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Minarovits J, Niller HH. Truncated oncoproteins of retroviruses and hepatitis B virus: A lesson in contrasts. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 73:342-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Gama-Norton L, Herrmann S, Schucht R, Coroadinha A, Löw R, Alves P, Bartholomae C, Schmidt M, Baum C, Schambach A, Hauser H, Wirth D. Retroviral Vector Performance in Defined Chromosomal Loci of Modular Packaging Cell Lines. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:979-91. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Gama-Norton
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica-Universidade Nova de Lisboa/Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (ITQB-UNL/IBET), P-2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - S. Herrmann
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - R. Schucht
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A.S. Coroadinha
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica-Universidade Nova de Lisboa/Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (ITQB-UNL/IBET), P-2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - R. Löw
- EUFETS, D-55743 Idar-Oberstein, Germany
| | - P.M. Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica-Universidade Nova de Lisboa/Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (ITQB-UNL/IBET), P-2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - C.C. Bartholomae
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. Schmidt
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C. Baum
- Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - A. Schambach
- Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - H. Hauser
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - D. Wirth
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Dong B, Silverman RH, Kandel ES. A natural human retrovirus efficiently complements vectors based on murine leukemia virus. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3144. [PMID: 18769545 PMCID: PMC2519784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV) is a rodent gammaretrovirus that serves as the backbone for common gene delivery tools designed for experimental and therapeutic applications. Recently, an infectious gammaretrovirus designated XMRV has been identified in prostate cancer patients. The similarity between the MLV and XMRV genomes suggests a possibility that the two viruses may interact when present in the same cell. Methodology/Principal Findings We tested the ability of XMRV to complement replication-deficient MLV vectors upon co-infection of cultured human cells. We observed that XMRV can facilitate the spread of these vectors from infected to uninfected cells. This functional complementation occurred without any gross rearrangements in the vector structure, and the co-infected cells produced as many as 104 infectious vector particles per milliliter of culture medium. Conclusions/Significance The possibility of encountering a helper virus when delivering MLV-based vectors to human cells in vitro and in vivo needs to be considered to ensure the safety of such procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beihua Dong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eugene S. Kandel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Virology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Konstantinova P, de Haan P, Das AT, Berkhout B. Hairpin-induced tRNA-mediated (HITME) recombination in HIV-1. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:2206-18. [PMID: 16670429 PMCID: PMC1456326 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination due to template switching during reverse transcription is a major source of genetic variability in retroviruses. In the present study we forced a recombination event in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by electroporation of T cells with DNA from a molecular HIV-1 clone that has a 300 bp long hairpin structure in the Nef gene (HIV-lhNef). HIV-lhNef does not replicate, but replication-competent escape variants emerged in four independent cultures. The major part of the hairpin was deleted in all escape viruses. In three cases, the hairpin deletion was linked to patch insertion of tRNAasp, tRNAglu or tRNAtrp sequences. The tRNAs were inserted in the viral genome in the antisense orientation, indicating that tRNA-mediated recombination occurred during minus-strand DNA synthesis. We here propose a mechanistic model for this hairpin-induced tRNA-mediated (HITME) recombination. The transient role of the cellular tRNA molecule as enhancer of retroviral recombination is illustrated by the eventual removal of inserted tRNA sequences by a subsequent recombination/deletion event.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter de Haan
- Viruvation B. V. Wassenaarseweg 722333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ben Berkhout
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +31 20 566 4822; Fax: +31 20 691 6531;
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An W, Telesnitsky A. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transductive recombination can occur frequently and in proportion to polyadenylation signal readthrough. J Virol 2004; 78:3419-28. [PMID: 15016864 PMCID: PMC371070 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.7.3419-3428.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One model for retroviral transduction suggests that template switching between viral RNAs and polyadenylation readthrough sequences is responsible for the generation of acute transforming retroviruses. For this study, we examined reverse transcription products of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-based vectors designed to mimic postulated transduction intermediates. For maximization of the discontinuous mode of DNA synthesis proposed to generate transductants, sequences located between the vectors' two long terminal repeats (vector "body" sequences) and polyadenylation readthrough "tail" sequences were made highly homologous. Ten genetic markers were introduced to indicate which products had acquired tail sequences by a process we term transductive recombination. Marker segregation patterns for over 100 individual products were determined, and they revealed that more than half of the progeny proviruses were transductive recombinants. Although most crossovers occurred in regions of homology, about 5% were nonhomologous and some included insertions. Ratios of encapsidated readthrough and polyadenylated transcripts for vectors with wild-type and inactivated polyadenylation signals were compared, and transductive recombination frequencies were found to correlate with the readthrough transcript prevalence. In assays in which either vector body or tail could serve as a recombination donor, recombination between tail and body sequences was at least as frequent as body-body exchange. We propose that transductive recombination may contribute to natural HIV variation by providing a mechanism for the acquisition of nongenomic sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng An
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0620, USA
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6
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Kandel ES, Nudler E. Template switching by RNA polymerase II in vivo. Evidence and implications from a retroviral system. Mol Cell 2002; 10:1495-502. [PMID: 12504023 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Transfection of retrovirus packaging cells with linear DNA from a retroviral vector missing the 3' long terminal repeat (3' LTR) results in production of infectious virus. Analysis of the newly formed proviruses indicates that restoration of the 3' LTR sequences necessary for reverse transcription and integration occurred due to end-to-end template switching by mammalian RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in the packaging cells. These observations argue that RNAP II can utilize double-strand breaks and gaps in DNA to generate "recombinant" transcripts in vivo and suggest a mechanism for mutation and recombination of retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene S Kandel
- Department of Biochemistry, NYU Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Jamain S, Girondot M, Leroy P, Clergue M, Quach H, Fellous M, Bourgeron T. Transduction of the human gene FAM8A1 by endogenous retrovirus during primate evolution. Genomics 2001; 78:38-45. [PMID: 11707071 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2001.6642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Capture of cellular mRNA by mobile elements has been an evolutionary catalyst for the spread of genes and a cause of cancer development. Here we present evidence that an orphan gene, FAM8A1 (family with sequence similarity 8), was captured by a retrovirus, followed by multiple retrotransposition events, during primate evolution between 45 and 58 million years ago. This represents the first record of cellular mRNA transduction in humans. The human gene is localized on chromosome 6p23 with five related pseudogenes (FAM8A2P-A6P), each inserted within a human endogenous retrovirus (HERV). Only the functional FAM8A1 gene is expressed and displays a ubiquitous mRNA and a testis-specific transcript present in the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. The structural features of the FAM8A1 pseudogenes include two short sequences of similarity between the FAM8A1 mRNA and the HERV sequences at both the 5' and 3' integration sites. These hallmarks suggest an alternative model to account for the capture of FAM8A1 cellular mRNA by HERV-K, involving illegitimate recombination events at the two sites of sequence similarity during reverse transcription. Unlike previous models, which assume at least one step of retroviral integration in the genome, our model is consistent with in vitro observations showing that multiple template switches occur among packaged viral transcripts. This leads to the speculation that, in some cases, cellular mRNAs may have been captured through similar processes involved in the retroviral life cycle.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Cattle
- Chickens
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Endogenous Retroviruses/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Female
- Gene Conversion
- Gene Expression
- Gene Transfer, Horizontal
- Humans
- Male
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Phylogeny
- Primates/genetics
- Proteins/genetics
- Pseudogenes/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Tissue Distribution
- Turtles
- Xenopus
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jamain
- Laboratoire d 'Immunogénétique Humaine, INSERM E021, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, Paris Cedex 15, 75724, France
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Young WB, Lindberg GL, Link CJ. DNA methylation of helper virus increases genetic instability of retroviral vector producer cells. J Virol 2000; 74:3177-87. [PMID: 10708434 PMCID: PMC111818 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.7.3177-3187.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviral vector producer cells (VPC) have been considered genetically stable. A clonal cell population exhibiting a uniform vector integration pattern is used for sustained vector production. Here, we observed that the vector copy number is increased and varied in a population of established LTKOSN.2 VPC. Among five subclones of LTKOSN.2 VPC, the vector copy number ranged from 1 to approximately 29 copies per cell. A vector superinfection experiment and Northern blot analysis demonstrated that suppression of helper virus gene expression decreased Env-receptor interference and allowed increased superinfection. The titer production was tightly associated with helper virus gene expression and varied between 0 and 2.2 x 10(5) CFU/ml in these subclones. In one analyzed subclone, the number of integrated vectors increased from one copy per cell to nine copies per cell during a 31-day period. Vector titer was reduced from 1.5 x 10(5) CFU to an undetectable level. To understand the mechanism involved, helper virus and vectors were examined for DNA methylation status by methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme digestion. We demonstrated that DNA methylation of helper virus 5' long terminal repeat occurred in approximately 2% of the VPC population per day and correlated closely with inactivation of helper virus gene expression. In contrast, retroviral vectors did not exhibit significant methylation and maintained consistent transcription activity. Treatment with 5-azacytidine, a methylation inhibitor, partially reversed the helper virus DNA methylation and restored a portion of vector production. The preference for methylation of helper virus sequences over vector sequences may have important implications for host-virus interaction. Designing a helper virus to overcome cellular DNA methylation may therefore improve vector production. The maintenance of increased viral envelope-receptor interference might also prevent replication-competent retrovirus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Young
- Human Gene Therapy Research Institute, John Stoddard Cancer Center, Des Moines, Iowa 50309, USA
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Li R, Zhou RP, Duesberg P. Host range restrictions of oncogenes: myc genes transform avian but not mammalian cells and mht/raf genes transform mammalian but not avian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:7522-7. [PMID: 8755507 PMCID: PMC38778 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.15.7522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The host range of retroviral oncogenes is naturally limited by the host range of the retroviral vector. The question of whether the transforming host range of retroviral oncogenes is also restricted by the host species has not been directly addressed. Here we have tested in avian and murine host species the transforming host range of two retroviral onc genes, myc of avian carcinoma viruses MH2 and MC29 and mht/raf of avian carcinoma virus MH2 and murine sarcoma virus MSV 3611. Virus vector-mediated host restriction was bypassed by recombining viral oncogenes with retroviral vectors that can readily infect the host to be tested. It was found that, despite high expression, transforming function of retroviral myc genes is restricted to avian cells, and that of retroviral mht/raf genes is restricted to murine cells. Since retroviral oncogenes encode the same proteins as certain cellular genes, termed protooncogenes, our data must also be relevant to the oncogene hypothesis of cancer. According to this hypothesis, cancer is caused by mutation of protooncogenes. Because protooncogenes are conserved in evolution and are presumed to have conserved functions, the oncogene hypothesis assumes no host range restriction of transforming function. For example, mutated human proto-myc is postulated to cause Burkitt lymphoma, because avian retroviruses with myc genes cause cancer in birds. But there is no evidence that known mutated protooncogenes can transform human cells. The findings reported here indicate that host range restriction appears to be one of the reasons (in addition to insufficient transcriptional activation) why known, mutated protooncogenes lack transforming function in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Li
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, 94720, USA
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