related genes with an impact on positive selection (e.g. the gene encoding the thymoproteasome-specific subunit, PSMB11), promiscuous gene expression (e.g. AIRE, PRKDC, FEZF2, CHD4), Treg development (e.g. SATB1, FOXP3), T-cell migration (e.g. TAGAP) and egress from the thymus (e.g. MTS1, CORO1A); (d) myasthenia gravis as the prototypic outcome of an inflamed or disordered neoplastic ‘sick thymus’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Katja Simon-Keller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Berthold Schalke
- Department of Neurology, Bezirkskrankenhaus, University of Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nick Willcox
- Neurosciences Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttigen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cleo-Aron Weis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
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18
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Zhao Y, Zhang X, Du N, Sun H, Chen L, Bao H, Zhao Q, Qu Q, Ma D, Kwak-Kim J, Wang WJ. Immune checkpoint molecules on T cell subsets of pregnancies with preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus. J Reprod Immunol 2020; 142:103208. [PMID: 33002799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint molecules may play a crucial role in safeguarding pregnancy by regulating immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface. In this study, we aim to investigate the expression of PD-1, GITR, HLA-G, and CTLA-4 on T cell subsets in peripheral blood (PB), retroplacental blood (RPB), and cord blood (CB) in normal pregnancy (NP), preeclampsia (PE) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). PB, RPB, and CB were collected immediately after delivery, and the expression of PD-1, GITR, HLA-G, and CTLA-4 on T cell subsets were measured by flow cytometric analysis. The proportions of Tregs in PB, RPB, and CB from NP were significantly higher than those of PE and GDM (P < 0.01, respectively). PD-1+ and GITR+ T cell subsets (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells, and Tregs) in PB, as well as PD-1+ T cell subsets in RPB from NP, were significantly higher than those of PE and GDM (P < 0.01, respectively). In NP, PE, and GDM, the proportion of PD-1+ Tregs was significantly decreased in CB as compared to those of PB and RPB (P < 0.05, respectively) and the proportion of GITR+ Tregs was significantly higher in PB as compared to those of CB and RPB (P < 0.01, respectively). The proportion of HLA-G+ Tregs in PB was significantly lower than those of CB and RPB (P < 0.01, respectively). In conclusion, decreased PD-1+ and GITR+ T cell subsets and decreased proportion of Tregs in PB and RPB may play a role in chronic inflammatory immune activation of effector T cells in PE and GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhao
- Reproduction Medical Center, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai, 264000, PR China; Qilu Medical University, 2018 Jiang Meng Road, Zibo, 255300, PR China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai, 264000, PR China
| | - Ning Du
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai, 264000, PR China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai, 264000, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai, 264000, PR China
| | - Hongchu Bao
- Reproduction Medical Center, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai, 264000, PR China
| | - Quan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai, 264000, PR China
| | - Qinglan Qu
- Reproduction Medical Center, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai, 264000, PR China
| | - Ding Ma
- Reproduction Medical Center, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai, 264000, PR China
| | - Joanne Kwak-Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai, 264000, PR China; Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Foundational Science and Humanities, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- Reproduction Medical Center, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai, 264000, PR China; Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Vernon Hills, IL, 60061, USA.
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19
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Mikami N, Kawakami R, Sakaguchi S. New Treg cell-based therapies of autoimmune diseases: towards antigen-specific immune suppression. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 67:36-41. [PMID: 32827951 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring FoxP3+CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells indispensable for the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis are instrumental in treating autoimmune and other immunological disorders. Stable function of natural Treg cells requires not only the expression of Foxp3 and other Treg signature genes such as CD25 and CTLA-4 but also the generation of Treg-specific epigenetic changes, especially Treg-specific DNA hypomethylation, at these gene loci. Recent studies have shown that the Treg-specific transcriptional and epigenetic changes can be induced in antigen-specific conventional T cells in vivo and in vitro, converting them to functionally stable Treg cells. Such natural or induced Treg cells bear the potential to achieve stable antigen-specific immune suppression and reestablish immunological self-tolerance in treating and preventing autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Mikami
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kawakami
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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20
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Xu T, Zhao J, Wang X, Meng Y, Zhao Z, Bao R, Deng X, Bian J, Yang T. CXCL4 promoted the production of CD4 +CD25 +FOXP3 +treg cells in mouse sepsis model through regulating STAT5/FOXP3 pathway. Autoimmunity 2020; 53:289-296. [PMID: 32538218 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2020.1777283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: CXCL4 plays an essential role in the regulation of multiple immune diseases. However, the underlying role of CXCL4 is still not clear in sepsis. Aim: In the present study, we aimed to investigate the function of CXCL4 in sepsis.Methods: Sepsis model was constructed on mouse. Flow cytometry was used to determine the ratio of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+Treg cells. ELISA assays were used to determine the levels of CXCL4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α respectively. Western blot was used to examine protein contents.Results: Our results suggested that the serum level of CXCL4 was upregulated in patients with sepsis and positively associated with the ratio of human CD4+CD25+FOXP3+Treg cells. To further examine the role of CXCL4 in sepsis, we constructed the mouse sepsis model. Our results indicated that the mouse antibody of CXCL4 treatment reduced the expression of urine creatinine and urea nitrogen in sepsis model. Moreover, the frequency of CD25+FOXP3+ mouse regulatory T cells (Tregs) cells was decreased in mouse CD4+ T cells in the presence of mouse CXCL4 antibody. Further, the mouse recombinant protein CXCL4 was used to culture normal mouse CD4+ T cells in vitro. Our finding indicated that the recombinant protein CXCL4 promoted the percentage of mouse CD25+FOXP3+Treg cells and enhanced the phosphorylation of STAT5 in mouse CD4+ T cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, these effects were significantly reversed by the STAT5 inhibitor (p < .001). Conclusion: our findings not only indicated the function and signalling pathway of CXCL4 in CD4+ T cells but also provided novel insight and target in sepsis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.,Intensive Care Unit, Shanghai Jiahui International Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yan Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rui Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jinjun Bian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
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21
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Mohr A, Trésallet C, Monot N, Bauvois A, Abiven D, Atif M, Claër L, Malhotra R, Mayer G, Balderas R, Vaarala O, Deniziaut G, Brocheriou I, Buffet C, Leenhardt L, Gorochov G, Miyara M. Tissue Infiltrating LTi-Like Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells and T Follicular Helper Cells in Graves' and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:601. [PMID: 32328068 PMCID: PMC7160246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD) are autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITDs). These conditions have been associated to abnormalities in circulating regulatory T cells (Tregs). We postulated that immune perturbations could be more pronounced at the thyroid tissue level. Methods: The phenotype of PBMCs and immune cells infiltrating thyroid tissue from 19 patients with HT, 21 patients with GD, and 30 controls has been analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: We report that blood and thyroid Treg cell subsets are similarly represented in all AITDs patients and controls. Increased Lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi)-like ILC3 and CXCR5+ PD-1hi CD4+ T follicular helper cells (Tfh) tissue-infiltrating cells, together with the prevalence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) and germinal centers (GCs) represented a typical immune signature in all HT and 60% of GD patients. In the remaining group of GD patients, the absence of the aforementioned abnormalities was associated with a higher prevalence of ophthalmopathy. Conclusion: Tissue infiltrating Lymphoid Tissue inducer—like group 3 Innate Lymphoid cells and T follicular helper cells are increased in most thyroid autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Mohr
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-PARIS), Paris, France
| | - Christophe Trésallet
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Bariatrique et Endocrinienne, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France.,Université Paris Nord Seine St Denis Paris 13, Laboratoire d'imagerie Biomédicale (LIB) INSERM CNRS U678, CHU Pitié-Salpêtriẽre, Paris, France
| | - Natacha Monot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-PARIS), Paris, France
| | - Adeline Bauvois
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-PARIS), Paris, France
| | - Delphine Abiven
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-PARIS), AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Muhammad Atif
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-PARIS), Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Claër
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-PARIS), AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Rajneesh Malhotra
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Early RIA, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gaëll Mayer
- Clinical Development-Respiratory Inhalation and Oral Development, Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Outi Vaarala
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, Medimmune, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Gabrielle Deniziaut
- Sorbonne Université, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Brocheriou
- Sorbonne Université, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Camille Buffet
- Sorbonne Université, Unité Thyroïde Tumeurs Endocrines, AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Leenhardt
- Sorbonne Université, Unité Thyroïde Tumeurs Endocrines, AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-PARIS), AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Makoto Miyara
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-PARIS), AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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22
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Histone Deacetylation Inhibitors as Modulators of Regulatory T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072356. [PMID: 32235291 PMCID: PMC7177531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important mediators of immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis. Being cluster of differentiation 4+Forkhead box protein3+ (CD4+FOXP3+), these cells are a subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes and can originate from the thymus (tTregs) or from the periphery (pTregs). The malfunction of CD4+ Tregs is associated with autoimmune responses such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes (T1D), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and transplant rejection. Recent evidence supports an opposed role in sepsis. Therefore, maintaining functional Tregs is considered as a therapy regimen to prevent autoimmunity and allograft rejection, whereas blocking Treg differentiation might be favorable in sepsis patients. It has been shown that Tregs can be generated from conventional naïve T cells, called iTregs, due to their induced differentiation. Moreover, Tregs can be effectively expanded in vitro based on blood-derived tTregs. Taking into consideration that the suppressive role of Tregs has been mainly attributed to the expression and function of the transcription factor Foxp3, modulating its expression and binding to the promoter regions of target genes by altering the chromatin histone acetylation state may turn out beneficial. Hence, we discuss the role of histone deacetylation inhibitors as epigenetic modulators of Tregs in this review in detail.
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Sakaguchi S, Mikami N, Wing JB, Tanaka A, Ichiyama K, Ohkura N. Regulatory T Cells and Human Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2020; 38:541-566. [PMID: 32017635 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which specifically express the transcription factor FoxP3 in the nucleus and CD25 and CTLA-4 on the cell surface, are a functionally distinct T cell subpopulation actively engaged in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis. Recent studies have facilitated our understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of their generation, function, phenotypic and functional stability, and adaptability. It is under investigation in humans how functional or numerical Treg anomalies, whether genetically determined or environmentally induced, contribute to immunological diseases such as autoimmune diseases. Also being addressed is how Tregs can be targeted to control physiological and pathological immune responses, for example, by depleting them to enhance tumor immunity or by expanding them to treat immunological diseases. This review discusses our current understanding of Treg immunobiology in normal and disease states, with a perspective on the realization of Treg-targeting therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; .,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norihisa Mikami
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - James B Wing
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Kenji Ichiyama
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
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24
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Kunimasa K, Goto T. Immunosurveillance and Immunoediting of Lung Cancer: Current Perspectives and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E597. [PMID: 31963413 PMCID: PMC7014343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a dual role in tumor evolution-it can identify and control nascent tumor cells in a process called immunosurveillance and can promote tumor progression through immunosuppression via various mechanisms. Thus, bilateral host-protective and tumor-promoting actions of immunity are integrated as cancer immunoediting. In this decade, immune checkpoint inhibitors, specifically programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) pathway inhibitors, have changed the treatment paradigm of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These agents are approved for the treatment of patients with NSCLC and demonstrate impressive clinical activity and durable responses in some patients. However, for many NSCLC patients, the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors is limited. To optimize the full utility of the immune system for eradicating cancer, a broader understanding of cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting is essential. In this review, we discuss the fundamental knowledge of the phenomena and provide an overview of the next-generation immunotherapies in the pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kunimasa
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka 541-8567, Japan;
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Yamanashi 400-8506, Japan
| | - Taichiro Goto
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Disease Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Yamanashi 400-8506, Japan
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Van Coillie S, Wiernicki B, Xu J. Molecular and Cellular Functions of CTLA-4. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:7-32. [PMID: 32185705 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is an inhibitory receptor belonging to the CD28 immunoglobulin subfamily, expressed primarily by T-cells. Its ligands, CD80 and CD86, are typically found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and can either bind CD28 or CTLA-4, resulting in a costimulatory or a co-inhibitory response, respectively. Because of its dampening effect, CTLA-4 is a crucial regulator of T-cell homeostasis and self-tolerance. The mechanisms by which CTLA-4 exerts its inhibitory function can be categorized as either cell-intrinsic (affects the CTLA-4 expressing T-cell) or cell-extrinsic (affects secondary cells). Research from the last decade has shown that CTLA-4 mainly acts in a cell-extrinsic manner via its competition with CD28, CTLA-4-mediated trans-endocytosis of CD80 and CD86, and its direct tolerogenic effects on the interacting cell. Nonetheless, intrinsic CTLA-4 signaling has been implicated in T-cell motility and the regulation of CTLA-4 its subcellular localization amongst others. CTLA-4 is well recognized as a key immune checkpoint and has gained significant momentum as a therapeutic target in the field of autoimmunity and cancer. In this chapter, we describe the role of costimulation in immune response induction as well as the main mechanisms by which CTLA-4 can inhibit this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samya Van Coillie
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Zwijnaarde, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bartosz Wiernicki
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Zwijnaarde, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jie Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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26
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Yamaguchi T, Teraguchi S, Furusawa C, Machiyama H, Watanabe TM, Fujita H, Sakaguchi S, Yanagida T. Theoretical modeling reveals that regulatory T cells increase T-cell interaction with antigen-presenting cells for stable immune tolerance. Int Immunol 2019; 31:743-753. [PMID: 31131864 PMCID: PMC6794947 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system in tolerance maintains cell diversity without responding to self-antigens. Foxp3-expressing CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) inhibit T-cell activation through various molecular mechanisms. However, several key questions are still not resolved, including how Tregs control the immune response on the basis of their self-skewed T-cell receptor repertoire and how Tregs avoid impeding relevant immunity against pathogens. Here, we show that Tregs promote the proliferation of conventional T cells in the presence of excessive co-stimulation when murine T cells are stimulated in vitro with allogeneic antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Antigen-specific Tregs increase the number of cells interacting with dendritic cells (DCs) by increasing the number of viable DCs and the expression of adhesion molecules on DCs. Theoretical simulations and mathematical models representing the dynamics of T-APC interaction and T-cell numbers in a lymph node indicate that Tregs reduce the dissociation probability of T cells from APCs and increase the new association. These functions contribute to tolerance by enhancing the interaction of low-affinity T cells with APCs. Supporting the theoretical analyses, we found that reducing the T-cell numbers in mice increases the ratio of specific T cells among CD4+ T cells after immunization and effectively induces autoimmune diabetes in non obese diabetes mice. Thus, as a critical function, antigen-specific Tregs stabilize the immune state, irrespective of it being tolerant or responsive, by augmenting T-APC interaction. We propose a novel regulation model in which stable tolerance with large heterogeneous populations proceeds to a specific immune response through a transient state with few populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Basic Immunology Laboratory, Research Institute, Nozaki Tokushukai Hospital, Tanigawa, Daito, Osaka, Japan
- Single Molecule Imaging, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Teraguchi
- Systems Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikara Furusawa
- Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Universal Biology Institute, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Machiyama
- Single Molecule Imaging, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Hideaki Fujita
- Single Molecule Imaging, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshio Yanagida
- Single Molecule Imaging, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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27
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Wing JB, Tanaka A, Sakaguchi S. Human FOXP3 + Regulatory T Cell Heterogeneity and Function in Autoimmunity and Cancer. Immunity 2019; 50:302-316. [PMID: 30784578 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 have a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and prevention of autoimmunity. Recent advances in single cell analyses have revealed a range of Treg cell activation and differentiation states in different human pathologies. Here we review recent progress in the understanding of human Treg cell heterogeneity and function. We discuss these findings within the context of concepts in Treg cell development and function derived from preclinical models and insight from approaches targeting Treg cells in clinical settings. Distinguishing functional Treg cells from other T cells and understanding the context-dependent function(s) of different Treg subsets will be crucial to the development of strategies toward the selective therapeutic manipulation of Treg cells in autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Wing
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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28
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Czaja AJ. Immune inhibitory proteins and their pathogenic and therapeutic implications in autoimmunity and autoimmune hepatitis. Autoimmunity 2019; 52:144-160. [PMID: 31298041 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2019.1641200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Key inhibitory proteins can blunt immune responses to self-antigens, and deficiencies in this repertoire may promote autoimmunity. The goals of this review are to describe the key immune inhibitory proteins, indicate their possible impact on the development of autoimmune disease, especially autoimmune hepatitis, and encourage studies to clarify their pathogenic role and candidacy as therapeutic targets. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 impairs ligation of CD28 to B7 ligands on antigen presenting cells and inhibits the adaptive immune response by increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, generating regulatory T cells, and reducing T cell activation and proliferation. Programed cell death antigen-1 inhibits T cell selection, activation, and proliferation by binding with two ligands at different phases and locations of the immune response. A soluble alternatively spliced variant of this protein can dampen the inhibitory signal. Autoimmune hepatitis has been associated with polymorphisms of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 gene, reduced hepatic expression of a ligand of programed cell death antigen-1, an interfering soluble variant of this key inhibitory protein, and antibodies against it. Findings have been associated with laboratory indices of liver injury and suboptimal treatment response. Abatacept, belatacept, CD28 blockade, and induction of T cell exhaustion are management considerations that require scrutiny. In conclusion, deficiencies in key immune inhibitory proteins may promote the occurrence of autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune hepatitis, and emerging interventions may overcome these deficiencies. Investigations should define the nature, impact and management of these inhibitory disturbances in autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science , Rochester , MN , USA
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29
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Tanaka A, Sakaguchi S. Targeting Treg cells in cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1140-1146. [PMID: 31257581 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3-expressing regulatory T (Treg) cells, which are indispensable for preventing autoimmunity, also suppress effective tumor immunity. Treg cells abundantly infiltrate into tumor tissues, which is often associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. Removal of Treg cells enhances anti-tumor immune responses but may also elicit autoimmunity. A key issue in devising Treg-targeting cancer immunotherapy is, therefore, how to specifically deplete Treg cells infiltrating into tumor tissues without affecting tumor-reactive effector T cells, while suppressing autoimmunity. This can be achieved by differentially controlling Treg and effector T cells by various ways. In this review, we discuss how tumor-infiltrating Foxp3+ Treg cells hamper effective anti-tumor immune responses especially in tumor tissues and how they can be specifically targeted for augmenting tumor immunity but not autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Frontier Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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30
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Cañete PF, Sweet RA, Gonzalez-Figueroa P, Papa I, Ohkura N, Bolton H, Roco JA, Cuenca M, Bassett KJ, Sayin I, Barry E, Lopez A, Canaday DH, Meyer-Hermann M, Doglioni C, Fazekas de St Groth B, Sakaguchi S, Cook MC, Vinuesa CG. Regulatory roles of IL-10-producing human follicular T cells. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1843-1856. [PMID: 31209070 PMCID: PMC6683995 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled IgE responses drive allergies and anaphylaxis. Here, Cañete et al. describe a human follicular regulatory T cell population that does not express FOXP3 and produces abundant IL-10, which limits IgE switching. These cells appear to be key regulators of atopy. Mucosal lymphoid tissues such as human tonsil are colonized by bacteria and exposed to ingested and inhaled antigens, requiring tight regulation of immune responses. Antibody responses are regulated by follicular helper T (TFH) cells and FOXP3+ follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells. Here we describe a subset of human tonsillar follicular T cells identified by expression of TFH markers and CD25 that are the main source of follicular T (TF) cell–derived IL-10. Despite lack of FOXP3 expression, CD25+ TF cells resemble T reg cells in high CTLA4 expression, low IL-2 production, and their ability to repress T cell proliferation. CD25+ TF cell–derived IL-10 dampens induction of B cell class-switching to IgE. In children, circulating total IgE titers were inversely correlated with the frequencies of tonsil CD25+ TF cells and IL-10–producing TF cells but not with total T reg cells, TFR, or IL-10–producing T cells. Thus, CD25+ TF cells emerge as a subset with unique T and B cell regulatory activities that may help prevent atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo F Cañete
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Rebecca A Sweet
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Paula Gonzalez-Figueroa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ilenia Papa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Holly Bolton
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan A Roco
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Marta Cuenca
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Katharine J Bassett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ismail Sayin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Emma Barry
- Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Angel Lopez
- Cytokine Receptor Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David H Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claudio Doglioni
- Department Pathology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Fazekas de St Groth
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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31
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Ovcinnikovs V, Ross EM, Petersone L, Edner NM, Heuts F, Ntavli E, Kogimtzis A, Kennedy A, Wang CJ, Bennett CL, Sansom DM, Walker LSK. CTLA-4-mediated transendocytosis of costimulatory molecules primarily targets migratory dendritic cells. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:eaaw0902. [PMID: 31152091 PMCID: PMC6570622 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CTLA-4 is a critical negative regulator of the immune system and a major target for immunotherapy. However, precisely how it functions in vivo to maintain immune homeostasis is not clear. As a highly endocytic molecule, CTLA-4 can capture costimulatory ligands from opposing cells by a process of transendocytosis (TE). By restricting costimulatory ligand expression in this manner, CTLA-4 controls the CD28-dependent activation of T cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) constitutively express CTLA-4 at high levels and, in its absence, show defects in TE and suppressive function. Activated conventional T cells (Tconv) are also capable of CTLA-4-dependent TE; however, the relative use of this mechanism by Tregs and Tconv in vivo remains unclear. Here, we set out to characterize both the perpetrators and cellular targets of CTLA-4 TE in vivo. We found that Tregs showed constitutive cell surface recruitment of CTLA-4 ex vivo and performed TE rapidly after TCR stimulation. Tregs outperformed activated Tconv at TE in vivo, and expression of ICOS marked Tregs with this capability. Using TCR transgenic Tregs that recognize a protein expressed in the pancreas, we showed that the presentation of tissue-derived self-antigen could trigger Tregs to capture costimulatory ligands in vivo. Last, we identified migratory dendritic cells (DCs) as the major target for Treg-based CTLA-4-dependent regulation in the steady state. These data support a model in which CTLA-4 expressed on Tregs dynamically regulates the phenotype of DCs trafficking to lymph nodes from peripheral tissues in an antigen-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalijs Ovcinnikovs
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Ellen M Ross
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Lina Petersone
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Natalie M Edner
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Frank Heuts
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Elisavet Ntavli
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Alexandros Kogimtzis
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Alan Kennedy
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Chun Jing Wang
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Clare L Bennett
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London, UK
| | - David M Sansom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, NW3 2PF London , UK.
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32
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Nong J, Wang J, Gao X, Zhang Q, Yang B, Yan Z, Wang X, Yi L, Wang Q, Gao Y, Hu A, Qin N, Wei P, Zhang H, Zhang S. Circulating CD137 + CD8 + T cells accumulate along with increased functional regulatory T cells and thoracic tumour burden in lung cancer patients. Scand J Immunol 2019; 89:e12765. [PMID: 30921475 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CD137 is a promising target for immunostimulation strategies against cancer. Previous studies showed that CD137+ CD8+ T cells are enriched in antitumour effector T cells in both preclinical tumour models and cancer patients, but to date, such T cells in the blood of lung cancer patients have not been sufficiently investigated. In this study, circulating antigen-activated CD8+ T cell subsets, identified as CD137+ CD8+ or PD-1+ (programmed cell death protein 1) CD8+ , and regulatory T cells (Treg), identified as CD4+ CD25+ CD127low/- , in 40 untreated lung cancer patients and in 49 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) were assessed by flow cytometry. Results were evaluated for associations with lung cancer patient clinical characteristics. Correlations between antigen-activated CD8+ T cells and effector Treg (CTLA-4+ [cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4] CD4+ CD25+ CD127low/- ) were also investigated. Higher percentages of PD-1+ , CD137+ and PD-1+ CD137+ amongst CD8+ T cells were observed in lung cancer patients compared with HCs. The percentages of CD137+ CD8+ and PD-1+ CD137+ CD8+ T cell subsets amongst CD8+ T cells were positively correlated with thoracic tumour burden and were strongly positively correlated with the percentage of effector Treg subset. Smoking patients harboured higher percentages of the PD-1+ CD8+ T cell subset compared with non-smoking patients. This study demonstrated that circulating antigen-activated CD8+ T cells accumulated in lung cancer patients along with increased effector Treg and thoracic tumour burden. These findings aid a better understanding of immune-host interactions in lung cancer patients using peripheral blood, and further support immunotherapeutic intervention strategies using combination therapy for differential control of Treg and activation of tumour-specific effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Nong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuohong Yan
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojue Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yi
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qunhui Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Aimin Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Qin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Panjian Wei
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shucai Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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33
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Göschl L, Scheinecker C, Bonelli M. Treg cells in autoimmunity: from identification to Treg-based therapies. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:301-314. [PMID: 30953162 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory (Treg) cells are key regulators of inflammation and important for immune tolerance and homeostasis. A major progress has been made in the identification and classification of Treg cells. Due to technological advances, we have gained deep insights in the epigenetic regulation of Treg cells. The use of fate reporter mice allowed addressing the functional consequences of loss of Foxp3 expression. Depending on the environment Treg cells gain effector functions upon loss of Foxp3 expression. However, the traditional view that Treg cells become necessarily pathogenic by gaining effector functions was challenged by recent findings and supports the notion of Treg cell lineage plasticity. Treg cell stability is also a major issue for Treg cell therapies. Clinical trials are designed to use polyclonal Treg cells as therapeutic tools. Here, we summarize the role of Treg cells in selected autoimmune diseases and recent advances in the field of Treg targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Göschl
- Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Scheinecker
- Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bonelli
- Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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34
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Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) have a central role in controlling the activation of self-reactive T cells and maintaining peripheral tolerance in our body. Many effector mechanisms for Treg function have been described including a role for the protein CTLA-4 which is constitutively expressed by these cells. Despite its importance, there is currently little consensus in the methods and protocols for studying CTLA-4 function, which is partially due to debate over CTLA-4 function itself. In this chapter, we outline protocols used in our lab to study CTLA-4 function, which have been generated based on the observation that CTLA-4 acts to physically remove and degrade its ligands expressed by antigen presenting cells. Accordingly, we provide protocols for isolation of human monocytes and their differentiation into dendritic cells (DC), purification of conventional and regulatory T-cell populations, and the assembly of CTLA-4-dependent Treg suppression assays. We hope that this will offer a reliable platform for dissecting the biology of CTLA-4 on Treg and for testing reagents aimed at modulating CTLA-4 function. Such assays are increasingly vital for the study of immune function in both healthy individuals and patients with a variety of autoimmune and immune dysregulation syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Zheng Hou
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Omar S Qureshi
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, UK
| | - David M Sansom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK.
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35
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Matoba T, Imai M, Ohkura N, Kawakita D, Ijichi K, Toyama T, Morita A, Murakami S, Sakaguchi S, Yamazaki S. Regulatory T cells expressing abundant CTLA-4 on the cell surface with a proliferative gene profile are key features of human head and neck cancer. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:2811-2822. [PMID: 30485427 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells suppress anti-tumor immunity. The suppression of Treg cells is regulated by cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), whose expression on the cell surface is tightly regulated. Here we found that Treg cells expressing abundant CTLA-4 on the cell surface (surface-CTLA-4+ Treg) were expanded in human head and neck cancer tissues. RNA sequencing of surface-CTLA-4+ and surface-CTLA-4- Treg cells infiltrating human head and neck cancer tissues revealed that surface-CTLA-4+ Treg cells have a previously undescribed gene expression profile correlating to cell cycle, cell proliferation, and DNA replication. Moreover, surface-CTLA-4+ Treg cells were PD-1+ , actively proliferated and associated with CD45RA- FOXP3high Treg cells with strong suppressive function. Thus, surface-CTLA-4+ Treg cells with a proliferative gene expression signature and phenotype are key features of head and neck cancer. Targeting surface-CTLA-4+ Treg cells might be new strategies to evoke effective immune responses to head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Matoba
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Oto-rhino-laryngology and Head-and-neck-surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaki Imai
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Frontier Research in Tumor Immunology, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawakita
- Department of Oto-rhino-laryngology and Head-and-neck-surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kei Ijichi
- Department of Oto-rhino-laryngology and Head-and-neck-surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Akaike Oto-rhino-laryngology and Head-and-neck-surgery Clinic, Nisshin, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Toyama
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Murakami
- Department of Oto-rhino-laryngology and Head-and-neck-surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Oto-rhino-laryngology, Nagoya City East Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sayuri Yamazaki
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Abstract
Cancer therapies are a common cause of acute and chronic kidney disease, which are increasingly being seen by nephrologists in clinical practice. Conventional chemotherapeutic drugs and novel targeted agents are effective cancer therapies but their use is complicated by nephrotoxicity. Cancer immunotherapies exploit various properties of immune cells to enhance immune-mediated tumor killing. Interferon and high-dose interleukin-2 are older immunotherapies first employed clinically in the 1980s and 1990s to treat a number of different cancers. While effective, these two therapies have well-known systemic toxicities, which include acute kidney disease. The emergence of the new cancer immunotherapies over the past decade brings more effective treatment options. The immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T cells are exciting additions to the cancer treatment armamentarium. These agents effectively treat a several and a growing list of cancers that have otherwise failed other therapies. However, as with the conventional and targeted cancer agents, drug-induced acute and chronic kidney disease is an untoward effect of this group of drugs. We will undertake a case-based review: the newer immunotherapies followed by the older therapies, interferon and interleukin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Saly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark A Perazella
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, CT, USA
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37
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A long-lived IL-2 mutein that selectively activates and expands regulatory T cells as a therapy for autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 2018; 95:1-14. [PMID: 30446251 PMCID: PMC6284106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to multiple autoimmune diseases is associated with common gene polymorphisms influencing IL-2 signaling and Treg function, making Treg-specific expansion by IL-2 a compelling therapeutic approach to treatment. As an in vivo IL-2 half-life enhancer we used a non-targeted, effector-function-silent human IgG1 as a fusion protein. An IL-2 mutein (N88D) with reduced binding to the intermediate affinity IL-2Rβγ receptor was engineered with a stoichiometry of two IL-2N88D molecules per IgG, i.e. IgG-(IL-2N88D)2. The reduced affinity of IgG-(IL-2N88D)2 for the IL-2Rβγ receptor resulted in a Treg-selective molecule in human whole blood pSTAT5 assays. Treatment of cynomolgus monkeys with single low doses of IgG-(IL-2N88D)2 induced sustained preferential activation of Tregs accompanied by a corresponding 10–14-fold increase in CD4+ and CD8+ CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs; conditions that had no effect on CD4+ or CD8+ memory effector T cells. The expanded cynomolgus Tregs had demethylated FOXP3 and CTLA4 epigenetic signatures characteristic of functionally suppressive cells. Humanized mice had similar selective in vivo responses; IgG-(IL-2N88D)2 increased Tregs while wild-type IgG-IL-2 increased NK cells in addition to Tregs. The expanded human Tregs had demethylated FOXP3 and CTLA4 signatures and were immunosuppressive. These results describe a next-generation immunotherapy using a long-lived and Treg-selective IL-2 that activates and expands functional Tregsin vivo. Patients should benefit from restored immune homeostasis in a personalized fashion to the extent that their autoimmune disease condition dictates opening up the possibility for remissions and cures. A human IL-2 molecule mutated to decrease binding to the intermediate affinity IL-2 receptor preferentially activates Tregs. Two IL-2 muteins fused to human IgG1 allow for sustained, preferential expansion of Tregs in cynomolgus and humanized mice. As compared to the wild type IL-2 fusion protein, humanized mice expand fewer NK cells in response to the mutein. The dynamic range of Treg increase based on dose suggests the ability to individualize dosing for particular diseases.
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38
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Perazella MA, Shirali AC. Nephrotoxicity of Cancer Immunotherapies: Past, Present and Future. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:2039-2052. [PMID: 29959196 PMCID: PMC6065079 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018050488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity from cancer therapies is common and increasingly encountered in clinical practice, such that the subfield of "onco-nephrology" has emerged. Conventional chemotherapeutic drugs and novel agents targeting specific genes/proteins are effective cancer therapies but suffer from a number of adverse kidney effects. An effective avenue of cancer treatment is immunotherapy, which uses drugs that augment immune system-mediated recognition and targeting of tumor cells. As such, leveraging the immune system to target malignant cells represents an important modality in eradicating cancer. IFN and high-dose IL-2 are older immunotherapies used in clinical practice to treat various malignancies, whereas new cancer immunotherapies have emerged over the past decade that offer even more effective treatment options. The immune checkpoint inhibitors are an exciting addition to the cancer immunotherapy armamentarium. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells are also a new immunotherapy used to treat various hematologic malignancies. However, as with the conventional and targeted cancer agents, the immunotherapies are also associated with immune-related adverse effects, which includes nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Perazella
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anushree C Shirali
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and
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39
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Sury K, Perazella MA, Shirali AC. Cardiorenal complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:571-588. [DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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40
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Sabbagh P, Karkhah A, Nouri HR, Javanian M, Ebrahimpour S. The significance role of regulatory T cells in the persistence of infections by intracellular bacteria. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 62:270-274. [PMID: 29751196 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells), are considered as effective immune cells playing a key role in immune response during cancers, autoimmune and infectious diseases. Regulatory T lymphocytes are divided into two main subgroups: natural Treg cells that generated during maturation in the thymus and have the suppressive activity that is critical for the establishment and maintenance of homeostasis in the body and induced Treg cells (iTreg) that are originated from naive T cells following the self-antigen recognition. In recent years, the roles of Treg in immune responses to microbial infections have received increased attention in researches. Several reports suggested the pivotal role of Treg cells in controlling responses to bacterial infections and demonstrated the impact of regulatory cells on one or more stages in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. In this review, we describe the significance of regulatory T cells in the immunopathology of bacterial infections by focusing on specific bacterial infections including Mycobacteria, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bordetella pertussis. Moreover, suppressive mechanisms of regulatory T cells during bacterial infection including cell-cell contact, local secretion of inhibitory cytokines and local competition for growth factors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Sabbagh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ahmad Karkhah
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran; Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nouri
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mostafa Javanian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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41
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Du X, Liu M, Su J, Zhang P, Tang F, Ye P, Devenport M, Wang X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zheng P. Uncoupling therapeutic from immunotherapy-related adverse effects for safer and effective anti-CTLA-4 antibodies in CTLA4 humanized mice. Cell Res 2018; 28:433-447. [PMID: 29463898 PMCID: PMC5939041 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-018-0012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) confer a cancer immunotherapeutic effect (CITE) but cause severe immunotherapy-related adverse events (irAE). Targeting CTLA-4 has shown remarkable long-term benefit and thus remains a valuable tool for cancer immunotherapy if the irAE can be brought under control. An animal model, which recapitulates clinical irAE and CITE, would be valuable for developing safer CTLA-4-targeting reagents. Here, we report such a model using mice harboring the humanized Ctla4 gene. In this model, the clinically used drug, Ipilimumab, induced severe irAE especially when combined with an anti-PD-1 antibody; whereas another mAb, L3D10, induced comparable CITE with very mild irAE under the same conditions. The irAE corresponded to systemic T cell activation and resulted in reduced ratios of regulatory to effector T cells (Treg/Teff) among autoreactive T cells. Using mice that were either homozygous or heterozygous for the human allele, we found that the irAE required bi-allelic engagement, while CITE only required monoallelic engagement. As with the immunological distinction for monoallelic vs bi-allelic engagement, we found that bi-allelic engagement of the Ctla4 gene was necessary for preventing conversion of autoreactive T cells into Treg cells. Humanization of L3D10, which led to loss of blocking activity, further increased safety without affecting the therapeutic effect. Taken together, our data demonstrate that complete CTLA-4 occupation, systemic T cell activation and preferential expansion of self-reactive T cells are dispensable for tumor rejection but correlate with irAE, while blocking B7-CTLA-4 interaction impacts neither safety nor efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. These data provide important insights for the clinical development of safer and potentially more effective CTLA-4-targeting immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang Du
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Mingyue Liu
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Juanjuan Su
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Fei Tang
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Peiying Ye
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | | | - Xu Wang
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
- OncoImmune, Inc., Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Pan Zheng
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
- OncoImmune, Inc., Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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42
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Agua-Doce A, Caridade M, Oliveira VG, Bergman L, Lafaille MC, Lafaille JJ, Demengeot J, Graca L. Route of Antigen Presentation Can Determine the Selection of Foxp3-Dependent or Foxp3-Independent Dominant Immune Tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:101-109. [PMID: 29167234 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that dominant tolerance, namely in transplantation, requires Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Although most tolerance-inducing regimens rely on regulatory T cells, we found that induction of tolerance to proteins in aluminum hydroxide can be achieved in Foxp3-deficient mice using nondepleting anti-CD4 Abs. This type of tolerance is Ag specific, and tolerant mice retain immune competence to respond to unrelated Ags. We demonstrated with chicken OVA-specific TCR-transgenic mice that the same tolerizing protocol (CD4 blockade) and the same target Ag (OVA) achieves Foxp3-dependent transplantation tolerance to OVA-expressing skin grafts, but Foxp3-independent tolerance when the Ag is provided as OVA-aluminum hydroxide. In the latter case, we found that tolerance induction triggered recessive mechanisms leading to elimination of effector cells and, simultaneously, a dominant mechanism associated with the emergence of an anergic and regulatory CTLA-4+IL-2lowFoxp3- T cell population, where the tolerance state is IL-10 dependent. Such Foxp3-independent mechanisms can improve the efficacy of tolerance-inducing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Agua-Doce
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; and
| | - Marta Caridade
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; and
| | - Vanessa G Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; and
| | - Lisa Bergman
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; and
| | - Maria C Lafaille
- Department of Pathology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Juan J Lafaille
- Department of Pathology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; .,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; and
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43
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Ihara F, Sakurai D, Horinaka A, Makita Y, Fujikawa A, Sakurai T, Yamasaki K, Kunii N, Motohashi S, Nakayama T, Okamoto Y. CD45RA -Foxp3 high regulatory T cells have a negative impact on the clinical outcome of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1275-1285. [PMID: 28551813 PMCID: PMC11029772 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although regulatory T cells (Tregs) are thought to play an important role in immune suppression, their clinical significance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is unclear. A recent study reported Tregs could be divided into functional subsets based on the expression of CD45RA and Foxp3. METHOD The frequency of circulating Treg subsets was analyzed in patients with HNSCC and compared with the frequency in patients with benign tumors. The association of Treg subsets with the frequency of lymphocyte subsets, status of progression, clinical course, and prognosis were also examined. RESULTS The frequency of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs was comparable between HNSCC patients and age-matched benign tumor patients; however, CD45RA-Foxp3high Tregs were significantly increased in HNSCC patients, in particular those with advanced stage tumors. The high frequency of CD45RA-Foxp3high Tregs correlated with a poor prognosis and the low frequency of CD45RA-Foxp3high Tregs before treatment showed a better clinical outcome, even in patients with advanced stage tumors. CD45RA-Foxp3high Treg numbers were decreased after intensive treatments; however, Treg numbers recovered in the early stages of recurrent cases, even before the clinical manifestation. CONCLUSION CD45RA-Foxp3high Tregs are associated with the clinical course of HNSCC and might be a new target for treatment and an early marker of tumor recurrence in HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumie Ihara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daiju Sakurai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Atsushi Horinaka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yuji Makita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Akira Fujikawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Toshioki Sakurai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamasaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Naoki Kunii
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Motohashi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Okamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
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44
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Clavijo-Salomon MA, Bergami-Santos PC, M Barbuto JA. Immunomonitoring reveals interruption of anergy after vaccination in a case of type-2-papillary renal cell carcinoma. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:319-329. [PMID: 28303767 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the enormous and growing interest in the clinical application of immunotherapy, we are currently facing the need to accurately monitor the immune function of cancer patients. Here, we describe changes in the immune status of a patient with metastatic type-2-papillary renal cell carcinoma, before and after surgery and subsequent immunotherapy with a dendritic cell-tumor cell hybrid vaccine. Through the accurate assessment of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) function, we show that Mo-DCs were freed from tumor-induced maturation blockage by tumor resection surgery, while Mo-DCs-tumor induced suppression and anergy were only interrupted by the vaccination treatment. Our data suggest that the evaluation of Mo-DCs' function may provide a powerful and precise tool to monitor immune restoration in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Clavijo-Salomon
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia C Bergami-Santos
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre M Barbuto
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil.,Cell & Molecular Therapy Center NUCEL-NETCEM, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP - Brazil
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45
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Walker LS. EFIS Lecture: Understanding the CTLA-4 checkpoint in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Immunol Lett 2017; 184:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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46
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Identifying functional defects in patients with immune dysregulation due to LRBA and CTLA-4 mutations. Blood 2017; 129:1458-1468. [PMID: 28159733 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-745174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous CTLA-4 deficiency has been reported as a monogenic cause of common variable immune deficiency with features of immune dysregulation. Direct mutation in CTLA-4 leads to defective regulatory T-cell (Treg) function associated with impaired ability to control levels of the CTLA-4 ligands, CD80 and CD86. However, additional mutations affecting the CTLA-4 pathway, such as those recently reported for LRBA, indirectly affect CTLA-4 expression, resulting in clinically similar disorders. Robust phenotyping approaches sensitive to defects in the CTLA-4 pathway are therefore required to inform understanding of such immune dysregulation syndromes. Here, we describe assays capable of distinguishing a variety of defects in the CTLA-4 pathway. Assessing total CTLA-4 expression levels was found to be optimal when restricting analysis to the CD45RA-Foxp3+ fraction. CTLA-4 induction following stimulation, and the use of lysosomal-blocking compounds, distinguished CTLA-4 from LRBA mutations. Short-term T-cell stimulation improved the capacity for discriminating the Foxp3+ Treg compartment, clearly revealing Treg expansions in these disorders. Finally, we developed a functionally orientated assay to measure ligand uptake by CTLA-4, which is sensitive to ligand-binding or -trafficking mutations, that would otherwise be difficult to detect and that is appropriate for testing novel mutations in CTLA-4 pathway genes. These approaches are likely to be of value in interpreting the functional significance of mutations in the CTLA-4 pathway identified by gene-sequencing approaches.
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47
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Wang YM, Ghali J, Zhang GY, Hu M, Wang Y, Sawyer A, Zhou JJ, Hapudeniya DA, Wang Y, Cao Q, Zheng G, Harris DC, Alexander SI. Development and function of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Nephrology (Carlton) 2016; 21:81-5. [PMID: 26461175 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been recognized as having a major role in maintaining peripheral tolerance and preventing and limiting autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. Tregs derive from the thymus and also develop peripherally. In this review, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of the basic mechanisms involved in Treg development and function in protecting against autoimmunity in the periphery, including thymic selection, peripheral induction and the many mechanisms of Treg suppression. Specifically in kidney disease, Tregs have been shown to play a role in limiting injury and may potentially have a therapeutic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Min Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Sidney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanna Ghali
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoff Yu Zhang
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Sidney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Min Hu
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Sidney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ya Wang
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Sidney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Sawyer
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Sidney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jimmy Jianheng Zhou
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Sidney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dhanushka A Hapudeniya
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Sidney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Sidney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Sidney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guoping Zheng
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Sidney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David C Harris
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Sidney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Sidney, New South Wales, Australia
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48
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Abstract
FOXP3-expressing regulatory T (Treg) cells, which suppress aberrant immune response against self-antigens, also suppress anti-tumor immune response. Infiltration of a large number of Treg cells into tumor tissues is often associated with poor prognosis. There is accumulating evidence that the removal of Treg cells is able to evoke and enhance anti-tumor immune response. However, systemic depletion of Treg cells may concurrently elicit deleterious autoimmunity. One strategy for evoking effective tumor immunity without autoimmunity is to specifically target terminally differentiated effector Treg cells rather than all FOXP3+ T cells, because effector Treg cells are the predominant cell type in tumor tissues. Various cell surface molecules, including chemokine receptors such as CCR4, that are specifically expressed by effector Treg cells can be the candidates for depleting effector Treg cells by specific cell-depleting monoclonal antibodies. In addition, other immunological characteristics of effector Treg cells, such as their high expression of CTLA-4, active proliferation, and apoptosis-prone tendency, can be exploited to control specifically their functions. For example, anti-CTLA-4 antibody may kill effector Treg cells or attenuate their suppressive activity. It is hoped that combination of Treg-cell targeting (e.g., by reducing Treg cells or attenuating their suppressive activity in tumor tissues) with the activation of tumor-specific effector T cells (e.g., by cancer vaccine or immune checkpoint blockade) will make the current cancer immunotherapy more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Frontier Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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49
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Chinen T, Kannan AK, Levine AG, Fan X, Klein U, Zheng Y, Gasteiger G, Feng Y, Fontenot JD, Rudensky AY. An essential role for the IL-2 receptor in T reg cell function. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1322-1333. [PMID: 27595233 PMCID: PMC5071159 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells), which have abundant expression of the interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R), are reliant on IL-2 produced by activated T cells. This feature indicates a key role for a simple network based on the consumption of IL-2 by Treg cells in their suppressor function. However, congenital deficiency in IL-2R results in reduced expression of the Treg cell lineage-specification factor Foxp3, which has confounded experimental efforts to understand the role of IL-2R expression and signaling in the suppressor function of Treg cells. Using genetic gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we found that capture of IL-2 was dispensable for the control of CD4+ T cells but was important for limiting the activation of CD8+ T cells, and that IL-2R-dependent activation of the transcription factor STAT5 had an essential role in the suppressor function of Treg cells separable from signaling via the T cell antigen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Chinen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Andrew G Levine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiying Fan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ulf Klein
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ye Zheng
- Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yongqiang Feng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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50
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Saito T, Nishikawa H, Wada H, Nagano Y, Sugiyama D, Atarashi K, Maeda Y, Hamaguchi M, Ohkura N, Sato E, Nagase H, Nishimura J, Yamamoto H, Takiguchi S, Tanoue T, Suda W, Morita H, Hattori M, Honda K, Mori M, Doki Y, Sakaguchi S. Two FOXP3(+)CD4(+) T cell subpopulations distinctly control the prognosis of colorectal cancers. Nat Med 2016; 22:679-84. [PMID: 27111280 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells that express the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) transcription factor function as regulatory T (Treg) cells and hinder effective immune responses against cancer cells. Abundant Treg cell infiltration into tumors is associated with poor clinical outcomes in various types of cancers. However, the role of Treg cells is controversial in colorectal cancers (CRCs), in which FOXP3(+) T cell infiltration indicated better prognosis in some studies. Here we show that CRCs, which are commonly infiltrated by suppression-competent FOXP3(hi) Treg cells, can be classified into two types by the degree of additional infiltration of FOXP3(lo) nonsuppressive T cells. The latter, which are distinguished from FOXP3(+) Treg cells by non-expression of the naive T cell marker CD45RA and instability of FOXP3, secreted inflammatory cytokines. Indeed, CRCs with abundant infiltration of FOXP3(lo) T cells showed significantly better prognosis than those with predominantly FOXP3(hi) Treg cell infiltration. Development of such inflammatory FOXP3(lo) non-Treg cells may depend on secretion of interleukin (IL)-12 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β by tissues and their presence was correlated with tumor invasion by intestinal bacteria, especially Fusobacterium nucleatum. Thus, functionally distinct subpopulations of tumor-infiltrating FOXP3(+) T cells contribute in opposing ways to determining CRC prognosis. Depletion of FOXP3(hi) Treg cells from tumor tissues, which would augment antitumor immunity, could thus be used as an effective treatment strategy for CRCs and other cancers, whereas strategies that locally increase the population of FOXP3(lo) non-Treg cells could be used to suppress or prevent tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Saito
- Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Wada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagano
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiyama
- Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Atarashi
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuka Maeda
- Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichi Sato
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Science (Medical Research Center), Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Nagase
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junichi Nishimura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuji Takiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tanoue
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Suda
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Morita
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenya Honda
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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