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Saito A, Alvi S, Valant C, Christopoulos A, Carbone SE, Poole DP. Therapeutic potential of allosteric modulators for the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2232-2246. [PMID: 36565295 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility is tightly regulated by the enteric nervous system (ENS). Disruption of coordinated enteric nervous system activity can result in dysmotility. Pharmacological treatment options for dysmotility include targeting of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed by neurons of the enteric nervous system. Current GPCR-targeting drugs for motility disorders bind to the highly conserved endogenous ligand-binding site and promote indiscriminate activation or inhibition of the target receptor throughout the body. This can be associated with significant side-effect liability and a loss of physiological tone. Allosteric modulators of GPCRs bind to a distinct site from the endogenous ligand, which is typically less conserved across multiple receptor subtypes and can modulate endogenous ligand signalling. Allosteric modulation of GPCRs that are important for enteric nervous system function may provide effective relief from motility disorders while limiting side-effects. This review will focus on how allosteric modulators of GPCRs may influence gastrointestinal motility, using 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), acetylcholine (ACh) and opioid receptors as examples. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayame Saito
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sadia Alvi
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simona E Carbone
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Marsango S, Milligan G. Regulation of the pro-inflammatory G protein-coupled receptor GPR84. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1500-1508. [PMID: 37085331 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR84 is an understudied rhodopsin-like class A G protein-coupled receptor, which is arousing particular interest from a therapeutic perspective. Not least this reflects that gpr84 expression is significantly up-regulated following acute inflammatory stimuli and in inflammatory diseases, and that receptor activation plays a role in regulating pro-inflammatory responses and migration of cells of the innate immune system such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and microglia. Although most physiological responses of GPR84 reflect receptor coupling to Gαi/o-proteins, several studies indicate that agonist-activated GPR84 can recruit arrestin adaptor proteins and this regulates receptor internalisation and desensitisation. To date, little is known on the patterns of either basal or ligand regulated GPR84 phosphorylation and how these might control these processes. Here, we consider what is known about the regulation of GPR84 signalling with a focus on how G protein receptor kinase-mediated phosphorylation regulates arrestin protein recruitment and receptor function. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue GPR84 Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marsango
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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3
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Barki N, Jenkins L, Marsango S, Dedeo D, Bolognini D, Dwomoh L, Abdelmalik AM, Nilsen M, Stoffels M, Nagel F, Schulz S, Tobin AB, Milligan G. Phosphorylation bar-coding of free fatty acid receptor 2 is generated in a tissue-specific manner. eLife 2023; 12:RP91861. [PMID: 38085667 PMCID: PMC10715726 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) is activated by short-chain fatty acids and expressed widely, including in white adipocytes and various immune and enteroendocrine cells. Using both wild-type human FFAR2 and a designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug (DREADD) variant we explored the activation and phosphorylation profile of the receptor, both in heterologous cell lines and in tissues from transgenic knock-in mouse lines expressing either human FFAR2 or the FFAR2-DREADD. FFAR2 phospho-site-specific antisera targeting either pSer296/pSer297 or pThr306/pThr310 provided sensitive biomarkers of both constitutive and agonist-mediated phosphorylation as well as an effective means to visualise agonist-activated receptors in situ. In white adipose tissue, phosphorylation of residues Ser296/Ser297 was enhanced upon agonist activation whilst Thr306/Thr310 did not become phosphorylated. By contrast, in immune cells from Peyer's patches Thr306/Thr310 become phosphorylated in a strictly agonist-dependent fashion whilst in enteroendocrine cells of the colon both Ser296/Ser297 and Thr306/Thr310 were poorly phosphorylated. The concept of phosphorylation bar-coding has centred to date on the potential for different agonists to promote distinct receptor phosphorylation patterns. Here, we demonstrate that this occurs for the same agonist-receptor pairing in different patho-physiologically relevant target tissues. This may underpin why a single G protein-coupled receptor can generate different functional outcomes in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Barki
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Sara Marsango
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Domonkos Dedeo
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniele Bolognini
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Louis Dwomoh
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Aisha M Abdelmalik
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Margaret Nilsen
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Manon Stoffels
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Stefan Schulz
- 7TM Antibodies GmbHJenaGermany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital JenaJenaGermany
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
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Ganguly A, Quon T, Jenkins L, Joseph B, Al-Awar R, Chevigne A, Tobin AB, Uehling DE, Hoffmann C, Drube J, Milligan G. G protein-receptor kinases 5/6 are the key regulators of G protein-coupled receptor 35-arrestin interactions. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105218. [PMID: 37660910 PMCID: PMC10520886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human G protein-coupled receptor 35 is regulated by agonist-mediated phosphorylation of a set of five phospho-acceptor amino acids within its C-terminal tail. Alteration of both Ser300 and Ser303 to alanine in the GPR35a isoform greatly reduces the ability of receptor agonists to promote interactions with arrestin adapter proteins. Here, we have integrated the use of cell lines genome edited to lack expression of combinations of G protein receptor kinases (GRKs), selective small molecule inhibitors of subsets of these kinases, and antisera able to specifically identify either human GPR35a or mouse GPR35 only when Ser300 and Ser303 (orce; the equivalent residues in mouse GPR35) have become phosphorylated to demonstrate that GRK5 and GRK6 cause agonist-dependent phosphorylation of these residues. Extensions of these studies demonstrated the importance of the GRK5/6-mediated phosphorylation of these amino acids for agonist-induced internalization of the receptor. Homology and predictive modeling of the interaction of human GPR35 with GRKs showed that the N terminus of GRK5 is likely to dock in the same methionine pocket on the intracellular face of GPR35 as the C terminus of the α5 helix of Gα13 and, that while this is also the case for GRK6, GRK2 and GRK3 are unable to do so effectively. These studies provide unique and wide-ranging insights into modes of regulation of GPR35, a receptor that is currently attracting considerable interest as a novel therapeutic target in diseases including ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Ganguly
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Advanced Research Centre (ARC), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tezz Quon
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Advanced Research Centre (ARC), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Advanced Research Centre (ARC), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Babu Joseph
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andy Chevigne
- Division of Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Advanced Research Centre (ARC), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David E Uehling
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Drube
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Advanced Research Centre (ARC), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Sabbir MG, Swanson M, Speth RC, Albensi BC. Hippocampal versus cortical deletion of cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 in mice differentially affects post-translational modifications and supramolecular assembly of respiratory chain-associated proteins, mitochondrial ultrastructure, and respiration: implications in Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1179252. [PMID: 37293125 PMCID: PMC10246746 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1179252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In a previous retrospective study using postmortem human brain tissues, we demonstrated that loss of Cholinergic Receptor Muscarinic 1 (CHRM1) in the temporal cortex of a subset of Alzheimer's patients was associated with poor survival, whereas similar loss in the hippocampus showed no such association. Mitochondrial dysfunction underlies Alzheimer's pathogenesis. Therefore, to investigate the mechanistic basis of our findings, we evaluated cortical mitochondrial phenotypes in Chrm1 knockout (Chrm1-/-) mice. Cortical Chrm1 loss resulted in reduced respiration, reduced supramolecular assembly of respiratory protein complexes, and caused mitochondrial ultrastructural abnormalities. These mouse-based findings mechanistically linked cortical CHRM1 loss with poor survival of Alzheimer's patients. However, evaluation of the effect of Chrm1 loss on mouse hippocampal mitochondrial characteristics is necessary to fully understand our retrospective human tissue-based observations. This is the objective of this study. Methods: Enriched hippocampal and cortical mitochondrial fractions (EHMFs/ECMFs, respectively) derived from wild-type and Chrm1-/- mice were used to measure respiration by quantifying real-time oxygen consumption, supramolecular assembly of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-associated proteins by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, post-translational modifications (PTMs) by isoelectric focusing (IEF), and mitochondrial ultrastructure by electron microscopy. Results: In contrast to our previous observations in Chrm1-/- ECMFs, EHMFs of Chrm1-/- mice significantly increased respiration with a concomitant increase in the supramolecular assembly of OXPHOS-associated proteins, specifically Atp5a and Uqcrc2, with no mitochondrial ultrastructural alterations. IEF of ECMFs and EHMFs from Chrm1-/- mice showed a decrease and an increase, respectively in a negatively charged (pH∼3) fraction of Atp5a relative to the wild-type mice, with a corresponding decrease or increase in the supramolecular assembly of Atp5a and respiration indicating a tissue-specific signaling effect. Discussion: Our findings indicate that loss of Chrm1 in the cortex causes structural, and physiological alterations to mitochondria that compromise neuronal function, whereas Chrm1 loss in the hippocampus may benefit neuronal function by enhancing mitochondrial function. This brain region-specific differential effect of Chrm1 deletion on mitochondrial function supports our human brain region-based findings and Chrm1-/- mouse behavioral phenotypes. Furthermore, our study indicates that Chrm1-mediated brain region-specific differential PTMs of Atp5a may alter complex-V supramolecular assembly which in turn regulates mitochondrial structure-function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Golam Sabbir
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Alzo Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Barry & Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Mamiko Swanson
- Alzo Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
- Barry & Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Robert C. Speth
- Barry & Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Benedict C. Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Barry & Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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6
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Antagonism of the Muscarinic Acetylcholine Type 1 Receptor Enhances Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Expression of Respiratory Chain Components via AMPK in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells and Primary Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6754-6770. [PMID: 36002781 PMCID: PMC9525428 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in mitochondrial physiology play a role in the progression of multiple neurodegenerative conditions, including peripheral neuropathy in diabetes. Blockade of muscarinic acetylcholine type 1 receptor (M1R) with specific/selective antagonists prevented mitochondrial dysfunction and reversed nerve degeneration in in vitro and in vivo models of peripheral neuropathy. Specifically, in type 1 and type 2 models of diabetes, inhibition of M1R using pirenzepine or muscarinic toxin 7 (MT7) induced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and prevented sensory abnormalities and distal nerve fiber loss. The human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line has been extensively used as an in vitro model system to study mechanisms of neurodegeneration in DRG neurons and other neuronal sub-types. Here, we tested the hypothesis that pirenzepine or MT7 enhance AMPK activity and via this pathway augment mitochondrial function in SH-SY5Y cells. M1R expression was confirmed by utilizing a fluorescent dye, ATTO590-labeled MT7, that exhibits great specificity for this receptor. M1R antagonist treatment in SH-SY5Y culture increased AMPK phosphorylation and mitochondrial protein expression (OXPHOS). Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was augmented in pirenzepine and MT7 treated cultured SH-SY5Y cells and DRG neurons. Compound C or AMPK-specific siRNA suppressed pirenzepine or MT7-induced elevation of OXPHOS expression and MMP. Moreover, muscarinic antagonists induced hyperpolarization by activating the M-current and, thus, suppressed neuronal excitability. These results reveal that negative regulation of this M1R-dependent pathway could represent a potential therapeutic target to elevate AMPK activity, enhance mitochondrial function, suppress neuropathic pain, and enhance nerve repair in peripheral neuropathy.
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Rajkhowa B, Mehan S, Sethi P, Prajapati A, Suri M, Kumar S, Bhalla S, Narula AS, Alshammari A, Alharbi M, Alkahtani N, Alghamdi S, Kalfin R. Activating SIRT-1 Signalling with the Mitochondrial-CoQ10 Activator Solanesol Improves Neurobehavioral and Neurochemical Defects in Ouabain-Induced Experimental Model of Bipolar Disorder. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080959. [PMID: 36015107 PMCID: PMC9415079 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic mental illness characterized by mood fluctuations that range from depressive lows to manic highs. Several studies have linked the downregulation of SIRT-1 (silent mating type information regulation-2 homologs) signaling to the onset of BD and other neurological dysfunctions. This research aimed to look into the neuroprotective potential of Solanesol (SNL) in rats given ICV-Ouabain injections, focusing on its effect on SIRT-1 signaling activation in the brain. Ouabain, found in hypothalamic and medullary neurons, is an endogenous inhibitor of brain Na+/K+ ATPase. The inhibition of brain Na+/K+ ATPase by Ouabain may also result in changes in neurotransmission within the central nervous system. SNL is a Solanaceae family active phytoconstituent produced from the plant Nicotiana tabacum. SNL is used as a precursor for the production of CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10), a powerful antioxidant and neuroprotective compound. In the current study, lithium (Li), an important mood stabilizer drug, was used as a control. This study looked at the neuroprotective potential of SNL at dosages of 40 and 80 mg/kg in ICV-OUA injections that caused BD-like neurobehavioral and neurochemical defects in Wistar rats. Wistar rats were placed into eight groups (n = 6) and administered 1 mM/0.5 µL ICV-OUA injections for three days. Neurochemical assessments were done in rat brain homogenates, CSF, and blood plasma samples at the end of the experiment protocol schedule. Long-term SNL and lithium administration have been shown to decrease the number of rearing and crossings and reduce time spent in the center, locomotor activities, and immobility time. Solansesol treatment gradually raises the amount of Na+/K+ ATPase, limiting the severity of behavioural symptoms. These findings also revealed that SNL increases the levels of SIRT-1 in CSF, blood plasma, and brain homogenate samples. Moreover, in rat brain homogenates and blood plasma samples, SNL modulates apoptotic markers such as Caspase-3, Bax (pro-apoptotic), and Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic). Mitochondrial-ETC complex enzymes, including complex-I, II, IV, V, and CoQ10, were also restored following long-term SNL treatment. Furthermore, SNL lowered inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) levels while restoring neurotransmitter levels (serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, and acetylcholine) and decreasing oxidative stress markers. Histological examinations also validated Solanesol’s protective effect. As a result, our findings suggest that SNL, as a SIRT-1 signalling activator, may be a promising therapeutic approach for BD-like neurological dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Rajkhowa
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, India; (B.R.); (P.S.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, India; (B.R.); (P.S.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-8059889909
| | - Pranshul Sethi
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, India; (B.R.); (P.S.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Aradhana Prajapati
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, India; (B.R.); (P.S.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Manisha Suri
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, India; (B.R.); (P.S.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, India; (B.R.); (P.S.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Sonalika Bhalla
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, India; (B.R.); (P.S.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Acharan S. Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA;
| | - Abdulrahman Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.A.); (N.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Metab Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.A.); (N.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Nora Alkahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.A.); (N.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Saeed Alghamdi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.A.); (N.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Reni Kalfin
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Block 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Department of Healthcare, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Ivan Mihailov St. 66, 2700 Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
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The M 1 muscarinic receptor is present in situ as a ligand-regulated mixture of monomers and oligomeric complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201103119. [PMID: 35671422 PMCID: PMC9214538 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201103119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is appreciated that members of the large family of rhodopsin-like cell surface receptors can form dimeric or larger protein complexes when expressed at high levels in cultured cells, their organizational state within native cells and tissues of the body is largely unknown. We assessed this in neurons of the central nervous system by replacing the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in mice with a form of this receptor with an added fluorescent protein. Receptor function was unaltered by this change, and the biophysical approach we used demonstrated that the receptor exists as a mixture of monomers and dimers or oligomers. Drug treatments that target this receptor promote its monomerization, which may have significance for receptor function. The quaternary organization of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors in native tissues is unknown. To address this we generated mice in which the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor was replaced with a C-terminally monomeric enhanced green fluorescent protein (mEGFP)–linked variant. Fluorescence imaging of brain slices demonstrated appropriate regional distribution, and using both anti-M1 and anti–green fluorescent protein antisera the expressed transgene was detected in both cortex and hippocampus only as the full-length polypeptide. M1-mEGFP was expressed at levels equal to the M1 receptor in wild-type mice and was expressed throughout cell bodies and projections in cultured neurons from these animals. Signaling and behavioral studies demonstrated M1-mEGFP was fully active. Application of fluorescence intensity fluctuation spectrometry to regions of interest within M1-mEGFP–expressing neurons quantified local levels of expression and showed the receptor was present as a mixture of monomers, dimers, and higher-order oligomeric complexes. Treatment with both an agonist and an antagonist ligand promoted monomerization of the M1-mEGFP receptor. The quaternary organization of a class A G protein-coupled receptor in situ was directly quantified in neurons in this study, which answers the much-debated question of the extent and potential ligand-induced regulation of basal quaternary organization of such a receptor in native tissue when present at endogenous expression levels.
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Cognitive Impairment, Sleep Disturbance, and Depression in Women with Silicone Breast Implants: Association with Autoantibodies against Autonomic Nervous System Receptors. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060776. [PMID: 35740901 PMCID: PMC9221347 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Silicone breast implants (SBIs) has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of autoimmune diseases. In the current study, we aimed to explore the potential association between circulating autoantibodies against the autonomic nervous system and cognitive impairment, memory deficit, and depressive symptoms reported by women with SBIs. Methods: ELISA assays were used to quantify anti-adrenergic receptors (α1, α2, β1, β2), anti-muscarinic receptors (M1-M5), anti-endothelin receptor type A, and anti-angiotensin II type 1 receptor titers in the sera of 93 symptomatic female subjects with SBIs and 36 age-matched healthy female controls. Results: A significant difference was detected in the level of autoantibodies against the autonomic nervous system receptors in women with SBIs who reported memory impairment, cognitive impairment, and sleep disturbance as compared with both women with SBIs who did not complain of these symptoms or with healthy individuals without SBIs. Conclusions: Clinical symptoms such as depression, cognitive impairment, and sleep disturbances were found to be associated with dysregulation of the levels of circulating autoantibodies targeting the autonomous nervous system receptors in women with SBIs. These autoantibodies may have diagnostic significance in diseases associated with breast implants.
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10
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Marsango S, Ward RJ, Jenkins L, Butcher AJ, Al Mahmud Z, Dwomoh L, Nagel F, Schulz S, Tikhonova IG, Tobin AB, Milligan G. Selective phosphorylation of threonine residues defines GPR84-arrestin interactions of biased ligands. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101932. [PMID: 35427647 PMCID: PMC9118924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR84 is an immune cell-expressed, proinflammatory receptor currently being assessed as a therapeutic target in conditions including fibrosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Although it was previously shown that the orthosteric GPR84 activators 2-HTP and 6-OAU promoted its interactions with arrestin-3, a G protein-biased agonist DL-175 did not. Here, we show that replacement of all 21 serine and threonine residues within i-loop 3 of GPR84, but not the two serines in the C-terminal tail, eliminated the incorporation of [32P] and greatly reduced receptor-arrestin-3 interactions promoted by 2-HTP. GPR84 was phosphorylated constitutively on residues Ser221 and Ser224, while various other amino acids are phosphorylated in response to 2-HTP. Consistent with this, an antiserum able to identify pSer221/pSer224 recognized GPR84 from cells treated with and without activators, whereas an antiserum able to identify pThr263/pThr264 only recognized GPR84 after exposure to 2-HTP and not DL-175. Two distinct GPR84 antagonists as well as inhibition of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2/3 prevented phosphorylation of pThr263/pThr264, but neither strategy affected constitutive phosphorylation of Ser221/Ser224. Furthermore, mutation of residues Thr263 and Thr264 to alanine generated a variant of GPR84 also limited in 2-HTP-induced interactions with arrestin-2 and -3. By contrast, this mutant was unaffected in its capacity to reduce cAMP levels. Taken together, these results define a key pair of threonine residues, regulated only by subsets of GPR84 small molecule activators and by GRK2/3 that define effective interactions with arrestins and provide novel tools to monitor the phosphorylation and functional status of GPR84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marsango
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Ward
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Jenkins
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Butcher
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zobaer Al Mahmud
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Dwomoh
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stefan Schulz
- 7TM Antibodies GmbH, Jena, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Irina G Tikhonova
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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11
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Zhang B, Li S, Shui W. Post-Translational Modifications of G Protein–Coupled Receptors Revealed by Proteomics and Structural Biology. Front Chem 2022; 10:843502. [PMID: 35355784 PMCID: PMC8960047 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.843502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a protein superfamily comprising >800 members that regulate numerous cellular and physiologic responses. GPCRs represent the largest class of therapeutic targets with implications in various diseases. Although advances in GPCR structural and pharmacological research have significantly improved our knowledge of GPCR signaling mechanisms, mapping diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs) of GPCR proteins and understanding their regulatory roles have received much less attention. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics has become the most popular technology for profiling protein PTMs in a systematic manner. Herein we provide an overview of PTM types, locations, crosstalk and dynamic regulation for different GPCRs that are characterized using proteomic and/or biochemical approaches. Our main focus is on glycosylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and palmitoylation that are known to modulate receptor folding, biosynthesis, trafficking, dimerization and signaling. Furthermore, we discuss the locations of specific PTM sites in the structure of a given GPCR and its signaling complex to highlight the importance of PTM regulation in the molecular basis of GPCRs, which may shed new light on structure-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Zhang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Shui
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wenqing Shui,
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12
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Agonist-induced phosphorylation of orthologues of the orphan receptor GPR35 functions as an activation sensor. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101655. [PMID: 35101446 PMCID: PMC8892012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) is poorly characterized but nevertheless has been revealed to have diverse roles in areas including lower gut inflammation and pain. The development of novel reagents and tools will greatly enhance analysis of GPR35 functions in health and disease. Here, we used mass spectrometry, mutagenesis, and [32P] orthophosphate labeling to identify that all five hydroxy-amino acids in the C-terminal tail of human GPR35a became phosphorylated in response to agonist occupancy of the receptor and that, apart from Ser294, each of these contributed to interactions with arretin-3, which inhibits further G protein-coupled receptor signaling. We found that Ser303 was key to such interactions; the serine corresponding to human GPR35a residue 303 also played a dominant role in arrestin-3 interactions for both mouse and rat GPR35. We also demonstrated that fully phospho-site–deficient mutants of human GPR35a and mouse GPR35 failed to interact effectively with arrestin-3, and the human phospho-deficient variant was not internalized from the surface of cells in response to agonist treatment. Even in cells stably expressing species orthologues of GPR35, a substantial proportion of the expressed protein(s) was determined to be immature. Finally, phospho-site–specific antisera targeting the region encompassing Ser303 in human (Ser301 in mouse) GPR35a identified only the mature forms of GPR35 and provided effective sensors of the activation status of the receptors both in immunoblotting and immunocytochemical studies. Such antisera may be useful tools to evaluate target engagement in drug discovery and target validation programs.
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13
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Biased M1 muscarinic receptor mutant mice show accelerated progression of prion neurodegenerative disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2107389118. [PMID: 34893539 PMCID: PMC8685681 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107389118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1-receptor) plays a crucial role in learning and memory and is a validated drug target for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Furthermore, M1-receptor ligands have been demonstrated to display disease-modifying effects in preclinical models of neurodegenerative disease. By employing a genetic mouse model expressing a G protein–biased M1-receptor in combination with a mouse model of terminal neurodegenerative disease, we demonstrate here that the M1-receptor exerts an inherent neuroprotective activity that is dependent on its phosphorylation status. Thus, in AD drug development programs, M1-receptor ligands that maintain the receptor phosphorylation status will be more likely to lead to beneficial neuroprotective outcomes. There are currently no treatments that can slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). There is, however, a growing body of evidence that activation of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1-receptor) can not only restore memory loss in AD patients but in preclinical animal models can also slow neurodegenerative disease progression. The generation of an effective medicine targeting the M1-receptor has however been severely hampered by associated cholinergic adverse responses. By using genetically engineered mouse models that express a G protein–biased M1-receptor, we recently established that M1-receptor mediated adverse responses can be minimized by ensuring activating ligands maintain receptor phosphorylation/arrestin-dependent signaling. Here, we use these same genetic models in concert with murine prion disease, a terminal neurodegenerative disease showing key hallmarks of AD, to establish that phosphorylation/arrestin-dependent signaling delivers neuroprotection that both extends normal animal behavior and prolongs the life span of prion-diseased mice. Our data point to an important neuroprotective property inherent to the M1-receptor and indicate that next generation M1-receptor ligands designed to drive receptor phosphorylation/arrestin-dependent signaling would potentially show low adverse responses while delivering neuroprotection that will slow disease progression.
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14
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Verweij EWE, Al Araaj B, Prabhata WR, Prihandoko R, Nijmeijer S, Tobin AB, Leurs R, Vischer HF. Differential Role of Serines and Threonines in Intracellular Loop 3 and C-Terminal Tail of the Histamine H 4 Receptor in β-Arrestin and G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase Interaction, Internalization, and Signaling. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:321-333. [PMID: 32296771 PMCID: PMC7155198 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The histamine H4 receptor (H4R) activates Gαi-mediated signaling and recruits β-arrestin2 upon stimulation with histamine. β-Arrestins play a regulatory role in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by interacting with phosphorylated serine and threonine residues in the GPCR C-terminal tail and intracellular loop 3, resulting in receptor desensitization and internalization. Using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based biosensors, we show that G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRK) 2 and 3 are more quickly recruited to the H4R than β-arrestin1 and 2 upon agonist stimulation, whereas receptor internalization dynamics toward early endosomes was slower. Alanine-substitution revealed that a serine cluster at the distal end of the H4R C-terminal tail is essential for the recruitment of β-arrestin1/2, and consequently, receptor internalization and desensitization of G protein-driven extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation and label-free cellular impedance. In contrast, alanine substitution of serines and threonines in the intracellular loop 3 of the H4R did not affect β-arrestin2 recruitment and receptor desensitization, but reduced β-arrestin1 recruitment and internalization. Hence, β-arrestin recruitment to H4R requires the putative phosphorylated serine cluster in the H4R C-terminal tail, whereas putative phosphosites in the intracellular loop 3 have different effects on β-arrestin1 versus β-arrestin2. Mutation of these putative phosphosites in either intracellular loop 3 or the C-terminal tail did not affect the histamine-induced recruitment of GRK2 and GRK3 but does change the interaction of H4R with GRK5 and GRK6, respectively. Identification of H4R interactions with these proteins is a first step in the understanding how this receptor might be dysregulated in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore W E Verweij
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Betty Al Araaj
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wimzy R Prabhata
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi Prihandoko
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia Nijmeijer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Bradley SJ, Molloy C, Valuskova P, Dwomoh L, Scarpa M, Rossi M, Finlayson L, Svensson KA, Chernet E, Barth VN, Gherbi K, Sykes DA, Wilson CA, Mistry R, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, Mogg AJ, Rosethorne EM, Sakata S, John Challiss RA, Broad LM, Tobin AB. Biased M1-muscarinic-receptor-mutant mice inform the design of next-generation drugs. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:240-249. [PMID: 32080630 PMCID: PMC7616160 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterase inhibitors, the current frontline symptomatic treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), are associated with low efficacy and adverse effects. M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1 mAChRs) represent a potential alternate therapeutic target; however, drug discovery programs focused on this G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) have failed, largely due to cholinergic adverse responses. Employing novel chemogenetic and phosphorylation-deficient, G protein-biased, mouse models, paired with a toolbox of probe molecules, we establish previously unappreciated pharmacologically targetable M1 mAChR neurological processes, including anxiety-like behaviors and hyper-locomotion. By mapping the upstream signaling pathways regulating these responses, we determine the importance of receptor phosphorylation-dependent signaling in driving clinically relevant outcomes and in controlling adverse effects including 'epileptic-like' seizures. We conclude that M1 mAChR ligands that promote receptor phosphorylation-dependent signaling would protect against cholinergic adverse effects in addition to driving beneficial responses such as learning and memory and anxiolytic behavior relevant for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Bradley
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Colin Molloy
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paulina Valuskova
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Louis Dwomoh
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Miriam Scarpa
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mario Rossi
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lisa Finlayson
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kjell A Svensson
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eyassu Chernet
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vanessa N Barth
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karolina Gherbi
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Excellerate Bioscience Ltd, BioCity, Nottingham, UK
| | - David A Sykes
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane and Protein and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Caroline A Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rajendra Mistry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian J Mogg
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Rosethorne
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane and Protein and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Shuzo Sakata
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - R A John Challiss
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Lisa M Broad
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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16
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Broad LM, Sanger HE, Mogg AJ, Colvin EM, Zwart R, Evans DA, Pasqui F, Sher E, Wishart GN, Barth VN, Felder CC, Goldsmith PJ. Identification and pharmacological profile of SPP1, a potent, functionally selective and brain penetrant agonist at muscarinic M 1 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:110-126. [PMID: 30276808 PMCID: PMC6284335 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We aimed to identify and develop novel, selective muscarinic M1 receptor agonists as potential therapeutic agents for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We developed and utilized a novel M1 receptor occupancy assay to drive a structure activity relationship in a relevant brain region while simultaneously tracking drug levels in plasma and brain to optimize for central penetration. Functional activity was tracked in relevant native in vitro assays allowing translational (rat-human) benchmarking of structure-activity relationship molecules to clinical comparators. KEY RESULTS Using this paradigm, we identified a series of M1 receptor selective molecules displaying desirable in vitro and in vivo properties and optimized key features, such as central penetration while maintaining selectivity and a partial agonist profile. From these compounds, we selected spiropiperidine 1 (SPP1). In vitro, SPP1 is a potent, partial agonist of cortical and hippocampal M1 receptors with activity conserved across species. SPP1 displays high functional selectivity for M1 receptors over native M2 and M3 receptor anti-targets and over a panel of other targets. Assessment of central target engagement by receptor occupancy reveals SPP1 significantly and dose-dependently occupies rodent cortical M1 receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We report the discovery of SPP1, a novel, functionally selective, brain penetrant partial orthosteric agonist at M1 receptors, identified by a novel receptor occupancy assay. SPP1 is amenable to in vitro and in vivo study and provides a valuable research tool to further probe the role of M1 receptors in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Broad
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research CentreWindleshamSurreyUK
| | - Helen E Sanger
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research CentreWindleshamSurreyUK
| | - Adrian J Mogg
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research CentreWindleshamSurreyUK
| | - Ellen M Colvin
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research CentreWindleshamSurreyUK
| | - Ruud Zwart
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research CentreWindleshamSurreyUK
| | - David A Evans
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research CentreWindleshamSurreyUK
| | | | - Emanuele Sher
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research CentreWindleshamSurreyUK
| | | | - Vanessa N Barth
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate CenterIndianapolisINUSA
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17
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Bradley SJ, Tobin AB, Prihandoko R. The use of chemogenetic approaches to study the physiological roles of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system. Neuropharmacology 2018; 136:421-426. [PMID: 29191752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemical genetic has played an important role in linking specific G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling to cellular processes involved in central nervous system (CNS) functions. Key to this approach has been the modification of receptor properties such that receptors no longer respond to endogenous ligands but rather can be activated selectively by synthetic ligands. Such modified receptors have been called Receptors Activated Solely by Synthetic Ligands (RASSLs) or Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs). Unlike knock-out animal models which allow detection of phenotypic changes caused by loss of receptor functions, RASSL and DREADD receptors offer the possibility of rescuing "knock-out" phenotypic deficits by administration of the synthetic ligands. Here we describe the use of these modified receptors in defining the physiological role of GPCRs and validation of receptors as drug targets. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neuropharmacology on Muscarinic Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Bradley
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rudi Prihandoko
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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18
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Sabbir MG, Calcutt NA, Fernyhough P. Muscarinic Acetylcholine Type 1 Receptor Activity Constrains Neurite Outgrowth by Inhibiting Microtubule Polymerization and Mitochondrial Trafficking in Adult Sensory Neurons. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:402. [PMID: 29997469 PMCID: PMC6029366 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The muscarinic acetylcholine type 1 receptor (M1R) is a metabotropic G protein-coupled receptor. Knockout of M1R or exposure to selective or specific receptor antagonists elevates neurite outgrowth in adult sensory neurons and is therapeutic in diverse models of peripheral neuropathy. We tested the hypothesis that endogenous M1R activation constrained neurite outgrowth via a negative impact on the cytoskeleton and subsequent mitochondrial trafficking. We overexpressed M1R in primary cultures of adult rat sensory neurons and cell lines and studied the physiological and molecular consequences related to regulation of cytoskeletal/mitochondrial dynamics and neurite outgrowth. In adult primary neurons, overexpression of M1R caused disruption of the tubulin, but not actin, cytoskeleton and significantly reduced neurite outgrowth. Over-expression of a M1R-DREADD mutant comparatively increased neurite outgrowth suggesting that acetylcholine released from cultured neurons interacts with M1R to suppress neurite outgrowth. M1R-dependent constraint on neurite outgrowth was removed by selective (pirenzepine) or specific (muscarinic toxin 7) M1R antagonists. M1R-dependent disruption of the cytoskeleton also diminished mitochondrial abundance and trafficking in distal neurites, a disorder that was also rescued by pirenzepine or muscarinic toxin 7. M1R activation modulated cytoskeletal dynamics through activation of the G protein (Gα13) that inhibited tubulin polymerization and thus reduced neurite outgrowth. Our study provides a novel mechanism of M1R control of Gα13 protein-dependent modulation of the tubulin cytoskeleton, mitochondrial trafficking and neurite outgrowth in axons of adult sensory neurons. This novel pathway could be harnessed to treat dying-back neuropathies since anti-muscarinic drugs are currently utilized for other clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad G Sabbir
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nigel A Calcutt
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Paul Fernyhough
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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19
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Bradley SJ, Molloy C, Bundgaard C, Mogg AJ, Thompson KJ, Dwomoh L, Sanger HE, Crabtree MD, Brooke SM, Sexton PM, Felder CC, Christopoulos A, Broad LM, Tobin AB, Langmead CJ. Bitopic Binding Mode of an M 1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist Associated with Adverse Clinical Trial Outcomes. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:645-656. [PMID: 29695609 PMCID: PMC5963591 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The realization of the therapeutic potential of targeting the M1
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) for the treatment of cognitive decline in
Alzheimer’s disease has prompted the discovery of M1 mAChR ligands
showing efficacy in alleviating cognitive dysfunction in both rodents and humans.
Among these is GSK1034702
(7-fluoro-5-methyl-3-[1-(oxan-4-yl)piperidin-4-yl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-one),
described previously as a potent M1 receptor allosteric agonist, which
showed procognitive effects in rodents and improved immediate memory in a clinical
nicotine withdrawal test but induced significant side effects. Here we provide
evidence using ligand binding, chemical biology and functional assays to establish
that rather than the allosteric mechanism claimed, GSK1034702 interacts in a bitopic
manner at the M1 mAChR such that it can concomitantly span both the
orthosteric and an allosteric binding site. The bitopic nature of GSK1034702,
together with the intrinsic agonist activity and a lack of muscarinic receptor
subtype selectivity reported here, all likely contribute to the adverse effects of
this molecule in clinical trials. Although they impart beneficial effects on learning
and memory, we conclude that these properties are undesirable in a clinical candidate
due to the likelihood of adverse side effects. Rather, our data support the notion
that “pure” positive allosteric modulators showing selectivity for the
M1 mAChR with low levels of intrinsic activity would be preferable to
provide clinical efficacy with low adverse responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Bradley
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Colin Molloy
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Christoffer Bundgaard
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Adrian J Mogg
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Karen J Thompson
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Louis Dwomoh
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Helen E Sanger
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Michael D Crabtree
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Simon M Brooke
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Christian C Felder
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Lisa M Broad
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
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20
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Mogg AJ, Eessalu T, Johnson M, Wright R, Sanger HE, Xiao H, Crabtree MG, Smith A, Colvin EM, Schober D, Gehlert D, Jesudason C, Goldsmith PJ, Johnson MP, Felder CC, Barth VN, Broad LM. In Vitro Pharmacological Characterization and In Vivo Validation of LSN3172176 a Novel M1 Selective Muscarinic Receptor Agonist Tracer Molecule for Positron Emission Tomography. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:602-613. [PMID: 29643252 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.246454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for improved symptomatic treatment options for neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, muscarinic acetylcholine M1 receptors (M1 mAChRs) have received significant attention. Drug development efforts have identified a number of novel ligands, some of which have advanced to the clinic. However, a significant issue for progressing these therapeutics is the lack of robust, translatable, and validated biomarkers. One valuable approach to assessing target engagement is to use positron emission tomography (PET) tracers. In this study we describe the pharmacological characterization of a selective M1 agonist amenable for in vivo tracer studies. We used a novel direct binding assay to identify nonradiolabeled ligands, including LSN3172176, with the favorable characteristics required for a PET tracer. In vitro functional and radioligand binding experiments revealed that LSN3172176 was a potent partial agonist (EC50 2.4-7.0 nM, Emax 43%-73%), displaying binding selectivity for M1 mAChRs (Kd = 1.5 nM) that was conserved across species (native tissue Kd = 1.02, 2.66, 8, and 1.03 at mouse, rat, monkey, and human, respectively). Overall selectivity of LSN3172176 appeared to be a product of potency and stabilization of the high-affinity state of the M1 receptor, relative to other mAChR subtypes (M1 > M2, M4, M5 > M3). In vivo, use of wild-type and mAChR knockout mice further supported the M1-preferring selectivity profile of LSN3172176 for the M1 receptor (78% reduction in cortical occupancy in M1 KO mice). These findings support the development of LSN3172176 as a potential PET tracer for assessment of M1 mAChR target engagement in the clinic and to further elucidate the function of M1 mAChRs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Mogg
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Thomas Eessalu
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Megan Johnson
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Rebecca Wright
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Helen E Sanger
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Hongling Xiao
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Michael G Crabtree
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Alex Smith
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Ellen M Colvin
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Douglas Schober
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Donald Gehlert
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Cynthia Jesudason
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Paul J Goldsmith
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Michael P Johnson
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Christian C Felder
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Vanessa N Barth
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
| | - Lisa M Broad
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (A.J.M., H.E.S., M.G.C., A.S., E.M.C., P.J.G., L.M.B.) and Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (T.E., M.J., R.W., H.X., D.S., D.G., C.J., M.P.J., C.C.F., V.N.B.)
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21
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Bojić T, Perović VR, Senćanski M, Glišić S. Identification of Candidate Allosteric Modulators of the M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Which May Improve Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Chronic Tinnitus. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:636. [PMID: 29184482 PMCID: PMC5694542 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic tinnitus is characterized by neuroplastic changes of the auditory cortex. A promising method for therapy of chronic tinnitus is vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) combined with auditory stimulation. The principle of VNS is reversal of pathological neuroplastic changes of the auditory cortex toward physiological neural activity and synchronicity. The VNS mechanism of action in chronic tinnitus patients is prevailingly through the muscarinic neuromodulation of the auditory cortex by the activation of nc. basalis Meynerti. The aim of this study is to propose potential pharmaceutics which may improve the neuromodulatory effects of VNS. The working hypothesis is that M1 receptors have a dominant role in the neural plasticity of the auditory cortex. We propose that allosteric agonists of the muscarinic receptor type 1 (M1) receptor could improve specificity and selectivity of the neuromodulatory effect of VNS on the auditory cortex of chronic tinnitus patients even in the circumstances of lower acetylcholine brain concentration. This intervention would also reinforce the re-learning process of tinnitus (sub)networks by acting on cholinergic memory and learning mechanisms. We performed in silico screening of drug space using the EIIP/AQVN filter and selected 50 drugs as candidates for allosteric modulators of muscarinic receptors. Further filtering of these compounds by means of 3D QSAR and docking revealed 3 approved drugs-bromazepam, estazolam and flumazenil as the most promising candidates for combined chronic tinnitus therapy. These drugs should be further evaluated by biological tests and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Bojić
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinča, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir R Perović
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinča, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Senćanski
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinča, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Glišić
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinča, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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22
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Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin and Swimming Exercise Protects Against Cognitive Decline: A Study on M1 Acetylcholine Receptors in Aging Male Rat Brain. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3573-3586. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Ballinger EC, Ananth M, Talmage DA, Role LW. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Circuits and Signaling in Cognition and Cognitive Decline. Neuron 2017; 91:1199-1218. [PMID: 27657448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent work continues to place cholinergic circuits at center stage for normal executive and mnemonic functioning and provides compelling evidence that the loss of cholinergic signaling and cognitive decline are inextricably linked. This Review focuses on the last few years of studies on the mechanisms by which cholinergic signaling contributes to circuit activity related to cognition. We attempt to identify areas of controversy, as well as consensus, on what is and is not yet known about how cholinergic signaling in the CNS contributes to normal cognitive processes. In addition, we delineate the findings from recent work on the extent to which dysfunction of cholinergic circuits contributes to cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Ballinger
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Mala Ananth
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - David A Talmage
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lorna W Role
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Neurosciences Institute, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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24
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Muscarinic receptor regulates extracellular signal regulated kinase by two modes of arrestin binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5579-E5588. [PMID: 28652372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700331114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding of agonists to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activates heterotrimeric G proteins and downstream signaling. Agonist-bound GPCRs are then phosphorylated by protein kinases and bound by arrestin to trigger desensitization and endocytosis. Arrestin plays another important signaling function. It recruits and regulates activity of an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade. However, molecular details and timing of ERK activation remain fundamental unanswered questions that limit understanding of how arrestin-dependent GPCR signaling controls cell functions. Here we validate and model a system that tracks the dynamics of interactions of arrestin with receptors and of ERK activation using optical reporters. Our intermolecular FRET measurements in living cells are consistent with β-arrestin binding to M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1Rs) in two different binding modes, transient and stable. The stable mode persists for minutes after agonist removal. The choice of mode is governed by phosphorylation on key residues in the third intracellular loop of the receptor. We detect a similar intramolecular conformational change in arrestin in either binding mode. It develops within seconds of arrestin binding to the M1 receptor, and it reverses within seconds of arrestin unbinding from the transient binding mode. Furthermore, we observed that, when stably bound to phosphorylated M1R, β-arrestin scaffolds and activates MEK-dependent ERK. In contrast, when transiently bound, β-arrestin reduces ERK activity via recruitment of a protein phosphatase. All this ERK signaling develops at the plasma membrane. In this scaffolding hypothesis, a shifting balance between the two arrestin binding modes determines the degree of ERK activation at the membrane.
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25
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Bradley SJ, Bourgognon JM, Sanger HE, Verity N, Mogg AJ, White DJ, Butcher AJ, Moreno JA, Molloy C, Macedo-Hatch T, Edwards JM, Wess J, Pawlak R, Read DJ, Sexton PM, Broad LM, Steinert JR, Mallucci GR, Christopoulos A, Felder CC, Tobin AB. M1 muscarinic allosteric modulators slow prion neurodegeneration and restore memory loss. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:487-499. [PMID: 27991860 PMCID: PMC5272187 DOI: 10.1172/jci87526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current frontline symptomatic treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is whole-body upregulation of cholinergic transmission via inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. This approach leads to profound dose-related adverse effects. An alternative strategy is to selectively target muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, particularly the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1 mAChR), which was previously shown to have procognitive activity. However, developing M1 mAChR-selective orthosteric ligands has proven challenging. Here, we have shown that mouse prion disease shows many of the hallmarks of human AD, including progressive terminal neurodegeneration and memory deficits due to a disruption of hippocampal cholinergic innervation. The fact that we also show that muscarinic signaling is maintained in both AD and mouse prion disease points to the latter as an excellent model for testing the efficacy of muscarinic pharmacological entities. The memory deficits we observed in mouse prion disease were completely restored by treatment with benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA) and benzoquinazoline-12 (BQZ-12), two highly selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of M1 mAChRs. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to BQCA markedly extended the lifespan of diseased mice. Thus, enhancing hippocampal muscarinic signaling using M1 mAChR PAMs restored memory loss and slowed the progression of mouse prion disease, indicating that this ligand type may have clinical benefit in diseases showing defective cholinergic transmission, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J. Bradley
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Helen E. Sanger
- Eli Lilly and Co., Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Verity
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J. Mogg
- Eli Lilly and Co., Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - David J. White
- Central Research Facility, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J. Butcher
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Julie A. Moreno
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Molloy
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jurgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Pawlak
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Read
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa M. Broad
- Eli Lilly and Co., Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Joern R. Steinert
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna R. Mallucci
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christian C. Felder
- Eli Lilly and Co., Neuroscience, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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26
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Alvarez-Curto E, Inoue A, Jenkins L, Raihan SZ, Prihandoko R, Tobin AB, Milligan G. Targeted Elimination of G Proteins and Arrestins Defines Their Specific Contributions to Both Intensity and Duration of G Protein-coupled Receptor Signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27147-27159. [PMID: 27852822 PMCID: PMC5207144 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.754887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can initiate intracellular signaling cascades by coupling to an array of heterotrimeric G proteins and arrestin adaptor proteins. Understanding the contribution of each of these coupling options to GPCR signaling has been hampered by a paucity of tools to selectively perturb receptor function. Here we employ CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to eliminate selected G proteins (Gαq and Gα11) or arrestin2 and arrestin3 from HEK293 cells together with the elimination of receptor phosphorylation sites to define the relative contribution of G proteins, arrestins, and receptor phosphorylation to the signaling outcomes of the free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4). A lack of FFA4-mediated elevation of intracellular Ca2+ in Gαq/Gα11-null cells and agonist-mediated receptor internalization in arrestin2/3-null cells confirmed previously reported canonical signaling features of this receptor, thereby validating the genome-edited HEK293 cells. FFA4-mediated ERK1/2 activation was totally dependent on Gq/11 but intriguingly was substantially enhanced for FFA4 receptors lacking sites of regulated phosphorylation. This was not due to a simple lack of desensitization of Gq/11 signaling because the Gq/11-dependent calcium response was desensitized by both receptor phosphorylation and arrestin-dependent mechanisms, whereas a substantially enhanced ERK1/2 response was only observed for receptors lacking phosphorylation sites and not in arrestin2/3-null cells. In conclusion, we validate CRISPR/Cas9 engineered HEK293 cells lacking Gq/11 or arrestin2/3 as systems for GPCR signaling research and employ these cells to reveal a previously unappreciated interplay of signaling pathways where receptor phosphorylation can impact on ERK1/2 signaling through a mechanism that is likely independent of arrestins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Alvarez-Curto
- From the Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom,
| | - Asuka Inoue
- the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan, and.,the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Laura Jenkins
- From the Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sheikh Zahir Raihan
- From the Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rudi Prihandoko
- From the Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- From the Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- From the Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom,
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27
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Hudson BD. Using Biosensors to Study Free Fatty Acid Receptor Pharmacology and Function. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 236:79-100. [PMID: 27757763 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The free fatty acid (FFA) family of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) has generated significant interest for exploiting its members as potential drug targets. However, unravelling the complex pharmacology of this family of receptors has proven challenging. In recent years the use of biosensor technologies capable of assessing biological functions in living cells, and in real time, has greatly enhanced our ability to study GPCR pharmacology and function. These include genetically encoded sensors that change the intensity or wavelength of light emitted from a bioluminescent or fluorescent protein in response to a stimulus, as well as non-genetically encoded sensors able to measure more global cellular changes, such as mass redistribution within a cell. This chapter will examine how these sensors can be used to study GPCRs, and in particular how they are helping uncover the pharmacology of the FFA family of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Hudson
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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