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Quiroz J, Roychoudhury S, Steinmetz T, Yang H. Modeling immunogenecity data to establish screening bioassays cut point. Pharm Stat 2023; 22:978-994. [PMID: 37415413 DOI: 10.1002/pst.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The response of immunogenecity anti-drug antibody (ADA) generally includes biological and analytical variability. The nature of biological and analytical variations may lead to a variety of symmetric and asymmetric ADA data. As a result, current statistical methods may yield unreliable results because these methods assume special types of symmetric or asymmetric ADA data. In this paper, we survey and compare parametric models that are useful for analyzing a variety of asymmetric data that have rarely been used to calculate assay cut points. These models include symmetric distributions as limiting case; therefore, they are useful in the analysis of a variety of symmetric data. We also investigate two nonparametric approaches that have received little attention in screening cut point calculations. A simulation study was conducted to compare the performance of the methods. We evaluate the methods using four published different types of data, and make recommendations concerning the use of the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Quiroz
- MRL, Research CMC Statistics, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Thomas Steinmetz
- MRL, Research CMC Statistics, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Harry Yang
- Fate Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, California, USA
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Du J, Yang Y, Zhu L, Wang S, Yu C, Liu C, Long C, Chen B, Xu G, Zou L, Wang L. Method validation of a bridging immunoassay in combination with acid-dissociation and bead treatment for detection of anti-drug antibody. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13999. [PMID: 36915535 PMCID: PMC10006523 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-drug antibody (ADA) positivity is correlated with disease relapse risk when treated with monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics. ADA evaluation can assist with interpreting pharmacokinetic, pharmacological, and toxicology results. Here, we established an ADA assay based on two steps of acid dissociation combined with a bridging immunoassay to provide a comprehensive validation strategy. The three-tiered sample analysis process included screening, confirmation, and titration assays using therapeutic HLX26 (targeting lymphocyte activation gene-3 [LAG-3]) as an example. The cut points were determined by testing 50 individual normal human serum samples, including screening cut point (SCP) (SNR: 1.08), confirmatory cut point (CCP) (% inhibition: 12.65), and titration cut point (TCP) (sample-to-noise ratio [SNR]: 1.17). The assay sensitivity, low positive control (LPC), and high positive control (HPC) titer acceptable range were also set up as 33.0 ng/mL, 41.0 ng/mL, and 320-1280, respectively. After full validation, both the intra-assay and inter-assay precision testing passed with coefficient of variations (CVs) < 20%. The assay enabled excellent drug tolerance up to 768.0 μg/mL at the HPC level and 291.0 μg/mL at the LPC level, while the tolerance of target interference was up to 74.0 ng/mL of soluble LAG3. Moreover, no false-positive results were observed in the presence of 5% hemolyzed serum samples and 150 mg/dL of triglyceride in the serum samples, no hook effect was observed, and the stability performed normally under room temperature for 24 h, 2-8 °C for 7 d, and six freeze/thaw cycles. In summary, this ADA assay is feasible and could be used for evaluating the immunogenicity of HLX26 in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Du
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yalan Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | | | - Shaoyi Wang
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech Inc, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Caifeng Long
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Baowen Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Gangling Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Linglong Zou
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech Inc, Shanghai, China
- Corresponding author. 5155# GUANGFULIN Road, Shanghai Henlius Biotech Inc, Shanghai, 201616, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author. Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, 31# HUATUO Road, Beijing, 102629, China.
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Asar Ö, Bolin D, Diggle PJ, Wallin J. Linear mixed effects models for non‐Gaussian continuous repeated measurement data. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Asar
- Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University İstanbul Turkey
| | - David Bolin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia
- University of Gothenburg Sweden
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Abstract
Percentile is ubiquitous in statistics and plays a significant role in the day-to-day statistical application. FDA Guidance for Industry: Assay Development for Immunogenicity Testing of Therapeutic Protein Products (2016) recommends the use of a lower confidence limit of the percentile of the negative subject population as the cut point to guarantee a pre-specified false-positive rate with high confidence. Shen proposed and compared an exact t approach with some approximated approaches. However, the exact t approach might be compromised by computational time and complexity. In this article, we proposed to use a UMOVER method as a potential alternative for percentile estimation for one application to screening and confirmatory cut point determination due to its easy implementation and similar performance to the exact t approach. The applications and performance comparison with different approaches are investigated and discussed. Furthermore, we extended the proposed method for the comparison of the percentile of the test product and percentile of the reference product followed by numerical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xia
- The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, USA.,The project was completed as part of the requirement of 2016 FDA ORISE summer intern project
| | - Yi Tsong
- Office of Biostatistics/Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Yu-Ting Weng
- Office of Biostatistics/Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Elucidation of the statistical factors that influence anti-drug antibody cut point setting through a multi-laboratory study. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:509-524. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Appropriateness of anti-drug antibody (ADA) assay is critical for immunogenicity assessment of biopharmaceuticals. Although cut point setting in ADA assay has a large impact on the results, a standard statistical approach for its setting has not been well established. Methodology: In this multi-laboratory study, to elucidate factors influencing the cut point setting, we compared the statistical approaches and calculated cut points for multiple datasets of ADA assays using the individual procedure employed at each laboratory. Conclusion: We showed that outlier exclusion, false-positive rate and investigating data distribution have the greatest impact on both screening and confirmatory cut points. Our results would be useful for industry researchers and regulators engaged in immunogenicity assessment of biopharmaceuticals.
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Kubiak RJ, Zhang J, Ren P, Yang H, Roskos LK. Excessive outlier removal may result in cut points that are not suitable for immunogenicity assessments. J Immunol Methods 2018; 463:105-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Devanarayan V, Smith WC, Brunelle RL, Seger ME, Krug K, Bowsher RR. Recommendations for Systematic Statistical Computation of Immunogenicity Cut Points. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1487-1498. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang J, Li W, Roskos LK, Yang H. Immunogenicity assay cut point determination using nonparametric tolerance limit. J Immunol Methods 2017; 442:29-34. [PMID: 28063769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The newly released FDA guidance on immunogenicity assay development and validation recommends use of a lower confidence limit of the percentile of the negative subject population as the cut point in order to guarantee a pre-specified false positive rate with high confidence. The limit is, in essence, a lower tolerance limit. Although in literature several methods are available for determining the tolerance limit, they either fail to take into account the repeated measurement of the data from a typical immunogenicity assay quantification/validation experiment or rely heavily on normality assumption of the data, which is rarely correct. As a result, the methods may result in biased estimates of the cut point, causing the false positive rate to be either lower or higher than expected. To overcome this drawback, we propose two non-parametric methods under repeated measure data structure and without normal distribution assumption. Simulation studies were carried to compare the performance of the two non-parametric approaches with the current methods. The results of the simulation studies show that one of the two nonparametric methods outperforms all the other methods and provides a satisfactory coverage probability even with moderate sample sizes. In addition, it is simple and straightforward to implement. Therefore, it is a preferred method for immunogenicity assay cut point determination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenjia Li
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | | | - Harry Yang
- MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States.
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