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Yamano K, Sawada M, Kikuchi R, Nagataki K, Kojima W, Endo R, Kinefuchi H, Sugihara A, Fujino T, Watanabe A, Tanaka K, Hayashi G, Murakami H, Matsuda N. Optineurin provides a mitophagy contact site for TBK1 activation. EMBO J 2024; 43:754-779. [PMID: 38287189 PMCID: PMC10907724 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a Ser/Thr kinase that is involved in many intracellular processes, such as innate immunity, cell cycle, and apoptosis. TBK1 is also important for phosphorylating the autophagy adaptors that mediate the selective autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria. However, the mechanism by which PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy activates TBK1 remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the autophagy adaptor optineurin (OPTN) provides a unique platform for TBK1 activation. Both the OPTN-ubiquitin and the OPTN-pre-autophagosomal structure (PAS) interaction axes facilitate assembly of the OPTN-TBK1 complex at a contact sites between damaged mitochondria and the autophagosome formation sites. At this assembly point, a positive feedback loop for TBK1 activation is initiated that accelerates hetero-autophosphorylation of the protein. Expression of monobodies engineered here to bind OPTN impaired OPTN accumulation at contact sites, as well as the subsequent activation of TBK1, thereby inhibiting mitochondrial degradation. Taken together, these data show that a positive and reciprocal relationship between OPTN and TBK1 initiates autophagosome biogenesis on damaged mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamano
- Department of Biomolecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
| | - Momoha Sawada
- Department of Biomolecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Reika Kikuchi
- Department of Biomolecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kafu Nagataki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Waka Kojima
- Department of Biomolecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Ryu Endo
- Department of Biomolecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kinefuchi
- Department of Biomolecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sugihara
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tomoshige Fujino
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Aiko Watanabe
- Department of Biomolecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Protein Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Gosuke Hayashi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murakami
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsuda
- Department of Biomolecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
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Hayashida R, Kikuchi R, Imai K, Kojima W, Yamada T, Iijima M, Sesaki H, Tanaka K, Matsuda N, Yamano K. Elucidation of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes that interact with RBR-type ubiquitin ligases using a liquid-liquid phase separation-based method. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102822. [PMID: 36563856 PMCID: PMC9860496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RING-between RING (RBR)-type ubiquitin (Ub) ligases (E3s) such as Parkin receive Ub from Ub-conjugating enzymes (E2s) in response to ligase activation. However, the specific E2s that transfer Ub to each RBR-type ligase are largely unknown because of insufficient methods for monitoring their interaction. To address this problem, we have developed a method that detects intracellular interactions between E2s and activated Parkin. Fluorescent homotetramer Azami-Green fused with E2 and oligomeric Ash (Assembly helper) fused with Parkin form a liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in cells only when E2 and Parkin interact. Using this method, we identified multiple E2s interacting with activated Parkin on damaged mitochondria during mitophagy. Combined with in vitro ubiquitination assays and bioinformatics, these findings revealed an underlying consensus sequence for E2 interactions with activated Parkin. Application of this method to other RBR-type E3s including HOIP, HHARI, and TRIAD1 revealed that HOIP forms an LLPS with its substrate NEMO in response to a proinflammatory cytokine and that HHARI and TRIAD1 form a cytosolic LLPS independent of Ub-like protein NEDD8. Since an E2-E3 interaction is a prerequisite for RBR-type E3 activation and subsequent substrate ubiquitination, the method we have established here can be an in-cell tool to elucidate the potentially novel mechanisms involved in RBR-type E3s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Hayashida
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Reika Kikuchi
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biomolecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Imai
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Waka Kojima
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biomolecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Miho Iijima
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Protein Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsuda
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biomolecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Koji Yamano
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biomolecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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3
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Ajoolabady A, Chiong M, Lavandero S, Klionsky DJ, Ren J. Mitophagy in cardiovascular diseases: molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis, and treatment. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:836-849. [PMID: 35879138 PMCID: PMC9509460 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With the growing prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), there is an urgent need to explore non-conventional therapeutic measures to alleviate the burden of CVD on global healthcare. Mitochondrial injury plays a cardinal role in the pathogenesis of CVD. Mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy are essential machineries that govern mitochondrial health in cardiomyocytes in physiological and pathophysiological settings. However, with the onset and progression of CVD, homeostasis of mitophagy is disturbed through largely unknown pathological mechanisms, causing mitochondrial damage and ultimately cardiomyocyte death. In this review we decipher the dual regulatory role of mitophagy in CVD pathogenesis, summarize controversies in mitophagy, and highlight recently identified compounds capable of modulating mitophagy. We share our perspectives on future mitophagy research directions in the context of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ajoolabady
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mario Chiong
- Center for Advanced Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Center for Advanced Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile; Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA.
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jun Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Chen C, Zhou C, Zhang W, Liu H, Wang M, Li F, Li Q, Cao Y. Effect and Mechanism of PINK1/Parkin-Mediated Mitochondrial Autophagy in Rat Lung Injury Induced by Nano Lanthanum Oxide. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152594. [PMID: 35957031 PMCID: PMC9370160 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nano lanthanum oxide particles (La2O3 NPs) are important nanoparticle materials which are widely used in photoelectric production, but their potential health hazards to the respiratory system are not clear. The purpose of this study was to explore the possible mechanism of lung injury induced by La2O3 NPs. In this study, 40 SPF male SD rats were randomly divided into low-, medium-, and high-dose groups and control groups, with 10 animals in each group. Rats were poisoned by tracheal injection. The low-, medium-, and high-dose groups were given La2O3 NPs suspension of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively, and the control group was given an equal volume of high-temperature sterilized ultrapure water. The rats in each group were exposed once a week for 12 consecutive times. The gene transcription and protein expression levels of PINK1 and parkin in rat lung tissue were mainly detected. Compared with the control group, the gene transcription and protein expression levels of PINK1 and Parkin in the exposed group were significantly higher (p < 0.05). La2O3 NPs may activate PINK1/parkin-induced mitochondrial autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Chen
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063200, China; (C.C.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (F.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Chenxi Zhou
- Lin Yi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Linyi 276100, China;
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Comprehensive Testing and Analyzing Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063200, China;
| | - Haiping Liu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063200, China; (C.C.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (F.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Mengfei Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063200, China; (C.C.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (F.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Feng Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063200, China; (C.C.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (F.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qingzhao Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063200, China; (C.C.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (F.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yanhua Cao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063200, China; (C.C.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (F.L.); (Q.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Yang YD, Li ZX, Hu XM, Wan H, Zhang Q, Xiao R, Xiong K. Insight into Crosstalk Between Mitophagy and Apoptosis/Necroptosis: Mechanisms and Clinical Applications in Ischemic Stroke. Curr Med Sci 2022; 42:237-248. [PMID: 35391618 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-022-2579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a serious cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality. As a result of ischemia-reperfusion, a cascade of pathophysiological responses is triggered by the imbalance in metabolic supply and demand, resulting in cell loss. These cellular injuries follow various molecular mechanisms solely or in combination with this disorder. Mitochondria play a driving role in the pathophysiological processes of ischemic stroke. Once ischemic stroke occurs, damaged cells would respond to such stress through mitophagy. Mitophagy is known as a conservatively selective autophagy, contributing to the removal of excessive protein aggregates and damaged intracellular components, as well as aging mitochondria. Moderate mitophagy may exert neuroprotection against stroke. Several pathways associated with the mitochondrial network collectively contribute to recovering the homeostasis of the neurovascular unit. However, excessive mitophagy would also promote ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, mitophagy is a double-edged sword, which suggests that maximizing the benefits of mitophagy is one of the direction of future efforts. This review emphasized the role of mitophagy in ischemic stroke, and highlighted the crosstalk between mitophagy and apoptosis/necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-di Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Zi-Xin Li
- Clinical Medicine Eight-year Program, 03 Class, 18 Grade, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Xi-Min Hu
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, 02 Class, 17 Grade, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Hao Wan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Administrative Office, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008, China. .,Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
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6
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Zhong J, Li M, Xu J, Dong W, Qin Y, Qiu S, Li X, Wang H. Roflupram attenuates α-synuclein-induced cytotoxicity and promotes the mitochondrial translocation of Parkin in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing A53T mutant α-synuclein. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 436:115859. [PMID: 34990728 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that inhibition of cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) protects against cellular toxicity in neuronal cells. Since α-synuclein (α-syn) toxicity contributes to the neurodegeneration of Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to explore the effects and mechanisms of PDE4 on α-syn-induced neuronal toxicity. Using mutant human A53T α-syn overexpressed SH-SY5Y cells, we found that PDE4B knockdown reduced cellular apoptosis. Roflupram (ROF, 20 μM), a selective PDE4 inhibitor, produced similar protective effects and restored the morphological alterations of mitochondria. Mechanistic studies identified that α-syn enhanced the phosphorylation of Parkin at Ser131, followed by the decreased mitochondrial translocation of Parkin. Whereas both PDE4B knockdown and PDE4 inhibition by ROF blocked the effects of α-syn on Parkin phosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation. Moreover, PDE4 inhibition reversed the increase in the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) induced by α-syn. ROF treatment also reduced the binding of p38 MAPK to Parkin. Consistently, overexpression of PDE4B blocked the roles of ROF on p38 MAPK phosphorylation, Parkin phosphorylation, and the subsequent mitochondrial translocation of parkin. Furthermore, PDE4B overexpression attenuated the protective role of ROF, as evidenced by reduced mitochondria membrane potential and increased cellular apoptosis. Interestingly, ROF failed to suppress α-syn-induced cytotoxicity in the presence of a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H-89. Our findings indicate that PDE4 facilitates α-syn-induced cytotoxicity via the PKA/p38 MAPK/Parkin pathway in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing A53T mutant α-synuclein. PDE4 inhibition by ROF is a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of α-syn-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mengfan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiangping Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Wenli Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yunyun Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuqing Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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7
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Iorio R, Celenza G, Petricca S. Mitophagy: Molecular Mechanisms, New Concepts on Parkin Activation and the Emerging Role of AMPK/ULK1 Axis. Cells 2021; 11:30. [PMID: 35011593 PMCID: PMC8750607 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional subcellular organelles essential for cellular energy homeostasis and apoptotic cell death. It is, therefore, crucial to maintain mitochondrial fitness. Mitophagy, the selective removal of dysfunctional mitochondria by autophagy, is critical for regulating mitochondrial quality control in many physiological processes, including cell development and differentiation. On the other hand, both impaired and excessive mitophagy are involved in the pathogenesis of different ageing-associated diseases such as neurodegeneration, cancer, myocardial injury, liver disease, sarcopenia and diabetes. The best-characterized mitophagy pathway is the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin-dependent pathway. However, other Parkin-independent pathways are also reported to mediate the tethering of mitochondria to the autophagy apparatuses, directly activating mitophagy (mitophagy receptors and other E3 ligases). In addition, the existence of molecular mechanisms other than PINK1-mediated phosphorylation for Parkin activation was proposed. The adenosine5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is emerging as a key player in mitochondrial metabolism and mitophagy. Beyond its involvement in mitochondrial fission and autophagosomal engulfment, its interplay with the PINK1-Parkin pathway is also reported. Here, we review the recent advances in elucidating the canonical molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that regulate mitophagy, focusing on the early role and spatial specificity of the AMPK/ULK1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Iorio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.C.); (S.P.)
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Tripathi-Giesgen I, Behrends C, Alpi AF. The ubiquitin ligation machinery in the defense against bacterial pathogens. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52864. [PMID: 34515402 PMCID: PMC8567218 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin system is an important part of the host cellular defense program during bacterial infection. This is in particular evident for a number of bacteria including Salmonella Typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis which—inventively as part of their invasion strategy or accidentally upon rupture of seized host endomembranes—become exposed to the host cytosol. Ubiquitylation is involved in the detection and clearance of these bacteria as well as in the activation of innate immune and inflammatory signaling. Remarkably, all these defense responses seem to emanate from a dense layer of ubiquitin which coats the invading pathogens. In this review, we focus on the diverse group of host cell E3 ubiquitin ligases that help to tailor this ubiquitin coat. In particular, we address how the divergent ubiquitin conjugation mechanisms of these ligases contribute to the complexity of the anti‐bacterial coating and the recruitment of different ubiquitin‐binding effectors. We also discuss the activation and coordination of the different E3 ligases and which strategies bacteria evolved to evade the activities of the host ubiquitin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Tripathi-Giesgen
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Behrends
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, München, Germany
| | - Arno F Alpi
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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9
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Lei L, Yang S, Lu X, Zhang Y, Li T. Research Progress on the Mechanism of Mitochondrial Autophagy in Cerebral Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:698601. [PMID: 34335233 PMCID: PMC8319822 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.698601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial autophagy is an early defense and protection process that selectively clears dysfunctional or excessive mitochondria through a distinctive mechanism to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction during cerebral stroke involves metabolic disbalance, oxidative stress, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and abnormal mitochondrial autophagy. This article reviews the research progress on the mechanism of mitochondrial autophagy in ischemic stroke to provide a theoretical basis for further research on mitochondrial autophagy and the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Kunhua Hospital/The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Kunming, China
| | - Shuaifeng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Kunhua Hospital/The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lu
- Translational Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yongfa Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Kunhua Hospital/The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Kunming, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Kunhua Hospital/The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Kunming, China
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10
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Dongdem JT, Dawson SP, Layfield R. Modification of small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 (SUMO2) by phosphoubiquitin in HEK293T cells. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000234. [PMID: 34086420 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Additional complexity in the post-translational modification of proteins by ubiquitin is achieved by ubiquitin phosphorylation, for example within PINK1-parkin mediated mitophagy. We performed a preliminary proteomic analysis to identify proteins differentially modified by ubiquitin in HEK293T, compared to phosphomimetic ubiquitin (Ser65Asp), and identified small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 (SUMO2) as a candidate. By transfecting SUMO2 and its C-terminal-GG deletion mutant, along with phosphomimetic ubiquitin, we confirm that ubiquitin modifies SUMO2, rather than vice versa. Further investigations revealed that transfected SUMO2 can also be conjugated by endogenous phospho-Ser65-(poly)ubiquitin in HEK293T cells, pointing to a previously unappreciated level of complexity in SUMO2 modification, and that unanchored (substrate-free) polyubiquitin chains may also be subject to phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius T Dongdem
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Simon P Dawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Robert Layfield
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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11
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Cai C, Sun H, Hu L, Fan Z. Visualization of integrin molecules by fluorescence imaging and techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 45:229-257. [PMID: 34219865 PMCID: PMC8249084 DOI: 10.32604/biocell.2021.014338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Integrin molecules are transmembrane αβ heterodimers involved in cell adhesion, trafficking, and signaling. Upon activation, integrins undergo dynamic conformational changes that regulate their affinity to ligands. The physiological functions and activation mechanisms of integrins have been heavily discussed in previous studies and reviews, but the fluorescence imaging techniques -which are powerful tools for biological studies- have not. Here we review the fluorescence labeling methods, imaging techniques, as well as Förster resonance energy transfer assays used to study integrin expression, localization, activation, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cai
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, 06030, USA
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Liang Hu
- Cardiovascular Institute of Zhengzhou University, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450051, China
| | - Zhichao Fan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, 06030, USA
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12
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Onishi M, Yamano K, Sato M, Matsuda N, Okamoto K. Molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of mitophagy. EMBO J 2021; 40:e104705. [PMID: 33438778 PMCID: PMC7849173 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 202.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of mitochondria via a selective form of autophagy, named mitophagy, is a fundamental mechanism conserved from yeast to humans that regulates mitochondrial quality and quantity control. Mitophagy is promoted via specific mitochondrial outer membrane receptors, or ubiquitin molecules conjugated to proteins on the mitochondrial surface leading to the formation of autophagosomes surrounding mitochondria. Mitophagy-mediated elimination of mitochondria plays an important role in many processes including early embryonic development, cell differentiation, inflammation, and apoptosis. Recent advances in analyzing mitophagy in vivo also reveal high rates of steady-state mitochondrial turnover in diverse cell types, highlighting the intracellular housekeeping role of mitophagy. Defects in mitophagy are associated with various pathological conditions such as neurodegeneration, heart failure, cancer, and aging, further underscoring the biological relevance. Here, we review our current molecular understanding of mitophagy, and its physiological implications, and discuss how multiple mitophagy pathways coordinately modulate mitochondrial fitness and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashun Onishi
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial DynamicsGraduate School of Frontier BiosciencesOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Koji Yamano
- The Ubiquitin ProjectTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Miyuki Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane BiologyInstitute for Molecular and Cellular RegulationGunma UniversityMaebashiJapan
| | - Noriyuki Matsuda
- The Ubiquitin ProjectTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial DynamicsGraduate School of Frontier BiosciencesOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
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13
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Kojima W, Yamano K, Kosako H, Imai K, Kikuchi R, Tanaka K, Matsuda N. Mammalian BCAS3 and C16orf70 associate with the phagophore assembly site in response to selective and non-selective autophagy. Autophagy 2021; 17:2011-2036. [PMID: 33499712 PMCID: PMC8386740 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1874133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that delivers cytosolic materials and/or damaged organelles to lysosomes. De novo synthesis of the autophagosome membrane occurs within a phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-rich region of the endoplasmic reticulum, and subsequent expansion is critical for cargo encapsulation. This process is complex, especially in mammals, with many regulatory factors. In this study, by utilizing PRKN (parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase)-mediated mitochondria autophagy (mitophagy)-inducing conditions in conjunction with chemical crosslinking and mass spectrometry, we identified human BCAS3 (BCAS3 microtubule associated cell migration factor) and C16orf70 (chromosome 16 open reading frame 70) as novel proteins that associate with the autophagosome formation site during both non-selective and selective autophagy. We demonstrate that BCAS3 and C16orf70 form a complex and that their association with the phagophore assembly site requires both proteins. In silico structural modeling, mutational analyses in cells and in vitro phosphoinositide-binding assays indicate that the WD40 repeat domain in human BCAS3 directly binds phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate. Furthermore, overexpression of the BCAS3-C16orf70 complex affects the recruitment of several core autophagy proteins to the phagophore assembly site. This study demonstrates regulatory roles for human BCAS3 and C16orf70 in autophagic activity. Abbreviations: AO: antimycin A and oligomycin; Ash: assembly helper; ATG: autophagy-related; BCAS3: BCAS3 microtubule associated cell migration factor; C16orf70: chromosome 16 open reading frame 70; DAPI: 4‘,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DKO: double knockout; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; fluoppi: fluorescent-based technology detecting protein-protein interactions; FIS1: fission, mitochondrial 1; FKBP: FKBP prolyl isomerase family member 1C; FRB: FKBP-rapamycin binding; hAG: humanized azami-green; IP: immunoprecipitation; IRES: internal ribosome entry site; KO: knockout; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MFN2: mitofusin 2; MS: mass spectrometry; MT-CO2: mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; OPTN: optineurin; PFA: paraformaldehyde; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PtdIns(3,5)P2: phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PRKN/Parkin: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PROPPIN: β-propellers that bind polyphosphoinositides; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WDR45B/WIPI3: WD repeat domain 45B; WDR45/WIPI4: WD repeat domain 45; WIPI: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting; WT: wild type; ZFYVE1/DFCP1: zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Waka Kojima
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Koji Yamano
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Imai
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan.,Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (Molprof), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reika Kikuchi
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsuda
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Yamano K, Kikuchi R, Kojima W, Hayashida R, Koyano F, Kawawaki J, Shoda T, Demizu Y, Naito M, Tanaka K, Matsuda N. Critical role of mitochondrial ubiquitination and the OPTN-ATG9A axis in mitophagy. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201912144. [PMID: 32556086 PMCID: PMC7480101 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Damaged mitochondria are selectively eliminated in a process called mitophagy. Parkin and PINK1, proteins mutated in Parkinson's disease, amplify ubiquitin signals on damaged mitochondria with the subsequent activation of autophagic machinery. Autophagy adaptors are thought to link ubiquitinated mitochondria and autophagy through ATG8 protein binding. Here, we establish methods for inducing mitophagy by mitochondria-targeted ubiquitin chains and chemical-induced mitochondrial ubiquitination. Using these tools, we reveal that the ubiquitin signal is sufficient for mitophagy and that PINK1 and Parkin are unnecessary for autophagy activation per se. Furthermore, using phase-separated fluorescent foci, we show that the critical autophagy adaptor OPTN forms a complex with ATG9A vesicles. Disruption of OPTN-ATG9A interactions does not induce mitophagy. Therefore, in addition to binding ATG8 proteins, the critical autophagy adaptors also bind the autophagy core units that contribute to the formation of multivalent interactions in the de novo synthesis of autophagosomal membranes near ubiquitinated mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamano
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reika Kikuchi
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Waka Kojima
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Hayashida
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumika Koyano
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Kawawaki
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuji Shoda
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Demizu
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Naito
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsuda
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Bader V, Winklhofer KF. PINK1 and Parkin: team players in stress-induced mitophagy. Biol Chem 2020; 401:891-899. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMitochondria are highly vulnerable organelles based on their complex biogenesis, entailing dependence on nuclear gene expression and efficient import strategies. They are implicated in a wide spectrum of vital cellular functions, including oxidative phosphorylation, iron-sulfur cluster synthesis, regulation of calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. Moreover, damaged mitochondria can release mitochondrial components, such as mtDNA or cardiolipin, which are sensed as danger-associated molecular patterns and trigger innate immune signaling. Thus, dysfunctional mitochondria pose a thread not only to the cellular but also to the organismal integrity. The elimination of dysfunctional and damaged mitochondria by selective autophagy, called mitophagy, is a major mechanism of mitochondrial quality control. Certain types of stress-induced mitophagy are regulated by the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin, which are both linked to autosomal recessive Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verian Bader
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Konstanze F. Winklhofer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany
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16
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Matsuda N, Yamano K. Two sides of a coin: Physiological significance and molecular mechanisms for damage-induced mitochondrial localization of PINK1 and Parkin. Neurosci Res 2020; 159:16-24. [PMID: 32201358 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In 1998, PARKIN was reported as a causal gene for hereditary recessive Parkinsonism by Kitada, Mizuno, Hattori, and Shimizu et al. Later in 2004, PINK1 was also reported as a causal gene for hereditary recessive Parkinsonism by Valente, Auburger, and Wood et al. Although many unsolved mysteries still remain, our knowledge of PINK1 and Parkin function has increased dramatically since then. Despite a number of milestone studies that advanced the PINK1 and Parkin research field, a critical turning point was undoubtedly the determination that their genuine subcellular localization was on depolarized mitochondria. In this review, we outline the key studies that have contributed to our current model for mitochondrial localization of PINK1 and Parkin. Interestingly, like two sides of a coin, our attempts to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the localization of PINK1 and Parkin were inextricably tied to the identification of the PINK1 substrate and molecular dissection of the Parkin activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Matsuda
- The Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Room N-202, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
| | - Koji Yamano
- The Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Room N-202, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
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17
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Characterization of cereblon-dependent targeted protein degrader by visualizing the spatiotemporal ternary complex formation in cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3088. [PMID: 32080280 PMCID: PMC7033280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59966-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) through a proteasome-dependent pathway induced by heterofunctional small molecules is initiated by the formation of a ternary complex with recruited E3 ligases. This complex formation affects the degradation ability of TPD molecules, and thus we tested for visualization of the intracellular dynamics of ternary complex formation. In this study, we applied the fluorescent-based technology detecting protein-protein interaction (Fluoppi) system, in which detectable fluorescent foci are formed when ternary complex formation induced by TPD molecules occurs in cells. We show here that cells coexpressing BRD4 and cereblon (CRBN) tagged with the Fluoppi system formed detectable foci in both live and fixed cells only when treated with BRD4-targeting degraders utilizing CRBN as an E3 ligase in dose- and time-dependent manners. Notably, the maintenance and efficacy of TPD molecule-induced foci formation correlated with the ability to degrade target proteins. Furthermore, we demonstrated that BRD4-targeting and FKBP12F36V-targeting degraders formed ternary complexes mainly in the nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively, suggesting that TPD molecules utilize the proteasome to degrade target proteins in their corresponding localized region. Our results also suggest that the Fluoppi system is a powerful tool for characterizing TPD molecules by visualizing the spatiotemporal formation of ternary complex.
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18
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Abstract
Parkin is a protein involved in familial Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder with motor symptoms linked to the loss of dopaminergic neurons. More than 20 years have passed since the discovery of Parkin; since that time, another familial PD protein has been identified: PINK1, which acts upstream of Parkin. PINK1 is a protein kinase that monitors mitochondrial integrity by sensing disability status, whereas Parkin is a ubiquitin-protein ligase that attaches ubiquitin chains to malfunctioning mitochondria as a degradation signal. Both enzymes cooperatively facilitate autophagic clearance of damaged mitochondria (also known as mitophagy). Collectively, the PINK1-Parkin axis functions as the core machinery for mitophagy in neurons, and deficiency in this pathway causes early-onset PD. In this review, I will discuss how the PINK1-Parkin study has progressed, with the personal episodes I have experienced.
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19
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Saito K, Iioka H, Maruyama S, Sumardika IW, Sakaguchi M, Kondo E. PODXL1 promotes metastasis of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by activating the C5aR/C5a axis from the tumor microenvironment. Neoplasia 2019; 21:1121-1132. [PMID: 31759250 PMCID: PMC6872781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic invasive ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a representative intractable malignancy under the current cancer therapies, and is considered a scirrhous carcinoma because it develops dense stroma. Both PODXL1, a member of CD34 family molecules, and C5aR, a critical cell motility inducer, have gained recent attention, as their expression was reported to correlate with poor prognosis for patients with diverse origins including PDAC; however, previous studies reported independently on their respective biological significance. Here we demonstrate that PODXL1 is essential for metastasis of PDAC cells through its specific interaction with C5aR. In vitro assay demonstrated that PODXL1 bound to C5aR, which stabilized C5aR protein and recruited it to cancer cell plasma membranes to receive C5a, an inflammatory chemoattractant factor. PODXL1 knockout in PDAC cells abrogated their metastatic property in vivo, emulating the liver metastatic mouse model treated with anti-C5a neutralizing antibody. In molecular studies, PODXL1 triggered EMT on PDAC cells in response to stimulation by C5a, corroborating PODXL1 involvement in PDAC cellular invasive properties via specific interaction with the C5aR/C5a axis. Confirming the molecular assays, histological examination showed coexpression of PODXL1 and C5aR at the invasive front of primary cancer nests as well as in liver metastatic foci of PDAC both in the mouse metastasis model and patient tissues. Hence, the novel direct interaction between PODXL1 and the C5aR/C5a axis may provide a better integrated understanding of PDAC biological characteristics including its tumor microenvironment factors.
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Key Words
- podxl1, podocalyxin-like 1
- pdac, pancreatic invasive ductal adenocarcinoma
- c5ar, complement component 5a receptor 1 (c5ar1, cd88)
- caf, cancer-associated fibroblast
- emt, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- ips, induced pluripotent stem
- itgb1, integrin β1
- wt, wild type
- ko, knockout
- ihc, immunohistochemistry
- ib, immunoblot
- ip, immunoprecipitation
- if, immunofluorescence
- hpne, human immortalized pancreatic ductal epithelium
- nhdf, normal human dermal fibroblast
- mmp, matrix metalloproteinases
- ab, antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Saito
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo Ward, Niigata City 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Iioka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo Ward, Niigata City 951-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maruyama
- Oral Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Pathology, Niigata University Hospital, 2-5274 Gakkoucho-dori, Chuo Ward, Niigata City 951-8514, Japan
| | - I Wayan Sumardika
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sakaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558 Japan
| | - Eisaku Kondo
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo Ward, Niigata City 951-8510, Japan.
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20
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Bayne AN, Trempe JF. Mechanisms of PINK1, ubiquitin and Parkin interactions in mitochondrial quality control and beyond. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4589-4611. [PMID: 31254044 PMCID: PMC11105328 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative movement disorder resulting from the loss of specific neuron types in the midbrain. Early environmental and pathophysiological studies implicated mitochondrial damage and protein aggregation as the main causes of PD. These findings are now vindicated by the characterization of more than 20 genes implicated in rare familial forms of the disease. In particular, two proteins encoded by the Parkin and PINK1 genes, whose mutations cause early-onset autosomal recessive PD, function together in a mitochondrial quality control pathway. In this review, we will describe recent development in our understanding of their mechanisms of action, structure, and function. We explain how PINK1 acts as a mitochondrial damage sensor via the regulated proteolysis of its N-terminus and the phosphorylation of ubiquitin tethered to outer mitochondrial membrane proteins. In turn, phospho-ubiquitin recruits and activates Parkin via conformational changes that increase its ubiquitin ligase activity. We then describe how the formation of polyubiquitin chains on mitochondria triggers the recruitment of the autophagy machinery or the formation of mitochondria-derived vesicles. Finally, we discuss the evidence for the involvement of these mechanisms in physiological processes such as immunity and inflammation, as well as the links to other PD genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Bayne
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, 3655 Prom Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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21
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Liu J, Liu W, Li R, Yang H. Mitophagy in Parkinson's Disease: From Pathogenesis to Treatment. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070712. [PMID: 31336937 PMCID: PMC6678174 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The pathogenesis of PD is complicated and remains obscure, but growing evidence suggests the involvement of mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction. Mitophagy, the process of removing damaged mitochondria, is compromised in PD patients and models, and was found to be associated with accelerated neurodegeneration. Several PD-related proteins are known to participate in the regulation of mitophagy, including PINK1 and Parkin. In addition, mutations in several PD-related genes are known to cause mitochondrial defects and neurotoxicity by disturbing mitophagy, indicating that mitophagy is a critical component of PD pathogenesis. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how these genes are involved in mitochondrial quality control or mitophagy regulation in the study of PD pathogenesis and the development of novel treatment strategies. In this review, we will discuss the critical roles of mitophagy in PD pathogenesis, highlighting the potential therapeutic implications of mitophagy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Weijin Liu
- Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ruolin Li
- Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- Center of Parkinson's Disease Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China.
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22
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Koyano F, Yamano K, Kosako H, Tanaka K, Matsuda N. Parkin recruitment to impaired mitochondria for nonselective ubiquitylation is facilitated by MITOL. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10300-10314. [PMID: 31110043 PMCID: PMC6664184 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PINK1 (PARK6) and PARKIN (PARK2) are causal genes of recessive familial Parkinson's disease. Parkin is a ubiquitin ligase E3 that conjugates ubiquitin to impaired mitochondrial proteins for organelle degradation. PINK1, a Ser/Thr kinase that accumulates only on impaired mitochondria, phosphorylates two authentic substrates, the ubiquitin-like domain of Parkin and ubiquitin. Our group and others have revealed that both the subcellular localization and ligase activity of Parkin are regulated through interactions with phosphorylated ubiquitin. Once PINK1 localizes on impaired mitochondria, PINK1-catalyzed phosphoubiquitin recruits and activates Parkin. Parkin then supplies a ubiquitin chain to PINK1 for phosphorylation. The amplified ubiquitin functions as a signal for the sequestration and degradation of the damaged mitochondria. Although a bewildering variety of Parkin substrates have been reported, the basis for Parkin substrate specificity remains poorly understood. Moreover, the mechanism underlying initial activation and translocation of Parkin onto mitochondria remains unclear, because the presence of ubiquitin on impaired mitochondria is thought to be a prerequisite for the initial PINK1 phosphorylation process. Here, we show that artificial mitochondria-targeted proteins are ubiquitylated by Parkin, suggesting that substrate specificity of Parkin is not determined by its amino acid sequence. Moreover, recruitment and activation of Parkin are delayed following depletion of the mitochondrial E3, MITOL/March5. We propose a model in which the initial step in Parkin recruitment and activation requires protein ubiquitylation by MITOL/March5 with subsequent PINK1-mediated phosphorylation. Because PINK1 and Parkin amplify the ubiquitin signal via a positive feedback loop, the low substrate specificity of Parkin might facilitate this amplification process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hidetaka Kosako
- the Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan and
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23
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Corti O. Neuronal Mitophagy: Lessons from a Pathway Linked to Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:292-305. [PMID: 31102068 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are specialized cells with complex and extended architecture and high energy requirements. Energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, produced essentially by mitochondrial respiration, is necessary to preserve neuronal morphology, maintain resting potential, fire action potentials, and ensure neurotransmission. Pools of functional mitochondria are required in all neuronal compartments, including cell body and dendrites, nodes of Ranvier, growth cones, axons, and synapses. The mechanisms by which old or damaged mitochondria are removed and replaced in neurons remain to be fully understood. Mitophagy has gained considerable interest since the discovery of familial forms of Parkinson's disease caused by dysfunction of PINK1 and Parkin, two multifunctional proteins cooperating in the regulation of this process. Over the past 10 years, the molecular mechanisms by which PINK1 and Parkin jointly promote the degradation of defective mitochondria by autophagy have been dissected. However, our understanding of the relevance of mitophagy to mitochondrial homeostasis in neurons remains poor. Insight has been recently gained thanks to the development of fluorescent reporter systems for tracking mitochondria in the acidic compartment of the lysosome. Using these tools, mitophagy events have been visualized in primary neurons in culture and in vivo, under basal conditions and in response to toxic insults. Despite these advances, whether PINK1 and Parkin play a major role in promoting neuronal mitophagy under physiological conditions in adult animals and during aging remains a matter of debate. Future studies will have to clarify in how far dysfunction of neuronal mitophagy is central to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Corti
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France.
- Inserm, U1127, F-75013, Paris, France.
- CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Universités, F-75013, Paris, France.
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24
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Miyazaki R, Akiyama Y, Mori H. A photo-cross-linking approach to monitor protein dynamics in living cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1864:129317. [PMID: 30851405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins, which comprise one of the major classes of biomolecules that constitute a cell, interact with other cellular factors during both their biogenesis and functional states. Studying not only static but also transient interactions of proteins is important to understand their physiological roles and regulation mechanisms. However, only a limited number of methods are available to analyze the dynamic behaviors of proteins at the molecular level in a living cell. The site-directed in vivo photo-cross-linking approach is an elegant technique to capture protein interactions with high spatial resolution in a living cell. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we review the in vivo photo-cross-linking approach including its recent applications and the potential problems to be considered. We also introduce a new in vivo photo-cross-linking-based technique (PiXie) to study protein dynamics with high spatiotemporal resolution. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In vivo photo-cross-linking enables us to capture weak/transient protein interactions with high spatial resolution, and allows for identification of interacting factors. Moreover, the PiXie approach can be used to monitor rapid folding/assembly processes of proteins in living cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE In vivo photo-cross-linking is a simple method that has been used to analyze the dynamic interactions of many cellular proteins. Originally developed in Escherichia coli, this system has been extended to studies in various organisms, making it a fundamental technique for investigating dynamic protein interactions in many cellular processes. This article is part of a Special issue entitled "Novel major techniques for visualizing 'live' protein molecules" edited by Dr. Daisuke Kohda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Miyazaki
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Akiyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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25
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Titeca K, Lemmens I, Tavernier J, Eyckerman S. Discovering cellular protein-protein interactions: Technological strategies and opportunities. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2019; 38:79-111. [PMID: 29957823 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of protein interaction networks is one of the key challenges in the study of biology. It connects genotypes to phenotypes, and disruption often leads to diseases. Hence, many technologies have been developed to study protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in a cellular context. The expansion of the PPI technology toolbox however complicates the selection of optimal approaches for diverse biological questions. This review gives an overview of the binary and co-complex technologies, with the former evaluating the interaction of two co-expressed genetically tagged proteins, and the latter only needing the expression of a single tagged protein or no tagged proteins at all. Mass spectrometry is crucial for some binary and all co-complex technologies. After the detailed description of the different technologies, the review compares their unique specifications, advantages, disadvantages, and applicability, while highlighting opportunities for further advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Titeca
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Irma Lemmens
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Eyckerman
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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26
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Foote PK, Statsyuk AV. Monitoring PARKIN RBR Ubiquitin Ligase Activation States with UbFluor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 10:e45. [PMID: 30063295 DOI: 10.1002/cpch.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PARKIN is a RING-Between-RING (RBR) E3 ligase, which ubiquitinates mitochondrial proteins in response to mitochondrial damage. Ser65 of PARKIN is phosphorylated by kinase PINK1 (pPARKIN), which causes partial PARKIN activation. PINK1 also phosphorylates Ser65 of ubiquitin (pUb), which further activates pPARKIN. Due to the lack of precise and quantitative assays to quantify the activity of PARKIN, there were many conflicting reports on the role of pUb as a PARKIN activator, whether S65E PARKIN is a true phosphomimetic of pPARKIN, and the effect of substrate of PARKIN turnover was also not known. This protocol provides a step-by-step guide on the use of the UbFluor probe to precisely quantitate changes in the activity of PARKIN in response to phosphorylation, allosteric activation by pUb, protein substrates, and activating structural mutations. These results pave the way to discover PARKIN activators and to precisely quantify the activity of other RBR E3s. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Foote
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Alexander V Statsyuk
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.,The Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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27
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Okatsu K, Sato Y, Yamano K, Matsuda N, Negishi L, Takahashi A, Yamagata A, Goto-Ito S, Mishima M, Ito Y, Oka T, Tanaka K, Fukai S. Structural insights into ubiquitin phosphorylation by PINK1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10382. [PMID: 29991771 PMCID: PMC6039469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and the E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase parkin can cause familial parkinsonism. These two proteins are essential for ubiquitylation of damaged mitochondria and subsequent degradation. PINK1 phosphorylates Ser65 of Ub and the Ub-like (UBL) domain of parkin to allosterically relieve the autoinhibition of parkin. To understand the structural mechanism of the Ub/UBL-specific phosphorylation by PINK1, we determined the crystal structure of Tribolium castaneum PINK1 kinase domain (TcPINK1) in complex with a nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue at 2.5 Å resolution. TcPINK1 consists of the N- and C-terminal lobes with the PINK1-specific extension. The ATP analogue is bound in the cleft between the N- and C-terminal lobes. The adenine ring of the ATP analogue is bound to a hydrophobic pocket, whereas the triphosphate group of the ATP analogue and two coordinated Mg ions interact with the catalytic hydrophilic residues. Comparison with protein kinases A and C (PKA and PKC, respectively) unveils a putative Ub/UBL-binding groove, which is wider than the peptide-binding groove of PKA or PKC to accommodate the globular head of Ub or UBL. Further crosslinking analyses suggested a PINK1-interacting surface of Ub. Structure-guided mutational analyses support the findings from the present structural analysis of PINK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Okatsu
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.,Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.,Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Koji Yamano
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsuda
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Lumi Negishi
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Akiko Takahashi
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamagata
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.,Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Sakurako Goto-Ito
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.,Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Masaki Mishima
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ito
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Oka
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Shuya Fukai
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan. .,Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan. .,Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan.
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28
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Weil R, Laplantine E, Curic S, Génin P. Role of Optineurin in the Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Potential Implications in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1243. [PMID: 29971063 PMCID: PMC6018216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Optineurin (Optn) is a 577 aa protein encoded by the Optn gene. Mutations of Optn are associated with normal tension glaucoma and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and its gene has also been linked to the development of Paget’s disease of bone and Crohn’s disease. Optn is involved in diverse cellular functions, including NF-κB regulation, membrane trafficking, exocytosis, vesicle transport, reorganization of actin and microtubules, cell cycle control, and autophagy. Besides its role in xenophagy and autophagy of aggregates, Optn has been identified as a primary autophagy receptor, among the five adaptors that translocate to mitochondria during mitophagy. Mitophagy is a selective macroautophagy process during which irreparable mitochondria are degraded, preventing accumulation of defective mitochondria and limiting the release of reactive oxygen species and proapoptotic factors. Mitochondrial quality control via mitophagy is central to the health of cells. One of the important surveillance pathways of mitochondrial health is the recently defined signal transduction pathway involving the mitochondrial PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) protein and the cytosolic RING-between-RING ubiquitin ligase Parkin. Both of these proteins, when mutated, have been identified in certain forms of Parkinson’s disease. By targeting ubiquitinated mitochondria to autophagosomes through its association with autophagy related proteins, Optn is responsible for a critical step in mitophagy. This review reports recent discoveries on the role of Optn in mitophagy and provides insight into its link with neurodegenerative diseases. We will also discuss the involvement of Optn in other pathologies in which mitophagy dysfunctions are involved including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weil
- Laboratory of Signaling and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Laplantine
- Laboratory of Signaling and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Shannel Curic
- Laboratory of Signaling and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Génin
- Laboratory of Signaling and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
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29
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McLelland GL, Goiran T, Yi W, Dorval G, Chen CX, Lauinger ND, Krahn AI, Valimehr S, Rakovic A, Rouiller I, Durcan TM, Trempe JF, Fon EA. Mfn2 ubiquitination by PINK1/parkin gates the p97-dependent release of ER from mitochondria to drive mitophagy. eLife 2018; 7:32866. [PMID: 29676259 PMCID: PMC5927771 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their importance as signaling hubs, the function of mitochondria-ER contact sites in mitochondrial quality control pathways remains unexplored. Here we describe a mechanism by which Mfn2, a mitochondria-ER tether, gates the autophagic turnover of mitochondria by PINK1 and parkin. Mitochondria-ER appositions are destroyed during mitophagy, and reducing mitochondria-ER contacts increases the rate of mitochondrial degradation. Mechanistically, parkin/PINK1 catalyze a rapid burst of Mfn2 phosphoubiquitination to trigger p97-dependent disassembly of Mfn2 complexes from the outer mitochondrial membrane, dissociating mitochondria from the ER. We additionally demonstrate that a major portion of the facilitatory effect of p97 on mitophagy is epistatic to Mfn2 and promotes the availability of other parkin substrates such as VDAC1. Finally, we reconstitute the action of these factors on Mfn2 and VDAC1 ubiquitination in a cell-free assay. We show that mitochondria-ER tethering suppresses mitophagy and describe a parkin-/PINK1-dependent mechanism that regulates the destruction of mitochondria-ER contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian-Luca McLelland
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Thomas Goiran
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Wei Yi
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Geneviève Dorval
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,iPSC-CRISPR Platform, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Carol X Chen
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,iPSC-CRISPR Platform, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nadine D Lauinger
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,iPSC-CRISPR Platform, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrea I Krahn
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sepideh Valimehr
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Isabelle Rouiller
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,iPSC-CRISPR Platform, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Edward A Fon
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,iPSC-CRISPR Platform, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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30
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Kazansky Y, Lai MY, Singh RK, Fushman D. Impact of different ionization states of phosphorylated Serine-65 on ubiquitin structure and interactions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2651. [PMID: 29422536 PMCID: PMC5805711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20860-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The covalent attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) or Ub chains to cellular proteins is a versatile post-translational modification involved in a variety of eukaryotic cellular events. Recently, the post-translational modification of Ub itself by phosphorylation has emerged as an important component of the Ub-signaling system. Specifically, Ub phosphorylation at serine-65 was shown to activate parkin-mediated mitochondrial quality control. However, the impact of phosphorylation on Ub structure and interactions is poorly understood. Here we investigate the recently reported structural changes in Ub upon serine-65 phosphorylation, namely, the equilibrium between a native-like and a novel, alternate conformer of phosphorylated Ub (pUb). We show that this equilibrium is pH-dependent, and the two pUb conformers are linked to the different charge states of the phosphate group. We examined pUb binding to a known Ub-receptor and found that the alternate conformer is binding incompetent. Furthermore, serine-65 phosphorylation affects the conformational equilibrium of K48-linked Ub dimers. Lastly, our crystal structure of S65D Ub and NMR data indicate that phosphomimetic mutations do not adequately reproduce the salient features of pUb. Our results suggest that the pH-dependence of the conformations and binding properties of phosphorylated Ub and polyUb could provide an additional level of modulation in Ub-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Kazansky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Ming-Yih Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Rajesh K Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - David Fushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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31
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Visualization and quantification of dynamic STAT3 homodimerization in living cells using homoFluoppi. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2385. [PMID: 29402895 PMCID: PMC5799161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimerization in signal transduction is a dynamically regulated process and a key regulatory mechanism. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) dimerizes after tyrosine phosphorylation upon cytokine stimulation. Because only the STAT3 dimer possesses the trans-activation activity, dimerization is an indispensable process for cytokine signaling. Here we report the detection of dynamic STAT3 dimerization in living cells using the homoFluoppi system. This method allowed us to validate the presence of an intact Src homology 2 domain and STAT3 Tyr705 phosphorylation, which facilitate puncta formation and homodimerization. Puncta formation was reversible, as determined by a decreased punctate signal after washout of oncostatin M. We analyzed STAT3 mutants, which have been reported in patients with hyper IgE syndrome and inflammatory hepatocellular adenoma (IHCA). Analysis of the IHCA mutants using homoFluoppi revealed constitutive activity independent of cytokine stimulation and novel insight into kinetics of dimer dissociation process. Next, we used homoFluoppi to screen for inhibitors of STAT3 dimerization, and identified 3,4-methylenedioxy-β-nitrostyrene as a novel inhibitor. The results of this study show that homoFluoppi is a useful research tool for the analysis of proteins like STAT3 that dynamically dimerize, and is applicable for the screening of dimerization modulators.
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32
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Yamano K, Wang C, Sarraf SA, Münch C, Kikuchi R, Noda NN, Hizukuri Y, Kanemaki MT, Harper W, Tanaka K, Matsuda N, Youle RJ. Endosomal Rab cycles regulate Parkin-mediated mitophagy. eLife 2018; 7:e31326. [PMID: 29360040 PMCID: PMC5780041 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Damaged mitochondria are selectively eliminated by mitophagy. Parkin and PINK1, gene products mutated in familial Parkinson's disease, play essential roles in mitophagy through ubiquitination of mitochondria. Cargo ubiquitination by E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin is important to trigger selective autophagy. Although autophagy receptors recruit LC3-labeled autophagic membranes onto damaged mitochondria, how other essential autophagy units such as ATG9A-integrated vesicles are recruited remains unclear. Here, using mammalian cultured cells, we demonstrate that RABGEF1, the upstream factor of the endosomal Rab GTPase cascade, is recruited to damaged mitochondria via ubiquitin binding downstream of Parkin. RABGEF1 directs the downstream Rab proteins, RAB5 and RAB7A, to damaged mitochondria, whose associations are further regulated by mitochondrial Rab-GAPs. Furthermore, depletion of RAB7A inhibited ATG9A vesicle assembly and subsequent encapsulation of the mitochondria by autophagic membranes. These results strongly suggest that endosomal Rab cycles on damaged mitochondria are a crucial regulator of mitophagy through assembling ATG9A vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamano
- Ubiquitin ProjectTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Chunxin Wang
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Shireen A Sarraf
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Christian Münch
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Institute of Biochemistry IISchool of Medicine, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Reika Kikuchi
- Ubiquitin ProjectTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
| | | | - Yohei Hizukuri
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical SciencesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Masato T Kanemaki
- Division of Molecular Cell EngineeringNational Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and SystemsMishimaJapan
- Department of GeneticsSOKENDAIMishimaJapan
- Division of Molecular Cell EngineeringNational Institute of Genetics, ROISMishimaJapan
| | - Wade Harper
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Protein MetabolismTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Noriyuki Matsuda
- Ubiquitin ProjectTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Richard J Youle
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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33
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Harper JW, Ordureau A, Heo JM. Building and decoding ubiquitin chains for mitophagy. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:93-108. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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34
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Zimmermann M, Reichert AS. How to get rid of mitochondria: crosstalk and regulation of multiple mitophagy pathways. Biol Chem 2017; 399:29-45. [PMID: 28976890 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are indispensable cellular organelles providing ATP and numerous other essential metabolites to ensure cell survival. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are formed as side reactions during oxidative phosphorylation or by external agents, induce molecular damage in mitochondrial proteins, lipids/membranes and DNA. To cope with this and other sorts of organellar stress, a multi-level quality control system exists to maintain cellular homeostasis. One critical level of mitochondrial quality control is the removal of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. This process utilizes parts of the general autophagy machinery, e.g. for the formation of autophagosomes but also employs mitophagy-specific factors. Depending on the proteins utilized mitophagy is divided into receptor-mediated and ubiquitin-mediated mitophagy. So far, at least seven receptor proteins are known to be required for mitophagy under different experimental conditions. In contrast to receptor-mediated pathways, the Pink-Parkin-dependent pathway is currently the best characterized ubiquitin-mediated pathway. Recently two additional ubiquitin-mediated pathways with distinctive similarities and differences were unraveled. We will summarize the current state of knowledge about these multiple pathways, explain their mechanism, and describe the regulation and crosstalk between these pathways. Finally, we will review recent evidence for the evolutionary conservation of ubiquitin-mediated mitophagy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Zimmermann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas S Reichert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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35
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Structural basis for specific cleavage of Lys6-linked polyubiquitin chains by USP30. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:911-919. [PMID: 28945247 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkin ubiquitin (Ub) ligase (also known as PARK2) ubiquitinates damaged mitochondria for their clearance and quality control. USP30 deubiquitinase opposes parkin-mediated Ub-chain formation on mitochondria by preferentially cleaving Lys6-linked Ub chains. Here, we report the crystal structure of zebrafish USP30 in complex with a Lys6-linked diubiquitin (diUb or Ub2) at 1.87-Å resolution. The distal Ub-recognition mechanism of USP30 is similar to those of other USP family members, whereas Phe4 and Thr12 of the proximal Ub are recognized by a USP30-specific surface. Structure-based mutagenesis showed that the interface with the proximal Ub is critical for the specific cleavage of Lys6-linked Ub chains, together with the noncanonical catalytic triad composed of Cys-His-Ser. The structural findings presented here reveal a mechanism for Lys6-linkage-specific deubiquitination.
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36
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Park S, Foote PK, Krist DT, Rice SE, Statsyuk AV. UbMES and UbFluor: Novel probes for ring-between-ring (RBR) E3 ubiquitin ligase PARKIN. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16539-16553. [PMID: 28710279 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.773200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ring-between-ring (RBR) E3 ligases have been implicated in autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. The functions of many RBR E3s are poorly defined, and their regulation is complex, involving post-translational modifications and allosteric regulation with other protein partners. The functional complexity of RBRs, coupled with the complexity of the native ubiquitination reaction that requires ATP and E1 and E2 enzymes, makes it difficult to study these ligases for basic research and therapeutic purposes. To address this challenge, we developed novel chemical probes, ubiquitin C-terminal fluorescein thioesters UbMES and UbFluor, to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the activity of the RBR E3 ligase PARKIN in a simple experimental setup and in real time using fluorescence polarization. First, we confirmed that PARKIN does not require an E2 enzyme for substrate ubiquitination, lysine selection, and polyubiquitin chain formation. Second, we confirmed that UbFluor quantitatively detects naturally occurring activation states of PARKIN caused by Ser65 phosphorylation (pPARKIN) and phosphorylated ubiquitin (pUb). Third, we showed that both pUb and the ubiquitin-accepting substrate contribute to maximal pPARKIN ubiquitin conjugation turnover. pUb enhances the transthiolation step, whereas the substrate clears the pPARKIN∼Ub thioester intermediate. Finally, we established that UbFluor can quantify activation or inhibition of PARKIN by structural mutations. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using UbFluor for quantitative studies of the biochemistry of RBR E3s and for high-throughput screening of small-molecule activators or inhibitors of PARKIN and other RBR E3 ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Park
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Peter K Foote
- the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and
| | - David T Krist
- the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and
| | - Sarah E Rice
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Alexander V Statsyuk
- the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and .,the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5037
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37
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McWilliams TG, Muqit MM. PINK1 and Parkin: emerging themes in mitochondrial homeostasis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 45:83-91. [PMID: 28437683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated protein kinase, PTEN-induced putative kinase1 (PINK1), and ubiquitin E3 ligase Parkin, function in a common signalling pathway known to regulate mitochondrial network homeostasis and quality control, including mitophagy. The multistep activation of this pathway, as well as an unexpected convergence between the post-translational modifications of ubiquitylation and phosphorylation, has added breadth to our understanding of cellular damage responses during human disease. In concert with these new insights in signal transduction, unique modalities and signatures of vertebrate mitophagy have been unravelled in vivo for the very first time. The cell biology of mammalian mitophagy, and the roles of PINK1-Parkin signalling in vivo have emerged to be more complex than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G McWilliams
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, The Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Miratul Mk Muqit
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, The Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK; School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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38
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Genetic visualization of protein interactions harnessing liquid phase transitions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46380. [PMID: 28406179 PMCID: PMC5390312 DOI: 10.1038/srep46380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are essential components of cellular function. Current fluorescence-based technologies to measure PPIs have limited dynamic range and quantitative reproducibility. Here, we describe a genetically-encoded PPI visualization system that harnesses the dynamics of condensed liquid-phase transitions to analyze protein interactions in living cells. The fluorescent protein Azami-Green and p62-PB1 domain when fused to PPI partners triggered a rapid concatenation/oligomerization process that drove the condensation of liquid-phase droplets for real-time analysis of the interaction with unlimited dynamic range in the fluorescence signal. Proof-of-principle studies revealed novel insights on the live cell dynamics of XIAP-Smac and ERK2-dimer interactions. A photoconvertible variant allowed time-resolved optical highlighting for PPI kinetic analysis. Our system, called Fluoppi, demonstrates the unique signal amplification properties of liquid-phase condensation to detect PPIs. The findings introduce a general method for discovery of novel PPIs and modulators of established PPIs.
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Tang MY, Vranas M, Krahn AI, Pundlik S, Trempe JF, Fon EA. Structure-guided mutagenesis reveals a hierarchical mechanism of Parkin activation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14697. [PMID: 28276439 PMCID: PMC5347139 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkin and PINK1 function in a common pathway to clear damaged mitochondria. Parkin exists in an auto-inhibited conformation stabilized by multiple interdomain interactions. The binding of PINK1-generated phospho-ubiquitin and the phosphorylation of the ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain of Parkin at Ser65 release its auto-inhibition, but how and when these events take place in cells remain to be defined. Here we show that mutations that we designed to activate Parkin by releasing the Repressor Element of Parkin (REP) domain, or by disrupting the interface between the RING0:RING2 domains, can completely rescue mutations in the Parkin Ubl that are defective in mitochondrial autophagy. Using a FRET reporter assay we show that Parkin undergoes a conformational change upon phosphorylation that can be mimicked by mutating Trp403 in the REP. We propose a hierarchical model whereby pUb binding on mitochondria enables Parkin phosphorylation, which, in turn, leads to REP removal, E3 ligase activation and mitophagy. Parkin and PINK1 are involved in damaged mitochondria clearance; however the sequence of events of Parkin activation is not clear. Here, the authors show that binding to phospho-ubiquitin on mitochondria enables Parkin phosphorylation, which allows Repressor Element of Parkin removal, E3 ligase activation and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Y Tang
- McGill Parkinson Program, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Marta Vranas
- Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Andrea I Krahn
- McGill Parkinson Program, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Shayal Pundlik
- McGill Parkinson Program, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Edward A Fon
- McGill Parkinson Program, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4
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Lee Y, Stevens DA, Kang SU, Jiang H, Lee YI, Ko HS, Scarffe LA, Umanah GE, Kang H, Ham S, Kam TI, Allen K, Brahmachari S, Kim JW, Neifert S, Yun SP, Fiesel FC, Springer W, Dawson VL, Shin JH, Dawson TM. PINK1 Primes Parkin-Mediated Ubiquitination of PARIS in Dopaminergic Neuronal Survival. Cell Rep 2017; 18:918-932. [PMID: 28122242 PMCID: PMC5312976 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and parkin cause autosomal-recessive Parkinson's disease through a common pathway involving mitochondrial quality control. Parkin inactivation leads to accumulation of the parkin interacting substrate (PARIS, ZNF746) that plays an important role in dopamine cell loss through repression of proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1-alpha (PGC-1α) promoter activity. Here, we show that PARIS links PINK1 and parkin in a common pathway that regulates dopaminergic neuron survival. PINK1 interacts with and phosphorylates serines 322 and 613 of PARIS to control its ubiquitination and clearance by parkin. PINK1 phosphorylation of PARIS alleviates PARIS toxicity, as well as repression of PGC-1α promoter activity. Conditional knockdown of PINK1 in adult mouse brains leads to a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra that is dependent on PARIS. Altogether, these results uncover a function of PINK1 to direct parkin-PARIS-regulated PGC-1α expression and dopaminergic neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjong Lee
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Daniel A Stevens
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sung-Ung Kang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA; Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Haisong Jiang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA; Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Yun-Il Lee
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Han Seok Ko
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA; Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Leslie A Scarffe
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - George E Umanah
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hojin Kang
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Sangwoo Ham
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Tae-In Kam
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kathleen Allen
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA; Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Saurav Brahmachari
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Jungwoo Wren Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stewart Neifert
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA; Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fabienne C Fiesel
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Mayo Graduate School, Neurobiology of Disease, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Wolfdieter Springer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Mayo Graduate School, Neurobiology of Disease, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA; Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA.
| | - Joo-Ho Shin
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon 440-746, South Korea.
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA; Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA.
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41
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Truban D, Hou X, Caulfield TR, Fiesel FC, Springer W. PINK1, Parkin, and Mitochondrial Quality Control: What can we Learn about Parkinson's Disease Pathobiology? JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2017; 7:13-29. [PMID: 27911343 PMCID: PMC5302033 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-160989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first clinical description of Parkinson's disease (PD) will embrace its two century anniversary in 2017. For the past 30 years, mitochondrial dysfunction has been hypothesized to play a central role in the pathobiology of this devastating neurodegenerative disease. The identifications of mutations in genes encoding PINK1 (PTEN-induced kinase 1) and Parkin (E3 ubiquitin ligase) in familial PD and their functional association with mitochondrial quality control provided further support to this hypothesis. Recent research focused mainly on their key involvement in the clearance of damaged mitochondria, a process known as mitophagy. It has become evident that there are many other aspects of this complex regulated, multifaceted pathway that provides neuroprotection. As such, numerous additional factors that impact PINK1/Parkin have already been identified including genes involved in other forms of PD. A great pathogenic overlap amongst different forms of familial, environmental and even sporadic disease is emerging that potentially converges at the level of mitochondrial quality control. Tremendous efforts now seek to further detail the roles and exploit PINK1 and Parkin, their upstream regulators and downstream signaling pathways for future translation. This review summarizes the latest findings on PINK1/Parkin-directed mitochondrial quality control, its integration and cross-talk with other disease factors and pathways as well as the implications for idiopathic PD. In addition, we highlight novel avenues for the development of biomarkers and disease-modifying therapies that are based on a detailed understanding of the PINK1/Parkin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Truban
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Xu Hou
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas R. Caulfield
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Fabienne C. Fiesel
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Wolfdieter Springer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Structure of phosphorylated UBL domain and insights into PINK1-orchestrated parkin activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 114:298-303. [PMID: 28007983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613040114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PARK2 and PARK6 genes are responsible for the majority of hereditary Parkinson's disease cases. These genes encode the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin and the protein kinase PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), respectively. Together, parkin and PINK1 regulate the mitophagy pathway, which recycles damaged mitochondria following oxidative stress. Native parkin is inactive and exists in an autoinhibited state mediated by its ubiquitin-like (UBL) domain. PINK1 phosphorylation of serine 65 in parkin's UBL and serine 65 of ubiquitin fully activate ubiquitin ligase activity; however, a structural rationale for these observations is not clear. Here, we report the structure of the phosphorylated UBL domain from parkin. We find that destabilization of the UBL results from rearrangements to hydrophobic core packing that modify its structure. Altered surface electrostatics from the phosphoserine group disrupt its intramolecular association, resulting in poorer autoinhibition in phosphorylated parkin. Further, we show that phosphorylation of both the UBL domain and ubiquitin are required to activate parkin by releasing the UBL domain, forming an extended structure needed to facilitate E2-ubiquitin binding. Together, the results underscore the importance of parkin activation by the PINK1 phosphorylation signal and provide a structural picture of the unraveling of parkin's ubiquitin ligase potential.
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43
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E3 ligase UHRF2 stabilizes the acetyltransferase TIP60 and regulates H3K9ac and H3K14ac via RING finger domain. Protein Cell 2016; 8:202-218. [PMID: 27743347 PMCID: PMC5326618 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
UHRF2 is a ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 that regulates cell cycle, genomic stability and epigenetics. We conducted a co-immunoprecipitation assay and found that TIP60 and HDAC1 interact with UHRF2. We previously demonstrated that UHRF2 regulated H3K9ac and H3K14ac differentially in normal and cancer cells. However, the accurate signal transduction mechanisms were not clear. In this study, we found that TIP60 acted downstream of UHRF2 to regulate H3K9ac and H3K14ac expression. TIP60 is stabilized in normal cells by UHRF2 ubiquitination. However, TIP60 is destabilized in cancer cells. Depletion or inhibition of TIP60 disrupts the regulatory relationship between UHRF2, H3K9ac and H3K14ac. In summary, the findings suggest that UHRF2 mediated the post-translational modification of histones and the initiation and progression of cancer.
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44
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Nguyen TN, Padman BS, Lazarou M. Deciphering the Molecular Signals of PINK1/Parkin Mitophagy. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:733-744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Voigt A, Berlemann LA, Winklhofer KF. The mitochondrial kinase PINK1: functions beyond mitophagy. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:232-239. [PMID: 27251035 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the genes encoding the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin cause autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD). Pioneering work in Drosophila melanogaster revealed that the loss of PINK1 or Parkin function causes similar phenotypes including dysfunctional mitochondria. Further research showed that PINK1 can act upstream of Parkin in a mitochondrial quality control pathway to induce removal of damaged mitochondria in a process called mitophagy. Albeit the PINK1/Parkin-induced mitophagy pathway is well established and has recently been elucidated in great detail, its pathophysiological relevance is being debated. Mounting evidence indicates that PINK1 has additional functions, for example, in regulating complex I activity and maintaining neuronal viability in response to stress. Here, we discuss mitophagy-dependent and -independent functions of PINK1 and their possible role in PD pathogenesis. Mutations in the PINK1 gene, encoding a mitochondrial kinase, are associated with autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease. In this review, we summarize and discuss the functional roles of PINK1 in maintaining mitochondrial integrity, eliminating damaged mitochondria, and promoting cell survival. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Voigt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lena A Berlemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Konstanze F Winklhofer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany.
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46
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George S, Aguirre JD, Spratt DE, Bi Y, Jeffery M, Shaw GS, O'Donoghue P. Generation of phospho-ubiquitin variants by orthogonal translation reveals codon skipping. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1530-42. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna George
- Department of Biochemistry; The University of Western Ontario; London Canada
| | - Jacob D. Aguirre
- Department of Biochemistry; The University of Western Ontario; London Canada
| | - Donald E. Spratt
- Department of Biochemistry; The University of Western Ontario; London Canada
| | - Yumin Bi
- Department of Biochemistry; The University of Western Ontario; London Canada
| | - Madeline Jeffery
- Department of Biochemistry; The University of Western Ontario; London Canada
| | - Gary S. Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry; The University of Western Ontario; London Canada
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Western Ontario; London Canada
| | - Patrick O'Donoghue
- Department of Biochemistry; The University of Western Ontario; London Canada
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Western Ontario; London Canada
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47
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Yamano K, Matsuda N, Tanaka K. The ubiquitin signal and autophagy: an orchestrated dance leading to mitochondrial degradation. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:300-16. [PMID: 26882551 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of mitochondria, essential organelles that produce ATP and regulate numerous metabolic pathways, must be strictly monitored to maintain cell homeostasis. The loss of mitochondrial quality control systems is acknowledged as a determinant for many types of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). The two gene products mutated in the autosomal recessive forms of familial early-onset PD, Parkin and PINK1, have been identified as essential proteins in the clearance of damaged mitochondria via an autophagic pathway termed mitophagy. Recently, significant progress has been made in understanding how the mitochondrial serine/threonine kinase PINK1 and the E3 ligase Parkin work together through a novel stepwise cascade to identify and eliminate damaged mitochondria, a process that relies on the orchestrated crosstalk between ubiquitin/phosphorylation signaling and autophagy. In this review, we highlight our current understanding of the detailed molecular mechanisms governing Parkin-/PINK1-mediated mitophagy and the evidences connecting Parkin/PINK1 function and mitochondrial clearance in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamano
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsuda
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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