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Clavel Rolland N, Graslin F, Schorsch F, Pourcher T, Blanck O. Investigating the mechanisms of action of thyroid disruptors: A multimodal approach that integrates in vitro and metabolomic analysis. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 100:105911. [PMID: 39069214 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The thyroid gland, a vital component of the endocrine system, plays a pivotal role in regulating metabolic processes, growth, and development. To better characterize thyroid system disrupting chemicals (TSDC), we followed the next-generation risk assessment approach, which further considers the mechanistic profile of xenobiotics. We combined targeted in vitro testing with untargeted metabolomics. Four known TSDC, propyl-thiouracil (PTU), sodium perchlorate, triclosan, and 5-pregnen-3β-ol-20-one-16α‑carbonitrile (PCN) were investigated using rat in vitro models, including primary hepatocytes, PCCL3 cells, thyroid microsomes, and three-dimensional thyroid follicles. We confirmed each compound's mode of action, PTU inhibited thyroperoxidase activity and thyroid hormones secretion in thyroid cells model, sodium perchlorate induced a NIS-mediated iodide uptake decrease as triclosan to a lesser extent, and PCN activated expression and activity of hepatic enzymes (CYPs and UGTs) involved in thyroid hormones metabolism. In parallel, we characterized intracellular metabolites of interest. We identified disrupted basal metabolic pathways, but also metabolites directly linked to the compound's mode of action as tyrosine derivates for sodium perchlorate and triclosan, bile acids involved in beta-oxidation, and precursors of cytochrome P450 synthesis for PCN. This pilot study has provided metabolomic fingerprinting of dedicated TSDC exposures, which could be used to screen and differentiate specific modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naïs Clavel Rolland
- Université Côte d'Azur, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frederic Joliot, Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology Laboratory (TIRO), School of Medicine, Nice, France; Bayer Crop Science, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Fanny Graslin
- Université Côte d'Azur, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frederic Joliot, Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology Laboratory (TIRO), School of Medicine, Nice, France; Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | | | - Thierry Pourcher
- Université Côte d'Azur, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frederic Joliot, Transporter in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology Laboratory (TIRO), School of Medicine, Nice, France.
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Huang L, Guo Z, Huang M, Zeng X, Huang H. Triiodothyronine (T3) promotes browning of white adipose through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20370. [PMID: 39223267 PMCID: PMC11369215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity arises from an imbalance between energy consumption and energy expenditure, and thyroid hormone levels serve as a determinant of energy expenditure. We conducted experiments at the animal and cellular levels and combined those findings with clinical data to elucidate the role of triiodothyronine (T3) in facilitating the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) and its underlying mechanism. The results showed (i) the impaired metabolic function of local WAT and the compensatory elevation of systemic thermogenesis in obesity; (ii) T3 treatment of white adipocytes in vitro and local WAT in vivo induced a shift towards a morphologically "brown" phenotype, accompanied by upregulation of mRNA and protein expression of browning-related and mitochondrial function markers, which suggest that T3 intervention promotes the browning of WAT; and (iii) the aforementioned processes could be modulated through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway; however, whether T3 affects the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway by affecting insulin signalling remains to be studied and clarified. The results of our study indicate that T3 treatment promotes browning of WAT through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway; these findings offer novel perspectives regarding the potential of localised therapies for addressing WAT volume in individuals with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- LingHong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - ZhiFeng Guo
- Department of Respiratory Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - MingJing Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - XiYing Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - HuiBin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China.
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3
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Sinha RA, Yen PM. Metabolic Messengers: Thyroid Hormones. Nat Metab 2024; 6:639-650. [PMID: 38671149 PMCID: PMC7615975 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-00986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are key hormones that regulate development and metabolism in mammals. In man, the major target tissues for TH action are the brain, liver, muscle, heart, and adipose tissue. Defects in TH synthesis, transport, metabolism, and nuclear action have been associated with genetic and endocrine diseases in man. Over the past few years, there has been renewed interest in TH action and the therapeutic potential of THs and thyromimetics to treat several metabolic disorders such as hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidaemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and TH transporter defects. Recent advances in the development of tissue and TH receptor isoform-targeted thyromimetics have kindled new hope for translating our fundamental understanding of TH action into an effective therapy. This review provides a concise overview of the historical development of our understanding of TH action, its physiological and pathophysiological effects on metabolism, and future therapeutic applications to treat metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit A Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
| | - Paul M Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Div. Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Xiao S, Cui J, Chen A, Hou H, Yao J, Cao Y, Fang Y, Liu X, Zhou Z, Liu D, Wang P. Thyroid Dysfunction Induced by Fungicide Famoxadone Exposure Contributes to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Male Mice: In Vivo, In Vitro, and In Silico Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14881-14891. [PMID: 37749806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction has become a serious public health problem, which is considered a trigger of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Pesticide exposure could contribute to thyroid dysfunction and NAFLD, but the relationship between these factors remains unclear. In this study, the effects of subchronic famoxadone exposure on thyroid and liver at no observed adverse effect level (NOEL) related concentrations were investigated using in vivo, in vitro, and in silico models. Famoxadone caused hepatic steatosis, lipid metabolism disorder, and liver oxidative stress and induced NAFLD in male mice. The suppression of hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation was the key factor of NAFLD, which was highly associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis hormones disorder. Famoxadone disrupted thyroid hormone biosynthesis by causing thyroid follicle aberrations and abnormal HPT axis-related gene expression. In vitro studies confirmed that famoxadone inhibited the transport of thyroxine (T4) into hepatocytes and the conversion of T4 to triiodothyronine (T3). In silico studies verified that famoxadone interfered with the binding of thyroid hormones to proteins mediating thyroid hormone transport, conversion, and activation. This study comprehensively reported the association between NAFLD and thyroid dysfunction caused by famoxadone, providing new perspectives for the health risk evaluation of pesticides with a similar structure in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouchun Xiao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jingna Cui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Aisong Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Haonan Hou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jianing Yao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yaofeng Fang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xueke Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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Hepatic Energy Metabolism under the Local Control of the Thyroid Hormone System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054861. [PMID: 36902289 PMCID: PMC10002997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The energy homeostasis of the organism is orchestrated by a complex interplay of energy substrate shuttling, breakdown, storage, and distribution. Many of these processes are interconnected via the liver. Thyroid hormones (TH) are well known to provide signals for the regulation of energy homeostasis through direct gene regulation via their nuclear receptors acting as transcription factors. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the effects of nutritional intervention like fasting and diets on the TH system. In parallel, we detail direct effects of TH in liver metabolic pathways with regards to glucose, lipid, and cholesterol metabolism. This overview on hepatic effects of TH provides the basis for understanding the complex regulatory network and its translational potential with regards to currently discussed treatment options of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) involving TH mimetics.
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Poulsen R, Jackman SH, Hansen M, Helbing CC. Relationship between serum thyroid hormones and their associated metabolites, and gene expression bioindicators in the back skin of Rana [Lithobates] catesbeiana tadpoles and frogs during metamorphosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1103051. [PMID: 36743912 PMCID: PMC9889540 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1103051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Anuran metamorphosis is characterized by profound morphological changes including remodeling of tissues and organs. This transition is initiated by thyroid hormones (THs). However, the current knowledge of changing levels of THs during metamorphosis relies on pooled samples using methods known for high variability with sparse reporting of measured variation. Moreover, establishing a clear linkage between key gene expression bioindicators and TH levels throughout the metamorphic process is needed. Using state-of-the-art ultra-high performance liquid chromatography isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry, we targeted 12 THs and metabolites in the serum of Rana [Lithobates] catesbeiana (n=5-10) across seven distinct postembryonic stages beginning with premetamorphic tadpoles (Gosner stage 31-33) and continuing through metamorphosis to a juvenile frog (Gosner stage 46). TH levels were related to TH-relevant gene transcripts (thra, thrb, and thibz) in back skin of the same individual animals. Significant increases from basal levels were observed for thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) at Gosner stage 41, reaching maximal levels at Gosner stage 44 (28 ± 10 and 2.3 ± 0.5 ng/mL, respectively), and decreasing to basal levels in juvenile frogs. In contrast, 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2) increased significantly at Gosner stage 40 and was maintained elevated until stage 44. While thra transcript levels remained constant and then decreased at the end of metamorphic climax, thrb and thibz were induced to maximal levels at Gosner stage 41, followed by a decrease to basal levels in the froglet. This exemplifies the exquisite timing of events during metamorphosis as classic early response genes are transcribed in anticipation of peak TH concentrations. The distinct T2 concentration profile suggests a biological role of this biomolecule in anuran postembryonic development and an additional aspect that may be a target of anthropogenic chemicals that can disrupt anuran metamorphosis and TH signalling. Hence, as a second aim of the study, we set out to find additional bioindicators of metamorphosis, which can aid future investigations of developmental disruption. Using a sensitive nanoLC-Orbitrap system an untargeted analysis workflow was applied. Among 6,062 endogenous metabolites, 421 showed metamorphosis-dependent concentration dynamics. These potential bioindicators included several carnitines, prostaglandins and some steroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Poulsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Shireen H. Jackman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Hansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Caren C. Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Liang K. Mitochondrial CPT1A: Insights into structure, function, and basis for drug development. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1160440. [PMID: 37033619 PMCID: PMC10076611 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1160440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnitine Palmitoyl-Transferase1A (CPT1A) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the fatty acid β-oxidation, and its deficiency or abnormal regulation can result in diseases like metabolic disorders and various cancers. Therefore, CPT1A is a desirable drug target for clinical therapy. The deep comprehension of human CPT1A is crucial for developing the therapeutic inhibitors like Etomoxir. CPT1A is an appealing druggable target for cancer therapies since it is essential for the survival, proliferation, and drug resistance of cancer cells. It will help to lower the risk of cancer recurrence and metastasis, reduce mortality, and offer prospective therapy options for clinical treatment if the effects of CPT1A on the lipid metabolism of cancer cells are inhibited. Targeted inhibition of CPT1A can be developed as an effective treatment strategy for cancers from a metabolic perspective. However, the pathogenic mechanism and recent progress of CPT1A in diseases have not been systematically summarized. Here we discuss the functions of CPT1A in health and diseases, and prospective therapies targeting CPT1A. This review summarizes the current knowledge of CPT1A, hoping to prompt further understanding of it, and provide foundation for CPT1A-targeting drug development.
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Important Hormones Regulating Lipid Metabolism. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207052. [PMID: 36296646 PMCID: PMC9607181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a wide variety of kinds of lipids, and complex structures which determine the diversity and complexity of their functions. With the basic characteristic of water insolubility, lipid molecules are independent of the genetic information composed by genes to proteins, which determine the particularity of lipids in the human body, with water as the basic environment and genes to proteins as the genetic system. In this review, we have summarized the current landscape on hormone regulation of lipid metabolism. After the well-studied PI3K-AKT pathway, insulin affects fat synthesis by controlling the activity and production of various transcription factors. New mechanisms of thyroid hormone regulation are discussed, receptor α and β may mediate different procedures, the effect of thyroid hormone on mitochondria provides a new insight for hormones regulating lipid metabolism. Physiological concentration of adrenaline induces the expression of extrapituitary prolactin in adipose tissue macrophages, which promotes fat weight loss. Manipulation of hormonal action has the potential to offer a new therapeutic horizon for the global burden of obesity and its associated complications such as morbidity and mortality.
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Giolito MV, Plateroti M. Thyroid hormone signaling in the intestinal stem cells and their niche. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:476. [PMID: 35947210 PMCID: PMC11072102 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several studies emphasized the function of the thyroid hormones in stem cell biology. These hormones act through the nuclear hormone receptor TRs, which are T3-modulated transcription factors. Pioneer work on T3-dependent amphibian metamorphosis showed that the crosstalk between the epithelium and the underlying mesenchyme is absolutely required for intestinal maturation and stem cell emergence. With the recent advances of powerful animal models and 3D-organoid cultures, similar findings have now begun to be described in mammals, where the action of T3 and TRα1 control physiological and cancer-related stem cell biology. In this review, we have summarized recent findings on the multiple functions of T3 and TRα1 in intestinal epithelium stem cells, cancer stem cells and their niche. In particular, we have highlighted the regulation of metabolic functions directly linked to normal and/or cancer stem cell biology. These findings help explain other possible mechanisms by which TRα1 controls stem cell biology, beyond the more classical Wnt and Notch signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Virginia Giolito
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, IRFAC/UMR-S1113, FMTS, 3 Avenue Molière 67200, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michelina Plateroti
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, IRFAC/UMR-S1113, FMTS, 3 Avenue Molière 67200, Strasbourg, France.
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10
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Influence of Altered Thyroid Hormone Mechanisms in the Progression of Metabolic Dysfunction Associated with Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): A Systematic Review. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080675. [PMID: 35893242 PMCID: PMC9330085 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a systematic review of the mechanisms of thyroid hormones (THs) associated with metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This systematic review was registered under PROSPERO (CRD42022323766). We searched the MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Embase databases from their inception to March 2022. We included studies that assessed thyroid function by measuring the serum level of THs and those involved in MAFLD. We excluded reviews, case reports, editorials, letters, duplicate studies and designed controls. Forty-three studies included MAFLD, eleven analyzed THs, and thirty-two evaluated the mechanisms of THs in MAFLD. Thyroid hormones are essential for healthy growth, development and tissue maintenance. In the liver, THs directly influence the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, restoring the homeostatic state of the body. The selected studies showed an association of reduced levels of THs with the development and progression of MAFLD. In parallel, reduced levels of T3 have a negative impact on the activation of co-regulators in the liver, reducing the transcription of genes important in hepatic metabolism. Overall, this is the first review that systematically synthesizes studies focused on the mechanism of THs in the development and progression of MAFLD. The data generated in this systematic review strengthen knowledge of the impact of TH changes on the liver and direct new studies focusing on therapies that use these mechanisms.
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Xiao J, Zhu C, Zhang X, Sun L, Gao C, Liang X, He Q, Liu M. Associations among FT 4 level, FT 3/FT 4 ratio, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese patients with hypopituitarism. Endocr J 2022; 69:659-667. [PMID: 35034938 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej21-0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common hepatic metabolic disorder. Thyroid function is associated with NAFLD in different populations; however, little attention has been paid in patients with hypopituitarism. To analyze the association between thyroid function and NAFLD, we included 134 patients with hypopituitarism admitted to the Tianjin Medical University General Hospital between June 2013 and May 2019. Participants were divided into the NAFLD(-) and NAFLD(+) groups based on abdominal ultrasonography findings. We evaluated 68 male and 66 female patients with hypopituitarism. The prevalence of NAFLD was 52.24%. The NAFLD(+) group had a significantly higher free triiodothyronine/free thyroxine (FT3/FT4) ratio than the NAFLD(-) group (p = 0.003). The NAFLD(+) group showed significantly lower levels of FT4 and the growth hormone (GH) than the NAFLD(-) group (p = 0.003 and 0.016, respectively). We observed an association of the FT4 level and FT3/FT4 ratio with NAFLD in the univariate model, which was non-significant after adjustment for metabolic parameters (BMI, HDL-C, triglycerides, serum uric acid, blood pressure, fasting glucose). To better understand the role of each metabolic parameters, we performed additional models for each of those predictors individually after adjustment for age and gender, the association between FT4 level and FT3/FT4 ratio lost significance after adjustment for HDL-C and TG, but not for other predictors. Our findings suggest that thyroid dysfunction may be crucially involved in NAFLD by regulating whole-body metabolism, especially lipid utilization. Therefore, sufficient thyroid hormone replacement therapy for patients with hypopituitarism is recommended from the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Chonggui Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Longhao Sun
- Department of General surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Chang Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Department of General surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
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Liao CJ, Huang PS, Chien HT, Lin TK, Yeh CT, Lin KH. Effects of Thyroid Hormones on Lipid Metabolism Pathologies in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061232. [PMID: 35740254 PMCID: PMC9219876 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The typical modern lifestyle contributes to the development of many metabolic-related disorders, as exemplified by metabolic syndrome. How to prevent, resolve, or avoid subsequent deterioration of metabolic disturbances and the development of more serious diseases has become an important and much-discussed health issue. Thus, the question of the physiological and pathological roles of thyroid hormones (THs) in metabolism has never gone out of fashion. Although THs influence almost all organs, the liver is one of the most important targets as well as the hub of metabolic homeostasis. When this homeostasis is out of balance, diseases may result. In the current review, we summarize the common features and actions of THs, first focusing on their effects on lipid metabolism in the liver. In the second half of the review, we turn to a consideration of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a disease characterized by excessive accumulation of fat in the liver that is independent of heavy alcohol consumption. NAFLD is a growing health problem that currently affects ~25% of the world’s population. Unfortunately, there are currently no approved therapies specific for NAFLD, which, if left uncontrolled, may progress to more serious diseases, such as cirrhosis or liver cancer. This absence of effective treatment can also result in the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an aggressive form of NAFLD that is the leading cause of liver transplantation in the United States. Because THs play a clear role in hepatic fat metabolism, their potential application in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD has attracted considerable research attention. Studies that have investigated the use of TH-related compounds in the management of NAFLD are also summarized in the latter part of this review. An important take-home point of this review is that a comprehensive understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of THs in liver fat metabolism is possible, despite the complexities of this regulatory axis—an understanding that has clinical value for the specific management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (P.-S.H.)
| | - Po-Shuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (P.-S.H.)
| | - Hui-Tzu Chien
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Kang Lin
- Neurosurgery, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan;
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (C.-J.L.); (P.-S.H.)
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +886-3-2118263
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Liu H, Peng D. Update on dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism: the mechanism of dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e210002. [PMID: 35015703 PMCID: PMC8859969 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is often associated with elevated serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides. Thyroid hormone (TH) affects the production, clearance and transformation of cholesterol, but current research shows that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) also participates in lipid metabolism independently of TH. Therefore, the mechanism of hypothyroidism-related dyslipidemia is associated with the decrease of TH and the increase of TSH levels. Some newly identified regulatory factors, such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, angiogenin-like proteins and fibroblast growth factors are the underlying causes of dyslipidemia in hypothyroidism. HDL serum concentration changes were not consistent, and its function was reportedly impaired. The current review focuses on the updated understanding of the mechanism of hypothyroidism-related dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to D Peng:
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Szczepańska E, Glinicki P, Zgliczyński W, Słowińska-Srzednicka J, Jastrzębska H, Gietka-Czernel M. FGF21 Is Released During Increased Lipogenesis State Following Rapid-Onset Radioiodine-Induced Hypothyroidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:900034. [PMID: 35909532 PMCID: PMC9329662 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FGF21 pharmacological treatment reverses fatty liver and lowers serum triglyceride concentration but FGF21 serum level is increased in hepatic steatosis. FGF21 secretion is induced by thyroid hormones in vitro. PURPOSE To determine the influence of thyroid hormones and metabolic changes secondary to thyroid dysfunction on FGF21 secretion in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a case-control study. 82 hyperthyroid and 15 hypothyroid patients were recruited together with 25 healthy controls. Of those with hyperthyroidism, 56 received radioiodine treatment and 42 of them achieved hypothyroidism and then euthyroidism within one year following therapy. Radioiodine-induced hypothyroidism developed abruptly within a six week interval between clinic visits. FGF21 serum levels were determined with an ELISA method. RESULTS Serum FGF21 levels did not differ in hyper- and hypothyroid patients in comparison to controls [median 103.25 (interquartile range, 60.90-189.48) and 86.10 (54.05-251.02) vs 85.20 (58.00-116.80) pg/mL P=0.200 and 0.503, respectively]. In hyperthyroid patients treated with radioiodine, serum FGF21 levels increased significantly in rapid-onset hypothyroidism in comparison to the hyperthyroid and euthyroid phase [median 160.55 (interquartile range, 92.48 - 259.35) vs 119.55 (67.78-192.32) and 104.43 (55.93-231.93) pg/mL, P=0.034 and 0.033, respectively]. The rising serum FGF21 level correlated positively with serum triglycerides (Spearman coefficient rs=0.36, P=0.017) and inversely with serum SHBG (rs=-0.41, P=0.007), but did not correlate with thyroid hormone levels. CONCLUSIONS There was a transient increase in FGF21 serum level during rapid-onset hypothyroidism following radioiodine treatment. There was no association between FGF21 serum level and thyroid hormones. In radioiodine-induced hypothyroidism, the rising serum FGF21 concentration correlated positively with rising serum triglycerides and negatively with falling SHBG, reflecting increased hepatic lipogenesis.
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15
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Chaves C, Bruinstroop E, Refetoff S, Yen PM, Anselmo J. Increased Hepatic Fat Content in Patients with Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Beta. Thyroid 2021; 31:1127-1134. [PMID: 33353459 PMCID: PMC8290309 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormone (TH) has important functions in controlling hepatic lipid metabolism. Individuals with resistance to thyroid hormone beta (RTHβ) who harbor mutations in the THRB gene experience loss-of-function of thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ), which is the predominant TR isoform expressed in the liver. We hypothesized that individuals with RTHβ may have increased hepatic steatosis. Methods: Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) was assessed in individuals harboring the R243Q mutation of the THRB gene (n = 21) and in their wild-type (WT) first-degree relatives (n = 22) using the ultrasound-based transient elastography (TE) device (FibroScan). All participants belonged to the same family, lived on the same small island, and were therefore exposed to similar environmental conditions. CAP measurements and blood samples were obtained after an overnight fast. The observers were blinded to the status of the patients. Results: The hepatic fat content was increased in RTHβ individuals compared with their WT relatives (CAP values of 263 ± 21 and 218.7 ± 43 dB/m, respectively, p = 0.007). The CAP values correlated with age and body mass index (BMI) (age: r = 0.55, p = 0.011; BMI: r = 0.51, p = 0.022) in the WT first-degree relatives but not in RTHβ individuals, suggesting that the defect in TRβ signaling was predominant over the effects of age and obesity. Circulating free fatty acid levels were significantly higher in RTHβ individuals (0.29 ± 0.033 vs. 0.17 ± 0.025 mmol/L, p = 0.02). There was no evidence of insulin resistance evaluated by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance in both groups studied. Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence that impairments in intrahepatic TRβ signaling due to mutations of the THRB gene can lead to hepatic steatosis, which emphasizes the influence of TH in the liver metabolism of lipids and provides a rationale for the development TRβ-selective thyromimetics. Consequently, new molecules with a very high TRβ affinity and hepatic selectivity have been developed for the treatment of lipid-associated hepatic disorders, particularly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Chaves
- Endocrinologia e Nutrição, Hospital Divino Espirito Santo de Ponta Delgada, EPE, Açores, Portugal
| | - Eveline Bruinstroop
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul M. Yen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute; Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - João Anselmo
- Endocrinologia e Nutrição, Hospital Divino Espirito Santo de Ponta Delgada, EPE, Açores, Portugal
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16
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Katko M, Galgoczi E, Erdei A, Gazdag A, Berta E, Bodor M, Seres I, Hircsu I, Badics A, Ujhelyi B, Sira L, Bhattoa HP, Nagy EV. The 4G/5G Polymorphism of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1 is a Predictor of Moderate-to-Severe Thyroid Eye Disease. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:1883-1890. [PMID: 34012286 PMCID: PMC8126970 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s307046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune disease of the orbits. Once developed, complete cure is rare. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) contributes to remodeling of connective tissue and has a central role in the pathogenesis of TED. We aimed to test if the 4G/5G polymorphism of PAI-1 is a predictor of the development of moderate-to-severe TED. Methods A total of 185 patients with Graves’ disease, 87 of them with TED, 98 without TED, as well as 201 healthy controls, were studied. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood samples. The 4G/5G polymorphism of the PAI-1 gene was analyzed by allele-specific PCR, and the distribution of genotypes was calculated in each group. Plasma PAI-1 and thyroid hormone levels were measured by ELISA and ECLIA, respectively. Results The 4G/4G genotype was associated with the development of moderate-to-severe TED (OR = 2.54; 95% CI: 1.26–5.14; p < 0.01). The 4G/5G polymorphism of PAI-1 was not a predictor of plasma PAI-1 levels. Conclusion The 4G/4G genotype of PAI-1 is a risk factor for the development of moderate-to-severe TED. Patients with Graves’ disease who harbor this genotype may be candidates for special attention towards the development of TED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Katko
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Erika Galgoczi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Annamaria Erdei
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Annamaria Gazdag
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Berta
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklos Bodor
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildiko Seres
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildiko Hircsu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Arpad Badics
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Ujhelyi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Livia Sira
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Harjit Pal Bhattoa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hngary
| | - Endre V Nagy
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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17
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Peixoto TC, Gaspar de Moura E, Quitete FT, Simino LA, Torsoni AS, Torsoni MA, Manhaes AC, Lisboa PC. Early life nicotine exposure alters mRNA and microRNA expressions related to thyroid function and lipid metabolism in liver and BAT of adult wistar rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 523:111141. [PMID: 33359828 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In rats, maternal nicotine exposure during lactation induces obesity, thyroid dysfunction, brown adipose tissue (BAT) hypofunction and liver alterations in adult offspring. Both thyroid function and lipid metabolism are influenced by gene silencing mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs). Here we investigated long-term effects of early nicotine exposure on molecular and epigenetic mechanisms closely related to thyroid and lipid metabolism, through the expression of mRNAs and miRNAs in BAT and liver of adult male and female offspring. At postnatal day 2 (PND2), lactating control (CON) or nicotine (NIC) dams were subcutaneously implanted with osmotic minipumps containing, respectively, saline or 6 mg/kg nicotine. Litters were adjusted to 3 males and 3 females. Offspring's euthanasia occurred at PND180. In the BAT, NIC females showed higher Dio2 mRNA expression, while miR-382* expression was not altered in both sexes. In the liver, NIC offspring of both sexes showed lower Dio1 mRNA expression and higher miR-224 expression, while only NIC females had higher miR-383 and miR-21 expressions. NIC offspring of both sexes showed higher mRNA expression of SCD1 in the liver; NIC males had decreased CPT1 expression, whereas NIC females had increased FASN, miR-370 and miR-122 expressions. Regardless of sex, alterations in liver Dio1, miR-224 and SCD1 expressions are involved in the disturbances caused by maternal nicotine exposure during breastfeeding. Interestingly, females had more altered miRs in the liver. Early nicotine exposure induces a sex dimorphism, particularly regarding hepatic lipid metabolism, through miRs expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamara Cherem Peixoto
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Egberto Gaspar de Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Torres Quitete
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Laís Angélica Simino
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Adriana Souza Torsoni
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Marcio Alberto Torsoni
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Alex Christian Manhaes
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cristina Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil.
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18
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Guo Y, Wang QJ, Zhang KH, Yao CY, Huang J, Li Q, Liu ZY, Zhang Y, Shan CH, Liu P, Wang MZ, An L, Tian JH, Wu ZH. Night-restricted feeding improves locomotor activity rhythm and modulates nutrient utilization to accelerate growth in rabbits. FASEB J 2020; 35:e21166. [PMID: 33184921 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001265rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An unfavorable lifestyle disrupts the circadian rhythm, leading to metabolic dysfunction in adult humans and animals. Increasing evidence suggests that night-restricted feeding (NRF) can effectively prevent ectopic fat deposition caused by circadian rhythm disruption, and reduce the risk of metabolic diseases. However, previous studies have mainly focused on the prevention of obesity in adults by regulating dietary patterns, whereas limited attention has been paid to the effect of NRF on metabolism during growth and development. Here, we used weaning rabbits as models and found that NRF increased body weight gain without increasing feed intake, and promoted insulin-mediated protein synthesis through the mTOR/S6K pathway and muscle formation by upregulating MYOG. NRF improved the circadian clock, promoted PDH-regulated glycolysis and CPT1B-regulated fatty-acid β-oxidation, and reduced fat content in the serum and muscles. In addition, NRF-induced body temperature oscillation might be partly responsible for the improvement in the circadian clock and insulin sensitivity. Time-restricted feeding could be used as a nondrug intervention to prevent obesity and accelerate growth in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Yan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Hua Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei An
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Hui Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Gauthier BR, Sola‐García A, Cáliz‐Molina MÁ, Lorenzo PI, Cobo‐Vuilleumier N, Capilla‐González V, Martin‐Montalvo A. Thyroid hormones in diabetes, cancer, and aging. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13260. [PMID: 33048427 PMCID: PMC7681062 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid function is central in the control of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Studies in animal models and human research have determined that thyroid hormones modulate cellular processes relevant for aging and for the majority of age‐related diseases. While several studies have associated mild reductions on thyroid hormone function with exceptional longevity in animals and humans, alterations in thyroid hormones are serious medical conditions associated with unhealthy aging and premature death. Moreover, both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism have been associated with the development of certain types of diabetes and cancers, indicating a great complexity of the molecular mechanisms controlled by thyroid hormones. In this review, we describe the latest findings in thyroid hormone research in the field of aging, diabetes, and cancer, with a special focus on hepatocellular carcinomas. While aging studies indicate that the direct modulation of thyroid hormones is not a viable strategy to promote healthy aging or longevity and the development of thyromimetics is challenging due to inefficacy and potential toxicity, we argue that interventions based on the use of modulators of thyroid hormone function might provide therapeutic benefit in certain types of diabetes and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit R. Gauthier
- Department of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine‐CABIMER Junta de Andalucía‐University of Pablo de Olavide‐University of Seville‐CSIC Seville Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases‐CIBERDEM Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Alejandro Sola‐García
- Department of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine‐CABIMER Junta de Andalucía‐University of Pablo de Olavide‐University of Seville‐CSIC Seville Spain
| | - María Ángeles Cáliz‐Molina
- Department of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine‐CABIMER Junta de Andalucía‐University of Pablo de Olavide‐University of Seville‐CSIC Seville Spain
| | - Petra Isabel Lorenzo
- Department of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine‐CABIMER Junta de Andalucía‐University of Pablo de Olavide‐University of Seville‐CSIC Seville Spain
| | - Nadia Cobo‐Vuilleumier
- Department of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine‐CABIMER Junta de Andalucía‐University of Pablo de Olavide‐University of Seville‐CSIC Seville Spain
| | - Vivian Capilla‐González
- Department of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine‐CABIMER Junta de Andalucía‐University of Pablo de Olavide‐University of Seville‐CSIC Seville Spain
| | - Alejandro Martin‐Montalvo
- Department of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine‐CABIMER Junta de Andalucía‐University of Pablo de Olavide‐University of Seville‐CSIC Seville Spain
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Ritter MJ, Amano I, Hollenberg AN. Thyroid Hormone Signaling and the Liver. Hepatology 2020; 72:742-752. [PMID: 32343421 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) plays a critical role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis throughout life. It is well known that the liver and thyroid are intimately linked, with TH playing important roles in de novo lipogenesis, beta-oxidation (fatty acid oxidation), cholesterol metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. Indeed, patients with hypothyroidism have abnormal lipid panels with higher levels of low-density lipoprotein levels, triglycerides (triacylglycerol; TAG), and apolipoprotein B levels. Even in euthyroid patients, lower serum-free thyroxine levels are associated with higher total cholesterol levels, LDL, and TAG levels. In addition to abnormal serum lipids, the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases with lower free thyroxine levels. As free thyroxine rises, the risk of NAFLD is reduced. This has led to numerous animal studies and clinical trials investigating TH analogs and TH receptor agonists as potential therapies for NAFLD and hyperlipidemia. Thus, TH plays an important role in maintaining hepatic homeostasis, and this continues to be an important area of study. A review of TH action and TH actions on the liver will be presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Ritter
- Division of Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Izuki Amano
- Division of Endocrinology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY.,Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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21
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Quitete FT, de Moura EG, Peixoto TC, Torsoni AS, Torsoni MA, Milanski M, Ignacio-Souza LM, Simino LA, de Oliveira E, Lisboa PC. Alterations of the expression levels of CPT-1, SCD1, TRβ-1 and related microRNAs are involved in lipid metabolism impairment in adult rats caused by maternal coconut oil intake during breastfeeding. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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22
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Sinha RA, Bruinstroop E, Singh BK, Yen PM. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Hypercholesterolemia: Roles of Thyroid Hormones, Metabolites, and Agonists. Thyroid 2019; 29:1173-1191. [PMID: 31389309 PMCID: PMC6850905 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormones (THs) exert a strong influence on mammalian lipid metabolism at the systemic and hepatic levels by virtue of their roles in regulating circulating lipoprotein, triglyceride (TAG), and cholesterol levels, as well as hepatic TAG storage and metabolism. These effects are mediated by intricate sensing and feedback systems that function at the physiological, metabolic, molecular, and transcriptional levels in the liver. Dysfunction in the pathways involved in lipid metabolism disrupts hepatic lipid homeostasis and contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hypercholesterolemia. There has been strong interest in understanding and employing THs, TH metabolites, and TH mimetics as lipid-modifying drugs. Summary: THs regulate many processes involved in hepatic TAG and cholesterol metabolism to decrease serum cholesterol and intrahepatic lipid content. TH receptor β analogs designed to have less side effects than the natural hormone are currently being tested in phase II clinical studies for NAFLD and hypercholesterolemia. The TH metabolites, 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine (T2) and T1AM (3-iodothyronamine), have different beneficial effects on lipid metabolism compared with triiodothyronine (T3), although their clinical application is still under investigation. Also, prodrugs and glucagon/T3 conjugates have been developed that direct TH to the liver. Conclusions: TH-based therapies show clinical promise for the treatment of NAFLD and hypercholesterolemia. Strategies for limiting side effects of TH are being developed and may enable TH metabolites and analogs to have specific effects in the liver for treatments of these conditions. These liver-specific effects and potential suppression of the hypothalamic/pituitary/thyroid axis raise the issue of monitoring liver-specific markers of TH action to assess clinical efficacy and dosing of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit A. Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Eveline Bruinstroop
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brijesh K. Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul M. Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Lange T, Budde K, Homuth G, Kastenmüller G, Artati A, Krumsiek J, Völzke H, Adamski J, Petersmann A, Völker U, Nauck M, Friedrich N, Pietzner M. Comprehensive Metabolic Profiling Reveals a Lipid-Rich Fingerprint of Free Thyroxine Far Beyond Classic Parameters. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2050-2060. [PMID: 29546278 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thyroid hormones are ubiquitously involved in human metabolism. However, the precise molecular patterns associated with alterations in thyroid hormones levels remain to be explored in detail. A number of recent studies took great advantage of metabolomics profiling to outline the metabolic actions of thyroid hormones in humans. METHODS Among 952 participants in the Study of Health in Pomerania, data on serum free thyroxine (FT4) and thyrotropin and comprehensive nontargeted metabolomics data from plasma and urine samples were available. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the association between FT4 or thyrotropin and metabolite levels. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION After accounting for major confounders, 106 of 613 plasma metabolites were significantly associated with FT4. The associations in urine were minor (12 of 587). Most of the plasma metabolites consisted of lipid species, and subsequent analysis of highly resolved lipoprotein subclasses measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed a consistent decrease in several of these species (e.g., phospholipids) and large low-density lipoprotein and small high-density lipoprotein particles. The latter was unique to men. Several polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids displayed an association with FT4 in women only. A random forest-based variable selection approach using phenotypic characteristics revealed higher alcohol intake in men and an adverse thyroid state and menopause in women as the putative mediating factors. In general, our observations have confirmed the lipolytic and lipogenic effect of thyroid hormones even in the physiological range and revealed different phenotypic characteristics (e.g., lifestyle differences) as possible confounders for sex-specific findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lange
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kathrin Budde
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Artati
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Krumsiek
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Astrid Petersmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maik Pietzner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Abstract
It has been known for a long time that thyroid hormones have prominent effects on hepatic fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis and metabolism. Indeed, hypothyroidism has been associated with increased serum levels of triglycerides and cholesterol as well as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Advances in areas such as cell imaging, autophagy and metabolomics have generated a more detailed and comprehensive picture of thyroid-hormone-mediated regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism at the molecular level. In this Review, we describe and summarize the key features of direct thyroid hormone regulation of lipogenesis, fatty acid β-oxidation, cholesterol synthesis and the reverse cholesterol transport pathway in normal and altered thyroid hormone states. Thyroid hormone mediates these effects at the transcriptional and post-translational levels and via autophagy. Given these potentially beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, it is possible that thyroid hormone analogues and/or mimetics might be useful for the treatment of metabolic diseases involving the liver, such as hypercholesterolaemia and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit A. Sinha
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
- ;
| | - Brijesh K. Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul M. Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- ;
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Structure and Functional Analysis of Promoters from Two Liver Isoforms of CPT I in Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112405. [PMID: 29137181 PMCID: PMC5713373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) is a key enzyme involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism and fatty acid β-oxidation. To understand the transcriptional mechanism of CPT Iα1b and CPT Iα2a genes, we cloned the 2695-bp and 2631-bp regions of CPT Iα1b and CPT Iα2a promoters of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), respectively, and explored the structure and functional characteristics of these promoters. CPT Iα1b had two transcription start sites (TSSs), while CPT Iα2a had only one TSS. DNase I foot printing showed that the CPT Iα1b promoter was AT-rich and TATA-less, and mediated basal transcription through an initiator (INR)-independent mechanism. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) played potential important roles in driving basal expression of CPT Iα2a gene. In HepG2 and HEK293 cells, progressive deletion analysis indicated that several regions contained cis-elements controlling the transcription of the CPT Iα1b and CPT Iα2a genes. Moreover, some transcription factors, such as thyroid hormone receptor (TR), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family, were all identified on the CPT Iα1b and CPT Iα2a promoters. The TRα binding sites were only identified on CPT Iα1b promoter, while TRβ binding sites were only identified on CPT Iα2a promoter, suggesting that the transcription of CPT Iα1b and CPT Iα2a was regulated by a different mechanism. Site-mutation and electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA) revealed that fenofibrate-induced PPARα activation did not bind with predicted PPARα binding sites of CPT I promoters. Additionally, PPARα was not the only member of PPAR family regulating CPT I expression, and PPARγ also regulated the CPT I expression. All of these results provided new insights into the mechanisms for transcriptional regulation of CPT I genes in fish.
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Pathogenesis of hypothyroidism-induced NAFLD is driven by intra- and extrahepatic mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9172-E9180. [PMID: 29073114 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707797114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism, a metabolic disease characterized by low thyroid hormone (TH) and high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the serum, is strongly associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Hypothyroidism-induced NAFLD has generally been attributed to reduced TH signaling in the liver with a consequent decrease in lipid utilization. Here, we found that mildly hypothyroid mice develop NAFLD without down-regulation of hepatic TH signaling or decreased hepatic lipid utilization. NAFLD was induced by impaired suppression of adipose tissue lipolysis due to decreased insulin secretion and to a reduced response of adipose tissue itself to insulin. This condition leads to increased shuttling of fatty acids (FAs) to the liver, where they are esterified and accumulated as triglycerides. Lipid accumulation in the liver induces hepatic insulin resistance, which leads to impaired suppression of endogenous glucose production after feeding. Hepatic insulin resistance, synergistically with lowered insulin secretion, increases serum glucose levels, which stimulates de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in the liver. Up-regulation of DNL also contributes to NAFLD. In contrast, severely hypothyroid mice show down-regulation of TH signaling in their livers and profound suppression of adipose tissue lipolysis, which decreases delivery of FAs to the liver. The resulting lack of substrates for triglyceride esterification protects severely hypothyroid mice against NAFLD. Our findings demonstrate that NAFLD occurs when TH levels are mildly reduced, but, paradoxically, not when they are severely reduced. Our results show that the pathogenesis of hypothyroidism-induced NAFLD is both intra- and extrahepatic; they also reveal key metabolic differences between mild and severe hypothyroidism.
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Sifuentes MM, Lechleiter JD. Thyroid Hormone Stimulation of Adult Brain Fatty Acid Oxidation. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017; 106:163-193. [PMID: 29407434 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is a critical modulator of brain metabolism, and it is highly controlled in the central nervous system. Recent research has uncovered an important role of thyroid hormone in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation (FAO), an energetic process essential for neurodevelopment that continues to support brain metabolism during adulthood. Thyroid hormone stimulation of FAO has been shown to be protective in astrocytes and mouse models of brain injury, yet a clear mechanism of this relationship has not been elucidated. Thyroid hormone interacts with multiple receptors located in the nucleus and the mitochondria, initiating rapid and long-term effects via both genomic and nongenomic pathways. This has complicated efforts to isolate and study-specific interactions. This chapter presents the primary signaling pathways that have been identified to play a role in the thyroid hormone-mediated increase in FAO. Investigation of the impact of thyroid hormone on FAO in the adult brain has challenged classical models of brain metabolism and widened the window of potential neuroprotective strategies. A detailed understanding of these pathways is essential for any researchers aiming to expand the field of neuroenergetics.
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Ohba K, Sinha RA, Singh BK, Iannucci LF, Zhou J, Kovalik JP, Liao XH, Refetoff S, Sng JCG, Leow MKS, Yen PM. Changes in Hepatic TRβ Protein Expression, Lipogenic Gene Expression, and Long-Chain Acylcarnitine Levels During Chronic Hyperthyroidism and Triiodothyronine Withdrawal in a Mouse Model. Thyroid 2017; 27:852-860. [PMID: 28457184 PMCID: PMC5467114 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone (TH) has important roles in regulating hepatic metabolism. It was previously reported that most hepatic genes activated by a single triiodothyronine (T3) injection became desensitized after multiple injections, and that approximately 10% of target genes did not return to basal expression levels after T3 withdrawal, despite normalization of serum TH and thyrotropin (TSH) levels. To determine the possible mechanism(s) for desensitization and incomplete recovery of hepatic target gene transcription and their effects on metabolism, mRNA and/or protein expression levels of key regulators of TH action were measured, as well as metabolomic changes after chronic T3 treatment and withdrawal. METHODS Adult male mice were treated with daily injections of T3 (20 μg/100 g body weight) for 14 days followed by the cessation of T3 for 10 days. Livers were harvested at 6 hours, 24 hours, and 14 days after the first T3 injection, and at 10 days after withdrawal, and then analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and metabolomics. RESULTS Although TH receptor (TRα and TRβ) mRNAs decreased slightly after chronic T3 treatment, only TRβ protein decreased before returning to basal expression level after withdrawal. The expression of other regulators of TH action was unchanged. TRβ protein expression was also decreased in adult male monocarboxylate transporter-8 (Mct8)-knockout mice, an in vivo model of chronic intrahepatic hyperthyroidism. Previously, increased hepatic long-chain acylcarnitine levels were found after acute TH treatment. However, in this study, long-chain acylcarnitine levels were unchanged after chronic T3, and paradoxically increased after T3 withdrawal. Pathway analyses of the previous microarray results showed upregulation of lipogenic genes after acute T3 treatment and withdrawal. Phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase also decreased after T3 withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS Decreased hepatic TRβ protein expression occurred after chronic T3 exposure in adult male wild-type and Mct8-knockout mice. Gene array pathway and metabolomics analyses showed abnormalities in hepatic lipogenic gene expression and acylcarnitine levels, respectively, after withdrawal, despite normalization of serum TSH and TH levels. These findings may help explain the variable clinical presentations of some patients during hyperthyroidism and recovery, since TRβ protein, target gene expression, and metabolic adaptive changes can occur in individual tissues without necessarily being reflected by circulating TH and TSH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohba
- 1 Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- 1 Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- 1 Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liliana Felicia Iannucci
- 1 Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin Zhou
- 1 Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean-Paul Kovalik
- 1 Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- 2 Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- 2 Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
- 3 Department of Pediatrics and Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Judy Chia Ghee Sng
- 4 Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melvin Khee-Shing Leow
- 5 Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- 6 Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul Michael Yen
- 1 Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore, Singapore
- 7 Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Sinha RA, Singh BK, Yen PM. Reciprocal Crosstalk Between Autophagic and Endocrine Signaling in Metabolic Homeostasis. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:69-102. [PMID: 27901588 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular quality control and energy-providing process that is under strict control by intra- and extracellular stimuli. Recently, there has been an exponential increase in autophagy research and its implications for mammalian physiology. Autophagy deregulation is now being implicated in many human diseases, and its modulation has shown promising results in several preclinical studies. However, despite the initial discovery of autophagy as a hormone-regulated process by De Duve in the early 1960s, endocrine regulation of autophagy still remains poorly understood. In this review, we provide a critical summary of our present understanding of the basic mechanism of autophagy, its regulation by endocrine hormones, and its contribution to endocrine and metabolic homeostasis under physiological and pathological settings. Understanding the cross-regulation of hormones and autophagy on endocrine cell signaling and function will provide new insight into mammalian physiology as well as promote the development of new therapeutic strategies involving modulation of autophagy in endocrine and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit A Sinha
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169016
| | - Brijesh K Singh
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169016
| | - Paul M Yen
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169016
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An JH, Kim YJ, Kim KJ, Kim SH, Kim NH, Kim HY, Kim NH, Choi KM, Baik SH, Choi DS, Kim SG. L-carnitine supplementation for the management of fatigue in patients with hypothyroidism on levothyroxine treatment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Endocr J 2016; 63:885-895. [PMID: 27432821 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej16-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroid patients experience fatigue-related symptoms despite adequate thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid hormone plays an essential role in carnitine-dependent fatty acid import and oxidation. We investigated the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on fatigue in patients with hypothyroidism. In total, 60 patients (age 50.0 ± 9.2 years, 3 males, 57 females) who still experienced fatigue (fatigue severity scale [FSS] score ≥ 36) were given L-carnitine (n = 30, 990 mg L-carnitine twice daily) or placebo (n = 30) for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, although neither the FSS score nor the physical fatigue score (PFS) changed significantly, the mental fatigue score (MFS) was significantly decreased by treatment with L-carnitine compared with placebo (from 4.5 ± 1.9 to 3.9 ± 1.5 vs. from 4.2 ± 1.8 to 4.6 ± 1.6, respectively; P < 0.01). In the L-carnitine group, 75.0%, 53.6%, and 50.0% of patients showed improvement in the FSS score, PFS, and MFS, respectively, but only 20.0%, 24.0%, and 24.0%, respectively, did so in the placebo group (all P < 0.05). Both the PFS and MFS were significantly improved in patients younger than 50 years and those with free T3 ≥ 4.0 pg/mL by treatment with L-carnitine compared with placebo. Additionally, the MFS was significantly improved in patients taking thyroid hormone after thyroid cancer surgery. These results suggest that L-carnitine supplementation may be useful in alleviating fatigue symptoms in hypothyroid patients, especially in those younger than 50 years and those who have hypothyroidism after thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01769157).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hyun An
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Giudetti AM, Stanca E, Siculella L, Gnoni GV, Damiano F. Nutritional and Hormonal Regulation of Citrate and Carnitine/Acylcarnitine Transporters: Two Mitochondrial Carriers Involved in Fatty Acid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060817. [PMID: 27231907 PMCID: PMC4926351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of solutes across the inner mitochondrial membrane is catalyzed by a family of nuclear-encoded membrane-embedded proteins called mitochondrial carriers (MCs). The citrate carrier (CiC) and the carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter (CACT) are two members of the MCs family involved in fatty acid metabolism. By conveying acetyl-coenzyme A, in the form of citrate, from the mitochondria to the cytosol, CiC contributes to fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis; CACT allows fatty acid oxidation, transporting cytosolic fatty acids, in the form of acylcarnitines, into the mitochondrial matrix. Fatty acid synthesis and oxidation are inversely regulated so that when fatty acid synthesis is activated, the catabolism of fatty acids is turned-off. Malonyl-CoA, produced by acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, a key enzyme of cytosolic fatty acid synthesis, represents a regulator of both metabolic pathways. CiC and CACT activity and expression are regulated by different nutritional and hormonal conditions. Defects in the corresponding genes have been directly linked to various human diseases. This review will assess the current understanding of CiC and CACT regulation; underlining their roles in physio-pathological conditions. Emphasis will be placed on the molecular basis of the regulation of CiC and CACT associated with fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Giudetti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Stanca
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Luisa Siculella
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Gabriele V Gnoni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Damiano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
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Astapova I. Role of co-regulators in metabolic and transcriptional actions of thyroid hormone. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:73-97. [PMID: 26673411 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) controls a wide range of physiological processes through TH receptor (TR) isoforms. Classically, TRs are proposed to function as tri-iodothyronine (T3)-dependent transcription factors: on positively regulated target genes, unliganded TRs mediate transcriptional repression through recruitment of co-repressor complexes, while T3 binding leads to dismissal of co-repressors and recruitment of co-activators to activate transcription. Co-repressors and co-activators were proposed to play opposite roles in the regulation of negative T3 target genes and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, but exact mechanisms of the negative regulation by TH have remained elusive. Important insights into the roles of co-repressors and co-activators in different physiological processes have been obtained using animal models with disrupted co-regulator function. At the same time, recent studies interrogating genome-wide TR binding have generated compelling new data regarding effects of T3, local chromatin structure, and specific response element configuration on TR recruitment and function leading to the proposal of new models of transcriptional regulation by TRs. This review discusses data obtained in various mouse models with manipulated function of nuclear receptor co-repressor (NCoR or NCOR1) and silencing mediator of retinoic acid receptor and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT or NCOR2), and family of steroid receptor co-activators (SRCs also known as NCOAs) in the context of TH action, as well as insights into the function of co-regulators that may emerge from the genome-wide TR recruitment analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Astapova
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Differential lipid metabolic requirements of sexually-mature males and females may influence the regulation of lipid metabolism-associated genes and hence the content of adipose tissue. We measured the expression of eight lipid metabolism-associated genes (fatty acid synthase, FASN; acylglycerol- 3- phosphate O-acyltransferase 9, AGPAT9; peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ, PPARγ; lipoprotein lipase, LPL; carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 A, CPT1A; carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 B, CPT1B; acyl-COA dehydrogenase long chain, ACADL; monoglyceride lipase, MGL) in eight tissues (hypothalamus, HYP; liver; heart; pectoralis major muscle, PM; gastrocnemius muscle, GAS; abdominal fat, AF; clavicular fat, CF; subcutaneous fat, SF) of five male and five female white feather chickens using real time PCR at 217 d (when the females were at peak egg production). There were no difference between sexes, nor were there sex by tissue interactions for CPT1A and MGL. In both cases expression was greater for liver than the other tissues. When interactions of sex by tissue were significant, the FASN mRNA abundance in HYP, liver, and PM was greater for females than males. There was no sexual dimorphism for any tissue for PPARγ. Overall values were greater for adipose depots than HYP and liver with muscles intermediate for AGPAT9. LPL mRNA abundance in PM and AF was greater for females than males, with the pattern reversed for heart and SF. CPT1B mRNA abundance in GAS and CF was greater for females than males, with the relationship reversed for liver. ACADL mRNA abundance in HYP, liver, and GAS was greater for females than males, and lower in PM than males. The results demonstrated that expression of lipid metablism–associated genes varies among sexes in mature chickens depending on the gene and the tissue.
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Goldstein I, Hager GL. Transcriptional and Chromatin Regulation during Fasting - The Genomic Era. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:699-710. [PMID: 26520657 PMCID: PMC4673016 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An elaborate metabolic response to fasting is orchestrated by the liver and is heavily reliant on transcriptional regulation. In response to hormones (glucagon, glucocorticoids) many transcription factors (TFs) are activated and regulate various genes involved in metabolic pathways aimed at restoring homeostasis: gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis, and amino acid shuttling. We summarize recent discoveries regarding fasting-related TFs with an emphasis on genome-wide binding patterns. Collectively, the findings we discuss reveal a large degree of cooperation between TFs during fasting that occurs at motif-rich DNA sites bound by a combination of TFs. These new findings implicate transcriptional and chromatin regulation as major determinants of the response to fasting and unravels the complex, multi-TF nature of this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Goldstein
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, The National Cancer Institute, The National institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, The National Cancer Institute, The National institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Krause K, Weiner J, Hönes S, Klöting N, Rijntjes E, Heiker JT, Gebhardt C, Köhrle J, Führer D, Steinhoff K, Hesse S, Moeller LC, Tönjes A. The Effects of Thyroid Hormones on Gene Expression of Acyl-Coenzyme A Thioesterases in Adipose Tissue and Liver of Mice. Eur Thyroid J 2015; 4:59-66. [PMID: 26601074 PMCID: PMC4640296 DOI: 10.1159/000437304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones (TH) exert pleiotropic effects on glucose and lipid homeostasis. However, it is as yet unclear how TH regulate lipid storage and utilization in order to adapt to metabolic needs. Acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOTs) have been proposed to play a regulatory role in the metabolism of fatty acids. OBJECTIVES We investigated the interaction between thyroid dysfunction and Acot expression in adipose tissues and livers of thyrotoxic and hypothyroid mice. METHODS Ten-week-old female C57BL/6NTac mice (n = 10/group) were made hyperthyroid by the application of L-thyroxine (2 µg/ml in drinking water) for 4 weeks. Hypothyroidism was induced in 10-week-old mice by feeding an iodine-free chow supplemented with 0.15% PTU for 4 weeks. We measured mRNA expression levels of Acot8, 11 and 13 in the liver and epididymal and inguinal white and brown adipose tissues (BAT). Furthermore, we investigated hepatic Acot gene expression in TRα- and TRβ-deficient mice. RESULTS We showed that the expression of Acot8, 11 and 13 is predominantly stimulated by a thyrotoxic state in the epididymal white adipose tissue. In contrast, hypothyroidism predominantly induces the expression of Acot8 in BAT in comparison with BAT of thyrotoxic and euthyroid mice (p < 0.01). However, no significant changes in Acot expression were observed in inguinal white adipose tissue. In liver, Acot gene expression is collectively elicited by a thyrotoxic state. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that ACOTs are targets of TH and are likely to influence 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine-orchestrated mechanisms of lipid uptake, storage and utilization to adapt the regulation of metabolic demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Krause
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
- *Kerstin Krause, Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, DE-04103 Leipzig (Germany), E-Mail
| | - Juliane Weiner
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hönes
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eddy Rijntjes
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - John T. Heiker
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Gebhardt
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karen Steinhoff
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Swen Hesse
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lars C. Moeller
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Division of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
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Sinha RA, Singh BK, Yen PM. Thyroid hormone regulation of hepatic lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:538-45. [PMID: 25127738 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) has important roles in regulating hepatic lipid, cholesterol, and glucose metabolism. Recent findings suggest that clinical conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which are associated with dysregulated hepatic metabolism, may involve altered intracellular TH action. In addition, TH has key roles in lipophagy in lipid metabolism, mitochondrial quality control, and the regulation of metabolic genes. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding the functions of TH in hepatic metabolism, the relationship between TH and metabolic disorders, and the potential therapeutic use of thyromimetics to treat metabolic dysfunction in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit A Sinha
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169547, Singapore
| | - Brijesh K Singh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169547, Singapore
| | - Paul M Yen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169547, Singapore; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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37
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Yao X, Hou S, Zhang D, Xia H, Wang YC, Jiang J, Yin H, Ying H. Regulation of fatty acid composition and lipid storage by thyroid hormone in mouse liver. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:38. [PMID: 25105012 PMCID: PMC4124172 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid hormones (THs) are potent hormones modulating liver lipid homeostasis. The perturbation of lipid homeostasis is a hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a very common liver disorder. It was reported that NAFLD patients were associated with higher incidence of hypothyroidism. However, whether abnormal thyroid function contributes to the pathogenesis of NAFLD remains unclear. Results We used in vivo models to investigate the influence of hypothyroidism and TH on hepatic lipid homeostasis. We did not observe hepatic triglyceride accumulation in the liver of hypothyroid mice, although the liver was enlarged. We then characterized the hepatic fatty acid composition with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in mice under different thyroid states. We found that hypothyroidism decreased saturated fatty acid (SFA) content while TH treatment restored the level of SFA. In agreement with this finding, we observed that the expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and fatty acid synthase, the rate-limit enzymes for de novo lipogenesis (DNL), decreased in hypothyroid mice while increased after TH treatment. We also found that the ratio of C18:1n-9/C18:0 and C16:1n-7/C16:0 was decreased by TH treatment, suggesting the activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 was suppressed. This finding indicated that TH is able to suppress triglyceride accumulation by reducing fatty acid desaturation. Additionally, we found that hepatic glycogen content was substantially influenced by TH status, which was associated with glycogen synthase expression. The increased glycogen storage might explain the enlarged liver we observed in hypothyroid mice. Conclusions Taken together, our study here suggested that hypothyroidism in mice might not lead to the development of NAFLD although the liver became enlarged. However, disturbed TH levels led to altered hepatic fatty acid composition and glycogen accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Clinical Research Center of Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Sarina Hou
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Clinical Research Center of Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hongfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Clinical Research Center of Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Wang
- Clinical Research Center of Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Department of Nutrition, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Ying
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Clinical Research Center of Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
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38
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is required for normal development as well as regulating metabolism in the adult. The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms, α and β, are differentially expressed in tissues and have distinct roles in TH signaling. Local activation of thyroxine (T4), to the active form, triiodothyronine (T3), by 5'-deiodinase type 2 (D2) is a key mechanism of TH regulation of metabolism. D2 is expressed in the hypothalamus, white fat, brown adipose tissue (BAT), and skeletal muscle and is required for adaptive thermogenesis. The thyroid gland is regulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). In addition to TRH/TSH regulation by TH feedback, there is central modulation by nutritional signals, such as leptin, as well as peptides regulating appetite. The nutrient status of the cell provides feedback on TH signaling pathways through epigentic modification of histones. Integration of TH signaling with the adrenergic nervous system occurs peripherally, in liver, white fat, and BAT, but also centrally, in the hypothalamus. TR regulates cholesterol and carbohydrate metabolism through direct actions on gene expression as well as cross-talk with other nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), liver X receptor (LXR), and bile acid signaling pathways. TH modulates hepatic insulin sensitivity, especially important for the suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. The role of TH in regulating metabolic pathways has led to several new therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders. Understanding the mechanisms and interactions of the various TH signaling pathways in metabolism will improve our likelihood of identifying effective and selective targets.
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39
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Huang YY, Gusdon AM, Qu S. Cross-talk between the thyroid and liver: A new target for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:8238-8246. [PMID: 24363514 PMCID: PMC3857446 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i45.8238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been recognized as the most common liver metabolic disease, and it is also a burgeoning health problem that affects one-third of adults and is associated with obesity and insulin resistance now. Thyroid hormone (TH) and its receptors play a fundamental role in lipid metabolism and lipid accumulation in the liver. It is found that thyroid receptor and its isoforms exhibit tissue-specific expression with a variety of functions. TRβ1 is predominantly expressed in the brain and adipose tissue and TRβ2 is the major isoform in the liver, kidney and fat. They have different functions and play important roles in lipid metabolism. Recently, there are many studies on the treatment of NAFLD with TH and its analogues. We review here that thyroid hormone and TR are a potential target for pharmacologic treatments. Lipid metabolism and lipid accumulation can be regulated and reversed by TH and its analogues.
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40
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Czaja MJ, Ding WX, Donohue TM, Friedman SL, Kim JS, Komatsu M, Lemasters JJ, Lemoine A, Lin JD, Ou JHJ, Perlmutter DH, Randall G, Ray RB, Tsung A, Yin XM. Functions of autophagy in normal and diseased liver. Autophagy 2013; 9:1131-58. [PMID: 23774882 DOI: 10.4161/auto.25063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has emerged as a critical lysosomal pathway that maintains cell function and survival through the degradation of cellular components such as organelles and proteins. Investigations specifically employing the liver or hepatocytes as experimental models have contributed significantly to our current knowledge of autophagic regulation and function. The diverse cellular functions of autophagy, along with unique features of the liver and its principal cell type the hepatocyte, suggest that the liver is highly dependent on autophagy for both normal function and to prevent the development of disease states. However, instances have also been identified in which autophagy promotes pathological changes such as the development of hepatic fibrosis. Considerable evidence has accumulated that alterations in autophagy are an underlying mechanism of a number of common hepatic diseases including toxin-, drug- and ischemia/reperfusion-induced liver injury, fatty liver, viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the roles that autophagy plays in normal hepatic physiology and pathophysiology with the intent of furthering the development of autophagy-based therapies for human liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Czaja
- Department of Medicine; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA
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41
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Thakran S, Sharma P, Attia RR, Hori RT, Deng X, Elam MB, Park EA. Role of sirtuin 1 in the regulation of hepatic gene expression by thyroid hormone. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:807-18. [PMID: 23209300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.437970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a nuclear deacetylase that modulates lipid metabolism and enhances mitochondrial activity. SIRT1 targets multiple transcription factors and coactivators. Thyroid hormone (T(3)) stimulates the expression of hepatic genes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis. We reported that T(3) induces genes for carnitine palmitoyltransferase (cpt1a), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (pdk4), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck). SIRT1 increases the expression of these genes via the activation of several factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, estrogen-related receptor α, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator (PGC-1α). Previously, we reported that PGC-1α participates in the T(3) induction of cpt1a and pdk4 in the liver. Given the overlapping targets of T(3) and SIRT1, we investigated whether SIRT1 participated in the T(3) regulation of these genes. Resveratrol is a small phenolic compound whose actions include the activation of SIRT1. Addition of resveratrol increased the T(3) induction of the pdk4 and cpt1a genes in hepatocytes. Furthermore, expression of SIRT1 in hepatocytes mimicked resveratrol in the regulation of gene expression by T(3). The deacetylase activity of SIRT1 was required and PGC-1α was deacetylated following addition of T(3). We found that SIRT1 interacted directly with T(3) receptor (TRβ). Knockdown of SIRT1 decreased the T(3) induction of cpt1a and pdk4 and reduced the T(3) inhibition of sterol response element binding protein (srebp-1c) both in isolated hepatocytes and in rat liver. Our results indicate that SIRT1 contributes to the T(3) regulation of hepatic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Thakran
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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42
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Lopez D, Brooks PA, Boone LR, Ness GC. Using in vivo electroporation to identify hepatic LDL receptor promoter elements and transcription factors mediating activation of transcription by T 3. Appl Transl Genom 2012; 1:30-36. [PMID: 27896050 PMCID: PMC5121208 DOI: 10.1016/j.atg.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The technique of in vivo electroporation was adapted to investigate the promoter elements and transcription factors mediating the rapid induction of hepatic LDL receptor expression in response to thyroid hormone. Direct comparisons between wild type and mutant promoter constructs were made within the same animal. It was demonstrated that both TREs at bp − 612 and − 156 were required for the l-triiodothyronine (T3) response. ChIP analysis showed that binding of TRβ1 to the − 612 and − 156 TREs was markedly stimulated by T3in vivo. Introduction of siRNAs against TRβ1/RXRα with LDL receptor promoter-luciferase construct by in vivo electroporation demonstrated that these transcription factors play the major physiological role in the activation of hepatic LDL receptor transcription. The findings agree with those made by transfecting H4IIE cells in vitro thus validating this technique for in vivo studies of mechanisms of transcriptional regulation. The findings reported herein also indicated, for the first time, that PPARα and USF-2 were required for maximum transcriptional activation of the LDL receptor in response to T3 treatment.
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Key Words
- CPT-I, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- DbMt, double mutant
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assays
- HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A
- Hx, hypophysectomized
- IP, immunoprecipitation
- LDL receptor
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- LDLR, LDL receptor
- NR, normal
- NcoR2, nuclear receptor co-repressor 2
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PPARα, peroxisomal proliferator receptor α
- Peroxisomal proliferator receptor α
- Pol II, polymerase II
- RA, 9-cis retinoic acid
- ROI, region of interest
- RXRα, retinoic acid X receptor α
- Retinoic acid X receptor α
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- SMRTe, silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors-extended
- SREBP, sterol response element binding protein
- T3, l-triiodothyronine
- THDS, thyroid hormone depleted serum
- TRAC-1, T3 receptor-associating cofactor 1
- TRAP, thyroid hormone receptor- associated protein
- TREs, thyroid response elements
- TRβ1, thyroid receptor β1
- Thyroid hormone receptor β1
- Thyroid response element
- USF-2, upstream factor-2
- Upstream factor-2
- WT, wild-type
- fT3, free T3
- in vivo electroporation
- l-triiodothyronine
- siRNA, silencing RNA
- − 156Mt, − 156 mutant
- − 612Mt, − 612 mutant
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayami Lopez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Patricia A Brooks
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lindsey R Boone
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Gene C Ness
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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43
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Sinha RA, You SH, Zhou J, Siddique MM, Bay BH, Zhu X, Privalsky ML, Cheng SY, Stevens RD, Summers SA, Newgard CB, Lazar MA, Yen PM. Thyroid hormone stimulates hepatic lipid catabolism via activation of autophagy. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2428-38. [PMID: 22684107 PMCID: PMC3386813 DOI: 10.1172/jci60580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a century, thyroid hormones (THs) have been known to exert powerful catabolic effects, leading to weight loss. Although much has been learned about the molecular mechanisms used by TH receptors (TRs) to regulate gene expression, little is known about the mechanisms by which THs increase oxidative metabolism. Here, we report that TH stimulation of fatty acid β-oxidation is coupled with induction of hepatic autophagy to deliver fatty acids to mitochondria in cell culture and in vivo. Furthermore, blockade of autophagy by autophagy-related 5 (ATG5) siRNA markedly decreased TH-mediated fatty acid β-oxidation in cell culture and in vivo. Consistent with this model, autophagy was altered in livers of mice expressing a mutant TR that causes resistance to the actions of TH as well as in mice with mutant nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR). These results demonstrate that THs can regulate lipid homeostasis via autophagy and help to explain how THs increase oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Microbiology, UCD, Davis, California, USA.
Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Seo-Hee You
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Microbiology, UCD, Davis, California, USA.
Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jin Zhou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Microbiology, UCD, Davis, California, USA.
Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mobin M. Siddique
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Microbiology, UCD, Davis, California, USA.
Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Boon-Huat Bay
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Microbiology, UCD, Davis, California, USA.
Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xuguang Zhu
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Microbiology, UCD, Davis, California, USA.
Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Martin L. Privalsky
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Microbiology, UCD, Davis, California, USA.
Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Microbiology, UCD, Davis, California, USA.
Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert D. Stevens
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Microbiology, UCD, Davis, California, USA.
Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Scott A. Summers
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Microbiology, UCD, Davis, California, USA.
Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher B. Newgard
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Microbiology, UCD, Davis, California, USA.
Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mitchell A. Lazar
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Microbiology, UCD, Davis, California, USA.
Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul M. Yen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Department of Microbiology, UCD, Davis, California, USA.
Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Sinha RA, You SH, Zhou J, Siddique MM, Bay BH, Zhu X, Privalsky ML, Cheng SY, Stevens RD, Summers SA, Newgard CB, Lazar MA, Yen PM. Thyroid hormone stimulates hepatic lipid catabolism via activation of autophagy. J Clin Invest 2012. [PMID: 22684107 DOI: 10.1172/jci160580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a century, thyroid hormones (THs) have been known to exert powerful catabolic effects, leading to weight loss. Although much has been learned about the molecular mechanisms used by TH receptors (TRs) to regulate gene expression, little is known about the mechanisms by which THs increase oxidative metabolism. Here, we report that TH stimulation of fatty acid β-oxidation is coupled with induction of hepatic autophagy to deliver fatty acids to mitochondria in cell culture and in vivo. Furthermore, blockade of autophagy by autophagy-related 5 (ATG5) siRNA markedly decreased TH-mediated fatty acid β-oxidation in cell culture and in vivo. Consistent with this model, autophagy was altered in livers of mice expressing a mutant TR that causes resistance to the actions of TH as well as in mice with mutant nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR). These results demonstrate that THs can regulate lipid homeostasis via autophagy and help to explain how THs increase oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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45
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Attia RR, Sharma P, Janssen RC, Friedman JE, Deng X, Lee JS, Elam MB, Cook GA, Park EA. Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:23799-807. [PMID: 21586575 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.246389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in mitochondria is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). Activity of PDC is inhibited by phosphorylation via the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs). Here, we examined the regulation of Pdk4 gene expression by the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ). C/EBPβ modulates the expression of multiple hepatic genes including those involved in metabolism, development, and inflammation. We found that C/EBPβ induced Pdk4 gene expression and decreased PDC activity. This transcriptional induction was mediated through two C/EBPβ binding sites in the Pdk4 promoter. C/EBPβ participates in the hormonal regulation of gluconeogenic genes. Previously, we reported that Pdk4 was induced by thyroid hormone (T(3)). Therefore, we investigated the role of C/EBPβ in the T(3) regulation of Pdk4. T(3) increased C/EBPβ abundance in primary rat hepatocytes. Knockdown of C/EBPβ with siRNA diminished the T(3) induction of the Pdk4 and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (Cpt1a) genes. CPT1a is an initiating step in the mitochondrial oxidation of long chain fatty acids. Our results indicate that C/EBPβ stimulates Pdk4 expression and participates in the T(3) induction of the Cpt1a and Pdk4 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy R Attia
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Thyroid hormone (3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine) plays an important role in thermogenesis and maintenance of lipid homeostasis. The present article reviews the evidence that 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine regulates lipid metabolism via thyroid hormone receptors, focusing particularly on in-vivo findings using genetically engineered mice. RECENT FINDINGS That lipid metabolism is regulated via thyroid hormone receptor isoforms in a tissue-dependent manner was recently uncovered by using knockin mutant mice harboring an identical mutation in the Thra gene (Thra1(PV) mouse) or the Thrb gene (Thrb(PV) mouse). The mutation in the Thra gene dramatically decreases the mass of both white adipose tissue and liver. In contrast, the mutation in the Thrb gene markedly increases the mass of liver with an excess depot of lipids, but no significant abnormality is observed in white adipose tissue. Molecular studies show that the expression of lipogenic genes is decreased in white adipose tissue of Thra1(PV) mice, but not in Thrb(PV) mice. Markedly increased lipogenic enzyme expression, and decreased fatty acid beta-oxidation activity contribute to the adipogenic steatosis and lipid accumulation in the liver of Thrb(PV) mice. In contrast, reduced expression of genes critical for lipogenesis mediates decreased liver mass with lipid scarcity in Thra1(PV) mice. SUMMARY Studies using Thra1(PV) and Thrb(PV) mice indicate that apo-thyroid hormone receptor-beta and apo-thyroid hormone receptor-alpha-1 mediate distinct deleterious effects on lipid metabolism. Thus, both thyroid hormone receptor isoforms contribute to the pathogenesis of lipid abnormalities in hypothyroidism, but in a target tissue-dependent manner. These studies suggest that thyroid hormone receptor isoform-specific ligands could be designed as therapeutic targets for lipid abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4264, USA
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Song S, Attia RR, Connaughton S, Niesen MI, Ness GC, Elam MB, Hori RT, Cook GA, Park EA. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and PPAR gamma coactivator (PGC-1alpha) induce carnitine palmitoyltransferase IA (CPT-1A) via independent gene elements. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 325:54-63. [PMID: 20638986 PMCID: PMC3160239 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Long chain fatty acids and pharmacologic ligands for the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) activate expression of genes involved in fatty acid and glucose oxidation including carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1A (CPT-1A) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4). CPT-1A catalyzes the transfer of long chain fatty acids from acyl-CoA to carnitine for translocation across the mitochondrial membranes and is an initiating step in the mitochondrial oxidation of long chain fatty acids. PDK4 phosphorylates and inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in the glucose oxidation pathway. The activity of CPT-1A is modulated both by transcriptional changes as well as by malonyl-CoA inhibition. In the liver, CPT-1A and PDK4 gene expression are induced by starvation, high fat diets and PPARalpha ligands. Here, we characterized a binding site for PPARalpha in the second intron of the rat CPT-1A gene. Our studies indicated that WY14643 and long chain fatty acids induce CPT-1A gene expression through this element. In addition, we found that mutation of the PPARalpha binding site reduced the expression of CPT-1A-luciferase vectors in the liver of fasted rats. We had demonstrated previously that CPT-1A was stimulated by the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC-1) via sequences in the first intron of the rat CPT-1A gene. Surprisingly, PGC-1alpha did not enhance CPT-1A transcription through the PPARalpha binding site in the second intron. Following knockdown of PGC-1alpha with short hairpin RNA, the CPT-1A and PDK4 genes remained responsive to WY14643. Overall, our studies indicated that PPARalpha and PGC-1alpha stimulate transcription of the CPT-1A gene through different regions of the CPT-1A gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Song
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163
| | - Ramy R. Attia
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163
| | - Sara Connaughton
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163
| | - Melissa I. Niesen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa FL 33612
| | - Gene C. Ness
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa FL 33612
| | - Marshall B. Elam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104
| | - Roderick T. Hori
- Department of Molecular Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163
| | - George A. Cook
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163
| | - Edwards A. Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163
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Liu YY, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone crosstalk with nuclear receptor signaling in metabolic regulation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:166-73. [PMID: 20015660 PMCID: PMC2831161 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone influences diverse metabolic pathways important in lipid and glucose metabolism, lipolysis and regulation of body weight. Recently, it has been recognized that thyroid hormone receptor interacts with transcription factors that predominantly respond to nutrient signals including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, liver X receptor and others. Crosstalk between thyroid hormone signaling and these nutrient responsive factors occurs through a variety of mechanisms: competition for retinoid X receptor heterodimer partners, DNA binding sites and transcriptional cofactors. This review focuses on the mechanisms of interaction of thyroid hormone signaling with other metabolic pathways and the importance of understanding these interactions to develop therapeutic agents for treatment of metabolic disorders, such as dyslipidemias, obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Liu
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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Simmen FA, Mercado CP, Zavacki AM, Huang SA, Greenway AD, Kang P, Bowman MT, Prior RL. Soy protein diet alters expression of hepatic genes regulating fatty acid and thyroid hormone metabolism in the male rat. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 21:1106-13. [PMID: 19962299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that consumption of soy protein isolate (SPI) or the soy isoflavone genistein (GEN) would modulate mRNA expression of genes underlying lipid and thyroid hormone metabolism in livers and small intestines of young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Early pregnant rat dams were placed on AIN-93G diets containing casein (CAS, control protein), SPI, or CAS+GEN. Litters were weaned to the same diet as their dam. SPI-fed (but not GEN-fed) male rats of 48 days of age had significant reductions in body weight, abdominal fat pad weight and hepatic content of lipid droplets and triglycerides. Hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (Ppara) transcripts were elevated with SPI but not GEN diet. Hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (Pdk4) and cytochrome P450 4A10 (Cyp4a10) mRNA abundance was reduced with SPI; the SPI effect on Cyp4a10 was recapitulated by GEN diet. SPI (but not GEN) suppressed Pdk4 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (Hmgcs2) mRNA abundance in duodenum. Liver iodothyronine deiodinase types 1 and 2 (Dio1 and Dio2) mRNA levels were increased with SPI diet; the effect on Dio2, but not Dio1 mRNAs, also was observed with GEN. SPI and GEN increased hepatic types 1 and 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D1 and D2) activities. Effects of SPI and GEN on the above gene expression may contribute to the observed reductions in body and adipose tissue weight and liver lipid content in this model. Identification of the regulation, by genistein and soy protein, of iodothyronine deiodinase synthesis has potential applications for treatment and prevention of fatty liver disease and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Simmen
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
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Boone LR, Niesen MI, Jaroszeski M, Ness GC. In vivo identification of promoter elements and transcription factors mediating activation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase by T3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 385:466-71. [PMID: 19470373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The promoter elements and transcription factors necessary for triiodothyronine (T3) induction of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) were investigated by transfecting rat livers with wild type and mutant HMGR promoter-luciferase constructs using in vivo electroporation. Mutations in the sterol response element (SRE), nuclear factor-y (NF-Y) site, and the newly identified upstream transcription factor-2 (USF-2) site essentially abolished the T3 response. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis demonstrated that T(3) treatment caused a 4-fold increase in in vivo binding of USF-2 to the HMGR promoter. Co-transfection of the wild type HMGR promoter with siRNAs to USF-2, SREBP-2, or NF-Y nearly abolished the T3 induction, as measured by promoter activity. These data provide in vivo evidence for functional roles for USF-2, SREBP-2, and NF-Y in mediating the T3-induction of hepatic HMGR transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Boone
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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