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Hahad O, Kuntic M, Frenis K, Chowdhury S, Lelieveld J, Lieb K, Daiber A, Münzel T. Physical Activity in Polluted Air-Net Benefit or Harm to Cardiovascular Health? A Comprehensive Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1787. [PMID: 34829658 PMCID: PMC8614825 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both exposure to higher levels of polluted air and physical inactivity are crucial risk factors for the development and progression of major noncommunicable diseases and, in particular, of cardiovascular disease. In this context, the World Health Organization estimated 4.2 and 3.2 million global deaths per year in response to ambient air pollution and insufficient physical activity, respectively. While regular physical activity is well known to improve general health, it may also increase the uptake and deposit of air pollutants in the lungs/airways and circulation, due to increased breathing frequency and minute ventilation, thus increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Thus, determining the tradeoff between the health benefits of physical activity and the potential harmful effects of increased exposure to air pollution during physical activity has important public health consequences. In the present comprehensive review, we analyzed evidence from human and animal studies on the combined effects of physical activity and air pollution on cardiovascular and other health outcomes. We further report on pathophysiological mechanisms underlying air pollution exposure, as well as the protective effects of physical activity with a focus on oxidative stress and inflammation. Lastly, we provide mitigation strategies and practical recommendations for physical activity in areas with polluted air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Hahad
- Department of Cardiology—Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (O.H.); (M.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), 55122 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Marin Kuntic
- Department of Cardiology—Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (O.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Katie Frenis
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Sourangsu Chowdhury
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55122 Mainz, Germany; (S.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55122 Mainz, Germany; (S.C.); (J.L.)
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), 55122 Mainz, Germany;
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology—Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (O.H.); (M.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology—Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (O.H.); (M.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Caudal V, Whitty J, Snead ECR, Starrak GS. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema associated with ozone exposure in three kittens. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 253:1328-1333. [PMID: 30398424 DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.10.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION Three 21-week-old sexually intact female sibling domestic shorthair cats were brought to an emergency clinic because of signs of sudden respiratory distress that were noted by the owner after the cats had been confined for approximately 10 hours in a room with an operating ozone-generating air purifier. No other potential toxicant exposures were reported. CLINICAL FINDINGS On initial examination, the 3 cats were severely dyspneic and tachypneic. Pulmonary crackles were audible on thoracic auscultation. Thoracic radiography revealed a marked peribronchial, unstructured interstitial pulmonary pattern that coalesced to a patchy alveolar pattern, consistent with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME A diuretic (furosemide, 2 mg/kg [0.9 mg/lb], IV) and bronchodilator (terbutaline sulfate, 0.01 mg/kg [0.005 mg/lb], IM) were administered, and supplemental oxygen was provided by placing the cats in an oxygen cage at 80% oxygen saturation. By 24 hours after placement in the oxygen cage, all cats had unremarkable respiratory rates and thoracic auscultation findings. Complete resolution of the respiratory signs and radiographic pulmonary lesions was achieved within 48 to 72 hours after initial evaluation. At a recheck examination performed 3 months after initial evaluation, the cats remained free of respiratory signs, and no radiographic pulmonary lesions were detected. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To the authors' knowledge, this was the first reported case of pulmonary toxicosis believed to have been caused by ozone exposure in cats. Associated respiratory signs were successfully and rapidly reversed following oxygen supplementation and medical treatment.
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Abstract
The health benefits of exercise are well known. Many of the most accessible forms of exercise, such as walking, cycling, and running often occur outdoors. This means that exercising outdoors may increase exposure to urban air pollution. Regular exercise plays a key role in improving some of the physiologic mechanisms and health outcomes that air pollution exposure may exacerbate. This problem presents an interesting challenge of balancing the beneficial effects of exercise along with the detrimental effects of air pollution upon health. This article summarizes the pulmonary, cardiovascular, cognitive, and systemic health effects of exposure to particulate matter, ozone, and carbon monoxide during exercise. It also summarizes how air pollution exposure affects maximal oxygen consumption and exercise performance. This article highlights ways in which exercisers could mitigate the adverse health effects of air pollution exposure during exercise and draws attention to the potential importance of land use planning in selecting exercise facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa V Giles
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada,
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Kleinman MT, Phalen RF. Toxicological interactions in the respiratory system after inhalation of ozone and sulfuric acid aerosol mixtures. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 18:295-303. [PMID: 22397323 DOI: 10.1080/08958370500444346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A factorial design study was performed to examine the acute effects of inhaled acid particles alone and in mixtures with ozone to test the hypothesis that acid particles and ozone would act synergistically. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed nose-only for a single 4-h period to all 9 possible combinations of purified air and 2 concentrations each of O(3) (0.3 and 0.6 ppm) and submicrometer (0.3 μm mass median diameter [MMD]) sulfuric acid aerosols H(2)SO(4) (0.5 and 1.0 mg/m(3)). Respiratory-tract injury and impairment of alveolar macrophage functions were evaluated. Two-way analyses of variance were used to test for significance of main effects and statistical interactions, and Tukey multiple comparison tests were used to test the significance of differences between group mean values. Addition of H(2)SO(4) to O(3)-containing atmospheres resulted in significant H(2)SO(4) concentration-dependent reductions in O(3)-induced inflammatory responses, and H(2)SO(4), alone and in combination with O(3), depressed some functions of innate immunity. DNA synthesis in nasal, tracheal, and lung tissue following pollutant exposure, which is an index of injury or killing of epithelial cells, was significantly increased by O(3) but not by H(2)SO(4) when administered alone, compared to purified air. When administered with O(3), H(2)SO(4) did not reduce the effects of O(3) on DNA synthesis in the trachea or the lung, but did reduce the DNA synthesis response to O(3) in the nose. No significant changes in antibody-directed Fc receptor (FcR) binding of sheep red blood cells by alveolar macrophages were observed, but macrophage phagocytic activity was significantly reduced by the pollutant exposures. In summary, the results of this study indicate significant interactions between O(3) and H(2)SO(4) in concurrent exposures; however, the findings do not support the hypothesis that O(3) and H(2)SO(4) act synergistically in rats after single 4-h exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Kleinman
- Department of Community and Environmental Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Kastis GA, Toumpanakis D, Loverdos K, Anaplioti A, Samartzis A, Argyriou P, Loudos G, Karavana V, Tzouda V, Datseris I, Rontogianni D, Roussos C, Theocharis SE, Vassilakopoulos T. Dose- and time-dependent effects of lipopolysaccharide on technetium-99-m-labeled diethylene-triamine pentaacetatic acid clearance, respiratory system mechanics and pulmonary inflammation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:209-22. [PMID: 23576803 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in animals is a commonly used model of acute lung injury, characterized by increased alveolar-capillary membrane permeability causing protein-rich edema, inflammation, deterioration of lung mechanical function and impaired gas exchange. Technetium-99-m-labeled diethylene-triamine pentaacetatic acid ((99m)Tc-DTPA) scintigraphy is a non-invasive technique to assess lung epithelial permeability. We hypothesize that the longer the exposure and the higher the dose of LPS the greater the derangement of the various indices of lung injury. After 3, 6 and 24 h of 5 or 40 μg LPS intratracheally administration, (99m)Tc-DTPA was instilled in the lung. Images were acquired for 90 min with a γ-camera and the radiotracer clearance was estimated. In another subgroup, the mechanical properties of the respiratory system were estimated with the forced oscillation technique and static pressure-volume curves, 4.5, 7.5 and 25.5 h post-LPS (iso-times with the end of (99m)Tc-DTPA scintigraphy). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed and a lung injury score was estimated by histology. Lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured. (99m)Tc-DTPA clearance increased in all LPS challenged groups compared with control. DTPA clearance presented a U-shape time course at the lower dose, while LPS had a declining effect over time at the larger dose. At 7.5 and 25.5 h post-LPS, tissue elasticity was increased and static compliance decreased at both doses. Total protein in the BAL fluid increased at both doses only at 4.5 h Total lung injury score and MPO activity were elevated in all LPS-treated groups. There is differential time- and dose-dependency of the various indices of lung injury after intratracheally LPS instillation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Kastis
- Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Services, G.P. Livanos, M. Simou and Experimental Surgery Laboratories, University of Athens, Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Han SG, Bhoopalan V, Akinbiyi T, Gairola CG, Bhalla DK. In utero tobacco smoke exposure alters pulmonary responses of newborn rats to ozone. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:668-677. [PMID: 21432716 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.539133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal tobacco smoke (TS) exposure has been implicated in various adverse health outcomes in the offspring, including poor development of lung and immune system, which in turn can alter the response of neonates to environmental challenges. This study was performed to determine whether in utero exposure to TS influences the pulmonary response of newborn rat pups to ozone (O₃). Timed pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to TS or air for 3 h/d from gestation d 7 through 21. The pulmonary response of pups was assessed following a single 3-h exposure to air or 0.6 ppm O₃ on d 13 after birth. In all, 4 exposure groups were evaluated: (1) Air/Air (in utero air and postnatal air), (2) Air/O₃ (in utero air and postnatal O₃), (3) TS/Air (in utero TS and postnatal air), and (4) TS/O₃ (in utero TS and postnatal O₃). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, and BAL cells and fluid were analyzed. Data revealed a significant increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and total BALF protein in the Air/O₃ group compared to the Air/Air control, reflecting the inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of O₃. However, in utero exposure to TS attenuated PMN infiltration into the air spaces for recovery in the BAL of TS/O₃ pups. Lung tissue myeloperoxidase activity significantly increased only in the TS/O₃ group but not in Air/O₃ pups, thus suggesting that PMN are sequestered in the lung tissue and that the in utero TS likely inhibits O₃-mediated influx of PMN into the air spaces. Lung tissue analyses further showed a significant rise in manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD) protein and a decrease in extracellular SOD protein in the Air/O₃ group, suggesting oxidative effects of O₃. Interestingly, in utero TS exposure again suppressed these effects in the TS/O₃ group. Overall, results suggest that in utero exposure to TS alone produced minimal acute pulmonary effects in newborn rats, but modulated adverse effects of postnatal O₃ exposure. The results are contrary to the interactive toxic responses predicted for sequential exposures to TS and O₃, and may represent the development of "cross-tolerance."
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Gu Han
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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7
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Mitchell D. Cohen Judith T. Zelikof. PULMONARY RETENTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF INHALED CHROMIUM: EFFECTS OF PARTICLE SOLUBILITY AND COEXPOSURE TO OZONE. Inhal Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/089583797197917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Kleinman MT, Bhalla DK, Ziegler B, Bucher-Evans S, McClure T. Effects of Inhaled Fine Particles and Ozone on Pulmonary Macrophages and Epithelia. Inhal Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08958379308998393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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9
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Sherwin RP, Richters V. Influence of Community Air Pollution on the Lungs of Mice. Part I: Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy of Type 2 Cells, and Increase in Alveolar Wall Area. Inhal Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08958379109145272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Bhalla DK, Young C. Effects of Acute Exposure to O3On Rats: Sequence of Epithelial and Inflammatory Changes in the Distal Airways. Inhal Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08958379209145301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kooter IM, Pennings JLA, Fokkens PHB, Leseman DLAC, Boere AJF, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Cassee FR, Schalk JAC, Orzechowski TJH, Schaap MM, Breit TM, Dormans JAMA, van Oostrom CTM, de Vries A, van Steeg H. Ozone induces clear cellular and molecular responses in the mouse lung independently of the transcription-coupled repair status. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 102:1185-92. [PMID: 17095637 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00796.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidant ozone is a well-known air pollutant, inhalation of which is associated with respiratory tract inflammation and functional alterations of the lung. It is well established as an inducer of intracellular oxidative stress. We investigated whether Cockayne syndrome B, transcription-coupled, repair-deficient mice (Csb(-/-)), known to be sensitive to oxidative stressors, respond differently to ozone than repair-proficient controls (Csb(+/-)). Mice were exposed to 0.8 parts/million ozone for 8 h, and we examined a wide range of biological parameters in the lung at the gene expression, protein, and cellular level 4 h after the ozone exposure. Relevant biological responses to ozone for both repair-deficient Csb(-/-) and repair-proficient Csb(+/-) mice, as determined by biochemical analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (e.g., increases of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, alkaline phosphatase, macrophage-inflammatory protein-2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), pathological examinations, and gene expression (upregulation of oxidative-stress-related genes) analyses were observed. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed significantly more tumor necrosis factor-alpha in repair-deficient Csb(-/-) mice than in repair-proficient Csb(+/-) mice after ozone exposure. In addition, a clear trend was observed toward fewer differentially expressed genes with a lower fold ratio in repair-deficient Csb(-/-) mice than in repair-proficient Csb(+/-) mice. However, repair-deficient Csb(-/-) mice do not respond significantly more sensitively to ozone compared with repair-proficient Csb(+/-) mice at the level of gene expression. We conclude that, under the conditions employed here, although small differences at the transcriptional level exist between repair-proficient Csb(+/-) mice and transcription-coupled repair defective Csb(-/-) mice, these do not have a significant effect on the ozone-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg M Kooter
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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12
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Van Miert E, Dumont X, Bernard A. CC16 as a marker of lung epithelial hyperpermeability in an acute model of rats exposed to mainstream cigarette smoke. Toxicol Lett 2005; 159:115-23. [PMID: 16165332 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Clara cell secretory protein (CC16), which is produced along the tracheal-bronchial tree, has been shown to be a sensitive marker for the detection of lung hyperpermeability. Cigarette smoke inhalation has been associated with increased lung epithelial permeability. In this study we investigated the changes in CC16 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from female Sprague Dawley rats after a single exposure (2 x 1 h) to diluted mainstream cigarette smoke (MS) from the Reference Cigarette 2R4F. Rats were nose-only exposed to MS at concentrations of 0 (sham exposure), 250, 500, 750, 1000 or 1250 microg total particulate matter per liter. At 2, 4, 15 and 24h after exposure, serum and BALF-samples were collected. CC16 was determined in BALF and serum. Albumin in BALF, another marker for lung permeability was also determined. A trend towards a lower CC16 recovery was observed in BALF from smoke-exposed rats. The CC16 concentration in serum showed a marked (up to five-fold) concentration- and time-dependent increase after MS exposure. The increase of CC16 in serum was most prominent at the early timepoints, i.e. 2 and 4 h after exposure, and a return to baseline concentrations was obvious at 24 h after exposure. The effect of MS exposure on the amount of albumin in BALF was limited (up to 60% increase). This study clearly showed that CC16 is a good marker for the assessment of the increased permeability of the lung/blood barrier after MS-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Van Miert
- Unit of Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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13
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van Bree L, Rietjens I, Alink GM, Dormans J, Marra M, Rombout P. Biochemical and morphological changes in lung tissue and isolated lung cells of rats induced by short-term nitrogen dioxide exposure. Hum Exp Toxicol 2000; 19:392-401. [PMID: 11002389 DOI: 10.1191/096032700678816151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of repeated exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on antioxidant enzymes in lung tissue and isolated lung cells, rats were continuously exposed to 20 mg/m3 NO2 (10.6 ppm) for 4 days. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) were measured in the cytosolic fraction of lung tissue of both control and NO2-exposed rats as well as in isolated alveolar macrophages (AMs) and type II cells. Qualitative and quantitative changes in AM and type II cells were studied by electron microscopy and by morphometric analyses using enzyme and immunohistochemistry. NO2 exposure resulted in significantly increased pulmonary activities of G6PDH, GR, and GSHPx, both expressed per lung and per gram of lung weight. Morphometric data show that NO2 exposure significantly increased the number of type II cells, predominantly in the centriacinar region, indicating proliferation of epithelium following cellular injury. Type II cells in lungs of NO2-exposed rats had a squamous, less cuboidal appearance with more lamellar bodies compared to type II cells in lungs of control rats. Compared to control lungs, a higher number of macrophages could be isolated from NO2-exposed lungs, while numbers of type II cells isolated from lungs of control and NO2-exposed rats were the same. Isolated type II cells from control and NO2-exposed rats were polymorphic, with a small number of lamellar bodies and without polarity. Isolated macrophages were rounded and contained many filopodia. NO2 exposure caused increases in the activities of G6PDH and GSHPx in isolated type II cells and of GSHPx in isolated macrophages, when expressed per number of cells. Macrophages and type II cells isolated from control and NO2-exposed rats and re-exposed in vitro to NO2, showed no differences in phagocytosis and viability features. Our results indicate that NO2-induced increases in pulmonary antioxidant enzymes are also reflected in isolated AM and type II cells. Since these lung cells do not display a decreased sensitivities toward an in vitro NO2 exposure, overall increase in antioxidant enzyme activities do not seem to play the most pivotal role in controlling cellular NO2 sensitivity and oxidant defence. Combined data from biochemical, morphological, and morphometric analyses of lungs and lung cells suggest that lung cell and tissue oxidant sensitivity and defence largely depends on the cell and tissue organisation, i.e., cell numbers and morphology as well as the ratio of surface area to cytoplasmic volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van Bree
- Laboratory for Health Effects Research, National Institute of Public Health and Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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14
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Immunological reactivity under conditions of prolonged exposure to ozone. Bull Exp Biol Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02433196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Papi A, Amadesi S, Chitano P, Boschetto P, Ciaccia A, Geppetti P, Fabbri LM, Mapp CE. Bronchopulmonary inflammation and airway smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness induced by nitrogen dioxide in guinea pigs. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 374:241-7. [PMID: 10422765 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether acute exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) causes major inflammatory responses (inflammatory cell recruitment, oedema and smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness) in guinea pig airways. Anaesthetised guinea pigs were exposed to 18 ppm NO2 or air for 4 h through a tracheal cannula. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and airway microvascular permeability and in vitro bronchial smooth muscle responsiveness were measured. Exposure to NO2 induced a significant increase in eosinophils and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, microvascular leakage in the trachea and main bronchi (but not in peripheral airways), and a significant in vitro hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine, electrical field stimulation, and neurokinin A, but not to histamine. Thus, this study shows that in vivo exposure to high concentrations of NO2 induces major inflammatory responses in guinea pig airways that mimic acute bronchitis induced by exposure to irritant gases in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Papi
- Research Centre on Asthma and COPD, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
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16
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McKinney WJ, Jaskot RH, Richards JH, Costa DL, Dreher KL. Cytokine mediation of ozone-induced pulmonary adaptation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 18:696-705. [PMID: 9569240 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.18.5.2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that a single exposure of animals to ozone (O3) can induce protection or adaptation to the acute injurious effects of a subsequent O3 challenge. Although a number of mechanisms have been proposed to account for this response, none appear to be fully explanatory. We examined the role interleukin (IL)-6 may play in the induction of adaptation to O3-induced pulmonary injury. A statistically significant 29-fold increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid IL-6 levels was observed in rats exposed to 0.5 ppm O3 during nighttime hours when compared with daytime hours even though similar kinetics of inflammation were induced by each exposure. Animals receiving an initial nighttime O3 exposure showed a lesser degree of inflammation following a subsequent O3 exposure when compared with animals which received an initial daytime exposure. Rats pretreated with IL-6 both intratracheally and intraperitoneally and subsequently exposed to O3 showed a lesser degree of cellular inflammation when compared with respective controls. Pretreatment of rats with anti-IL-6-receptor antibodies (ra) prior to the nighttime O3 exposure completely abrogated the O3-induced cellular adaptive response without effecting the inflammatory response induced by the initial nighttime O3 exposure. In fact, administration of anti-IL-6ra augmented the neutrophil influx following the second O3 exposure. Anti-IL-6ra treatment did not alter the pulmonary edema adaptive response, suggesting that the O3-induced cellular and edema adaptive responses are regulated by different mechanisms. Our data indicate that mobilization of pulmonary antioxidants does not play a role in the IL-6-mediated early cellular adaptive response and suggest that IL-6 is an essential mediator of the O3-induced cellular adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J McKinney
- Center for Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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17
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Schlesinger RB. Interaction of gaseous and particulate pollutants in the respiratory tract: mechanisms and modulators. Toxicology 1995; 105:315-25. [PMID: 8571368 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(95)03228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human contact with air pollution usually involves exposure to more than one chemical, and biological responses to the inhalation of polluted atmospheres likely depend upon the interplay between individual materials. Thus, characterizing effects from exposures to mixtures of air pollutants is necessary for adequate quantitation of health risks. Exposure to gas/particle mixtures may result in respiratory tract responses which are additive, or reflect synergistic or antagonistic interactions. The occurrence and type of interaction depends upon numerous factors, including the biological endpoint being examined and the specific exposure conditions, such as concentration, duration, and the physicochemical characteristics of the exposure atmosphere. It is, therefore, not always possible to predict solely from the presence of certain pollutants in a complex atmosphere exactly whether there will be an interaction and, if so, what type it will be. This complicates attempts to relate responses observed in laboratory studies of mixtures to those which may occur under ambient patterns of exposure, an extrapolation needed for human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Schlesinger
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, Tuxedo 10987, USA
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18
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van Bree L, Marra M, Rombout PJ. Differences in pulmonary biochemical and inflammatory responses of rats and guinea pigs resulting from daytime or nighttime, single and repeated exposure to ozone. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1992; 116:209-16. [PMID: 1412465 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(92)90300-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rats and guinea pigs were exposed to 0.8 mg ozone (O3)/m3 (approximately 0.4 ppm) for 12 hr during the daytime, 12 hr during the nighttime, or continuously to investigate circadian variation in O3-induced pulmonary toxicity during single and repeated O3 exposures. Biomarkers in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissues were measured as indicators of biochemical and inflammatory responses. Nighttime O3 exposure of rats resulted in larger increases of protein, albumin, and inflammatory cells in BAL fluid compared to those after daytime O3 exposure and this daytime-nighttime difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Single daytime or nighttime O3 exposure of guinea pigs resulted in comparable increases of BAL fluid proteins and inflammatory cells without a daytime-nighttime difference. Nighttime and continuous O3 exposure of rats for 3 days resulted in comparable increases in lung antioxidant enzyme activities, both of which differed statistically from effects from daytime O3 exposures (p < 0.05). Continuous O3 exposure of guinea pigs for 3 days caused, in general, statistically larger increases in lung tissue parameters compared to nighttime O3 exposures (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the extent of O3-induced acute pulmonary biochemical and inflammatory responses is directly related to the level of physical and respiratory activity. For rats, effects from continuous O3 exposure appear to be controlled by the nighttime, physically active period. In guinea pigs, the comparable responses following daytime or nighttime O3 exposure seem in accordance with their random behavioral daily activity pattern. This study supports the view that physical activity-related increases in inhaled dose significantly enhance the pulmonary O3 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van Bree
- Department of Inhalation Toxicology, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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19
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Tanswell AK, Han RN, Buch SJ, Fraher LJ. Circulating factors that modify lung cell DNA synthesis following exposure to inhaled oxidants. III. Effects of plasma on lung pneumocyte and fibroblast DNA synthesis following exposure of adult rats to 85% oxygen. Exp Lung Res 1991; 17:869-86. [PMID: 1959501 DOI: 10.3109/01902149109064323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies, in which adult rats were exposed to 1 ppm ozone for 2 weeks, demonstrated the appearance in plasma of separate factors that stimulated DNA synthesis by cultured pneumocytes and lung fibroblasts in a dose-dependent and cell-specific fashion. Both factors had isoelectric points of 6.45-6.75, but differed by molecular mass. The pneumocyte factor had an estimated weight of 38 +/- 3 kDa, while the fibroblast factor had an estimated molecular weight of 32 +/- 2 kDa. To determine whether the appearance of these factors in plasma is specific for ozone injury or whether they appear in response to other oxidant injuries, adult rats were exposed to 85% O2 or air for up to 2 weeks. Animals were sacrificed at 3, 5, 7, or 14 days after the onset of exposure. Plasma samples were subjected to sequential preparative electrofocusing and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Heat-inactivated plasma fractions, with an isoelectric point of 6.45-6.75, contained a factor of 32 +/- 2 kDa, which enhanced lung fibroblast DNA synthesis at a single time point on day 5 of 85% O2 exposure, and a factor of 38 +/- 3 kDa, which enhanced pneumocyte DNA synthesis on days 5, 7, and 14 of 85% O2 exposure. Of the known growth factors, those most likely to have these physical characteristics are platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1. Additional groups of animals were exposed to air or 85% O2 for 5 days for plasma collection. Animals exposed to 85% O2 had a 60% increase of plasma immunoreactive PDGF and a 90% increase of plasma immunoreactive IGF-1, compared with values for control animals exposed to air.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Tanswell
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bhalla DK, Rasmussen RE, Tjen S. Interactive effects of O3, cytochalasin D, and vinblastine on transepithelial transport and cytoskeleton in rat airways. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990; 3:119-29. [PMID: 2378746 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb/3.2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal perturbations and associated changes in transepithelial transport in rat airways were analyzed after in vivo treatment with cytochalasin D or vinblastine or exposure to ozone (O3). Exposure of O3 or cytochalasin D, but not vinblastine, increased permeability in the bronchoalveolar region. Combined treatment with cytochalasin D and O3 did not increase the effect seen with each agent alone. However, treatment with vinblastine plus 0.8 ppm O3 resulted in a slight enhancement of permeability over that seen with O3 alone. This enhancement was not seen with 2 ppm O3. When cytochalasin and vinblastine treatment were combined, a synergistic effect on bronchoalveolar permeability was seen, suggesting participation of both microfilamentous and microtubular cytoskeletal elements in maintaining the integrity of the bronchoalveolar epithelium. Potentially harmful effects of O3 on cytoskeletal elements were confirmed in rat lung epithelial cells in culture. O3 exposure produced reversible changes in microfilamentous structures comparable to those produced by cytochalasin D. The results of these studies support the hypotheses that the cytoskeleton has a central role in maintenance of respiratory epithelial integrity and that a target for O3 toxicity may be the components of cytoskeleton. These results, however, do not rule out the possibility that treatment with cytoskeleton destabilizing drugs leads to the release of mediators, which in turn contribute to the airway epithelial dysfunction and increased permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Bhalla
- Department of Community and Environmental Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717
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21
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Tanswell AK, Fraher LJ, Grose EC. Circulating factors that modify lung cell DNA synthesis following exposure to inhaled oxidants. II. Effect of serum and lavage on lung pneumocytes following exposure of adult rats to 1 ppm ozone. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1990; 29:131-44. [PMID: 2299685 DOI: 10.1080/15287399009531377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adult rats were exposed to 1 ppm (1.96 mg/m3) ozone or air for 2 wk. Animals were sacrificed at 3, 5, 7, or 14 d after the onset of exposure, and samples of plasma and lung lavage were obtained. Heat-inactivated plasma and lavage from animals exposed to ozone for 5 or 7 d significantly increased DNA synthesis by lung pneumocytes compared with plasma or lavage from air-exposed animals. Fractionation of plasma and lavage samples indicated that the factor responsible had an isoelectric point of 6.45-6.75, and a molecular weight of 38 +/- 3 kDa. This factor has a dose-dependent effect on lung pneumocyte DNA synthesis in culture. It has no effect on cultured fibroblast DNA synthesis, and is distinct from a previously described factor in the plasma of these ozone-exposed animals that enhances fibroblast DNA synthesis. The factor is detectable within 5 d of exposure, and may hold some promise as a marker of early oxidant lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Tanswell
- Department of Pediatrics and Anatomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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22
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PRASAD SHANKERB, RAO VSRINIVASA, McCLURE THOMASR, MANNIX RICHARDC, PHALEN ROBERTF. Toxic Effects of Short-Term Exposures to Acids and Diesel Exhaust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1089/jam.1990.3.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Frampton MW, Finkelstein JN, Roberts NJ, Smeglin AM, Morrow PE, Utell MJ. Effects of nitrogen dioxide exposure on bronchoalveolar lavage proteins in humans. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1989; 1:499-505. [PMID: 2484060 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb/1.6.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a pollutant of both outdoor and indoor atmospheres that has the potential to alter alveolar epithelial permeability. In order to assess alterations in the protein content of alveolar lining fluid induced by brief (3-h) exposures to low-level NO2, normal volunteers were exposed sequentially to air and NO2, separated by at least 2 wk, in an environmental chamber. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed after exposure. Four experimental protocols were used: (1) continuous 0.60 ppm NO2 with BAL performed 3.5 h after exposure (n = 8), (2) background 0.05 ppm NO2 with three 15-min peaks of 2.0 ppm followed by BAL 3.5 h after exposure (n = 15), (3) continuous 0.60 ppm NO2 with BAL performed 18 h after exposure (n = 8), and (4) continuous 1.5 ppm NO2 with BAL 3.5 h after exposure (n = 15). No changes in lavage fluid levels of total protein or albumin were observed in response to NO2. However, exposure to continuous 0.60 ppm NO2 was associated with increases in lavage fluid levels of the antiprotease alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) when assessed 3.5 h after exposure (air versus NO2: 20 +/- 1 versus 29 +/- 2 ng/ml, P = 0.01). No significant changes in levels of alpha 2M in BAL fluid were observed in the other exposure protocols. Lavaged cell numbers, differential counts, and viability were not altered by exposure to the pollutant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Frampton
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York
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Tanswell AK, Fraher LJ, Grose EC. Circulating factors that modify lung cell DNA synthesis following exposure to inhaled oxidants. I. Effect of serum and lavage on lung fibroblasts following exposure of adult rats to 1 ppm ozone. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1989; 27:239-54. [PMID: 2733060 DOI: 10.1080/15287398909531294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Adult rats were exposed to 1 ppm (1.96 mg/m3) ozone or air for 2 wk. Animals were sacrificed at 3, 5, 7, or 14 d after the onset of exposure, and samples of plasma and lung lavage were obtained. Heat-inactivated plasma, from animals exposed to ozone for 7 or 14 d, significantly increased DNA synthesis by lung fibroblasts compared with plasma from air-exposed animals. Fractionation of plasma and lavage samples indicated that the factor responsible had an isoelectric point of 6.45-6.75 and a molecular weight of 32 +/- 2 kDa. This factor has a dose-dependent effect on lung fibroblast DNA synthesis in culture, but no significant effect on cultured pneumocyte DNA synthesis. The factor is detectable within 72 h of exposure, and may hold some promise as a marker of early oxidant lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Tanswell
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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25
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Ozone Health Effects and Emerging Issues in Relation to Standards Setting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1116(08)70577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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26
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Prasad SB, Rao VS, Mannix RC, Phalen RF. Effects of pollutant atmospheres on surface receptors of pulmonary macrophages. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1988; 24:385-402. [PMID: 3398079 DOI: 10.1080/15287398809531169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of two multicomponent pollutant atmospheres on the surface receptors (FcR) and phagocytic activity of rat pulmonary alveolar macrophages have been studied. FcR are crucial for the macrophages to become cytotoxic against target cells. The atmospheres were composed of pollutants that are prevalent in the South Coast Air Basin of southern California. Rats were exposed nose-only to a 7-component oxidant-and sulfate-containing atmosphere for 4 h/d for either 7 or 21 consecutive days. In another experiment rats were exposed 5 h/d for 5 consecutive days to another pollutant combination--acid droplets plus carbon-containing dilute diesel engine exhaust. In both experiments matched rats were exposed nose-only to purified air to be used as controls. Each of the atmospheres studied significantly reduced FcR activity for at least 3 d following the exposure, with the group of rats exposed to the 7-component atmosphere for 21 d exhibiting the most pronounced effect. Macrophages from rats exposed to the diesel exhaust plus acid atmosphere and the 7-component atmosphere for 7 d had significantly reduced phagocytic activity for at least 3 d postexposure, while the macrophages from rats exposed to the latter atmosphere for 21 d had phagocytic activity near control values. The decrease in phagocytosis and inhibition of FcR of macrophages suggests an impairment of macrophage function that probably renders the host vulnerable to bacterial and/or viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Prasad
- Department of Community and Environmental Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717
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