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Meier SM, Steinmetz MO, Barral Y. Microtubule specialization by +TIP networks: from mechanisms to functional implications. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:318-332. [PMID: 38350804 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
To fulfill their actual cellular role, individual microtubules become functionally specialized through a broad range of mechanisms. The 'search and capture' model posits that microtubule dynamics and functions are specified by cellular targets that they capture (i.e., a posteriori), independently of the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) they emerge from. However, work in budding yeast indicates that MTOCs may impart a functional identity to the microtubules they nucleate, a priori. Key effectors in this process are microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs), which track microtubule tips to regulate their dynamics and facilitate their targeted interactions. In this review, we discuss potential mechanisms of a priori microtubule specialization, focusing on recent findings indicating that +TIP networks may undergo liquid biomolecular condensation in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro M Meier
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, and Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland; Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland; University of Basel, Biozentrum, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Yves Barral
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, and Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
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2
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Liu T, Liu Y, Peng M, Liu Q, Si G. Slain2 attenuates brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage by controlling axonal microtubule structure in mice. Neurosci Lett 2023; 816:137495. [PMID: 37741612 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal injury is accountable for the poor outcome of SAH patients. In this study, oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) was used to treat cultured primary neurons to simulate SAH, while the SAH model was established by vascular puncture in mice. First, proteomics analysis and western blot assays showed Slain2 as an increased factor in neurons exposed to oxyHb treatment, which has been reported to play an important role in axonal development by regulating microtubule stability. Upregulation of neuronal Slain2 was also detected in the murine SAH model compared with sham surgery. In addition, there was no sex difference in the protein level of Slain2 in either the sham-operated or SAH groups. Furthermore, Slain2 overexpression rescued SAH-induced sensorimotor impairments in mice, while Slain2 knockdown had the opposite effect. Finally, Slain2 overexpression rescued SAH-induced axonal injury both in vivo and in vitro, which was exacerbated by Slain2 knockdown. Thus, we demonstrate here that Slain2 acts as an endogenous protective factor of neuronal axonal microtubule structure, which plays a key role in the protection against SAH-induced neuronal axonal injury. Facilitated axonal microtubule structure by Slain2 overexpression may reduce SAH-induced axonal injury and neurobehavioral dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 324 Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 324 Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 324 Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 324 Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guomin Si
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 324 Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China.
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Lu W, Lakonishok M, Gelfand VI. The dynamic duo of microtubule polymerase Mini spindles/XMAP215 and cytoplasmic dynein is essential for maintaining Drosophila oocyte fate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303376120. [PMID: 37722034 PMCID: PMC10523470 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303376120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In many species, only one oocyte is specified among a group of interconnected germline sister cells. In Drosophila melanogaster, 16 interconnected cells form a germline cyst, where one cell differentiates into an oocyte, while the rest become nurse cells that supply the oocyte with mRNAs, proteins, and organelles through intercellular cytoplasmic bridges named ring canals via microtubule-based transport. In this study, we find that a microtubule polymerase Mini spindles (Msps), the Drosophila homolog of XMAP215, is essential for maintenance of the oocyte specification. mRNA encoding Msps is transported and concentrated in the oocyte by dynein-dependent transport along microtubules. Translated Msps stimulates microtubule polymerization in the oocyte, causing more microtubule plus ends to grow from the oocyte through the ring canals into nurse cells, further enhancing nurse cell-to-oocyte transport by dynein. Knockdown of msps blocks the oocyte growth and causes gradual loss of oocyte determinants. Thus, the Msps-dynein duo creates a positive feedback loop, ensuring oocyte fate maintenance by promoting high microtubule polymerization activity in the oocyte, and enhancing dynein-dependent nurse cell-to-oocyte transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL60611
| | - Margot Lakonishok
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL60611
| | - Vladimir I. Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL60611
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4
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Park J, Xie Y, Miller KG, De Camilli P, Yogev S. End-binding protein 1 promotes specific motor-cargo association in the cell body prior to axonal delivery of dense core vesicles. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3851-3864.e7. [PMID: 37586371 PMCID: PMC10529979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Axonal transport is key to neuronal function. Efficient transport requires specific motor-cargo association in the soma, yet the mechanisms regulating this early step remain poorly understood. We found that EBP-1, the C. elegans ortholog of the canonical-microtubule-end-binding protein EB1, promotes the specific association between kinesin-3/KIF1A/UNC-104 and dense core vesicles (DCVs) prior to their axonal delivery. Using single-neuron, in vivo labeling of endogenous cargo and EBs, we observed reduced axonal abundance and reduced secretion of DCV cargo, but not other KIF1A/UNC-104 cargoes, in ebp-1 mutants. This reduction could be traced back to fewer exit events from the cell body, where EBP-1 colocalized with the DCV sorting machinery at the trans Golgi, suggesting that this is the site of EBP-1 function. EBP-1 calponin homology (CH) domain was required for directing microtubule growth on the Golgi, and mammalian EB1 interacted with KIF1A in an EBH-domain-dependent manner. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments suggest a model in which both kinesin-3 binding and guidance of microtubule growth at the trans Golgi by EBP-1 promote motor-cargo association at sites of DCV biogenesis. In support of this model, tethering either EBP-1 or a kinesin-3/KIF1A/UNC-104-interacting domain from an unrelated protein to the Golgi restored the axonal abundance of DCV proteins in ebp-1 mutants. These results uncover an unexpected role for a microtubule-associated protein and provide insights into how specific kinesin-3 cargo is delivered to the axon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyun Park
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kenneth G Miller
- Genetic Models of Disease Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 N. E. 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shaul Yogev
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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5
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Wang W, Li W, Pan L, Li L, Xu Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhang S. Dynamic Regulation Genes at Microtubule Plus Ends: A Novel Class of Glioma Biomarkers. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030488. [PMID: 36979179 PMCID: PMC10045452 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Microtubule plus-end-related genes (MPERGs) encode a group of proteins that specifically aggregate at the microtubule plus ends to play critical biological roles in the cell cycle, cell movement, ciliogenesis, and neuronal development by coordinating microtubule assembly and dynamics; however, the MPERG correlations and their clinical significance in glioma are not fully understood. This study is the first to systematically analyze and define a seven-gene signature (CTTNBP2, KIF18A, NAV1, SLAIN2, SRCIN1, TRIO, and TTBK2) and nomogram model closely associated with clinical factors and the tumor microenvironment as a reliable and independent prognostic biomarker to guide personalized choices of immunotherapy and chemotherapy for glioma patients. Abstract Glioma is the most prevalent and aggressive primary nervous system tumor with an unfavorable prognosis. Microtubule plus-end-related genes (MPERGs) play critical biological roles in the cell cycle, cell movement, ciliogenesis, and neuronal development by coordinating microtubule assembly and dynamics. This research seeks to systematically explore the oncological characteristics of these genes in microtubule-enriched glioma, focusing on developing a novel MPERG-based prognostic signature to improve the prognosis and provide more treatment options for glioma patients. First, we thoroughly analyzed and identified 45 differentially expressed MPERGs in glioma. Based on these genes, glioma patients were well distinguished into two subgroups with survival and tumor microenvironment infiltration differences. Next, we further screened the independent prognostic genes (CTTNBP2, KIF18A, NAV1, SLAIN2, SRCIN1, TRIO, and TTBK2) using 36 prognostic-related differentially expressed MPERGs to construct a signature with risk stratification and prognostic prediction ability. An increased risk score was related to the malignant progression of glioma. Therefore, we also designed a nomogram model containing clinical factors to facilitate the clinical use of the risk signature. The prediction accuracy of the signature and nomogram model was verified using The Cancer Genome Atlas and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas datasets. Finally, we examined the connection between the signature and tumor microenvironment. The signature positively correlated with tumor microenvironment infiltration, especially immunoinhibitors and the tumor mutation load, and negatively correlated with microsatellite instability and cancer stemness. More importantly, immune checkpoint blockade treatment and drug sensitivity analyses confirmed that this prognostic signature was helpful in anticipating the effect of immunotherapy and chemotherapy. In conclusion, this research is the first study to define and validate an MPERG-based signature closely associated with the tumor microenvironment as a reliable and independent prognostic biomarker to guide personalized choices of immunotherapy and chemotherapy for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Weilong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lifang Pan
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lingjie Li
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yasi Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (S.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-5600-7650 (S.Z.)
| | - Shirong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (S.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-5600-7650 (S.Z.)
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6
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Lu W, Lakonishok M, Gelfand VI. Drosophila oocyte specification is maintained by the dynamic duo of microtubule polymerase Mini spindles/XMAP215 and dynein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.09.531953. [PMID: 36945460 PMCID: PMC10028982 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.09.531953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
In many species, only one oocyte is specified among a group of interconnected germline sister cells. In Drosophila melanogaster , 16-cell interconnected cells form a germline cyst, where one cell differentiates into an oocyte, while the rest become nurse cells that supply the oocyte with mRNAs, proteins, and organelles through intercellular cytoplasmic bridges named ring canals via microtubule-based transport. In this study, we find that a microtubule polymerase Mini spindles (Msps), the Drosophila homolog of XMAP215, is essential for the oocyte fate determination. mRNA encoding Msps is concentrated in the oocyte by dynein-dependent transport along microtubules. Translated Msps stimulates microtubule polymerization in the oocyte, causing more microtubule plus ends to grow from the oocyte through the ring canals into nurse cells, further enhancing nurse cell-to-oocyte transport by dynein. Knockdown of msps blocks the oocyte growth and causes gradual loss of oocyte determinants. Thus, the Msps-dynein duo creates a positive feedback loop, enhancing dynein-dependent nurse cell-to-oocyte transport and transforming a small stochastic difference in microtubule polarity among sister cells into a clear oocyte fate determination. Significance statement Oocyte determination in Drosophila melanogaster provides a valuable model for studying cell fate specification. We describe the crucial role of the duo of microtubule polymerase Mini spindles (Msps) and cytoplasmic dynein in this process. We show that Msps is essential for oocyte fate determination. Msps concentration in the oocyte is achieved through dynein-dependent transport of msps mRNA along microtubules. Translated Msps stimulates microtubule polymerization in the oocyte, further enhancing nurse cell-to-oocyte transport by dynein. This creates a positive feedback loop that transforms a small stochastic difference in microtubule polarity among sister cells into a clear oocyte fate determination. Our findings provide important insights into the mechanisms of oocyte specification and have implications for understanding the development of multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Margot Lakonishok
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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7
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Park J, Miller KG, De Camilli P, Yogev S. End Binding protein 1 promotes specific motor-cargo association in the cell body prior to axonal delivery of Dense Core Vesicles. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.12.523768. [PMID: 36711860 PMCID: PMC9882160 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.12.523768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Axonal transport is key to neuronal function. Efficient transport requires specific motor-cargo association in the soma, yet the mechanisms regulating this early step remain poorly understood. We found that EBP-1, the C. elegans ortholog of the canonical microtubule end binding protein EB1, promotes the specific association between kinesin-3/KIF1A/UNC-104 and Dense Core Vesicles (DCVs) prior to their axonal delivery. Using single-neuron, in vivo labelling of endogenous cargo and EBs, we observed reduced axonal abundance and reduced secretion of DCV cargo, but not other KIF1A/UNC-104 cargo, in ebp-1 mutants. This reduction could be traced back to fewer exit events from the cell body, where EBP-1 colocalized with the DCV sorting machinery at the trans Golgi, suggesting that this is the site of EBP-1 function. In addition to its microtubule binding CH domain, mammalian EB1 interacted with mammalian KIF1A in an EBH domain dependent manner, and expression of mammalian EB1 or the EBH domain was sufficient to rescue DCV transport in ebp-1 mutants. Our results suggest a model in which kinesin-3 binding and microtubule binding by EBP-1 cooperate to transiently enrich the motor near sites of DCV biogenesis to promote motor-cargo association. In support of this model, tethering either EBP-1 or a kinesin-3 KIF1A/UNC-104 interacting domain from an unrelated protein to the Golgi restored the axonal abundance of DCV proteins in ebp-1 mutants. These results uncover an unexpected role for a microtubule associated protein and provide insight into how specific kinesin-3 cargo are delivered to the axon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyun Park
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Kenneth G. Miller
- Genetic Models of Disease Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 N. E. 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven CT 06510
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Shaul Yogev
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
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Zhao JC, Saleh A, Crooke ST. SIDT2 Inhibits Phosphorothioate Antisense Oligonucleotide Activity by Regulating Cellular Localization of Lysosomes. Nucleic Acid Ther 2022; 33:108-116. [PMID: 36576400 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2022.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorothioate (PS)-modified antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) drugs enter cells through endocytic pathways where a majority are entrapped within membrane-bound endosomes and lysosomes, representing a limiting step for antisense activity. While late endosomes have been identified as a major site for productive PS-ASO release, how lysosomes regulate PS-ASO activity beyond macromolecule degradation remains not fully understood. In this study, we reported that SID1 transmembrane family, member 2 (SIDT2), a lysosome transmembrane protein, can robustly regulate PS-ASO activity. We showed that SIDT2 is required for the proper colocalization between PS-ASO and lysosomes, suggesting an important role of SIDT2 in the entrapment of PS-ASOs in lysosomes. Mechanistically, we revealed that SIDT2 regulates lysosome cellular location. Lysosome location is largely determined by its movement along microtubules. Interestingly, we also observed an enrichment of proteins involved in microtubule function among SIDT2-binding proteins, suggesting that SIDT2 regulates lysosome location via its interaction with microtubule-related proteins. Overall, our data suggest that lysosome protein SIDT2 inhibits PS-ASO activity potentially through its interaction with microtubule-related proteins to place lysosomes at perinuclear regions, thus, facilitating PS-ASO's localization to lysosomes for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Crystal Zhao
- Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Aurian Saleh
- Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Stanley T Crooke
- Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
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9
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Houston DW, Elliott KL, Coppenrath K, Wlizla M, Horb ME. Maternal Wnt11b regulates cortical rotation during Xenopus axis formation: analysis of maternal-effect wnt11b mutants. Development 2022; 149:dev200552. [PMID: 35946588 PMCID: PMC9515810 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric signalling centres in the early embryo are essential for axis formation in vertebrates. These regions (e.g. amphibian dorsal morula, mammalian anterior visceral endoderm) require stabilised nuclear β-catenin, but the role of localised Wnt ligand signalling activity in their establishment remains unclear. In Xenopus, dorsal β-catenin is initiated by vegetal microtubule-mediated symmetry breaking in the fertilised egg, known as 'cortical rotation'. Localised wnt11b mRNA and ligand-independent activators of β-catenin have been implicated in dorsal β-catenin activation, but the extent to which each contributes to axis formation in this paradigm remains unclear. Here, we describe a CRISPR-mediated maternal-effect mutation in Xenopus laevis wnt11b.L. We find that wnt11b is maternally required for robust dorsal axis formation and for timely gastrulation, and zygotically for left-right asymmetry. Importantly, we show that vegetal microtubule assembly and cortical rotation are reduced in wnt11b mutant eggs. In addition, we show that activated Wnt coreceptor Lrp6 and Dishevelled lack behaviour consistent with roles in early β-catenin stabilisation, and that neither is regulated by Wnt11b. This work thus implicates Wnt11b in the distribution of putative dorsal determinants rather than in comprising the determinants themselves. This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. Houston
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA
| | - Karen L. Elliott
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA
| | - Kelsey Coppenrath
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Marcin Wlizla
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Marko E. Horb
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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10
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MALAT1 in colorectal cancer: Its implication as a diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarker. Gene 2022; 843:146791. [PMID: 35961438 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 (MALAT1), originally described as a prognostic biomarker remarkably linked with metastasis potential in lung cancer, has been identified as contributing to many diseases, including colorectal cancer (CRC). This long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has come to the forefront of lncRNA research for its implications in cancer-related processes, such as cell proliferation and migration. In general, lncRNAs are recognized as enhancers, scaffolds, or decoys for a variety of oncogenes and tumor suppressors, although our understanding of lncRNA functions and mechanisms of action is still limited. Nowadays, cancer research is attracted to lncRNAs' ability to improve the early diagnosis of cancer, determine patients' prognosis, or predict therapy outcomes. In this review, we aimed to evaluate recent publications trying to uncover the cellular mechanisms of MALAT1-mediated regulation, and its potential exploitation in the management of CRC. The conclusions of this review provide robust support for the essential role of MALAT1 in CRC development and future personalized therapy.
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Chen Y, Liu X, Zhang W, Li J, Liu H, Yang L, Lei P, Zhang H, Yu F. MOR1/MAP215 acts synergistically with katanin to control cell division and anisotropic cell elongation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3006-3027. [PMID: 35579372 PMCID: PMC9373954 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The MAP215 family of microtubule (MT) polymerase/nucleation factors and the MT severing enzyme katanin are widely conserved MT-associated proteins (MAPs) across the plant and animal kingdoms. However, how these two essential MAPs coordinate to regulate plant MT dynamics and development remains unknown. Here, we identified novel hypomorphic alleles of MICROTUBULE ORGANIZATION 1 (MOR1), encoding the Arabidopsis thaliana homolog of MAP215, in genetic screens for mutants oversensitive to the MT-destabilizing drug propyzamide. Live imaging in planta revealed that MOR1-green fluorescent protein predominantly tracks the plus-ends of cortical MTs (cMTs) in interphase cells and labels preprophase band, spindle and phragmoplast MT arrays in dividing cells. Remarkably, MOR1 and KATANIN 1 (KTN1), the p60 subunit of Arabidopsis katanin, act synergistically to control the proper formation of plant-specific MT arrays, and consequently, cell division and anisotropic cell expansion. Moreover, MOR1 physically interacts with KTN1 and promotes KTN1-mediated severing of cMTs. Our work establishes the Arabidopsis MOR1-KTN1 interaction as a central functional node dictating MT dynamics and plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Haofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Pei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hongchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Author for correspondence:
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12
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Ouyang J, Wu Y, Li Y, Miao J, Zheng S, Tang H, Wang C, Xiong Y, Gao Y, Wang L, Yan X, Chen H. Identification of key candidate genes for wing length-related traits by whole-genome resequencing in 772 geese. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:747-753. [PMID: 35848598 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2102889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1. A total of 772, 420-day-old Xingguo gray geese (XGG) were sequenced using a low-depth (~1×) whole-genome resequencing strategy to reveal the genetic mechanism of wing length-related traits by genome-wide association analysis (GWAS).2. The results showed that 119 SNPs had genome-wide significance for wing length in five regions of chromosome 4, of which the most significant locus (P=7.95E-11) was located upstream of RBM47 and explained 7.3% of phenotypic variation.3. A total of 219 SNPs located on chromosome 4 that were associated with 2-joint-wing length, of which four SNPs reached the genome-wide significant level. However, for the length of 1-joint-wing and primary feather, we did not detect any associated locus.4. Six promising candidate genes, RBM47, SLAIN2, GRXCR1, SLC10A4, APBB2 and NSUN7 on chromosome 4, may play an important role in the growth and development of feathers, muscles and bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ouyang
- School of life science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yongfei Wu
- School of life science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yaxi Li
- School of life science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Junjie Miao
- School of life science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Sumei Zheng
- School of life science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongbo Tang
- School of life science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of life science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanpeng Xiong
- School of life science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuren Gao
- School of life science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Luping Wang
- School of life science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | | | - Hao Chen
- School of life science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
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13
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Hoff KJ, Aiken JE, Gutierrez MA, Franco SJ, Moore JK. Tubulinopathy mutations in TUBA1A that disrupt neuronal morphogenesis and migration override XMAP215/Stu2 regulation of microtubule dynamics. eLife 2022; 11:76189. [PMID: 35511030 PMCID: PMC9236607 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous, missense mutations in α- or β-tubulin genes are associated with a wide range of human brain malformations, known as tubulinopathies. We seek to understand whether a mutation’s impact at the molecular and cellular levels scale with the severity of brain malformation. Here, we focus on two mutations at the valine 409 residue of TUBA1A, V409I, and V409A, identified in patients with pachygyria or lissencephaly, respectively. We find that ectopic expression of TUBA1A-V409I/A mutants disrupt neuronal migration in mice and promote excessive neurite branching and a decrease in the number of neurite retraction events in primary rat neuronal cultures. These neuronal phenotypes are accompanied by increased microtubule acetylation and polymerization rates. To determine the molecular mechanisms, we modeled the V409I/A mutants in budding yeast and found that they promote intrinsically faster microtubule polymerization rates in cells and in reconstitution experiments with purified tubulin. In addition, V409I/A mutants decrease the recruitment of XMAP215/Stu2 to plus ends in budding yeast and ablate tubulin binding to TOG (tumor overexpressed gene) domains. In each assay tested, the TUBA1A-V409I mutant exhibits an intermediate phenotype between wild type and the more severe TUBA1A-V409A, reflecting the severity observed in brain malformations. Together, our data support a model in which the V409I/A mutations disrupt microtubule regulation typically conferred by XMAP215 proteins during neuronal morphogenesis and migration, and this impact on tubulin activity at the molecular level scales with the impact at the cellular and tissue levels. Proteins are molecules made up of long chains of building blocks called amino acids. When a mutation changes one of these amino acids, it can lead to the protein malfunctioning, which can have many effects at the cell and tissue level. Given that human proteins are made up of 20 different amino acids, each building block in a protein could mutate to any of the other 19 amino acids, and each mutations could have different effects. Tubulins are proteins that form microtubules, thin tubes that help give cells their shape and allow them to migrate. These proteins are added or removed to microtubules depending on the cell’s needs, meaning that microtubules can grow or shrink depending on the situation. Mutations in the tubulin proteins have been linked to malformations of varying severities involving the formation of ridges and folds on the surface of the brain, including lissencephaly, pachygyria or polymicrogyria. Hoff et al. wanted to establish links between tubulin mutations and the effects observed at both cell and tissue level in the brain. They focused on two mutations in the tubulin protein TUBA1A that affect the amino acid in position 409 in the protein, which is normally a valine. One of the mutations turns this valine into an amino acid called isoleucine. This mutation is associated with pachygyria, which leads to the brain developing few ridges that are broad and flat. The second mutation turns the valine into an alanine, and is linked to lissencephaly, a more severe condition in which the brain develops no ridges, appearing smooth. Hoff et al. found that both mutations interfere with the development of the brain by stopping neurons from migrating properly, which prevents them from forming the folds in the brain correctly. At the cellular level, the mutations lead to tubulins becoming harder to remove from microtubules, making microtubules more stable than usual. This results in longer microtubules that are harder for the cell to shorten or destroy as needed. Additionally, Hoff et al. showed that the mutant versions of TUBA1A have weaker interactions with a protein called XMAP215, which controls the addition of tubulin to microtubules. This causes the microtubules to grow uncontrollably. Hoff et al. also established that the magnitude of the effects of each mutation on microtubule growth scale with the severity of the disorder they cause. Specifically, cells in which TUBA1A is not mutated have microtubules that grow at a normal rate, and lead to typical brain development. Meanwhile, cells carrying the mutation that turns a valine into an alanine, which is linked to the more severe condition lissencephaly, have microtubules that grow very fast. Finally, cells in which the valine is mutated to an isoleucine – the mutation associated with the less severe malformation pachygyria – have microtubules that grow at an intermediate rate. These findings provide a link between mutations in tubulin proteins and larger effects on cell movement that lead to brain malformations. Additionally, they also link the severity of the malformation to the severity of the microtubule defect caused by each mutation. Further work could examine whether microtubule stabilization is also seen in other similar diseases, which, in the long term, could reveal ways to detect and treat these illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn J Hoff
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
| | - Jayne E Aiken
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
| | - Mark A Gutierrez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
| | - Santos J Franco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Moore
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
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14
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Wu YFO, Miller RA, Alberico EO, Huang YAP, Bryant AT, Nelson NT, Jonasson EM, Goodson HV. The CLIP-170 N-terminal domain binds directly to both F-actin and microtubules in a mutually exclusive manner. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101820. [PMID: 35283190 PMCID: PMC9062740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cooperation between the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletons is important for cellular processes such as cell migration and muscle cell development. However, a full understanding of how this cooperation occurs has yet to be sufficiently developed. The MT plus-end tracking protein CLIP-170 has been implicated in this actin-MT coordination by associating with the actin-binding signaling protein IQGAP1 and by promoting actin polymerization through binding with formins. Thus far, the interactions of CLIP-170 with actin were assumed to be indirect. Here, we demonstrate using high-speed cosedimentation assays that CLIP-170 can bind to filamentous actin (F-actin) directly. We found that the affinity of this binding is relatively weak but strong enough to be significant in the actin-rich cortex, where actin concentrations can be extremely high. Using CLIP-170 fragments and mutants, we show that the direct CLIP-170-F-actin interaction is independent of the FEED domain, the region that mediates formin-dependent actin polymerization, and that the CLIP-170 F-actin-binding region overlaps with the MT-binding region. Consistent with these observations, in vitro competition assays indicate that CLIP-170-F-actin and CLIP-170-MT interactions are mutually exclusive. Taken together, these observations lead us to speculate that direct CLIP-170-F-actin interactions may function to reduce the stability of MTs in actin-rich regions of the cell, as previously proposed for MT end-binding protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Fu O Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Rachel A Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Emily O Alberico
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Yaobing A P Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Annamarie T Bryant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Nora T Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Erin M Jonasson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Holly V Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
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15
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Dema A, van Haren J, Wittmann T. Optogenetic EB1 inactivation shortens metaphase spindles by disrupting cortical force-producing interactions with astral microtubules. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1197-1205.e4. [PMID: 35090591 PMCID: PMC8930524 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome segregation is accomplished by the mitotic spindle, a bipolar micromachine built primarily from microtubules. Different microtubule populations contribute to spindle function: kinetochore microtubules attach and transmit forces to chromosomes, antiparallel interpolar microtubules support spindle structure, and astral microtubules connect spindle poles to the cell cortex.1,2 In mammalian cells, end-binding (EB) proteins associate with all growing microtubule plus ends throughout the cell cycle and serve as adaptors for diverse +TIPs that control microtubule dynamics and interactions with other intracellular structures.3 Because binding of many +TIPs to EB1 and thus microtubule-end association is switched off by mitotic phosphorylation,4-6 the mitotic function of EBs remains poorly understood. To analyze how EB1 and associated +TIPs on different spindle microtubule populations contribute to mitotic spindle dynamics, we use a light-sensitive EB1 variant, π-EB1, that allows local, acute, and reversible inactivation of +TIP association with growing microtubule ends in live cells.7 We find that acute π-EB1 photoinactivation results in rapid and reversible metaphase spindle shortening and transient relaxation of tension across the central spindle. However, in contrast to interphase, π-EB1 photoinactivation does not inhibit microtubule growth in metaphase but instead increases astral microtubule length and number. Yet in the absence of EB1 activity, astral microtubules fail to engage the cortical dynein/dynactin machinery, and spindle poles move away from regions of π-EB1 photoinactivation. In conclusion, our optogenetic approach reveals mitotic EB1 functions that remain hidden in genetic experiments, likely due to compensatory molecular systems regulating vertebrate spindle dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dema
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Torsten Wittmann
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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16
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Kemper EK, Zhang Y, Dix MM, Cravatt BF. Global profiling of phosphorylation-dependent changes in cysteine reactivity. Nat Methods 2022; 19:341-352. [PMID: 35228727 PMCID: PMC8920781 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics has revealed that the ~20,000 human genes engender a far greater number of proteins, or proteoforms, that are diversified in large part by post-translational modifications (PTMs). How such PTMs affect protein structure and function is an active area of research but remains technically challenging to assess on a proteome-wide scale. Here, we describe a chemical proteomic method to quantitatively relate serine/threonine phosphorylation to changes in the reactivity of cysteine residues, a parameter that can affect the potential for cysteines to be post-translationally modified or engaged by covalent drugs. Leveraging the extensive high-stoichiometry phosphorylation occurring in mitotic cells, we discover numerous cysteines that exhibit phosphorylation-dependent changes in reactivity on diverse proteins enriched in cell cycle regulatory pathways. The discovery of bidirectional changes in cysteine reactivity often occurring in proximity to serine/threonine phosphorylation events points to the broad impact of phosphorylation on the chemical reactivity of proteins and the future potential to create small-molecule probes that differentially target proteoforms with PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther K Kemper
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Yuanjin Zhang
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Melissa M Dix
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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17
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Structure and regulation of the microtubule plus-end tracking protein Kar9. Structure 2021; 29:1266-1278.e4. [PMID: 34237274 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In many eukaryotes, coordination of chromosome segregation with cell cleavage relies on the patterned interaction of specific microtubules with actin filaments through dedicated microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs). However, how these +TIPs are spatially controlled is unclear. The yeast +TIP Kar9 drives one of the spindle aster microtubules along actin cables to align the mitotic spindle with the axis of cell division. Here, we report the crystal structure of Kar9's folded domain, revealing spectrin repeats reminiscent of the +TIPs MACF/ACF7/Shot and PRC1/Ase1. Point mutations abrogating spectrin-repeat-mediated dimerization of Kar9 reduced and randomized Kar9 distribution to microtubule tips, and impaired spindle positioning. Six Cdk1 sites surround the Kar9 dimerization interface. Their phosphomimetic substitution inhibited Kar9 dimerization, displaced Kar9 from microtubules, and affected its interaction with the myosin motor Myo2. Our results provide molecular-level understanding on how diverse cell types may regulate and pattern microtubule-actin interactions to orchestrate their divisions.
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18
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Herman JA, Miller MP, Biggins S. chTOG is a conserved mitotic error correction factor. eLife 2020; 9:e61773. [PMID: 33377866 PMCID: PMC7773332 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation requires kinetochores on duplicated chromatids to biorient by attaching to dynamic microtubules from opposite spindle poles, which exerts forces to bring kinetochores under tension. However, kinetochores initially bind to microtubules indiscriminately, resulting in errors that must be corrected. While the Aurora B protein kinase destabilizes low-tension attachments by phosphorylating kinetochores, low-tension attachments are intrinsically less stable than those under higher tension in vitro independent of Aurora activity. Intrinsic tension-sensitive behavior requires the microtubule regulator Stu2 (budding yeast Dis1/XMAP215 ortholog), which we demonstrate here is likely a conserved function for the TOG protein family. The human TOG protein, chTOG, localizes to kinetochores independent of microtubules by interacting with Hec1. We identify a chTOG mutant that regulates microtubule dynamics but accumulates erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments that are not destabilized by Aurora B. Thus, TOG proteins confer a unique, intrinsic error correction activity to kinetochores that ensures accurate chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Herman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Matthew P Miller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Sue Biggins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
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19
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Singh D, Schmidt N, Müller F, Bange T, Bird AW. Destabilization of Long Astral Microtubules via Cdk1-Dependent Removal of GTSE1 from Their Plus Ends Facilitates Prometaphase Spindle Orientation. Curr Biol 2020; 31:766-781.e8. [PMID: 33333009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The precise regulation of microtubule dynamics over time and space in dividing cells is critical for several mitotic mechanisms that ultimately enable cell proliferation, tissue organization, and development. Astral microtubules, which extend from the centrosome toward the cell cortex, must be present for the mitotic spindle to properly orient, as well as for the faithful execution of anaphase and cytokinesis. However, little is understood about how the dynamic properties of astral microtubules are regulated spatiotemporally, or the contribution of astral microtubule dynamics to spindle positioning. The mitotic regulator Cdk1-CyclinB promotes destabilization of centrosomal microtubules and increased microtubule dynamics as cells enter mitosis, but how Cdk1 activity modulates astral microtubule stability, and whether it impacts spindle positioning, is unknown. Here, we uncover a mechanism revealing that Cdk1 destabilizes astral microtubules in prometaphase and thereby influences spindle reorientation. Phosphorylation of the EB1-dependent microtubule plus-end tracking protein GTSE1 by Cdk1 in early mitosis abolishes its interaction with EB1 and recruitment to microtubule plus ends. Loss of Cdk1 activity, or mutation of phosphorylation sites in GTSE1, induces recruitment of GTSE1 to growing microtubule plus ends in mitosis. This decreases the catastrophe frequency of astral microtubules and causes an increase in the number of long astral microtubules reaching the cell cortex, which restrains the ability of cells to reorient spindles along the long cellular axis in early mitosis. Astral microtubules thus must not only be present but also dynamic to allow the spindle to reorient, a state assisted by selective destabilization of long astral microtubules via Cdk1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Singh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nadine Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Franziska Müller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tanja Bange
- Department for Systems Chronobiology, Institute of Medical Psychology, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 31/ I, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander W Bird
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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20
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Sex-Specific Transcriptome Differences in Human Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080909. [PMID: 32784482 PMCID: PMC7464371 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, sexual dimorphism can manifest in many ways and it is widely studied in several knowledge fields. It is increasing the evidence that also cells differ according to sex, a correlation still little studied and poorly considered when cells are used in scientific research. Specifically, our interest is on the sex-related dimorphism on the human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) transcriptome. A systematic meta-analysis of hMSC microarrays was performed by using the Transcriptome Mapper (TRAM) software. This bioinformatic tool was used to integrate and normalize datasets from multiple sources and allowed us to highlight chromosomal segments and genes differently expressed in hMSCs derived from adipose tissue (hADSCs) of male and female donors. Chromosomal segments and differentially expressed genes in male and female hADSCs resulted to be related to several processes as inflammation, adipogenic and neurogenic differentiation and cell communication. Obtained results lead us to hypothesize that the donor sex of hADSCs is a variable influencing a wide range of stem cell biologic processes. We believe that it should be considered in biologic research and stem cell therapy.
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21
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Sewda A, Agopian AJ, Goldmuntz E, Hakonarson H, Morrow BE, Musfee F, Taylor D, Mitchell LE. Gene-based analyses of the maternal genome implicate maternal effect genes as risk factors for conotruncal heart defects. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234357. [PMID: 32516339 PMCID: PMC7282656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) affect approximately 1% of newborns. Epidemiological studies have identified several genetically-mediated maternal phenotypes (e.g., pregestational diabetes, chronic hypertension) that are associated with the risk of CHDs in offspring. However, the role of the maternal genome in determining CHD risk has not been defined. We present findings from gene-level, genome-wide studies that link CHDs to maternal effect genes as well as to maternal genes related to hypertension and proteostasis. Maternal effect genes, which provide the mRNAs and proteins in the oocyte that guide early embryonic development before zygotic gene activation, have not previously been implicated in CHD risk. Our findings support a role for and suggest new pathways by which the maternal genome may contribute to the development of CHDs in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Sewda
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - A. J. Agopian
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bernice E. Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Fadi Musfee
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deanne Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Mitchell
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Shi Y, Cai EL, Yang C, Ye CY, Zeng P, Wang XM, Fang YY, Cheng ZK, Wang Q, Cao FY, Zhou XW, Tian Q. Protection of melatonin against acidosis-induced neuronal injuries. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:6928-6942. [PMID: 32364678 PMCID: PMC7299701 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidosis, a common feature of cerebral ischaemia and hypoxia, plays a key role in these pathological processes by aggravating the ischaemic and hypoxic injuries. To explore the mechanisms, in this research, we cultured primary neurons in an acidic environment (potential of hydrogen [pH]6.2, 24 hours) to mimic the acidosis. By proteomic analysis, 69 differentially expressed proteins in the acidic neurons were found, mainly related to stress and cell death, synaptic plasticity and gene transcription. And, the acidotic neurons developed obvious alterations including increased neuronal death, reduced dendritic length and complexity, reduced synaptic proteins, tau hyperphosphorylation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activation, abnormal lysosome‐related signals, imbalanced oxidative stress/anti‐oxidative stress and decreased Golgi matrix proteins. Then, melatonin (1 × 10−4 mol/L) was used to pre‐treat the cultured primary neurons before acidic treatment (pH6.2). The results showed that melatonin partially reversed the acidosis‐induced neuronal death, abnormal dendritic complexity, reductions of synaptic proteins, tau hyperphosphorylation and imbalance of kinase/phosphatase. In addition, acidosis related the activations of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β and nuclear factor‐κB signals, ER stress and Golgi stress, and the abnormal autophagy‐lysosome signals were completely reversed by melatonin. These data indicate that melatonin is beneficial for neurons against acidosis‐induced injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Er-Li Cai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Can Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Emergency Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao-Yuan Ye
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying-Yan Fang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Kang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fu-Yuan Cao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-Wen Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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23
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Matis M. The Mechanical Role of Microtubules in Tissue Remodeling. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900244. [PMID: 32249455 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During morphogenesis, tissues undergo extensive remodeling to get their final shape. Such precise sculpting requires the application of forces generated within cells by the cytoskeleton and transmission of these forces through adhesion molecules within and between neighboring cells. Within individual cells, microtubules together with actomyosin filaments and intermediate filaments form the composite cytoskeleton that controls cell mechanics during tissue rearrangements. While studies have established the importance of actin-based mechanical forces that are coupled via intercellular junctions, relatively little is known about the contribution of other cytoskeletal components such as microtubules to cell mechanics during morphogenesis. In this review the focus is on recent findings, highlighting the direct mechanical role of microtubules beyond its well-established role in trafficking and signaling during tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Matis
- Institute of Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany.,'Cells in Motion' Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
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24
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Firat-Karalar EN. Proximity mapping of the microtubule plus-end tracking protein SLAIN2 using the BioID approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 44:61-72. [PMID: 32256142 PMCID: PMC7129064 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2002-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The centrosome is the main microtubule-organizing center of animal cells, which plays key roles in critical cellular processes ranging from cell division to cellular signaling. Accordingly, defects in the structure and function of centrosomes cause various human diseases such as cancer and primary microcephaly. To elucidate the molecular defects underlying these diseases, the biogenesis and functions of the centrosomes have to be fully understood. An essential step towards addressing these questions is the identification and functional dissection of the full repertoire of centrosome proteins. Here, we used high-resolution imaging and showed that the microtubule plus-end tracking protein SLAIN2 localizes to the pericentriolar material at the proximal end of centrioles. To gain insight into its cellular functions and mechanisms, we applied in vivo proximity-dependent biotin identification to SLAIN2 and generated its proximity interaction map. Gene ontology analysis of the SLAIN2 interactome revealed extensive interactions with centriole duplication, ciliogenesis, and microtubule-associated proteins, including previously characterized and uncharacterized interactions. Collectively, our results define SLAIN2 as a component of pericentriolar material and provide an important resource for future studies aimed at elucidating SLAIN2 functions at the centrosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Nur Firat-Karalar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Koç University, İstanbul Turkey
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25
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Brand F, Förster A, Christians A, Bucher M, Thomé CM, Raab MS, Westphal M, Pietsch T, von Deimling A, Reifenberger G, Claus P, Hentschel B, Weller M, Weber RG. FOCAD loss impacts microtubule assembly, G2/M progression and patient survival in astrocytic gliomas. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:175-192. [PMID: 31473790 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In search of novel genes associated with glioma pathogenesis, we have previously shown frequent deletions of the KIAA1797/FOCAD gene in malignant gliomas, and a tumor suppressor function of the encoded focadhesin impacting proliferation and migration of glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Here, we examined an association of reduced FOCAD gene copy number with overall survival of patients with astrocytic gliomas, and addressed the molecular mechanisms that govern the suppressive effect of focadhesin on glioma growth. FOCAD loss was associated with inferior outcome in patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 or 2 (IDH)-mutant astrocytic gliomas of WHO grades II-IV. Multivariate analysis considering age at diagnosis as well as IDH mutation, MGMT promoter methylation, and CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion status confirmed reduced FOCAD gene copy number as a prognostic factor for overall survival. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen and pull-down assays, tubulin beta-6 and other tubulin family members were identified as novel focadhesin-interacting partners. Tubulins and focadhesin co-localized to centrosomes where focadhesin was enriched in proximity to centrioles. Focadhesin was recruited to microtubules via its interaction partner SLAIN motif family member 2 and reduced microtubule assembly rates, possibly explaining the focadhesin-dependent decrease in cell migration. During the cell cycle, focadhesin levels peaked in G2/M phase and influenced time-dependent G2/M progression potentially via polo like kinase 1 phosphorylation, providing a possible explanation for focadhesin-dependent cell growth reduction. We conclude that FOCAD loss may promote biological aggressiveness and worsen clinical outcome of diffuse astrocytic gliomas by enhancing microtubule assembly and accelerating G2/M phase progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Brand
- Department of Human Genetics OE 6300, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alisa Förster
- Department of Human Genetics OE 6300, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Christians
- Department of Human Genetics OE 6300, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Bucher
- Department of Human Genetics OE 6300, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carina M Thomé
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc S Raab
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Westphal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Pietsch
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Bettina Hentschel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruthild G Weber
- Department of Human Genetics OE 6300, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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26
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Conti D, Gul P, Islam A, Martín-Durán JM, Pickersgill RW, Draviam VM. Kinetochores attached to microtubule-ends are stabilised by Astrin bound PP1 to ensure proper chromosome segregation. eLife 2019; 8:49325. [PMID: 31808746 PMCID: PMC6930079 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules segregate chromosomes by attaching to macromolecular kinetochores. Only microtubule-end attached kinetochores can be pulled apart; how these end-on attachments are selectively recognised and stabilised is not known. Using the kinetochore and microtubule-associated protein, Astrin, as a molecular probe, we show that end-on attachments are rapidly stabilised by spatially-restricted delivery of PP1 near the C-terminus of Ndc80, a core kinetochore-microtubule linker. PP1 is delivered by the evolutionarily conserved tail of Astrin and this promotes Astrin’s own enrichment creating a highly-responsive positive feedback, independent of biorientation. Abrogating Astrin:PP1-delivery disrupts attachment stability, which is not rescued by inhibiting Aurora-B, an attachment destabiliser, but is reversed by artificially tethering PP1 near the C-terminus of Ndc80. Constitutive Astrin:PP1-delivery disrupts chromosome congression and segregation, revealing a dynamic mechanism for stabilising attachments. Thus, Astrin-PP1 mediates a dynamic ‘lock’ that selectively and rapidly stabilises end-on attachments, independent of biorientation, and ensures proper chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duccio Conti
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Parveen Gul
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Asifa Islam
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - José M Martín-Durán
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W Pickersgill
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Viji M Draviam
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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27
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Two XMAP215/TOG Microtubule Polymerases, Alp14 and Dis1, Play Non-Exchangeable, Distinct Roles in Microtubule Organisation in Fission Yeast. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205108. [PMID: 31618856 PMCID: PMC6834199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper bipolar spindle assembly underlies accurate chromosome segregation. A cohort of microtubule-associated proteins orchestrates spindle microtubule formation in a spatiotemporally coordinated manner. Among them, the conserved XMAP215/TOG family of microtubule polymerase plays a central role in spindle assembly. In fission yeast, two XMAP215/TOG members, Alp14 and Dis1, share essential roles in cell viability; however how these two proteins functionally collaborate remains undetermined. Here we show the functional interplay and specification of Alp14 and Dis1. Creation of new mutant alleles of alp14, which display temperature sensitivity in the absence of Dis1, enabled us to conduct detailed analyses of a double mutant. We have found that simultaneous inactivation of Alp14 and Dis1 results in early mitotic arrest with very short, fragile spindles. Intriguingly, these cells often undergo spindle collapse, leading to a lethal “cut” phenotype. By implementing an artificial targeting system, we have shown that Alp14 and Dis1 are not functionally exchangeable and as such are not merely redundant paralogues. Interestingly, while Alp14 promotes microtubule nucleation, Dis1 does not. Our results uncover that the intrinsic specification, not the spatial regulation, between Alp14 and Dis1 underlies the collaborative actions of these two XMAP215/TOG members in mitotic progression, spindle integrity and genome stability.
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28
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Amin MA, Agarwal S, Varma D. Mapping the kinetochore MAP functions required for stabilizing microtubule attachments to chromosomes during metaphase. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:398-412. [PMID: 31454167 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In mitosis, faithful chromosome segregation is orchestrated by the dynamic interactions between the spindle microtubules (MTs) emanating from the opposite poles and the kinetochores of the chromosomes. However, the precise mechanism that coordinates the coupling of the kinetochore components to dynamic MTs has been a long-standing question. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate MT nucleation and dynamics, MT-mediated transport and MT cross-linking in cells. During mitosis, MAPs play an essential role not only in determining spindle length, position, and orientation but also in facilitating robust kinetochore-microtubule (kMT) attachments by linking the kinetochores to spindle MTs efficiently. The stability of MTs imparted by the MAPs is critical to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. This review primarily focuses on the specific function of nonmotor kinetochore MAPs, their recruitment to kinetochores and their MT-binding properties. We also attempt to synthesize and strengthen our understanding of how these MAPs work in coordination with the kinetochore-bound Ndc80 complex (the key component at the MT-binding interface in metaphase and anaphase) to establish stable kMT attachments and control accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shivangi Agarwal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dileep Varma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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29
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Structures of TOG1 and TOG2 from the human microtubule dynamics regulator CLASP1. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219823. [PMID: 31323070 PMCID: PMC6641166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin-binding TOG domains are found arrayed in a number of proteins that regulate microtubule dynamics. While much is known about the structure and function of TOG domains from the XMAP215 microtubule polymerase family, less in known about the TOG domain array found in animal CLASP family members. The animal CLASP TOG array promotes microtubule pause, potentiates rescue, and limits catastrophe. How structurally distinct the TOG domains of animal CLASP are from one another, from XMAP215 family TOG domains, and whether a specific order of structurally distinct TOG domains in the TOG array is conserved across animal CLASP family members is poorly understood. We present the x-ray crystal structures of Homo sapiens (H.s.) CLASP1 TOG1 and TOG2. The structures of H.s. CLASP1 TOG1 and TOG2 are distinct from each other and from the previously determined structure of Mus musculus (M.m.) CLASP2 TOG3. Comparative analyses of CLASP family TOG domain structures determined to date across species and paralogs supports a conserved CLASP TOG array paradigm in which structurally distinct TOG domains are arrayed in a specific order. H.s. CLASP1 TOG1 bears structural similarity to the free-tubulin binding TOG domains of the XMAP215 family but lacks many of the key tubulin-binding determinants found in XMAP215 family TOG domains. This aligns with studies that report that animal CLASP family TOG1 domains cannot bind free tubulin or microtubules. In contrast, animal CLASP family TOG2 and TOG3 domains have reported microtubule-binding activity but are structurally distinct from the free-tubulin binding TOG domains of the XMAP215 family. H.s. CLASP1 TOG2 has a convex architecture, predicted to engage a hyper-curved tubulin state that may underlie its ability to limit microtubule catastrophe and promote rescue. M.m. CLASP2 TOG3 has unique structural elements in the C-terminal half of its α-solenoid domain that our modeling studies implicate in binding to laterally-associated tubulin subunits in the microtubule lattice in a mode similar to, yet distinct from those predicted for the XMAP215 family TOG4 domain. The potential ability of the animal CLASP family TOG3 domain to engage lateral tubulin subunits may underlie the microtubule rescue activity ascribed to the domain. These findings highlight the structural diversity of TOG domains within the CLASP family TOG array and provide a molecular foundation for understanding CLASP-dependent effects on microtubule dynamics.
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30
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Tarsani E, Kranis A, Maniatis G, Avendano S, Hager-Theodorides AL, Kominakis A. Discovery and characterization of functional modules associated with body weight in broilers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9125. [PMID: 31235723 PMCID: PMC6591351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the present study was to investigate whether body weight (BW) in broilers is associated with functional modular genes. To this end, first a GWAS for BW was conducted using 6,598 broilers and the high density SNP array. The next step was to search for positional candidate genes and QTLs within strong LD genomic regions around the significant SNPs. Using all positional candidate genes, a network was then constructed and community structure analysis was performed. Finally, functional enrichment analysis was applied to infer the functional relevance of modular genes. A total number of 645 positional candidate genes were identified in strong LD genomic regions around 11 genome-wide significant markers. 428 of the positional candidate genes were located within growth related QTLs. Community structure analysis detected 5 modules while functional enrichment analysis showed that 52 modular genes participated in developmental processes such as skeletal system development. An additional number of 14 modular genes (GABRG1, NGF, APOBEC2, STAT5B, STAT3, SMAD4, MED1, CACNB1, SLAIN2, LEMD2, ZC3H18, TMEM132D, FRYL and SGCB) were also identified as related to body weight. Taken together, current results suggested a total number of 66 genes as most plausible functional candidates for the trait examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Tarsani
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece.
| | - Andreas Kranis
- Aviagen Ltd., Newbridge, Midlothian, EH28 8SZ, UK.,The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ariadne L Hager-Theodorides
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Kominakis
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
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31
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Slater PG, Cammarata GM, Samuelson AG, Magee A, Hu Y, Lowery LA. XMAP215 promotes microtubule-F-actin interactions to regulate growth cone microtubules during axon guidance in Xenopus laevis. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.224311. [PMID: 30890650 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.224311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been established that neuronal growth cone navigation depends on changes in microtubule (MT) and F-actin architecture downstream of guidance cues. However, the mechanisms by which MTs and F-actin are dually coordinated remain a fundamentally unresolved question. Here, we report that the well-characterized MT polymerase, XMAP215 (also known as CKAP5), plays an important role in mediating MT-F-actin interaction within the growth cone. We demonstrate that XMAP215 regulates MT-F-actin alignment through its N-terminal TOG 1-5 domains. Additionally, we show that XMAP215 directly binds to F-actin in vitro and co-localizes with F-actin in the growth cone periphery. We also find that XMAP215 is required for regulation of growth cone morphology and response to the guidance cue, Ephrin A5. Our findings provide the first strong evidence that XMAP215 coordinates MT and F-actin interaction in vivo We suggest a model in which XMAP215 regulates MT extension along F-actin bundles into the growth cone periphery and that these interactions may be important to control cytoskeletal dynamics downstream of guidance cues. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G Slater
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | | | | | - Alexandra Magee
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Yuhan Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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32
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van Haren J, Wittmann T. Microtubule Plus End Dynamics - Do We Know How Microtubules Grow?: Cells boost microtubule growth by promoting distinct structural transitions at growing microtubule ends. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1800194. [PMID: 30730055 PMCID: PMC7021488 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules form a highly dynamic filament network in all eukaryotic cells. Individual microtubules grow by tubulin dimer subunit addition and frequently switch between phases of growth and shortening. These unique dynamics are powered by GTP hydrolysis and drive microtubule network remodeling, which is central to eukaryotic cell biology and morphogenesis. Yet, our knowledge of the molecular events at growing microtubule ends remains incomplete. Here, recent ultrastructural, biochemical and cell biological data are integrated to develop a realistic model of growing microtubule ends comprised of structurally distinct but biochemically overlapping zones. Proteins that recognize microtubule lattice conformations associated with specific tubulin guanosine nucleotide states may independently control major structural transitions at growing microtubule ends. A model is proposed in which tubulin dimer addition and subsequent closure of the MT wall are optimized in cells to achieve rapid physiological microtubule growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey van Haren
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Torsten Wittmann
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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33
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Chen Y, Wang P, Slep KC. Mapping multivalency in the CLIP-170-EB1 microtubule plus-end complex. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:918-931. [PMID: 30455356 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic linker protein 170 (CLIP-170) is a microtubule plus-end factor that links vesicles to microtubules and recruits the dynein-dynactin complex to microtubule plus ends. CLIP-170 plus-end localization is end binding 1 (EB1)-dependent. CLIP-170 contains two N-terminal cytoskeleton-associated protein glycine-rich (CAP-Gly) domains flanked by serine-rich regions. The CAP-Gly domains are known EB1-binding domains, and the serine-rich regions have also been implicated in CLIP-170's microtubule plus-end localization mechanism. However, the determinants in these serine-rich regions have not been identified. Here we elucidated multiple EB1-binding modules in the CLIP-170 N-terminal region. Using isothermal titration calorimetry and size-exclusion chromatography, we mapped and biophysically characterized these EB1-binding modules, including the two CAP-Gly domains, a bridging SXIP motif, and a unique array of divergent SXIP-like motifs located N-terminally to the first CAP-Gly domain. We found that, unlike the EB1-binding mode of the CAP-Gly domain in the dynactin-associated protein p150Glued, which dually engages the EB1 C-terminal EEY motif as well as the EB homology domain and sterically occludes SXIP motif binding, the CLIP-170 CAP-Gly domains engage only the EEY motif, enabling the flanking SXIP and SXIP-like motifs to bind the EB homology domain. These multivalent EB1-binding modules provided avidity to the CLIP-170-EB1 interaction, likely clarifying why CLIP-170 preferentially binds EB1 rather than the α-tubulin C-terminal EEY motif. Our finding that CLIP-170 has multiple non-CAP-Gly EB1-binding modules may explain why autoinhibition of CLIP-170 GAP-Gly domains does not fully abrogate its microtubule plus-end localization. This work expands our understanding of EB1-binding motifs and their multivalent networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodong Chen
- From the Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.,the Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280, and
| | - Ping Wang
- the Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Kevin C Slep
- the Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280, and
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34
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Roth D, Fitton BP, Chmel NP, Wasiluk N, Straube A. Spatial positioning of EB family proteins at microtubule tips involves distinct nucleotide-dependent binding properties. J Cell Sci 2018; 132:jcs.219550. [PMID: 30262468 PMCID: PMC6398475 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.219550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EB proteins track the ends of growing microtubules and regulate microtubule dynamics both directly and by acting as the hub of the tip-tracking network. Mammalian cells express cell type-specific combinations of three EB proteins with different cellular roles. Here, we reconstitute EB1, EB2 and EB3 tip tracking in vitro. We find that all three EBs show rapid exchange at the microtubule tip and that their signal correlates to the microtubule assembly rate. However, the three signals differ in their maxima and position from the microtubule tip. Using microtubules built with nucleotide analogues and site-directed mutagenesis, we show that EB2 prefers binding to microtubule lattices containing a 1:1 mixture of different nucleotides and its distinct binding specificity is conferred by amino acid substitutions at the right-hand-side interface of the EB microtubule-binding domain with tubulin. Our data are consistent with the model that all three EB paralogues sense the nucleotide state of both β-tubulins flanking their binding site. Their different profile of preferred binding sites contributes to occupying spatially distinct domains at the temporally evolving microtubule tip structure. Summary:In vitro reconstitution of tip tracking with EB1, EB2 and EB3 shows that these three proteins sense the nucleotide state of both β-tubulins flanking their binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Roth
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology (CMCB), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Benjamin P Fitton
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology (CMCB), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.,Molecular Organisation and Assembly in Cells (MOAC) Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Nikola P Chmel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Natalia Wasiluk
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology (CMCB), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Anne Straube
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology (CMCB), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK .,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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35
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Kumari A, Panda D. Regulation of microtubule stability by centrosomal proteins. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:602-611. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Kumari
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Mumbai India
| | - Dulal Panda
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Mumbai India
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36
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Stangier MM, Kumar A, Chen X, Farcas AM, Barral Y, Steinmetz MO. Structure-Function Relationship of the Bik1-Bim1 Complex. Structure 2018; 26:607-618.e4. [PMID: 29576319 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In budding yeast, the microtubule plus-end tracking proteins Bik1 (CLIP-170) and Bim1 (EB1) form a complex that interacts with partners involved in spindle positioning, including Stu2 and Kar9. Here, we show that the CAP-Gly and coiled-coil domains of Bik1 interact with the C-terminal ETF peptide of Bim1 and the C-terminal tail region of Stu2, respectively. The crystal structures of the CAP-Gly domain of Bik1 (Bik1CG) alone and in complex with an ETF peptide revealed unique, functionally relevant CAP-Gly elements, establishing Bik1CG as a specific C-terminal phenylalanine recognition domain. Unlike the mammalian CLIP-170-EB1 complex, Bik1-Bim1 forms ternary complexes with the EB1-binding motifs SxIP and LxxPTPh, which are present in diverse proteins, including Kar9. Perturbation of the Bik1-Bim1 interaction in vivo affected Bik1 localization and astral microtubule length. Our results provide insight into the role of the Bik1-Bim1 interaction for cell division, and demonstrate that the CLIP-170-EB1 module is evolutionarily flexible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel M Stangier
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anil Kumar
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Xiuzhen Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, 8049 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Yves Barral
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, 8049 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland; University of Basel, Biozentrum, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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37
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Li J, Shima H, Nishizawa H, Ikeda M, Brydun A, Matsumoto M, Kato H, Saiki Y, Liu L, Watanabe-Matsui M, Iemura K, Tanaka K, Shiraki T, Igarashi K. Phosphorylation of BACH1 switches its function from transcription factor to mitotic chromosome regulator and promotes its interaction with HMMR. Biochem J 2018; 475:981-1002. [PMID: 29459360 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The transcription repressor BACH1 performs mutually independent dual roles in transcription regulation and chromosome alignment during mitosis by supporting polar ejection force of mitotic spindle. We now found that the mitotic spindles became oblique relative to the adhesion surface following endogenous BACH1 depletion in HeLa cells. This spindle orientation rearrangement was rescued by re-expression of BACH1 depending on its interactions with HMMR and CRM1, both of which are required for the positioning of mitotic spindle, but independently of its DNA-binding activity. A mass spectrometry analysis of BACH1 complexes in interphase and M phase revealed that BACH1 lost during mitosis interactions with proteins involved in chromatin and gene expression but retained interactions with HMMR and its known partners including CHICA. By analyzing BACH1 modification using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture, mitosis-specific phosphorylations of BACH1 were observed, and mutations of these residues abolished the activity of BACH1 to restore mitotic spindle orientation in knockdown cells and to interact with HMMR. Detailed histological analysis of Bach1-deficient mice revealed lengthening of the epithelial fold structures of the intestine. These observations suggest that BACH1 performs stabilization of mitotic spindle orientation together with HMMR and CRM1 in mitosis, and that the cell cycle-specific phosphorylation switches the transcriptional and mitotic functions of BACH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shima
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hironari Nishizawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ikeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Andrey Brydun
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuriko Saiki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Miki Watanabe-Matsui
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Restart Postdoctoral Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Kenji Iemura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takuma Shiraki
- Department of Science and Technology on Food Safety, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawashi 649-6493, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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38
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Haase KP, Fox JC, Byrnes AE, Adikes RC, Speed SK, Haase J, Friedman B, Cook DM, Bloom K, Rusan NM, Slep KC. Stu2 uses a 15-nm parallel coiled coil for kinetochore localization and concomitant regulation of the mitotic spindle. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:285-294. [PMID: 29187574 PMCID: PMC5996958 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-01-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
XMAP215/Dis1 family proteins are potent microtubule polymerases, critical for mitotic spindle structure and dynamics. While microtubule polymerase activity is driven by an N-terminal tumor overexpressed gene (TOG) domain array, proper cellular localization is a requisite for full activity and is mediated by a C-terminal domain. Structural insight into the C-terminal domain's architecture and localization mechanism remain outstanding. We present the crystal structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Stu2 C-terminal domain, revealing a 15-nm parallel homodimeric coiled coil. The parallel architecture of the coiled coil has mechanistic implications for the arrangement of the homodimer's N-terminal TOG domains during microtubule polymerization. The coiled coil has two spatially distinct conserved regions: CRI and CRII. Mutations in CRI and CRII perturb the distribution and localization of Stu2 along the mitotic spindle and yield defects in spindle morphology including increased frequencies of mispositioned and fragmented spindles. Collectively, these data highlight roles for the Stu2 dimerization domain as a scaffold for factor binding that optimally positions Stu2 on the mitotic spindle to promote proper spindle structure and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Haase
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jaime C Fox
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Amy E Byrnes
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Rebecca C Adikes
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Sarah K Speed
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Julian Haase
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Brandon Friedman
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Diana M Cook
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Kerry Bloom
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Nasser M Rusan
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kevin C Slep
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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39
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van Haren J, Charafeddine RA, Ettinger A, Wang H, Hahn KM, Wittmann T. Local control of intracellular microtubule dynamics by EB1 photodissociation. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:252-261. [PMID: 29379139 PMCID: PMC5826794 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-017-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
End-binding proteins, EBs, are adaptors that recruit functionally diverse +TIP proteins to growing microtubule plus ends. To test with high spatial and temporal accuracy how, when and where +TIP protein complexes contribute to dynamic cell biology, we developed a photo-inactivated EB1 variant (π-EB1) by inserting a blue light-sensitive protein-protein interaction module between the microtubule- and +TIP-binding domains of EB1. π-EB1 replaces endogenous EB1 function in the absence of blue light. In contrast, blue light-mediated π-EB1 photo-dissociation results in rapid +TIP complex disassembly, and acutely and reversibly attenuates microtubule growth independent of microtubule end association of the microtubule polymerase CKAP5 (ch-TOG, XMAP215). Local π-EB1 photo-dissociation allows subcellular microtubule dynamics control at the second and micrometre scale, and elicits aversive turning of migrating cancer cells. Importantly, light-mediated domain splitting can serve as template to optically control other intracellular protein activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey van Haren
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rabab A Charafeddine
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Ettinger
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Center Munich, München, Germany
| | - Hui Wang
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Klaus M Hahn
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Torsten Wittmann
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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40
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Mchedlishvili N, Matthews HK, Corrigan A, Baum B. Two-step interphase microtubule disassembly aids spindle morphogenesis. BMC Biol 2018; 16:14. [PMID: 29361957 PMCID: PMC5778756 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entry into mitosis triggers profound changes in cell shape and cytoskeletal organisation. Here, by studying microtubule remodelling in human flat mitotic cells, we identify a two-step process of interphase microtubule disassembly. RESULTS First, a microtubule-stabilising protein, Ensconsin/MAP7, is inactivated in prophase as a consequence of its phosphorylation downstream of Cdk1/cyclin B. This leads to a reduction in interphase microtubule stability that may help to fuel the growth of centrosomally nucleated microtubules. The peripheral interphase microtubules that remain are then rapidly lost as the concentration of tubulin heterodimers falls following dissolution of the nuclear compartment boundary. Finally, we show that a failure to destabilise microtubules in prophase leads to the formation of microtubule clumps, which interfere with spindle assembly. CONCLUSIONS This analysis highlights the importance of the step-wise remodelling of the microtubule cytoskeleton and the significance of permeabilisation of the nuclear envelope in coordinating the changes in cellular organisation and biochemistry that accompany mitotic entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunu Mchedlishvili
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and the IPLS, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Helen K Matthews
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and the IPLS, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Adam Corrigan
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and the IPLS, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and the IPLS, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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41
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Schwertz H, Rowley JW, Zimmerman GA, Weyrich AS, Rondina MT. Retinoic acid receptor-α regulates synthetic events in human platelets. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:2408-2418. [PMID: 28981191 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Platelets express retinoic acid receptor (RAR)α protein, specifically binding target mRNAs. mRNAs under RARα control include MAP1LC3B2, SLAIN2, and ANGPT1. All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) releases RARα from its target mRNA. RARα expressed in human platelets exerts translational control via direct mRNA binding. SUMMARY Background Translational control mechanisms in platelets are incompletely defined. Here, we determined whether the nuclear transcription factor RARα controls protein translational events in human platelets. Methods Isolated human platelets were treated with the pan-RAR agonist all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA). Global and targeted translational events were examined. Results Stimulation of platelets with atRA significantly increased global protein expression. RARα protein bound to a subset of platelet mRNAs, as measured by next-generation RNA-sequencing. In-depth analyses of 5' and 3'-untranslated regions of the RARα-bound mRNAs revealed consensus RARα binding sites in microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta 2 (MAP1LC3B2), SLAIN motif-containing protein 2 (SLAIN2) and angiopoietin-1 (ANGPT1) transcripts. When platelets were treated with atRA, binding interactions between RARα protein and mRNA for MAP1LC3B2, SLAIN2 and ANGPT1 were significantly decreased. Consistent with the release of bound RARα protein from MAP1LCB2mRNA, we observed an increase in the synthesis of MAP1LC3B2 protein. Conclusions These findings provide the first evidence that RARα, a nuclear transcriptional factor, regulates synthetic events in anucleate human platelets. They also reveal an additional non-genomic role for RARα in platelets that may have implications for the vitamin A-dependent signaling in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schwertz
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Departments of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J W Rowley
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - G A Zimmerman
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - A S Weyrich
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M T Rondina
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- The Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine at the George E. Wahlen Salt Lake City VAMC, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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42
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Liu Q, Remmelzwaal S, Heck AJR, Akhmanova A, Liu F. Facilitating identification of minimal protein binding domains by cross-linking mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13453. [PMID: 29044157 PMCID: PMC5647383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of protein interaction domains is crucial for understanding protein functions. Here we combine cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) with deletion analysis to accurately locate minimal protein interaction domains. As a proof of concept, we investigated in detail the binding interfaces of two protein assemblies: the complex formed by MICAL3, ELKS and Rab8A, which is involved in exocytosis, and the complex of SLAIN2, CLASP2 and ch-TOG, which controls microtubule dynamics. We found that XL-MS provides valuable information to efficiently guide the design of protein fragments that are essential for protein interaction. However, we also observed a number of cross-links between polypeptide regions that were dispensable for complex formation, especially among intrinsically disordered sequences. Collectively, our results indicate that XL-MS, which renders distance restrains of linked residue pairs, accelerates the characterization of protein binding regions in combination with other biochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Liu
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Remmelzwaal
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Fan Liu
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
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43
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van der Vaart B, Fischböck J, Mieck C, Pichler P, Mechtler K, Medema RH, Westermann S. TORC1 signaling exerts spatial control over microtubule dynamics by promoting nuclear export of Stu2. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3471-3484. [PMID: 28972103 PMCID: PMC5674874 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201606080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
TORC1 regulates microtubule (MT) dynamics in budding yeast, but the key downstream effectors are unknown. van der Vaart et al. show that TORC1 activity before mitosis promotes phosphorylation of the MT polymerase Stu2 near a nuclear export signal, which leads to the nuclear export of Stu2 and reduced nuclear MT growth. The target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is a highly conserved multiprotein complex that functions in many cellular processes, including cell growth and cell cycle progression. In this study, we define a novel role for TORC1 as a critical regulator of nuclear microtubule (MT) dynamics in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This activity requires interactions between EB1 and CLIP-170 plus end–tracking protein (+TIP) family members with the TORC1 subunit Kog1/Raptor, which in turn allow the TORC1 proximal kinase Sch9/S6K1 to regulate the MT polymerase Stu2/XMAP215. Sch9-dependent phosphorylation of Stu2 adjacent to a nuclear export signal prevents nuclear accumulation of Stu2 before cells enter mitosis. Mutants impaired in +TIP–TORC1 interactions or Stu2 nuclear export show increased nuclear but not cytoplasmic MT length and display nuclear fusion, spindle positioning, and elongation kinetics defects. Our results reveal key mechanisms by which TORC1 signaling controls Stu2 localization and thereby contributes to proper MT cytoskeletal organization in interphase and mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babet van der Vaart
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria .,Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Josef Fischböck
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Mieck
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Pichler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - René H Medema
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Westermann
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria .,Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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44
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Yang C, Wu J, de Heus C, Grigoriev I, Liv N, Yao Y, Smal I, Meijering E, Klumperman J, Qi RZ, Akhmanova A. EB1 and EB3 regulate microtubule minus end organization and Golgi morphology. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3179-3198. [PMID: 28814570 PMCID: PMC5626540 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201701024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
End-binding proteins regulate the dynamics and function of microtubule plus ends by recruiting a plethora of diverse factors. Yang et al. show that EB1 and EB3 also affect microtubule minus ends by participating in their attachment to Golgi membranes. This function is important for cell polarity and migration. End-binding proteins (EBs) are the core components of microtubule plus end tracking protein complexes, but it is currently unknown whether they are essential for mammalian microtubule organization. Here, by using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout technology, we generated stable cell lines lacking EB2 and EB3 and the C-terminal partner-binding half of EB1. These cell lines show only mild defects in cell division and microtubule polymerization. However, the length of CAMSAP2-decorated stretches at noncentrosomal microtubule minus ends in these cells is reduced, microtubules are detached from Golgi membranes, and the Golgi complex is more compact. Coorganization of microtubules and Golgi membranes depends on the EB1/EB3–myomegalin complex, which acts as membrane–microtubule tether and counteracts tight clustering of individual Golgi stacks. Disruption of EB1 and EB3 also perturbs cell migration, polarity, and the distribution of focal adhesions. EB1 and EB3 thus affect multiple interphase processes and have a major impact on microtubule minus end organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jingchao Wu
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cecilia de Heus
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nalan Liv
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ihor Smal
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik Meijering
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robert Z Qi
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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45
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Nehlig A, Molina A, Rodrigues-Ferreira S, Honoré S, Nahmias C. Regulation of end-binding protein EB1 in the control of microtubule dynamics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2381-2393. [PMID: 28204846 PMCID: PMC11107513 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of microtubule dynamics is critical to ensure essential cell functions, such as proper segregation of chromosomes during mitosis or cell polarity and migration. End-binding protein 1 (EB1) is a plus-end-tracking protein (+TIP) that accumulates at growing microtubule ends and plays a pivotal role in the regulation of microtubule dynamics. EB1 autonomously binds an extended tubulin-GTP/GDP-Pi structure at growing microtubule ends and acts as a molecular scaffold that recruits a large number of regulatory +TIPs through interaction with CAP-Gly or SxIP motifs. While extensive studies have focused on the structure of EB1-interacting site at microtubule ends and its role as a molecular platform, the mechanisms involved in the negative regulation of EB1 have only started to emerge and remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarize recent studies showing that EB1 association with MT ends is regulated by post-translational modifications and affected by microtubule-targeting agents. We also present recent findings that structural MAPs, that have no tip-tracking activity, physically interact with EB1 to prevent its accumulation at microtubule plus ends. These observations point out a novel concept of "endogenous EB1 antagonists" and emphasize the importance of finely regulating EB1 function at growing microtubule ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nehlig
- Inserm U981, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800, Villejuif, France
- University Paris Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Angie Molina
- Inserm U981, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800, Villejuif, France
- University Paris Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
- CBD, University of Toulouse-3, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Rodrigues-Ferreira
- Inserm U981, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800, Villejuif, France
- University Paris Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphane Honoré
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm U-911, CRO2, Marseille, France
- Service Pharmacie, CHU Hôpital de La Timone, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Clara Nahmias
- Inserm U981, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800, Villejuif, France.
- University Paris Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France.
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46
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Byrnes AE, Slep KC. TOG-tubulin binding specificity promotes microtubule dynamics and mitotic spindle formation. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1641-1657. [PMID: 28512144 PMCID: PMC5461023 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201610090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
XMAP215, CLASP, and Crescerin use arrayed tubulin-binding tumor overexpressed gene (TOG) domains to modulate microtubule dynamics. We hypothesized that TOGs have distinct architectures and tubulin-binding properties that underlie each family's ability to promote microtubule polymerization or pause. As a model, we investigated the pentameric TOG array of a Drosophila melanogaster XMAP215 member, Msps. We found that Msps TOGs have distinct architectures that bind either free or polymerized tubulin, and that a polarized array drives microtubule polymerization. An engineered TOG1-2-5 array fully supported Msps-dependent microtubule polymerase activity. Requisite for this activity was a TOG5-specific N-terminal HEAT repeat that engaged microtubule lattice-incorporated tubulin. TOG5-microtubule binding maintained mitotic spindle formation as deleting or mutating TOG5 compromised spindle architecture and increased the mitotic index. Mad2 knockdown released the spindle assembly checkpoint triggered when TOG5-microtubule binding was compromised, indicating that TOG5 is essential for spindle function. Our results reveal a TOG5-specific role in mitotic fidelity and support our hypothesis that architecturally distinct TOGs arranged in a sequence-specific order underlie TOG array microtubule regulator activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Byrnes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Kevin C Slep
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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47
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Slep KC. A microtubule dynamics reconstitutional convention. J Cell Biol 2017; 215:305-307. [PMID: 27821492 PMCID: PMC5100300 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201610066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro reconstitution is the fundamental test for identification of the core components of a biological process. In this issue, Moriwaki and Goshima (2016. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201604118) reconstitute all phases of microtubule dynamics through the inclusion of five key regulators and demonstrate that Polo kinase activity shifts the system from an interphase mode into an enhanced mitotic mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Slep
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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48
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Kruse R, Krantz J, Barker N, Coletta RL, Rafikov R, Luo M, Højlund K, Mandarino LJ, Langlais PR. Characterization of the CLASP2 Protein Interaction Network Identifies SOGA1 as a Microtubule-Associated Protein. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1718-1735. [PMID: 28550165 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CLASP2 is a microtubule-associated protein that undergoes insulin-stimulated phosphorylation and co-localization with reorganized actin and GLUT4 at the plasma membrane. To gain insight to the role of CLASP2 in this system, we developed and successfully executed a streamlined interactome approach and built a CLASP2 protein network in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Using two different commercially available antibodies for CLASP2 and an antibody for epitope-tagged, overexpressed CLASP2, we performed multiple affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry (AP-MS) experiments in combination with label-free quantitative proteomics and analyzed the data with the bioinformatics tool Significance Analysis of Interactome (SAINT). We discovered that CLASP2 coimmunoprecipitates (co-IPs) the novel protein SOGA1, the microtubule-associated protein kinase MARK2, and the microtubule/actin-regulating protein G2L1. The GTPase-activating proteins AGAP1 and AGAP3 were also enriched in the CLASP2 interactome, although subsequent AGAP3 and CLIP2 interactome analysis suggests a preference of AGAP3 for CLIP2. Follow-up MARK2 interactome analysis confirmed reciprocal co-IP of CLASP2 and revealed MARK2 can co-IP SOGA1, glycogen synthase, and glycogenin. Investigating the SOGA1 interactome confirmed SOGA1 can reciprocal co-IP both CLASP2 and MARK2 as well as glycogen synthase and glycogenin. SOGA1 was confirmed to colocalize with CLASP2 and with tubulin, which identifies SOGA1 as a new microtubule-associated protein. These results introduce the metabolic function of these proposed novel protein networks and their relationship with microtubules as new fields of cytoskeleton-associated protein biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Kruse
- From the ‡The Section of Molecular Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.,§Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - James Krantz
- ¶Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Natalie Barker
- ¶Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Richard L Coletta
- ‖School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85787
| | - Ruslan Rafikov
- ¶Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Moulun Luo
- ¶Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Kurt Højlund
- From the ‡The Section of Molecular Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.,§Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Lawrence J Mandarino
- ¶Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Paul R Langlais
- ¶Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 85721;
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49
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Breznau EB, Murt M, Blasius TL, Verhey KJ, Miller AL. The MgcRacGAP SxIP motif tethers Centralspindlin to microtubule plus ends in Xenopus laevis. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1809-1821. [PMID: 28389580 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.195891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Centralspindlin, a complex of the kinesin-6-family member MKLP1 and MgcRacGAP (also known as Kif23 and Racgap1, respectively), is required for cytokinesis and cell-cell junctions. During anaphase, Centralspindlin accumulates at overlapping central spindle microtubules and directs contractile ring formation by recruiting the GEF Ect2 to the cell equator to activate RhoA. We found that MgcRacGAP localized to the plus ends of equatorial astral microtubules during cytokinesis in Xenopus laevis embryos. How MgcRacGAP is stabilized at microtubule plus ends is unknown. We identified an SxIP motif in X. laevis MgcRacGAP that is conserved with other proteins that bind to EB1 (also known as Mapre1), a microtubule plus-end tracking protein. Mutation of the SxIP motif in MgcRacGAP resulted in loss of MgcRacGAP tracking with EB3 (also known as Mapre3) on growing microtubule plus ends, abnormal astral microtubule organization, redistribution of MgcRacGAP from the contractile ring to the polar cell cortex, and mislocalization of RhoA and its downstream targets, which together contributed to severe cytokinesis defects. Furthermore, mutation of the MgcRacGAP SxIP motif perturbed adherens junctions. We propose that the MgcRacGAP SxIP motif is functionally important both for its role in regulating adherens junction structure during interphase and for regulating Rho GTPase activity during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaina B Breznau
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Megan Murt
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - T Lynne Blasius
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ann L Miller
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA .,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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50
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Matsuo Y, Maurer SP, Yukawa M, Zakian S, Singleton MR, Surrey T, Toda T. An unconventional interaction between Dis1/TOG and Mal3/EB1 in fission yeast promotes the fidelity of chromosome segregation. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4592-4606. [PMID: 27872152 PMCID: PMC5201023 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.197533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic microtubule plus-ends interact with various intracellular target regions such as the cell cortex and the kinetochore. Two conserved families of microtubule plus-end-tracking proteins, the XMAP215, ch-TOG or CKAP5 family and the end-binding 1 (EB1, also known as MAPRE1) family, play pivotal roles in regulating microtubule dynamics. Here, we study the functional interplay between fission yeast Dis1, a member of the XMAP215/TOG family, and Mal3, an EB1 protein. Using an in vitro microscopy assay, we find that purified Dis1 autonomously tracks growing microtubule ends and is a bona fide microtubule polymerase. Mal3 recruits additional Dis1 to microtubule ends, explaining the synergistic enhancement of microtubule dynamicity by these proteins. A non-canonical binding motif in Dis1 mediates the interaction with Mal3. X-ray crystallography shows that this new motif interacts in an unconventional configuration with the conserved hydrophobic cavity formed within the Mal3 C-terminal region that typically interacts with the canonical SXIP motif. Selectively perturbing the Mal3-Dis1 interaction in living cells demonstrates that it is important for accurate chromosome segregation. Whereas, in some metazoans, the interaction between EB1 and the XMAP215/TOG family members requires an additional binding partner, fission yeast relies on a direct interaction, indicating evolutionary plasticity of this critical interaction module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzy Matsuo
- Synthetic and Systems Biochemistry of the Microtubule Cytoskeleton Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Cell Regulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Sebastian P Maurer
- Synthetic and Systems Biochemistry of the Microtubule Cytoskeleton Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain
| | - Masashi Yukawa
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Science of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Silva Zakian
- Structural Biology of Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Martin R Singleton
- Structural Biology of Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Thomas Surrey
- Synthetic and Systems Biochemistry of the Microtubule Cytoskeleton Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Takashi Toda
- Cell Regulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Science of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
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