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Prior JT, Limbert VM, Horowitz RM, D'Souza SJ, Bachnak L, Godwin MS, Bauer DL, Harrell JE, Morici LA, Taylor JJ, McLachlan JB. Establishment of isotype-switched, antigen-specific B cells in multiple mucosal tissues using non-mucosal immunization. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:80. [PMID: 37258506 PMCID: PMC10231862 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most pathogens infect the human body via mucosal surfaces, very few injectable vaccines can specifically target immune cells to these tissues where their effector functions would be most desirable. We have previously shown that certain adjuvants can program vaccine-specific helper T cells to migrate to the gut, even when the vaccine is delivered non-mucosally. It is not known whether this is true for antigen-specific B cell responses. Here we show that a single intradermal vaccination with the adjuvant double mutant heat-labile toxin (dmLT) induces a robust endogenous, vaccine-specific, isotype-switched B cell response. When the vaccine was intradermally boosted, we detected non-circulating vaccine-specific B cell responses in the lamina propria of the large intestines, Peyer's patches, and lungs. When compared to the TLR9 ligand adjuvant CpG, only dmLT was able to drive the establishment of isotype-switched resident B cells in these mucosal tissues, even when the dmLT-adjuvanted vaccine was administered non-mucosally. Further, we found that the transcription factor Batf3 was important for the full germinal center reaction, isotype switching, and Peyer's patch migration of these B cells. Collectively, these data indicate that specific adjuvants can promote mucosal homing and the establishment of activated, antigen-specific B cells in mucosal tissues, even when these adjuvants are delivered by a non-mucosal route. These findings could fundamentally change the way future vaccines are formulated and delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Prior
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vanessa M Limbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rebecca M Horowitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shaina J D'Souza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Louay Bachnak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Matthew S Godwin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - David L Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jaikin E Harrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lisa A Morici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James B McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
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2
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Chen CW, Saubi N, Kilpeläinen A, Joseph-Munné J. Chimeric Human Papillomavirus-16 Virus-like Particles Presenting P18I10 and T20 Peptides from HIV-1 Envelope Induce HPV16 and HIV-1-Specific Humoral and T Cell-Mediated Immunity in BALB/c Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010015. [PMID: 36679860 PMCID: PMC9861546 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the HIV-1 P18I10 CTL peptide derived from the V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120 and the T20 anti-fusion peptide of HIV-1 gp41 were inserted into the HPV16 L1 capsid protein to construct chimeric HPV:HIV (L1:P18I10 and L1:T20) VLPs by using the mammalian cell expression system. The HPV:HIV VLPs were purified by chromatography. We demonstrated that the insertion of P18I10 or T20 peptides into the DE loop of HPV16 L1 capsid proteins did not affect in vitro stability, self-assembly and morphology of chimeric HPV:HIV VLPs. Importantly, it did not interfere either with the HIV-1 antibody reactivity targeting sequential and conformational P18I10 and T20 peptides presented on chimeric HPV:HIV VLPs or with the induction of HPV16 L1-specific antibodies in vivo. We observed that chimeric L1:P18I10/L1:T20 VLPs vaccines could induce HPV16- but weak HIV-1-specific antibody responses and elicited HPV16- and HIV-1-specific T-cell responses in BALB/c mice. Moreover, could be a potential booster to increase HIV-specific cellular responses in the heterologous immunization after priming with rBCG.HIVA vaccine. This research work would contribute a step towards the development of the novel chimeric HPV:HIV VLP-based vaccine platform for controlling HPV16 and HIV-1 infection, which is urgently needed in developing and industrialized countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Narcís Saubi
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Virology Section, Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Athina Kilpeläinen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Joseph-Munné
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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4
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Trincado V, Gala RP, Morales JO. Buccal and Sublingual Vaccines: A Review on Oral Mucosal Immunization and Delivery Systems. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101177. [PMID: 34696284 PMCID: PMC8539688 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, most vaccines available on the market are for parental use; however, this may not be the best option on several occasions. Mucosal routes of administration such as intranasal, sublingual, and buccal generate great interest due to the benefits they offer. These range from increasing patient compliance to inducing a more effective immune response than that achieved through conventional routes. Due to the activation of the common mucosal immune system, it is possible to generate an effective systemic and local immune response, which is not achieved through parenteral administration. Protection against pathogens that use mucosal entry routes is provided by an effective induction of mucosal immunity. Mucosal delivery systems are being developed, such as films and microneedles, which have proven to be effective, safe, and easy to administer. These systems have multiple advantages over commonly used injections, which are simple to manufacture, stable at room temperature, painless for the patient since they do not require puncture. Therefore, these delivery systems do not require to be administered by medical personnel; in fact, they could be self-administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Trincado
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile;
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380494, Chile
- Center of New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Rikhav P. Gala
- Biotechnology Division, Center Mid-Atlantic, Fraunhofer USA, Newark, DE 19702, USA;
| | - Javier O. Morales
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile;
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380494, Chile
- Center of New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Santiago 8380494, Chile
- Correspondence:
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5
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Phumrattanaprapin W, Chaiyadet S, Brindley PJ, Pearson M, Smout MJ, Loukas A, Laha T. Orally Administered Bacillus Spores Expressing an Extracellular Vesicle-Derived Tetraspanin Protect Hamsters Against Challenge Infection With Carcinogenic Human Liver Fluke. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1445-1455. [PMID: 32813017 PMCID: PMC8064041 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is a food-borne trematode that causes hepatobiliary disease in humans throughout Southeast Asia. People become infected by consuming raw or undercooked fish containing metacercariae. Development of a vaccine to prevent or minimize pathology would decrease the risk of severe morbidity, including the development of bile duct cancer. METHODS We produced an oral vaccine based on recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores expressing the large extracellular loop (LEL) of O. viverrini tetraspanin-2 (Ov-TSP-2), a protein that is abundant on the surface of O. viverrini secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs). Recombinant spores expressing Ov-TSP-2-LEL were orally administered to hamsters prior to challenge infection with O. viverrini metacercariae. RESULTS Vaccinated hamsters generated serum IgG as well as bile IgG and IgA responses to Ov-TSP-2-LEL, and serum IgG from vaccinated hamsters blocked the uptake of fluke EVs by a human bile duct epithelial cell line. Vaccinated hamsters had 56% reductions in both adult flukes and fecal eggs compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that oral vaccination of hamsters with recombinant B. subtilis spores expressing Ov-TSP-2-LEL is efficacious at reducing infection intensity and could form the basis of a vaccine for control of carcinogenic liver fluke infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mark Pearson
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J Smout
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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6
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Flickinger JC, Rappaport JA, Barton JR, Baybutt TR, Pattison AM, Snook AE, Waldman SA. Guanylyl cyclase C as a biomarker for immunotherapies for the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies. Biomark Med 2021; 15:201-217. [PMID: 33470843 PMCID: PMC8293028 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers encompass a diverse class of tumors arising in the GI tract, including esophagus, stomach, pancreas and colorectum. Collectively, gastrointestinal cancers compose a high fraction of all cancer deaths, highlighting an unmet need for novel and effective therapies. In this context, the transmembrane receptor guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C) has emerged as an attractive target for the prevention, detection and treatment of many gastrointestinal tumors. GUCY2C is an intestinally-restricted protein implicated in tumorigenesis that is universally expressed by primary and metastatic colorectal tumors as well as ectopically expressed by esophageal, gastric and pancreatic cancers. This review summarizes the current state of GUCY2C-targeted modalities in the management of gastrointestinal malignancies, with special focus on colorectal cancer, the most incident gastrointestinal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Flickinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Rappaport
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Joshua R Barton
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Trevor R Baybutt
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Amanda M Pattison
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Adam E Snook
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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7
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Moeini H, Afridi SQ, Donakonda S, Knolle PA, Protzer U, Hoffmann D. Linear B-Cell Epitopes in Human Norovirus GII.4 Capsid Protein Elicit Blockade Antibodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:52. [PMID: 33466932 PMCID: PMC7830539 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide with the GII.4 genotype accounting for over 80% of infections. The major capsid protein of GII.4 variants is evolving rapidly, resulting in new epidemic variants with altered antigenic potentials that must be considered for the development of an effective vaccine. In this study, we identify and characterize linear blockade B-cell epitopes in HuNoV GII.4. Five unique linear B-cell epitopes, namely P2A, P2B, P2C, P2D, and P2E, were predicted on the surface-exposed regions of the capsid protein. Evolving of the surface-exposed epitopes over time was found to correlate with the emergence of new GII.4 outbreak variants. Molecular dynamic simulation (MD) analysis and molecular docking revealed that amino acid substitutions in the putative epitopes P2B, P2C, and P2D could be associated with immune escape and the appearance of new GII.4 variants by affecting solvent accessibility and flexibility of the antigenic sites and histo-blood group antigens (HBAG) binding. Testing the synthetic peptides in wild-type mice, epitopes P2B (336-355), P2C (367-384), and P2D (390-400) were recognized as GII.4-specific linear blockade epitopes with the blocking rate of 68, 55 and 28%, respectively. Blocking rate was found to increase to 80% using the pooled serum of epitopes P2B and P2C. These data provide a strategy for expanding the broad blockade potential of vaccines for prevention of NoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Moeini
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.Q.A.); (U.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Suliman Qadir Afridi
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.Q.A.); (U.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Sainitin Donakonda
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.D.); (P.A.K.)
| | - Percy A. Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.D.); (P.A.K.)
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.Q.A.); (U.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Dieter Hoffmann
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.Q.A.); (U.P.); (D.H.)
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8
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Li JB, Li JJ, Li M, Gao C, Zhang L, Li M, Zhu Q. Oral immunization induces a novel CXCR6 + β7 + intraepithelial lymphocyte subset predominating in the small intestine. Scand J Immunol 2020; 93:e12996. [PMID: 33205443 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal T cells form a central part of the front-line defence against foreign organisms and need to be situated in the mucosa where infection occurs. It is well accepted that immunization by a mucosal route favours localization of antigen-specific effector T cells in the mucosal epithelium, while systemic immunization does not. The aim of the study is to determine how homing receptors are specifically involved in retaining effector T cells in the small intestine after oral immunization. We here demonstrate that the chemokine receptor CXCR6, integrins β7 and CD29 contribute differentially to the epithelial retention phenotype of CD8+ T cells in the small intestine of mice. CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) of unvaccinated mice are predominantly β7 single positives, and subcutaneous immunization-induced antigen-specific CD8+ effector IELs are mainly composed of CXCR6+ , CD29+ and CXCR6+ CD29+ cells. Strikingly, the majority of oral immunization-induced antigen-specific CD8+ effector IELs exhibit a distinct, tissue-specific CXCR6+ β7+ double-positive phenotype, cytotoxic potential and enhanced intraepithelial localization. Transfer of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells preactivated with certain immuno-stimuli (such as monophosphoryl lipid A) results in increased accumulation of donor IELs with the CXCR6+ β7+ phenotype. As β7 exclusively paired with αE on IELs, our results strongly suggest that CXCR6 may cooperate with the heterodimer αEβ7 to preferentially retain intestinally induced effector IELs in the epithelium. The identification of this novel IEL phenotype has significant implications for the development of vaccines and therapeutic strategies to enhance gut immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing B Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Jing J Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Changxing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Meihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
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9
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Cross DL, Verheul MK, Leipold MD, Obermoser G, Jin C, Jones E, Starr JS, Mohorianu I, Blohmke CJ, Maecker HT, Napolitani G, Hill J, Pollard AJ. Vi-Vaccinations Induce Heterogeneous Plasma Cell Responses That Associate With Protection From Typhoid Fever. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574057. [PMID: 33424833 PMCID: PMC7793947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vi-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines are efficacious against cases of typhoid fever; however, an absolute correlate of protection is not established. In this study, we investigated the leukocyte response to a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-TT) in comparison with a plain polysaccharide vaccine (Vi-PS) in healthy adults subsequently challenged with Salmonella Typhi. Immunological responses and their association with challenge outcome was assessed by mass cytometry and Vi-ELISpot assay. Immunization induced significant expansion of plasma cells in both vaccines with modest T follicular helper cell responses detectable after Vi-TT only. The Vi-specific IgG and IgM B cell response was considerably greater in magnitude in Vi-TT recipients. Intriguingly, a significant increase in a subset of IgA+ plasma cells expressing mucosal migratory markers α4β7 and CCR10 was observed in both vaccine groups, suggesting a gut-tropic, mucosal response is induced by Vi-vaccination. The total plasma cell response was significantly associated with protection against typhoid fever in Vi-TT vaccinees but not Vi-PS. IgA+ plasma cells were not significantly associated with protection for either vaccine, although a trend is seen for Vi-PS. Conversely, the IgA- fraction of the plasma cell response was only associated with protection in Vi-TT. In summary, these data indicate that a phenotypically heterogeneous response including both gut-homing and systemic antibody secreting cells may be critical for protection induced by Vi-TT vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Cross
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marije K Verheul
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Leipold
- The Human Immune Monitoring Center, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gerlinde Obermoser
- The Human Immune Monitoring Center, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Celina Jin
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua S Starr
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Irina Mohorianu
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph J Blohmke
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Holden T Maecker
- The Human Immune Monitoring Center, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Hill
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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10
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Yamamoto S, Matsuo K, Sakai S, Mishima I, Hara Y, Oiso N, Kawada A, Yoshie O, Nakayama T. P2X receptor agonist enhances tumor-specific CTL responses through CD70+ DC-mediated Th17 induction. Int Immunol 2020; 33:49-55. [PMID: 33027512 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP is known to promote Th17 cell differentiation in the intestinal lamina propria by stimulating CD70+CD11clow dendritic cells (DCs) via P2X receptors (P2XRs). Recent studies have also shown that Th17 cells enhance antitumor immunity by directly promoting proliferation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). These finding led us to test a P2XR agonist, αβ-methylene ATP (αβ-ATP), as a mucosal vaccine adjuvant to promote CTL responses through Th17 induction. We demonstrated that (i) CD70+CD11clow DCs were present in the nasal lamina propria and expressed P2X1R, P2X2R and P2X4R; (ii) CD70+CD11clow DCs isolated from the nasal lamina propria enhanced Th17 cell differentiation of cocultured splenic CD4+ T cells upon stimulation with αβ-ATP; (iii) mice intranasally immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) and αβ-ATP had increased OVA-specific Th17 cells and CTLs in the nasal lamina propria and regional lymph nodes; (iv) mice intranasally immunized with OVA and αβ-ATP also had elevated resistance to E.G7-OVA tumor growth compared with those intranasally immunized with OVA alone; (v) suramin, a broad-range inhibitor of P2 receptors, suppressed the increases of OVA-specific Th17 cells and CTLs in mice intranasally immunized with OVA and αβ-ATP; and (vi) suramin also abrogated the enhanced antitumor immunity of mice intranasally immunized with OVA and αβ-ATP against E.G7-OVA. Collectively, αβ-ATP may be a promising mucosal adjuvant that promotes antigen-specific CTL responses via CD70+CD11clow DC-mediated Th17 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamamoto
- Division of Chemotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsuo
- Division of Chemotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Sakai
- Division of Chemotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Itsuki Mishima
- Division of Chemotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Hara
- Division of Chemotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Oiso
- Department of Dermatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Kawada
- Department of Dermatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Yoshie
- Emeritus professor, Kindai University, OsakaSayama, Osaka, Japan.,Health and Kampo Institute, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakayama
- Division of Chemotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Gogoi H, Mansouri S, Jin L. The Age of Cyclic Dinucleotide Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E453. [PMID: 32823563 PMCID: PMC7563944 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As prophylactic vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases, cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) induce safe, potent, long-lasting humoral and cellular memory responses in the systemic and mucosal compartments. As therapeutic cancer vaccine adjuvants, CDNs induce potent anti-tumor immunity, including cytotoxic T cells and NK cells activation that achieve durable regression in multiple mouse models of tumors. Clinical trials are ongoing to fulfill the promise of CDNs (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02675439, NCT03010176, NCT03172936, and NCT03937141). However, in October 2018, the first clinical data with Merck's CDN MK-1454 showed zero activity as a monotherapy in patients with solid tumors or lymphomas (NCT03010176). Lately, the clinical trial from Aduro's CDN ADU-S100 monotherapy was also disappointing (NCT03172936). The emerging hurdle in CDN vaccine development calls for a timely re-evaluation of our understanding on CDN vaccine adjuvants. Here, we review the status of CDN vaccine adjuvant research, including their superior adjuvant activities, in vivo mode of action, and confounding factors that affect their efficacy in humans. Lastly, we discuss the strategies to overcome the hurdle and advance promising CDN adjuvants in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lei Jin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (H.G.); (S.M.)
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12
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Nasal route for vaccine and drug delivery: Features and current opportunities. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118813. [PMID: 31678521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal administration, and specifically nasal route, constitutes an alternative and promising strategy for drug and vaccine delivery. Mucosal routes have several advantages supporting their selective use for different pathologies. Currently, many efforts are being made to develop effective drug formulations and novel devices for nasal delivery. This review described the structure and main characteristics of the nasal cavity. The advantages, achievements and challenges of the nasal route use for medical purposes are discussed, with particular focus on vaccine delivery. Compelling evidences support the potentialities and safety of the nasal delivery of vaccines and drugs. This alternative route could become a solution for many unmet medical issues and also may facilitate and cheapen massive immunization campaigns or long-lasting chronic treatments. Nowadays, in spite of certain remaining skepticism, the field of nasal delivery of drugs and vaccines is growing fast, bolstered by current developments in nanotechnology, imaging and administration devices. A notable increase in the number of approved drugs for nasal administration is envisaged.
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13
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Sui Y, Lewis GK, Wang Y, Berckmueller K, Frey B, Dzutsev A, Vargas-Inchaustegui D, Mohanram V, Musich T, Shen X, DeVico A, Fouts T, Venzon D, Kirk J, Waters RC, Talton J, Klinman D, Clements J, Tomaras GD, Franchini G, Robert-Guroff M, Trinchieri G, Gallo RC, Berzofsky JA. Mucosal vaccine efficacy against intrarectal SHIV is independent of anti-Env antibody response. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1314-1328. [PMID: 30776026 DOI: 10.1172/jci122110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely believed that protection against acquisition of HIV or SIV infection requires anti-envelope (anti-Env) antibodies, and that cellular immunity may affect viral loads but not acquisition, except in special cases. Here we provide evidence to the contrary. Mucosal immunization may enhance HIV vaccine efficacy by eliciting protective responses at portals of exposure. Accordingly, we vaccinated macaques mucosally with HIV/SIV peptides, modified vaccinia Ankara-SIV (MVA-SIV), and HIV-gp120-CD4 fusion protein plus adjuvants, which consistently reduced infection risk against heterologous intrarectal SHIVSF162P4 challenge, both high dose and repeated low dose. Surprisingly, vaccinated animals exhibited no anti-gp120 humoral responses above background and Gag- and Env-specific T cells were induced but failed to correlate with viral acquisition. Instead, vaccine-induced gut microbiome alteration and myeloid cell accumulation in colorectal mucosa correlated with protection. Ex vivo stimulation of the myeloid cell-enriched population with SHIV led to enhanced production of trained immunity markers TNF-α and IL-6, as well as viral coreceptor agonist MIP1α, which correlated with reduced viral Gag expression and in vivo viral acquisition. Overall, our results suggest mechanisms involving trained innate mucosal immunity together with antigen-specific T cells, and also indicate that vaccines can have critical effects on the gut microbiome, which in turn can affect resistance to infection. Strategies to elicit similar responses may be considered for vaccine designs to achieve optimal protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - George K Lewis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yichuan Wang
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kurt Berckmueller
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Blake Frey
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Diego Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Venkatramanan Mohanram
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Musich
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony DeVico
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - James Kirk
- Nanotherapeutics, Inc., Alachua, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Dennis Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert C Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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14
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15
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Xiang B, Baybutt TR, Berman-Booty L, Magee MS, Waldman SA, Alexeev VY, Snook AE. Prime-Boost Immunization Eliminates Metastatic Colorectal Cancer by Producing High-Avidity Effector CD8 + T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:3507-3514. [PMID: 28341670 PMCID: PMC5435941 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heterologous prime-boost immunization with plasmid DNA and viral vector vaccines is an emerging approach to elicit CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity targeting pathogens and tumor Ags that is superior to either monotherapy. Yet, the mechanisms underlying the synergy of prime-boost strategies remain incompletely defined. In this study, we examine a DNA and adenovirus (Ad5) combination regimen targeting guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C), a receptor expressed by intestinal mucosa and universally expressed by metastatic colorectal cancer. DNA immunization efficacy was optimized by i.m. delivery via electroporation, yet it remained modest compared with Ad5. Sequential immunization with DNA and Ad5 produced superior antitumor efficacy associated with increased TCR avidity, whereas targeted disruption of TCR avidity enhancement eliminated GUCY2C-specific antitumor efficacy, without affecting responding T cell number or cytokine profile. Indeed, functional TCR avidity of responding GUCY2C-specific CD8+ T cells induced by various prime or prime-boost regimens correlated with antitumor efficacy, whereas T cell number and cytokine profile were not. Importantly, although sequential immunization with DNA and Ad5 maximized antitumor efficacy through TCR avidity enhancement, it produced no autoimmunity, reflecting sequestration of GUCY2C to intestinal apical membranes and segregation of mucosal and systemic immunity. Together, TCR avidity enhancement may be leveraged by prime-boost immunization to improve GUCY2C-targeted colorectal cancer immunotherapeutic efficacy and patient outcomes without concomitant autoimmune toxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cells, Cultured
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/therapy
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Intestinal Mucosa/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Enterotoxin
- Receptors, Guanylate Cyclase-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, Guanylate Cyclase-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
- Tumor Burden
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Trevor R Baybutt
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Lisa Berman-Booty
- Department of Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Michael S Magee
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
- Bluebird Bio, Cambridge, MA 02141; and
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Vitali Y Alexeev
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Adam E Snook
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107;
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16
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Morabito KM, Ruckwardt TR, Redwood AJ, Moin SM, Price DA, Graham BS. Intranasal administration of RSV antigen-expressing MCMV elicits robust tissue-resident effector and effector memory CD8+ T cells in the lung. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:545-554. [PMID: 27220815 PMCID: PMC5123975 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus vectors are promising delivery vehicles for vaccine strategies that aim to elicit effector CD8+ T cells. To determine how the route of immunization affects CD8+ T-cell responses in the lungs of mice vaccinated with a murine cytomegalovirus vector expressing the respiratory syncytial virus matrix (M) protein, we infected CB6F1 mice via the intranasal or intraperitoneal route and evaluated the M-specific CD8+ T-cell response at early and late time points. We found that intranasal vaccination generated robust and durable tissue-resident effector and effector memory CD8+ T-cell populations that were undetectable after intraperitoneal vaccination. The generation of these antigen-experienced cells by intranasal vaccination resulted in earlier T-cell responses, interferon gamma secretion, and viral clearance after respiratory syncytial virus challenge. Collectively, these findings validate a novel approach to vaccination that emphasizes the route of delivery as a key determinant of immune priming at the site of vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Morabito
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - T R Ruckwardt
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - A J Redwood
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S M Moin
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - D A Price
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - B S Graham
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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17
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Mutoloki S, Munang'andu HM, Evensen Ø. Oral Vaccination of Fish - Antigen Preparations, Uptake, and Immune Induction. Front Immunol 2015; 6:519. [PMID: 26539192 PMCID: PMC4610203 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral route offers the most attractive approach of immunization of fish for a number of reasons: the ease of administration of antigens, it is less stressful than parenteral delivery and in principle, it is applicable to small and large sized fish; it also provides a procedure for oral boosting during grow-out periods in cages or ponds. There are, however, not many commercial vaccines available at the moment due to lack of efficacy and challenges associated with production of large quantities of antigens. These are required to stimulate an effective immune response locally and systemically, and need to be protected against degradation before they reach the sites where immune induction occurs. The hostile stomach environment is believed to be particularly important with regard to degradation of antigens in certain species. There is also a poor understanding about the requirements for proper immune induction following oral administration on one side, and the potential for induction of tolerance on the other. To what extent primary immunization via the oral route will elicit both local and systemic responses is not understood in detail. Furthermore, to what extent parenteral delivery will protect mucosal/gut surfaces and vice-versa is also not fully understood. We review the work that has been done on the subject and discuss it in light of recent advances that include mass production of antigens, including the use of plant systems. Different encapsulation techniques that have been developed in the quest to protect antigens against digestive degradation, as well as to target them for appropriate immune induction are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mutoloki
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Hetron Mweemba Munang'andu
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
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18
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Yang GB. Intestinal tract and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:4304-4316. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i27.4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract is closely associated with the transmission, disease progression and the prevention and control of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It has been noticed early in AIDS research that a large percent of AIDS patients presented abnormalities in their intestinal tract, such as diarrhea. Now it is known that the intestinal tract has close and complex relationships with AIDS: (1) the intestinal tract is directly involved in the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1); (2) the damage of the intestinal barrier of HIV/AIDS patients directly promotes AIDS disease progression; and (3) most importantly, the intestinal tract is an important target for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS. The author has previously reviewed the progress in understanding the roles of the intestinal tract in HIV-1 infection and the changes of the intestinal tract after HIV-1 infection. In the current review, I discuss the progress in understanding the roles of the damage of the intestinal mucosal immune system in AIDS disease progression, and the potential application value of the restoration of intestinal mucosal immunity in the treatment of AIDS.
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19
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Thiam F, Charpilienne A, Poncet D, Kohli E, Basset C. B subunits of cholera toxin and thermolabile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli have similar adjuvant effect as whole molecules on rotavirus 2/6-VLP specific antibody responses and induce a Th17-like response after intrarectal immunization. Microb Pathog 2015; 89:27-34. [PMID: 26318874 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adjuvant effect of the B subunits of cholera toxin (CT) and the thermolabile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (LT) by the intrarectal route of immunization and compare them to the whole molecules CT and LT-R192G, a non toxic mutant of LT, using 2/6-VLP as an antigen, in mice. All molecules induced similar antigen specific antibody titers in serum and feces, whereas different T cell profiles were observed. CTB and LTB, conversely to CT and LT-R192G, did not induce detectable production of IL-2 by antigen specific T cells. Moreover, CTB, conversely to LT-R192G, CT and LTB, did not induce antigen specific CD4+CD25+Foxp3- and Foxp3+ T cells, thus showing different effects between the B subunits themselves. However, all molecules induced an antigen specific Th17 response. In conclusion, B subunits are potent adjuvants on B cell responses by the intrarectal route. Although their impact on T cell responses are different, all molecules induce a 2/6-VLP-specific Th17 T cell response that may play a major role in helping B cell responses and thus in adjuvanticity and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatou Thiam
- Centre de Recherche Inserm UMR866 'Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer', Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Annie Charpilienne
- Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, UMR CNRS 2472 INRA 1157, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Didier Poncet
- Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, UMR CNRS 2472 INRA 1157, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Evelyne Kohli
- Centre de Recherche Inserm UMR866 'Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer', Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Christelle Basset
- Centre de Recherche Inserm UMR866 'Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer', Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
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20
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Nizard M, Diniz MO, Roussel H, Tran T, Ferreira LC, Badoual C, Tartour E. Mucosal vaccines: novel strategies and applications for the control of pathogens and tumors at mucosal sites. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2175-87. [PMID: 25424921 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system displays several adaptations reflecting the exposure to the external environment. The efficient induction of mucosal immune responses also requires specific approaches, such as the use of appropriate administration routes and specific adjuvants and/or delivery systems. In contrast to vaccines delivered via parenteral routes, experimental, and clinical evidences demonstrated that mucosal vaccines can efficiently induce local immune responses to pathogens or tumors located at mucosal sites as well as systemic response. At least in part, such features can be explained by the compartmentalization of mucosal B and T cell populations that play important roles in the modulation of local immune responses. In the present review, we discuss molecular and cellular features of the mucosal immune system as well as novel immunization approaches that may lead to the development of innovative and efficient vaccines targeting pathogens and tumors at different mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mevyn Nizard
- a INSERM U970; Universite Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris, France
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21
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Trivedi S, Ranasinghe C. The Influence of Immunization Route, Tissue Microenvironment, and Cytokine Cell Milieu on HIV-Specific CD8+ T Cells Measured Using Fluidigm Dynamic Arrays. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126487. [PMID: 25946028 PMCID: PMC4422706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty different genes including cytokines, chemokines, granzymes, perforin and specifically integrins were evaluated in Peyer's patch-KdGag197–205-specific CD8+ T cells (pools of 100 cells) using Fluidigm 48.48 Dynamic arrays following three different prime-boost immunization strategies. Data revealed that the route of prime or the booster immunization differentially influenced the integrin expression profile on gut KdGag197–205-specific CD8+ T cells. Specifically, elevated numbers of integrin αE and αD expressing gut KdGag197–205-specific CD8+ T cells were detected following mucosal but not systemic priming. Also, αE/β7 and αD/β2 heterodimerization were more noticeable in an intranasal (i.n.)/i.n. vaccination setting compared to i.n./intramuscular (i.m) or i.m./i.m. vaccinations. Moreover, in all vaccine groups tested α4 appeared to heterodimerize more closely with β7 then β1. Also MIP-1β, RANTES, CCR5, perforin and integrin α4 bio-markers were significantly elevated in i.n./i.m. and i.m./i.m. immunization groups compared to purely mucosal i.n./i.n. delivery. Furthermore, when wild type (WT) BALB/c and IL-13 knockout (KO) mice were immunized using i.n./i.m. strategy, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES, integrins α4, β1 and β7 mRNA expression levels were found to be significantly different, in mucosal verses systemic KdGag197–205-specific CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, the numbers of gut KdGag197–205-specific CD8+ T cells expressing gut-homing markers α4β7 and CCR9 protein were also significantly elevated in IL-13 KO compared to WT control. Collectively, our findings further corroborate that the route of vaccine delivery, tissue microenvironment and IL-13 depleted cytokine milieu can significantly alter the antigen-specific CD8+ T cell gene expression profiles and in turn modulate their functional avidities as well as homing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhanshi Trivedi
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Charani Ranasinghe
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
- * E-mail:
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22
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Reguzova AY, Karpenko LI, Mechetina LV, Belyakov IM. Peptide-MHC multimer-based monitoring of CD8 T-cells in HIV-1 infection and AIDS vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:69-84. [PMID: 25373312 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.962520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of MHC multimers allows precise and direct detecting and analyzing of antigen-specific T-cell populations and provides new opportunities to characterize T-cell responses in humans and animals. MHC-multimers enable us to enumerate specific T-cells targeting to viral, tumor and vaccine antigens with exceptional sensitivity and specificity. In the field of HIV/SIV immunology, this technique provides valuable information about the frequencies of HIV- and SIV-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in different tissues and sites of infection, AIDS progression, and pathogenesis. Peptide-MHC multimer technology remains a very sensitive tool in detecting virus-specific T -cells for evaluation of the immunogenicity of vaccines against HIV-1 in preclinical trials. Moreover, it helps to understand how immune responses are formed following vaccination in the dynamics from priming point until T-cell memory is matured. Here we review a diversity of peptide-MHC class I multimer applications for fundamental immunological studies in different aspects of HIV/SIV infection and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Y Reguzova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
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23
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Rafferty H, Sibeko S, Rowland-Jones S. How can we design better vaccines to prevent HIV infection in women? Front Microbiol 2014; 5:572. [PMID: 25408686 PMCID: PMC4219488 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) burden in women continues to increase, and heterosexual contact is now the most common route of infection worldwide. Effective protection of women against HIV-1 infection may require a vaccine specifically targeting mucosal immune responses in the female genital tract (FGT). To achieve this goal, a much better understanding of the immunology of the FGT is needed. Here we review the architecture of the immune system of the FGT, recent studies of potential methods to achieve the goal of mucosal protection in women, including systemic-prime, mucosal-boost, FGT-tropic vectors and immune response altering adjuvants. Advances in other fields that enhance our understanding of female genital immune correlates and the interplay between hormonal and immunological systems may also help to achieve protection of women from HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Rafferty
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Sengeziwe Sibeko
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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24
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Momtaz S, Rahman A, Sultana M, Hossain MA. Evolutionary Analysis and Prediction of Peptide Vaccine Candidates for Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Virus Types A and O in Bangladesh. Evol Bioinform Online 2014; 10:187-96. [PMID: 25452681 PMCID: PMC4219755 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s17027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), an endemic disease of cloven-hoofed animals, causes an annual economic loss of US$60–150 million in Bangladesh. There is no cross-protection among the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes and vaccination escape mutation may happen. Peptide vaccine is a safer alternative. The aim of this study is to predict and map the B and T cell epitopes of VP1 proteins of FMDV serotypes O and A that were circulating in Bangladesh from 2011 to 2013. Using evolutionary and computational approach (BCPred, BepiPred, DiscoTope, ElliPro, and ProPred-I, IEDB analysis for MHC-I prediction), a total of 11 B and T cell epitopes were predicted. Also, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of VP1 protein showed that the predicted five epitopes residing on N- and C-termini can be considered as good vaccine candidates, and epitopes on the G–H loop can serve as receptor recognition sites for vaccine design. The scores of predicted epitopes of one method were cross-checked with other one for potential epitope mining. Within the VP1 antigenic sites, significant evidence of positive selection was present indicating evolution of VP1 under high immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Momtaz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arafat Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Munawar Sultana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Anwar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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25
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Poles J, Alvarez Y, Hioe CE. Induction of intestinal immunity by mucosal vaccines as a means of controlling HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:1027-40. [PMID: 25354023 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are preferentially targeted and depleted by HIV. As such, the induction of an effective anti-HIV immune response in the mucosa of the GI tract-through vaccination-could protect this vulnerable population of cells. Mucosal vaccination provides a promising means of inducing robust humoral and cellular responses in the GI tract. Here we review data from the literature about the effectiveness of various mucosal vaccination routes--oral (intraintestinal/tonsilar/sublingual), intranasal, and intrarectal--with regard to the induction of immune responses mediated by cytotoxic T cells and antibodies in the GI mucosa, as well as protective efficacy in challenge models. We present data from the literature indicating that mucosal routes have the potential to effectively elicit GI mucosal immunity and protect against challenge. Given their capacity for the induction of anti-HIV immune responses in the GI mucosa, we propose that mucosal routes, including the nonconventional sublingual, tonsilar, and intrarectal routes, be considered for the delivery of the next generation HIV vaccines. However, further studies are necessary to determine the ideal vectors and vaccination regimens for these routes of immunization and to validate their efficacy in controlling HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Poles
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yelina Alvarez
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System–Manhattan Campus and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Catarina E. Hioe
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System–Manhattan Campus and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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26
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Trivedi S, Jackson RJ, Ranasinghe C. Different HIV pox viral vector-based vaccines and adjuvants can induce unique antigen presenting cells that modulate CD8 T cell avidity. Virology 2014; 468-470:479-489. [PMID: 25261870 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The lung-derived dendritic cell (LDC) recruitment following intranasal (i.n.) vaccination of different poxviral vector-based vaccines/adjuvants were evaluated to decipher how these factors influenced CD8(+) T cell avidity. Compared to the standard i.n. recombinant fowlpox virus (FPV)-HIV vaccination, the FPV-HIV IL-13Rα2 or IL-4Rα antagonist adjuvanted vaccines that induced higher avidity CD8(+) T cells, also recruited significantly elevated MHCII(+) CD11c(+) CD11b(+) CD103(-) CD64(-) MAR-1(-) conventional DC (cDCs) to the lung mucosae (hierarchy: IL-4R antagonist>IL-13Rα2>unadjuvanted). In contrast, elevated CD11b(-) CD103(+) LDCs were detected in animals that received recombinant HIV vaccinia virus (rVV) or Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) vector-based vaccines. Adoptive transfer studies indicated that CD11b(-) CD103(+) LDCs significantly dampened HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell avidity compared to CD11b(+) CD103(-) LDCs. Collectively; our observations revealed that rFPV vector prime and transient inhibition of IL-4/IL-13 at the vaccination site favoured the recruitment of unique LDCs, associated with the induction of high quality immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhanshi Trivedi
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Ronald J Jackson
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Charani Ranasinghe
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
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27
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Ondondo BO. The influence of delivery vectors on HIV vaccine efficacy. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:439. [PMID: 25202303 PMCID: PMC4141443 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine remains a big challenge, largely due to the enormous HIV diversity which propels immune escape. Thus novel vaccine strategies are targeting multiple variants of conserved antibody and T cell epitopic regions which would incur a huge fitness cost to the virus in the event of mutational escape. Besides immunogen design, the delivery modality is critical for vaccine potency and efficacy, and should be carefully selected in order to not only maximize transgene expression, but to also enhance the immuno-stimulatory potential to activate innate and adaptive immune systems. To date, five HIV vaccine candidates have been evaluated for efficacy and protection from acquisition was only achieved in a small proportion of vaccinees in the RV144 study which used a canarypox vector for delivery. Conversely, in the STEP study (HVTN 502) where human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) was used, strong immune responses were induced but vaccination was more associated with increased risk of HIV acquisition than protection in vaccinees with pre-existing Ad5 immunity. The possibility that pre-existing immunity to a highly promising delivery vector may alter the natural course of HIV to increase acquisition risk is quite worrisome and a huge setback for HIV vaccine development. Thus, HIV vaccine development efforts are now geared toward delivery platforms which attain superior immunogenicity while concurrently limiting potential catastrophic effects likely to arise from pre-existing immunity or vector-related immuno-modulation. However, it still remains unclear whether it is poor immunogenicity of HIV antigens or substandard immunological potency of the safer delivery vectors that has limited the success of HIV vaccines. This article discusses some of the promising delivery vectors to be harnessed for improved HIV vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice O Ondondo
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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28
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Abstract
In spite of several attempts over many years at developing a HIV vaccine based on classical strategies, none has convincingly succeeded to date. As HIV is transmitted primarily by the mucosal route, particularly through sexual intercourse, understanding antiviral immunity at mucosal sites is of major importance. An ideal vaccine should elicit HIV-specific antibodies and mucosal CD8⁺ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) as a first line of defense at a very early stage of HIV infection, before the virus can disseminate into the secondary lymphoid organs in mucosal and systemic tissues. A primary focus of HIV preventive vaccine research is therefore the induction of protective immune responses in these crucial early stages of HIV infection. Numerous approaches are being studied in the field, including building upon the recent RV144 clinical trial. In this article, we will review current strategies and briefly discuss the use of adjuvants in designing HIV vaccines that induce mucosal immune responses.
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29
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Apoptosis of antigen-specific CTLs contributes to low immune response in gut-associated lymphoid tissue post vaccination. Vaccine 2014; 32:5198-205. [PMID: 25066739 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) represents a major reservoir of HIV in infected individuals. Vaccines can induce strong systemic immune responses but these have less impact on CD4 T cells activity and numbers in GALT. In this study, we vaccinated mice with an adenovirus vector that expressed the envelope gene from HIV and observed immune responses in the peripheral blood, spleen, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches. We found that (1) the number of HIV-specific CD8 T cells was dramatically lower in GALT than in other tissues; (2) the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) was expressed at high levels in HIV-specific CD8 T cells including memory T cells in GALT; and (3) high levels of HIV-specific CD8 T cell apoptosis were occurring in GALT. These results suggest that contributing to GALT becoming an HIV reservoir during infection is a combination of exhaustion and/or dysfunction of HIV-specific CTLs at that site. These results emphasize the importance of developing of an effective mucosal vaccine against HIV.
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30
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Gu L, Krendelchtchikova V, Krendelchtchikov A, Oster RA, Fujihashi K, Matthews QL. A recombinant adenovirus-based vector elicits a specific humoral immune response against the V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120 in mice through the "Antigen Capsid-Incorporation" strategy. Virol J 2014; 11:112. [PMID: 24935650 PMCID: PMC4065546 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to potential advantages, human adenoviral vectors have been evaluated pre-clinically as recombinant vaccine vectors against several cancers and infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The V3 loop of HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 (gp120) contains important neutralizing epitopes and plays key roles in HIV entry and infectivity. Methods In order to investigate the humoral immune response development against portions of the V3 loop, we sought to generate four versions of adenovirus (Ad)-based V3 vectors by incorporating four different antigen inserts into the hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of human adenovirus type 5 (hAd5) hexon. The strategy whereby antigens are incorporated within the adenovirus capsid is known as the “Antigen Capsid-Incorporation” strategy. Results Of the four recombinant vectors, Ad-HVR1-lgs-His6-V3 and Ad-HVR1-long-V3 had the capability to present heterologous antigens on capsid surface, while maintaining low viral particle to infectious particle (VP/IP) ratios. The VP/IP ratios indicated both high viability and stability of these two vectors, as well as the possibility that V3 epitopes on these two vectors could be presented to immune system. Furthermore, both Ad-HVR1-lgs-His6-V3 and Ad-HVR1-long-V3 could, to some extent escape the neutralization by anti-adenovirus polyclonal antibody (PAb), but rather not the immunity by anti-gp120 (902) monoclonal antibody (MAb). The neutralization assay together with the whole virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) suggested that these two vectors could present V3 epitopes similar to the natural V3 presence in native HIV virions. However, subsequent mice immunizations clearly showed that only Ad-HVR1-lgs-His6-V3 elicited strong humoral immune response against V3. Isotype ELISAs identified IgG2a and IgG2b as the dominant IgG isotypes, while IgG1 comprised the minority. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that human adenovirus (hAd) vectors which present HIV antigen via the “Antigen Capsid-Incorporation” strategy could successfully elicit antigen-specific humoral immune responses, which could potentially open an avenue for the development of Ad-based HIV V3 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qiana L Matthews
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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31
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Chanzu N, Ondondo B. Induction of Potent and Long-Lived Antibody and Cellular Immune Responses in the Genitorectal Mucosa Could be the Critical Determinant of HIV Vaccine Efficacy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:202. [PMID: 24847327 PMCID: PMC4021115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of HIV prevention has indeed progressed in leaps and bounds, but with major limitations of the current prevention and treatment options, the world remains desperate for an HIV vaccine. Sadly, this continues to be elusive, because more than 30 years since its discovery there is no licensed HIV vaccine. Research aiming to define immunological biomarkers to accurately predict vaccine efficacy have focused mainly on systemic immune responses, and as such, studies defining correlates of protection in the genitorectal mucosa, the primary target site for HIV entry and seeding are sparse. Clearly, difficulties in sampling and analysis of mucosal specimens, as well as their limited size have been a major deterrent in characterizing the type (mucosal antibodies, cytokines, chemokines, or CTL), threshold (magnitude, depth, and breadth) and viral inhibitory capacity of HIV-1-specific immune responses in the genitorectal mucosa, where they are needed to immediately block HIV acquisition and arrest subsequent virus dissemination. Nevertheless, a few studies document the existence of HIV-specific immune responses in the genitorectal mucosa of HIV-infected aviremic and viremic controllers, as well as in highly exposed persistently seronegative (HEPS) individuals with natural resistance to HIV-1. Some of these responses strongly correlate with protection from HIV acquisition and/or disease progression, thus providing significant clues of the ideal components of an efficacious HIV vaccine. In this study, we provide an overview of the key features of protective immune responses found in HEPS, elite and viremic controllers, and discuss how these can be achieved through mucosal immunization. Inevitably, HIV vaccine development research will have to consider strategies that elicit potent antibody and cellular immune responses within the genitorectal mucosa or induction of systemic immune cells with an inherent potential to home and persist at mucosal sites of HIV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Chanzu
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Beatrice Ondondo
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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32
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Garulli B, Di Mario G, Stillitano MG, Kawaoka Y, Castrucci MR. Exploring mucosal immunization with a recombinant influenza virus carrying an HIV-polyepitope in mice with pre-existing immunity to influenza. Vaccine 2014; 32:2501-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Ranasinghe C, Ramshaw IA. Genetic heterologous prime–boost vaccination strategies for improved systemic and mucosal immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:1171-81. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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34
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Karpenko LI, Bazhan SI, Antonets DV, Belyakov IM. Novel approaches in polyepitope T-cell vaccine development against HIV-1. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 13:155-73. [PMID: 24308576 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.861748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
RV144 clinical trial was modestly effective in preventing HIV infection. New alternative approaches are needed to design improved HIV-1 vaccines and their delivery strategies. One of these approaches is construction of synthetic polyepitope HIV-1 immunogen using protective T- and B-cell epitopes that can induce broadly neutralizing antibodies and responses of cytotoxic (CD8(+) CTL) and helpers (CD4(+) Th) T-lymphocytes. This approach seems to be promising for designing of new generation of vaccines against HIV-1, enables in theory to cope with HIV-1 antigenic variability, focuses immune responses on protective determinants and enables to exclude from the vaccine compound that can induce autoantibodies or antibodies enhancing HIV-1 infectivity. Herein, the authors will focus on construction and rational design of polyepitope T-cell HIV-1 immunogens and their delivery, including: advantages and disadvantages of existing T-cell epitope prediction methods; features of organization of polyepitope immunogens, which can generate high-level CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-lymphocyte responses; the strategies to optimize efficient processing, presentation and immunogenicity of polyepitope constructs; original software to design polyepitope immunogens; and delivery vectors as well as mucosal strategies of vaccination. This new knowledge may bring us a one step closer to developing an effective T-cell vaccine against HIV-1, other chronic viral infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa I Karpenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
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35
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Li AV, Moon JJ, Abraham W, Suh H, Elkhader J, Seidman MA, Yen M, Im EJ, Foley MH, Barouch DH, Irvine DJ. Generation of effector memory T cell-based mucosal and systemic immunity with pulmonary nanoparticle vaccination. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:204ra130. [PMID: 24068737 PMCID: PMC3934930 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many pathogens infiltrate the body and initiate infection via mucosal surfaces. Hence, eliciting cellular immune responses at mucosal portals of entry is of great interest for vaccine development against mucosal pathogens. We describe a pulmonary vaccination strategy combining Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists with antigen-carrying lipid nanocapsules [interbilayer-crosslinked multilamellar vesicles (ICMVs)], which elicit high-frequency, long-lived, antigen-specific effector memory T cell responses at multiple mucosal sites. Pulmonary immunization using protein- or peptide-loaded ICMVs combined with two TLR agonists, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) and monophosphoryl lipid A, was safe and well tolerated in mice, and led to increased antigen transport to draining lymph nodes compared to equivalent subcutaneous vaccination. This response was mediated by the vast number of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the lungs. Nanocapsules primed 13-fold more T cells than did equivalent soluble vaccines, elicited increased expression of mucosal homing integrin α₄β₇⁺, and generated long-lived T cells in both the lungs and distal (for example, vaginal) mucosa strongly biased toward an effector memory (T(EM)) phenotype. These T(EM) responses were highly protective in both therapeutic tumor and prophylactic viral vaccine settings. Together, these data suggest that targeting cross-presentation-promoting particulate vaccines to the APC-rich pulmonary mucosa can promote robust T cell responses for protection of mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne V. Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James J. Moon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wuhbet Abraham
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Heikyung Suh
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD20815, USA
| | - Jamal Elkhader
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael A. Seidman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Minmin Yen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eung-Jun Im
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maria H. Foley
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD20815, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA 02139, USA
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36
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Sandoval F, Terme M, Nizard M, Badoual C, Bureau MF, Freyburger L, Clement O, Marcheteau E, Gey A, Fraisse G, Bouguin C, Merillon N, Dransart E, Tran T, Quintin-Colonna F, Autret G, Thiebaud M, Suleman M, Riffault S, Wu TC, Launay O, Danel C, Taieb J, Richardson J, Zitvogel L, Fridman WH, Johannes L, Tartour E. Mucosal imprinting of vaccine-induced CD8⁺ T cells is crucial to inhibit the growth of mucosal tumors. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:172ra20. [PMID: 23408053 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although many human cancers are located in mucosal sites, most cancer vaccines are tested against subcutaneous tumors in preclinical models. We therefore wondered whether mucosa-specific homing instructions to the immune system might influence mucosal tumor outgrowth. We showed that the growth of orthotopic head and neck or lung cancers was inhibited when a cancer vaccine was delivered by the intranasal mucosal route but not the intramuscular route. This antitumor effect was dependent on CD8⁺ T cells. Indeed, only intranasal vaccination elicited mucosal-specific CD8⁺ T cells expressing the mucosal integrin CD49a. Blockade of CD49a decreased intratumoral CD8⁺ T cell infiltration and the efficacy of cancer vaccine on mucosal tumor. We then showed that after intranasal vaccination, dendritic cells from lung parenchyma, but not those from spleen, induced the expression of CD49a on cocultured specific CD8⁺ T cells. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from human mucosal lung cancer also expressed CD49a, which supports the relevance and possible extrapolation of these results in humans. We thus identified a link between the route of vaccination and the induction of a mucosal homing program on induced CD8⁺ T cells that controlled their trafficking. Immunization route directly affected the efficacy of the cancer vaccine to control mucosal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Sandoval
- INSERM U970 PARCC, 75015 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Magali Terme
- INSERM U970 PARCC, 75015 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Mevyn Nizard
- INSERM U970 PARCC, 75015 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Badoual
- INSERM U970 PARCC, 75015 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), 75015 Paris, France
| | - Michel-Francis Bureau
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique, UMR 8151 CNRS, 75270 Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Clement
- INSERM U970 PARCC, 75015 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Elie Marcheteau
- INSERM U970 PARCC, 75015 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France.,INSERM, CIC-BT-505, 75014 Paris, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Broca Hotel-Dieu, Centre d'investigation clinique de vaccinologie Cochin Pasteur, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Alain Gey
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), 75015 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Fraisse
- INSERM U970 PARCC, 75015 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Cécilia Bouguin
- INSERM U970 PARCC, 75015 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Merillon
- INSERM U970 PARCC, 75015 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Estelle Dransart
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling, and Delivery Laboratory, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,UMR144 CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thi Tran
- INSERM U970 PARCC, 75015 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Quintin-Colonna
- INSERM U970 PARCC, 75015 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France.,Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons Alfort 94700, France
| | - Gwennhael Autret
- INSERM U970 PARCC, 75015 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Marine Thiebaud
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling, and Delivery Laboratory, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,UMR144 CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- UMR 1161 Virologie Inra, Anses, ENVA, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Tzyy-Choou Wu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Odile Launay
- INSERM, CIC-BT-505, 75014 Paris, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Broca Hotel-Dieu, Centre d'investigation clinique de vaccinologie Cochin Pasteur, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Claire Danel
- Hopital Bichat, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Julien Taieb
- INSERM U970 PARCC, 75015 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Richardson
- UMR 1161 Virologie Inra, Anses, ENVA, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Institut Gustave Roussy, INSERM U1015, CIC-BT507, Faculté Paris Sud Université Paris XI, 94805 Paris, France
| | - Wolf H Fridman
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Traffic, Signaling, and Delivery Laboratory, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,UMR144 CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM U970 PARCC, 75015 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), 75015 Paris, France.,INSERM, CIC-BT-505, 75014 Paris, France
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37
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Agnello D, Denimal D, Lavaux A, Blondeau-Germe L, Lu B, Gerard NP, Gerard C, Pothier P. Intrarectal immunization and IgA antibody-secreting cell homing to the small intestine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4836-47. [PMID: 23547118 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
According to the current paradigm, lymphocyte homing to the small intestine requires the expression of two tissue-specific homing receptors, the integrin α4β7 and the CCL25 receptor CCR9. In this study, we investigated the organ distribution and the homing molecule expression of IgA Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) induced by intrarectal immunization with a particulate Ag, in comparison with other mucosal immunization routes. Intrarectal immunization induces gut-homing IgA ASCs that localize not only in the colon but also in the small intestine, although they are not responsive to CCL25, unlike IgA ASCs induced by oral immunization. The mucosal epithelial chemokine CCL28, known to attract all IgA ASCs, does not compensate for the lack of CCL25 responsiveness, because the number of Ag-specific cells is not decreased in the gut of CCR10-deficient mice immunized by the intrarectal route. However, Ag-specific IgA ASCs induced by intrarectal immunization express the integrin α4β7, and their number is considerably decreased in the gut of β7-deficient mice immunized by the intrarectal route, indicating that α4β7 enables these cells to migrate into the small intestine, even without CCL25 responsiveness. In contrast, IgA ASCs induced by intranasal immunization express low α4β7 levels and are usually excluded from the gut. Paradoxically, after intranasal immunization, Ag-specific IgA ASCs are significantly increased in the small intestine of β7-deficient mice, demonstrating that lymphocyte homing is a competitive process and that integrin α4β7 determines not only the intestinal tropism of IgA ASCs elicited in GALTs but also the intestinal exclusion of lymphocytes primed in other inductive sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Agnello
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Centre National de Référence des Virus Entériques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, 21070 Dijon Cedex, France.
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38
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Abstract
Vaccines are arguably the most powerful medical intervention in the fight against infectious diseases. The enormity of the global human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic makes the development of an AIDS vaccine a scientific and humanitarian priority. Research on vaccines that induce T-cell immunity has dominated much of the recent development effort, mostly because of disappointing efforts to induce neutralizing antibodies through vaccination. Whereas T cells are known to limit HIV and other virus infections after infection, their role in protection against initial infection is much less clear. In this article, we will review the rationale behind a T-cell-based vaccine approach, provide an overview of the methods and platforms that are being applied, and discuss the impact of recent vaccine trial results on the future direction of T-cell vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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39
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Sircar P, Furr KL, Letvin NL. Systemic vaccination induces clonally diverse SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell populations in systemic and mucosal compartments. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:93-103. [PMID: 22763409 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An HIV-1 vaccine must elicit a clonally diverse virus-specific CD8+ T-cell response to contain mutant virus forms, and these responses must be present in mucosal tissues, which are the site of early HIV-1 replication. We show that systemic delivery of prototype vaccine vectors in rhesus monkeys induced SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus)-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in systemic and mucosal compartments with comparable clonal compositions. Although clonal sharing was maintained between the peripheral blood and lungs, the clonal constituents of the vaccine-induced CD8+ T-cell populations in the gastrointestinal mucosal tissues evolved away from the peripheral blood population. A phenotypic characterization indicated that the divergence was a consequence of differential trafficking and retention of the vaccine-induced cells in mucosal compartments. These findings highlight the circulation of vaccine-induced CD8+ T-cell populations between systemic and mucosal compartments and the importance of the expression of specific homing molecules for localization in mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sircar
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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40
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Çuburu N, Graham BS, Buck CB, Kines RC, Pang YYS, Day PM, Lowy DR, Schiller JT. Intravaginal immunization with HPV vectors induces tissue-resident CD8+ T cell responses. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:4606-20. [PMID: 23143305 DOI: 10.1172/jci63287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of persistent intraepithelial CD8+ T cell responses may be key to the development of vaccines against mucosally transmitted pathogens, particularly for sexually transmitted diseases. Here we investigated CD8+ T cell responses in the female mouse cervicovaginal mucosa after intravaginal immunization with human papillomavirus vectors (HPV pseudoviruses) that transiently expressed a model antigen, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) M/M2, in cervicovaginal keratinocytes. An HPV intravaginal prime/boost with different HPV serotypes induced 10-fold more cervicovaginal antigen-specific CD8+ T cells than priming alone. Antigen-specific T cell numbers decreased only 2-fold after 6 months. Most genital antigen-specific CD8+ T cells were intra- or subepithelial, expressed αE-integrin CD103, produced IFN-γ and TNF-α, and displayed in vivo cytotoxicity. Using a sphingosine-1-phosphate analog (FTY720), we found that the primed CD8+ T cells proliferated in the cervicovaginal mucosa upon HPV intravaginal boost. Intravaginal HPV prime/boost reduced cervicovaginal viral titers 1,000-fold after intravaginal challenge with vaccinia virus expressing the CD8 epitope M2. In contrast, intramuscular prime/boost with an adenovirus type 5 vector induced a higher level of systemic CD8+ T cells but failed to induce intraepithelial CD103+CD8+ T cells or protect against recombinant vaccinia vaginal challenge. Thus, HPV vectors are attractive gene-delivery platforms for inducing durable intraepithelial cervicovaginal CD8+ T cell responses by promoting local proliferation and retention of primed antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Çuburu
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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41
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Moon JJ, Huang B, Irvine DJ. Engineering nano- and microparticles to tune immunity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:3724-46. [PMID: 22641380 PMCID: PMC3786137 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201200446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The immune system can be a cure or cause of disease, fulfilling a protective role in attacking cancer or pathogenic microbes but also causing tissue destruction in autoimmune disorders. Thus, therapies aimed to amplify or suppress immune reactions are of great interest. However, the complex regulation of the immune system, coupled with the potential systemic side effects associated with traditional systemic drug therapies, has presented a major hurdle for the development of successful immunotherapies. Recent progress in the design of synthetic micro- and nano-particles that can target drugs, deliver imaging agents, or stimulate immune cells directly through their physical and chemical properties is leading to new approaches to deliver vaccines, promote immune responses against tumors, and suppress autoimmunity. In addition, novel strategies, such as the use of particle-laden immune cells as living targeting agents for drugs, are providing exciting new approaches for immunotherapy. This progress report describes recent advances in the design of micro- and nano-particles for immunotherapies and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Moon
- Dept. of Materials Science and Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology-MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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42
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Isakov D, Dzutsev A, Berzofsky JA, Belyakov IM. Lack of IL-7 and IL-15 signaling affects interferon-γ production by, more than survival of, small intestinal intraepithelial memory CD8+ T cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 41:3513-28. [PMID: 21928282 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Survival of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs during viral infection is known to be dependent predominantly on IL-7 and IL-15. However, little is known about a possible influence of tissue environmental factors on this process. To address this question, we studied survival of memory antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in the small intestine. Here, we show that 2 months after vaccinia virus infection, B8R(20-27) /H2-K(b) tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells in the small intestinal intraepithelial (SI-IEL) layer are found in mice deficient in IL-15 expression. Moreover, SI-IEL and lamina propria lymphocytes do not express the receptor for IL-7 (IL-7Rα/CD127). In addition, after in vitro stimulation with B8R(20-27) peptide, SI-IEL cells do not produce high amounts of IFN-γ neither at 5 days nor at 2 months postinfection (p.i.). Importantly, the lack of IL-15 was found to shape the functional activity of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, by narrowing the CTL avidity repertoire. Taken together, these results reveal that survival factors, as well as the functional activity, of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in the SI-IEL compartments may markedly differ from their counterparts in peripheral lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Isakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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43
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Kim MS, Kim DS, Kim KH. Oral immunization of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) with recombinant live viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) induces protection against VHSV infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:212-216. [PMID: 21605686 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (rVHSV-ΔNV-EGFP) that has enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene instead of NV gene was previously generated using reverse genetics technology. In this study, potential of the rVHSV-ΔNV-EGFP to be used as a live oral vaccine candidate was assessed. The presence of the recombinant virus in internal organs of orally administered olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Although the recombinant VHSV-specific band was detected only when the number of PCR cycle was increased to 35, the band was detected from internal organs, such as kidney, spleen, and liver of fish that were reared at either 15 °C or 20 °C till even 20 days, suggesting that a few orally administered rVHSV-ΔNV-EGFP might be transported to internal organs, and might keep weak replication ability in the organs. VHSV-neutralizing activity was induced by oral immunization of olive flounder with the NV gene knock-out recombinant VHSV not only in skin and intestinal mucus but also in serum, suggesting that mucosal and systemic adaptive immune responses were elicited by oral immunization. In challenge experiment, groups of fish immunized with 10⁴, 10⁵, and 2 × 10⁵ PFU of rVHSV-ΔNV-EGFP/fish showed 25%, 50%, and 70% of relative percent survival (RPS), respectively. The RPSs were elevated to 60%, 75%, and 90% by a boost immunization in fish boost immunized with 10⁴, 10⁵, and 2 × 10⁵ PFU of rVHSV-ΔNV-EGFP, respectively. The cumulative mortality of fish in the control groups was 100%. Conclusionly, the present results demonstrate that the NV gene knock-out recombinant VHSV administered orally to olive flounder can induce dose- and boosting-dependent VHSV-neutralizing antibody in mucus and serum, and can provide a high protection in olive flounder against a virulent VHSV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu 599-1, Busan 608-737, South Korea
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44
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Strbo N, Vaccari M, Pahwa S, Kolber MA, Fisher E, Gonzalez L, Doster MN, Hryniewicz A, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN, Franchini G, Podack ER. Gp96 SIV Ig immunization induces potent polyepitope specific, multifunctional memory responses in rectal and vaginal mucosa. Vaccine 2011; 29:2619-25. [PMID: 21277409 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ER-resident chaperone gp96, when released by cell lysis, induces an immunogenic chemokine signature and causes innate immune activation of DC and NK cells. Here we show that intraperitoneal immunization with a genetically engineered, secreted form of gp96, gp96-Ig chaperoning SIV antigens, induces high levels of antigen specific CD8 CTL in the rectal and vaginal mucosa of Rhesus macaques. The frequency of SIV Gag- and SIV Tat-tetramer positive CD8 CTL in the intestinal mucosa reached 30-50% after the third immunization. Tetramer positive CD8 CTL expressed appropriate functional (granzyme B) and migration markers (CD103). The polyepitope specificity of the mucosal CD8 and CD4 response is evident from a strong, multifunctional cytokine response upon stimulation with peptides covering the gag, tat and env proteins. Induction of powerful mucosal effector CD8 CTL responses by cell-based gp96(SIV)-Ig immunization may provide a pathway to the development of safe and effective SIV/HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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45
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Hong B, Song XT, Rollins L, Berry L, Huang XF, Chen SY. Mucosal and systemic anti-HIV immunity controlled by A20 in mouse dendritic cells. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:739-51. [PMID: 21206085 DOI: 10.1172/jci42656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both mucosal and systemic immune responses are required for preventing or containing HIV transmission and chronic infection. However, currently described vaccination approaches are largely ineffective in inducing both mucosal and systemic responses. In this study, we found that the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20--an inducible feedback inhibitor of the TNFR, RIG-I, and TLR signaling pathways that broadly controls the maturation, cytokine production, and immunostimulatory potency of DCs--restricted systemically immunized DCs to induce both robust mucosal and systemic HIV-specific cellular and humoral responses. Mechanistic studies revealed that A20 regulated DC production of retinoic acid and proinflammatory cytokines, inhibiting the expression of gut-homing receptors on T and B cells. Furthermore, A20-silenced, hyperactivated DCs exhibited an enhanced homing capacity to draining and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) after systemic administration. Thus, this study provides insights into the role of A20 in innate immunity. This work may allow the development of an efficient HIV vaccination strategy that is capable of inducing both robust systemic and mucosal anti-HIV cellular and humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangxing Hong
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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46
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Mucosal immunity and HIV-1 infection: applications for mucosal AIDS vaccine development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 354:157-79. [PMID: 21203884 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) occurs through gastrointestinal and vaginal mucosa. These mucosal tissues are major reservoirs for initial HIV replication and amplification, and the sites of rapid CD4(+) T cell depletion. In both HIV-infected humans and SIV-infected macaques, massive loss of CD4(+) CCR5(+) memory T cells occurs in the gut and vaginal mucosa within the first 10-14 days of infection. Induction of local HIV-specific immune responses by vaccines may facilitate effective control of HIV or SIV replication at these sites. Vaccines that induce mucosal responses, in particular CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), have controlled viral replication at mucosal sites and curtailed systemic dissemination. Thus, there is strong justification for development of next generation vaccines that induce mucosal immune effectors against HIV-1 including CD8(+) CTL, CD4(+) T helper cells and secretory IgA. In addition, further understanding of local innate mechanisms that impact early viral replication will greatly inform future vaccine development. In this review, we examine the current knowledge concerning mucosal AIDS vaccine development. Moreover, we propose immunization strategies that may be able to elicit an effective immune response that can protect against AIDS as well as other mucosal infections.
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47
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Ahlers JD, Belyakov IM. Molecular pathways regulating CD4+ T cell differentiation, anergy and memory with implications for vaccines. Trends Mol Med 2010; 16:478-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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48
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Unique Th1/Th2 phenotypes induced during priming and memory phases by use of interleukin-12 (IL-12) or IL-28B vaccine adjuvants in rhesus macaques. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1493-9. [PMID: 20685940 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00181-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvant compounds are usually included in vaccinations in order to bolster total vaccine-specific responses or to tailor an immune response toward a desired endpoint, such as the production of gamma interferon or an increase in antibody titers. While most adjuvants are studied in regard to their impact on vaccine-specific responses during and just after the vaccination period, a detailed analysis of how adjuvants skew the Th1/Th2 axis at more distant time points is not often undertaken. In the current study, we present data that suggests that adjuvants differ in their relative abilities to bolster and skew immune responses in the short term compared with more distant time points. To that end, we have employed interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-28B as adjuvants for DNA vaccination of rhesus macaques. While both adjuvants were able to bolster Th1-biased responses, our analysis shows that this skewing was achieved through different mechanisms. Moreover, analysis 3 months after the final immunization revealed the activity of the IL-12 adjuvant to be short lived, while the IL-28B adjuvant continued to exert its influence on the immune system. Taken together, these data suggest that the scientific and medical communities would benefit from a more detailed analysis of adjuvant function, including the determination of long-term influences of administered adjuvants.
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49
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Surman SL, Brown SA, Jones BG, Woodland DL, Hurwitz JL. Clearance of HIV type 1 envelope recombinant sendai virus depends on CD4+ T cells and interferon-gamma but not B cells, CD8+ T cells, or perforin. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:783-93. [PMID: 20623995 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-mediated viral clearance is classically attributed to the CD8(+) T cell subset, but CD4(+) T cells can sometimes assume this role. One such instance was illustrated by the immunization of C57BL/6 mice with HIV-1 envelope, followed by challenge with a recombinant Sendai virus (rSeV-env) carrying a gene for secreted HIV-1 envelope protein. Vaccinated mice that lacked both B cells (microMT) and CD8(+) T cells controlled virus, but control was lost when CD4(+) T cells were depleted. To explain this activity, we questioned whether CD4(+) T cells might utilize perforin for killing of MHC class II-positive targets. We also asked if the process might depend on IFN-gamma, which can upregulate MHC expression and enhance T cell recruitment to sites of virus challenge. To address these possibilities, we vaccinated perforin-KO mice with HIV-1 envelope and challenged them with rSeV-env. We found that perforin was not required for (1) CD4(+) T cell homing to the site of virus challenge, (2) expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines (including IFN-gamma), or (3) virus clearance. To determine if IFN-gamma was required for protection, we repeated experiments in IFN-gamma-KO animals. In this case, significant protection was lost, although the CD4(+) T cells trafficked readily to the site of infection. In fact, local CD4(+) T cell numbers in vaccinated IFN-gamma- KO mice exceeded those in wild type animals. In both cases, cells were alphass TCR(+), NK-1.1(-), and CD44(+), typifying an activated CD4(+) T cell subset. Taken together, our results showed that HIV-1 envelope recombinant virus clearance was dependent on CD4(+) T cells and IFN-gamma, but occurred in the absence of B cells, CD8(+) T cells, or perforin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri L. Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Scott A. Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Bart G. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
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50
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Hervouet C, Luci C, Cuburu N, Cremel M, Bekri S, Vimeux L, Marañon C, Czerkinsky C, Hosmalin A, Anjuère F. Sublingual immunization with an HIV subunit vaccine induces antibodies and cytotoxic T cells in the mouse female genital tract. Vaccine 2010; 28:5582-90. [PMID: 20600505 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A vaccine against heterosexual transmission by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) should generate cytotoxic and antibody responses in the female genital tract and in extra-genital organs. We report that sublingual immunization with HIV-1 gp41 and a reverse transcriptase polypeptide coupled to the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) induced gp41-specific IgA antibodies and antibody-secreting cells, as well as reverse transcriptase-specific CD8 T cells in the genital mucosa, contrary to intradermal immunization. Conjugation of the reverse transcriptase peptide to CTB favored its cross-presentation by human dendritic cells to a T cell line from an HIV(+) patient. Sublingual vaccination could represent a promising vaccine strategy against heterosexual transmission of HIV-1.
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