1
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Wiegmann T, Pacheco I, Reikowski F, Stettner J, Qiu C, Bouvier M, Bertram M, Faisal F, Brummel O, Libuda J, Drnec J, Allongue P, Maroun F, Magnussen OM. Operando Identification of the Reversible Skin Layer on Co 3O 4 as a Three-Dimensional Reaction Zone for Oxygen Evolution. ACS Catal 2022; 12:3256-3268. [PMID: 35359579 PMCID: PMC8939430 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
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Co oxides and oxyhydroxides
have been studied extensively in the
past as promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction
(OER) in neutral to alkaline media. Earlier studies showed the formation
of an ultrathin CoOx(OH)y skin layer on Co3O4 at potentials
above 1.15 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), but the precise
influence of this skin layer on the OER reactivity is still under
debate. We present here a systematic study of epitaxial spinel-type
Co3O4 films with defined (111) orientation,
prepared on different substrates by electrodeposition or physical
vapor deposition. The OER overpotential of these samples may vary
up to 120 mV, corresponding to two orders of magnitude differences
in current density, which cannot be accounted for by differences in
the electrochemically active surface area. We demonstrate by a careful
analysis of operando surface X-ray diffraction measurements
that these differences are clearly correlated with the average thickness
of the skin layer. The OER reactivity increases with the amount of
formed skin layer, indicating that the entire three-dimensional skin
layer is an OER-active interphase. Furthermore, a scaling relationship
between the reaction centers in the skin layer and the OER activity
is established. It suggests that two lattice sites are involved in
the OER mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Wiegmann
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ivan Pacheco
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée (PMC), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Finn Reikowski
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochim Stettner
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Canrong Qiu
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mathilde Bouvier
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée (PMC), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Firas Faisal
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jakub Drnec
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Allongue
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée (PMC), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Fouad Maroun
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée (PMC), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Olaf M. Magnussen
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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2
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Dupuy AD, Chiu IT, Shafer P, Arenholz E, Takamura Y, Schoenung JM. Hidden transformations in entropy-stabilized oxides. Ann Ital Chir 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Forster-Tonigold K, Kim J, Bansmann J, Groß A, Buchner F. Model Studies on the Formation of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase: Reaction of Li with Ultrathin Adsorbed Ionic-Liquid Films and Co 3 O 4 (111) Thin Films. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:441-454. [PMID: 33373085 PMCID: PMC7986933 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this work we aim towards the molecular understanding of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation at the electrode electrolyte interface (EEI). Herein, we investigated the interaction between the battery‐relevant ionic liquid (IL) 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMP‐TFSI), Li and a Co3O4(111) thin film model anode grown on Ir(100) as a model study of the SEI formation in Li‐ion batteries (LIBs). We employed mostly X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in combination with dispersion‐corrected density functional theory calculations (DFT‐D3). If the surface is pre‐covered by BMP‐TFSI species (model electrolyte), post‐deposition of Li (Li+ ion shuttle) reveals thermodynamically favorable TFSI decomposition products such as LiCN, Li2NSO2CF3, LiF, Li2S, Li2O2, Li2O, but also kinetic products like Li2NCH3C4H9 or LiNCH3C4H9 of BMP. Simultaneously, Li adsorption and/or lithiation of Co3O4(111) to LinCo3O4 takes place due to insertion via step edges or defects; a partial transformation to CoO cannot be excluded. Formation of Co0 could not be observed in the experiment indicating that surface reaction products and inserted/adsorbed Li at the step edges may inhibit or slow down further Li diffusion into the bulk. This study provides detailed insights of the SEI formation at the EEI, which might be crucial for the improvement of future batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Forster-Tonigold
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Joachim Bansmann
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel Groß
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Buchner
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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4
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Bertram M, Prössl C, Ronovský M, Knöppel J, Matvija P, Fusek L, Skála T, Tsud N, Kastenmeier M, Matolín V, Mayrhofer KJJ, Johánek V, Mysliveček J, Cherevko S, Lykhach Y, Brummel O, Libuda J. Cobalt Oxide-Supported Pt Electrocatalysts: Intimate Correlation between Particle Size, Electronic Metal-Support Interaction and Stability. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8365-8371. [PMID: 32909431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxide supports can modify and stabilize platinum nanoparticles (NPs) in electrocatalytic materials. We studied related phenomena on model systems consisting of Pt NPs on atomically defined Co3O4(111) thin films. Chemical states and dissolution behavior of model catalysts were investigated as a function of the particle size and the electrochemical potential by ex situ emersion synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy and by online inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Electronic metal-support interaction (EMSI) yields partially oxidized Ptδ+ species at the metal/support interface of metallic nanometer-sized Pt NPs. In contrast, subnanometer particles form Ptδ+ aggregates that are exclusively accompanied by subsurface Pt4+ species. Dissolution of Cox+ ions is strongly coupled to the presence of Ptδ+ and the reduction of subsurface Pt4+ species. Our findings suggest that EMSI directly affects the integrity of oxide-based electrocatalysts and may be employed to stabilize Pt NPs against sintering and dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carolin Prössl
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michal Ronovský
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University,V Hole šovičkách 2, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Knöppel
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Matvija
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University,V Hole šovičkách 2, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Fusek
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University,V Hole šovičkách 2, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Skála
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University,V Hole šovičkách 2, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nataliya Tsud
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University,V Hole šovičkách 2, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maximilian Kastenmeier
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vladimír Matolín
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University,V Hole šovičkách 2, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karl J J Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Viktor Johánek
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University,V Hole šovičkách 2, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Mysliveček
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University,V Hole šovičkách 2, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yaroslava Lykhach
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Wähler T, Schuster R, Libuda J. Self-Metalation of Anchored Porphyrins on Atomically Defined Cobalt Oxide Surfaces: In situ Studies by Surface Vibrational Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2020; 26:12445-12453. [PMID: 32333716 PMCID: PMC7590103 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metalation of anchored porphyrins is essential for their functionality at hybrid interfaces. In this work, we have studied the anchoring and metalation of a functionalized porphyrin derivative, 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin (MCTPP), on an atomically-defined CoO(100) film under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. We follow both the anchoring to the oxide surface and the self-metalation by surface Co2+ ions via infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). At 150 K, MCTPP multilayer films adsorb molecularly on CoO(100) without anchoring to the surface. Upon heating to 195 K, the first layer of porphyrin molecules anchors via formation of a bridging surface carboxylate. Above 460 K, the MCTPP multilayer desorbs and only the anchored monolayer resides on the surface up to temperatures of 600 K approximately. The orientation of anchored MCTPP depends on the surface coverage. At low coverage, the MCTPP adopts a nearly flat-lying geometry, whereas an upright standing film is formed near the multilayer coverage. Self-metalation of MCTPP depends critically on the surface temperature, the coverage and on the molecular orientation. At 150 K, metalation is largely suppressed, while the degree of metalation increases with increasing temperature and reaches a value of around 60 % in the first monolayer at 450 K. At lower coverage higher metalation fractions (85 % and above) are observed, similar as for increasing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wähler
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Ralf Schuster
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
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6
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Buchner F, Eckardt M, Böhler T, Kim J, Gerlach J, Schnaidt J, Behm RJ. Oxygen Reduction and Evolution on Ni-modified Co 3 O 4 (1 1 1) Cathodes for Zn-Air Batteries: A Combined Surface Science and Electrochemical Model Study. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3199-3211. [PMID: 32216087 PMCID: PMC7318127 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The performance of structurally and chemically well-defined Ni-free and Ni-modified single-crystalline Co3 O4 (1 1 1) thin-film electrodes in the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER) was investigated in a combined surface science and electrochemistry approach. Pure and Ni-modified Co3 O4 (1 1 1) film electrodes were prepared and characterized under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions by scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Both Ni decoration (by post-deposition of Ni) and Ni doping (by simultaneous vapor deposition of Ni, Co, and O2 ) induced distinct differences in the base cyclic voltammograms in 0.5 m KOH at potentials higher than 0.7 V compared with Co3 O4 (1 1 1) electrodes. Also, all oxide film electrodes showed a higher overpotential for the ORR but a lower one for the OER than polycrystalline Pt. Ni modification significantly improved the ORR current densities by increasing the electrical conductivity, whereas the OER onset of approximately 1.47 VRHE (RHE: reversible hydrogen electrode) at 0.1 mA cm-2 was almost unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Buchner
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and CatalysisUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Markus Eckardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and CatalysisUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU)Helmholtzstrasse 1189081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Timo Böhler
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and CatalysisUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and CatalysisUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Jasmin Gerlach
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and CatalysisUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Johannes Schnaidt
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU)Helmholtzstrasse 1189081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - R. Jürgen Behm
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and CatalysisUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU)Helmholtzstrasse 1189081UlmGermany
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7
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Bertram M, Waidhas F, Jevric M, Fromm L, Schuschke C, Kastenmeier M, Görling A, Moth-Poulsen K, Brummel O, Libuda J. Norbornadiene photoswitches anchored to well-defined oxide surfaces: From ultrahigh vacuum into the liquid and the electrochemical environment. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:044708. [PMID: 32007072 DOI: 10.1063/1.5137897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Employing molecular photoswitches, we can combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release in an extremely simple single molecule system. In order to release the stored energy as electricity, the photoswitch has to interact with a semiconducting electrode surface. In this work, we explore a solar-energy-storing model system, consisting of a molecular photoswitch anchored to an atomically defined oxide surface in a liquid electrolyte and under potential control. Previously, this model system has been proven to be operational under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. We used the tailor-made norbornadiene derivative 2-cyano-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)norbornadiene (CNBD) and characterized its photochemical and electrochemical properties in an organic electrolyte. Next, we assembled a monolayer of CNBD on a well-ordered Co3O4(111) surface by physical vapor deposition in UHV. This model interface was then transferred into the liquid electrolyte and investigated by photoelectrochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy experiments. We demonstrate that the anchored monolayer of CNBD can be converted photochemically to its energy-rich counterpart 2-cyano-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)quadricyclane (CQC) under potential control. However, the reconversion potential of anchored CQC overlaps with the oxidation and decomposition potential of CNBD, which limits the electrochemically triggered reconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Waidhas
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lukas Fromm
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schuschke
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kastenmeier
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Lykhach Y, Piccinin S, Skála T, Bertram M, Tsud N, Brummel O, Farnesi Camellone M, Beranová K, Neitzel A, Fabris S, Prince KC, Matolín V, Libuda J. Quantitative Analysis of the Oxidation State of Cobalt Oxides by Resonant Photoemission Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6129-6136. [PMID: 31553619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative assessment of the charge transfer phenomena in cobalt oxides and cobalt complexes is essential for the design of advanced catalytic materials. We propose a method for the evaluation of the oxidation state of cobalt oxides with mixed valence states using resonant photoemission spectroscopy. The method is based on the calculation of the resonant enhancement ratio (RER) from the heights of the resonant features associated with the Co3+ and Co2+ states. The nature of the corresponding states was corroborated by means of density functional calculations. We employed a well-ordered Co3O4(111) film to calibrate the RER with respect to the atomic Co3+/Co2+ ratio. The method was applied to monitor the reduction of a well-ordered Co3O4(111) film to CoO(111) upon annealing under exposure to isopropanol. We demonstrate that this method yields the stoichiometry of cobalt oxides at a level of accuracy that cannot be achieved when fitting the Co 2p core level spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslava Lykhach
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Simone Piccinin
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IOM) , Via Bonomea 265 , Trieste 34136 , Italy
| | - Tomáš Skála
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science , Charles University , V Holešovičkách 2 , 18000 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Nataliya Tsud
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science , Charles University , V Holešovičkách 2 , 18000 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Matteo Farnesi Camellone
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IOM) , Via Bonomea 265 , Trieste 34136 , Italy
| | - Klára Beranová
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA , Strada Statale 14, km 163.5 , Basovizza-Trieste 34149 , Italy
| | - Armin Neitzel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Stefano Fabris
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IOM) , Via Bonomea 265 , Trieste 34136 , Italy
| | - Kevin C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA , Strada Statale 14, km 163.5 , Basovizza-Trieste 34149 , Italy
| | - Vladimír Matolín
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science , Charles University , V Holešovičkách 2 , 18000 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
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9
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Solar energy storage at an atomically defined organic-oxide hybrid interface. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2384. [PMID: 31160590 PMCID: PMC6546758 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches provide an extremely simple solution for solar energy conversion and storage. To convert stored energy to electricity, however, the photoswitch has to be coupled to a semiconducting electrode. In this work, we report on the assembly of an operational solar-energy-storing organic-oxide hybrid interface, which consists of a tailor-made molecular photoswitch and an atomically-defined semiconducting oxide film. The synthesized norbornadiene derivative 2-cyano-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)norbornadiene (CNBD) was anchored to a well-ordered Co3O4(111) surface by physical vapor deposition in ultrahigh vacuum. Using a photochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy experiment, we demonstrate that the anchored CNBD monolayer remains operational, i.e., can be photo-converted to its energy-rich counterpart 2-cyano-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)quadricyclane (CQC). We show that the activation barrier for energy release remains unaffected by the anchoring reaction and the anchored photoswitch can be charged and discharged with high reversibility. Our atomically-defined solar-energy-storing model interface enables detailed studies of energy conversion processes at organic/oxide hybrid interfaces.
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10
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Faisal F, Stumm C, Bertram M, Waidhas F, Lykhach Y, Cherevko S, Xiang F, Ammon M, Vorokhta M, Šmíd B, Skála T, Tsud N, Neitzel A, Beranová K, Prince KC, Geiger S, Kasian O, Wähler T, Schuster R, Schneider MA, Matolín V, Mayrhofer KJJ, Brummel O, Libuda J. Electrifying model catalysts for understanding electrocatalytic reactions in liquid electrolytes. NATURE MATERIALS 2018; 17:592-598. [PMID: 29867166 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis is at the heart of our future transition to a renewable energy system. Most energy storage and conversion technologies for renewables rely on electrocatalytic processes and, with increasing availability of cheap electrical energy from renewables, chemical production will witness electrification in the near future1-3. However, our fundamental understanding of electrocatalysis lags behind the field of classical heterogeneous catalysis that has been the dominating chemical technology for a long time. Here, we describe a new strategy to advance fundamental studies on electrocatalytic materials. We propose to 'electrify' complex oxide-based model catalysts made by surface science methods to explore electrocatalytic reactions in liquid electrolytes. We demonstrate the feasibility of this concept by transferring an atomically defined platinum/cobalt oxide model catalyst into the electrochemical environment while preserving its atomic surface structure. Using this approach, we explore particle size effects and identify hitherto unknown metal-support interactions that stabilize oxidized platinum at the nanoparticle interface. The metal-support interactions open a new synergistic reaction pathway that involves both metallic and oxidized platinum. Our results illustrate the potential of the concept, which makes available a systematic approach to build atomically defined model electrodes for fundamental electrocatalytic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Faisal
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Corinna Stumm
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manon Bertram
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Waidhas
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yaroslava Lykhach
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Feifei Xiang
- Lehrstuhl für Festkörperphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ammon
- Lehrstuhl für Festkörperphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mykhailo Vorokhta
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Šmíd
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Skála
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nataliya Tsud
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Armin Neitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klára Beranová
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, Basovizza-Trieste, Italy
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kevin C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, Basovizza-Trieste, Italy
| | - Simon Geiger
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Olga Kasian
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Wähler
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf Schuster
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Alexander Schneider
- Lehrstuhl für Festkörperphysik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vladimír Matolín
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karl J J Mayrhofer
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
- Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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11
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Schwarz M, Faisal F, Mohr S, Hohner C, Werner K, Xu T, Skála T, Tsud N, Prince KC, Matolín V, Lykhach Y, Libuda J. Structure-Dependent Dissociation of Water on Cobalt Oxide. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2763-2769. [PMID: 29741895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the correlation between structure and reactivity of oxide surfaces is vital for the rational design of catalytic materials. In this work, we demonstrate the exceptional degree of structure sensitivity of the water dissociation reaction for one of the most important materials in catalysis and electrocatalysis. We studied H2O on two atomically defined cobalt oxide surfaces, CoO(100) and Co3O4(111). Both surfaces are terminated by O2- and Co2+ in different coordination. By infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy and synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy we show that H2O adsorbs molecularly on CoO(100), while it dissociates and forms very strongly bound OH and partially dissociated (H2O) n(OH) m clusters on Co3O4(111). We rationalize this structure dependence by the coordination number of surface Co2+. Our results show that specific well-ordered cobalt oxide surfaces interact very strongly with H2O whereas others do not. We propose that this structure dependence plays a key role in catalysis with cobalt oxide nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schwarz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Firas Faisal
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Susanne Mohr
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Chantal Hohner
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Kristin Werner
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Tao Xu
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Tomáš Skála
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University , V Holešovičkách 2 , 18000 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Nataliya Tsud
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University , V Holešovičkách 2 , 18000 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Kevin C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA , Strada Statale 14, km 163.5 , 34149 Basovizza-Trieste , Italy
| | - Vladimír Matolín
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University , V Holešovičkách 2 , 18000 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Yaroslava Lykhach
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center and Interdisciplinary Center Interface Controlled Processes , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
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12
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Yuhara J, Kato D, Matsui T, Mizuno S. Structure of a zinc oxide ultra-thin film on Rh(100). J Chem Phys 2015; 143:174701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4934918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Yuhara
- Department of Materials, Physics and Energy Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - D. Kato
- Department of Materials, Physics and Energy Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - T. Matsui
- Department of Materials, Physics and Energy Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - S. Mizuno
- Department of Molecular and Material Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816–8580, Japan
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13
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Heinz K, Hammer L. Epitaxial cobalt oxide films on Ir(100)-the importance of crystallographic analyses. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:173001. [PMID: 23535176 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/17/173001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial cobalt oxide films on Ir(100) exhibit a rich scenario of different structural phases which are reviewed in this paper. The great majority of phases could be, as a rare case, crystallographically described by the joint application of atomically resolved STM and quantitative LEED, whereby structural surprises were more the rule than the exception. So, the oxide grows in the polar (111) orientation for both the Co3O4 and CoO stoichiometry on the bare Ir substrate in spite of the latter's square symmetry. Moreover, the film orientation can be tuned to non-polar (100) growth when one or several pseudomorphic Co layers are introduced as an interface between oxide and Ir substrate. By using the nanostructured Ir(100)-(5 × 1)-H phase as a template a nanostructured Co film can be formed whose oxidation leads to a nanostructured oxide. The nominally polar films circumvent the polarity problem by appropriate surface terminations. That of CoO(111) is, again as a surprise, realized by a switch from rocksalt-type to wurtzite-type stacking near the surface, by which the latter becomes metallic. The stepwise oxidation of a pseudomorphic Co layer on the bare Ir substrate leads to the sequential formation of rocksalt-type tetrahedral Co-O building blocks (with intermediate BN-type blocks) whereby the Co species more and more assume positions determined by the inner-oxidic binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Heinz
- Lehrstuhl für Festkörperphysik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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14
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Gubo M, Ebensperger C, Meyer W, Hammer L, Heinz K, Mittendorfer F, Redinger J. Tuning the growth orientation of epitaxial films by interface chemistry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:066101. [PMID: 22401090 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.066101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The support of epitaxial films frequently determines their crystallographic orientation, which is of crucial importance for their properties. We report a novel way to alter the film orientation without changing the substrate. We show for the growth of CoO on the Ir(100) surface that, while the oxide grows in (111) orientation on the bare substrate, the orientation switches to (100) by introducing a single (or a few) monolayer(s) of Co between the oxide and substrate. This tunability of the orientation of epitaxial films by the appropriate choice of interface chemistry most likely is a general feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gubo
- Lehrstuhl für Festkörperphysik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Gubo M, Ebensperger C, Meyer W, Hammer L, Heinz K. Substoichiometric cobalt oxide monolayer on Ir(100)-(1 × 1). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:474211. [PMID: 21832490 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/47/474211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A substoichiometric monolayer of cobalt oxide has been prepared by deposition and oxidation of slightly less than one monolayer of cobalt on the unreconstructed surface of Ir(100). The ultrathin film was investigated by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and quantitative low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). The cobalt species of the film reside in or near hollow positions of the substrate with, however, unoccupied sites (vacancies) in a 3 × 3 arrangement. In the so-formed 3 × 3 supercell the oxide's oxygen species are both threefold and fourfold coordinated to cobalt, forming pyramids with a triangular and square cobalt basis, respectively. These pyramids are the building blocks of the oxide. Due to the reduced coordination as compared to the sixfold one in the bulk of rock-salt-type CoO, the Co-O bond lengths are smaller than in the latter. For the threefold coordination they compare very well with the bond length in oxygen terminated CoO(111) films investigated recently. The substoichiometric 3 × 3 oxide monolayer phase transforms to a stoichiometric c(10 × 2)-periodic oxide monolayer under oxygen exposure, in which, however, cobalt and oxygen species are in (111) orientation and so form a CoO(111) layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gubo
- Lehrstuhl für Festkörperphysik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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