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Sakurai C, Yamashita N, Azuma K, Hatsuzawa K. VAMP5 promotes Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis and regulates phagosome maturation in macrophages. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar44. [PMID: 38265888 PMCID: PMC10916865 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-04-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Phagosome formation and maturation reportedly occur via sequential membrane fusion events mediated by synaptosomal-associated protein of 23 kDa (SNAP23), a plasma membrane-localized soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) family. Vesicle-associated membrane protein 5 (VAMP5), also a plasmalemma SNARE, interacts with SNAP23; however, its precise function in phagocytosis in macrophages remains elusive. To elucidate this aspect, we investigated the characteristics of macrophages in the presence of VAMP5 overexpression or knockdown and found that VAMP5 participates in Fcγ receptor-mediated phagosome formation, although not directly in phagosome maturation. Overexpressed VAMP5 was localized to the early phagosomal membrane but no longer localized to the lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1-positive maturing phagosomal membrane. Analyses using compound-based selective inhibitors demonstrated that VAMP5 dissociation from early phagosomes occurs in a clathrin- and dynamin-dependent manner and is indispensable for SNAP23 function in subsequent membrane fusion during phagosome maturation. Accordingly, to the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate, for the first time, that VAMP5 exerts an immunologically critical function during phagosome formation and maturation via SNARE-based membrane trafficking in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiye Sakurai
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Natsumi Yamashita
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kento Azuma
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Hatsuzawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
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2
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Dombroski JA, Fabiano AR, Knoblauch SV, Rowland SJ, Gibson-Corley KN, King MR. Tumor nano-lysate activates dendritic cells to evoke a preventative immune response. J Immunol Methods 2024; 524:113601. [PMID: 38092224 PMCID: PMC11163877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
A tumor nano-lysate "TNL" vaccine comprised of sonicated 4T1 cells was developed, characterized and implemented for the prevention of triple-negative breast cancer. This study aimed to gain a better understanding of the immune response behind the success of the vaccine in vivo, through use of ex vivo and in vivo assays. Here, we analyze the activation of various immune cells isolated from healthy mouse spleens and find that antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs) are being activated following 24 h incubation with 1:10 mg TNL/mg splenocytes. These cells were further explored to determine the pathway by which activation is occurring, and it was observed that TNL are phagocytosed by DCs to activate NF-kB and c-Fos pathways, resulting in enhanced cytokine release after 24 h. An in vivo temporal analysis was performed in mice to understand the immune response at 1, 3, 7 and 10 days after one 100 μL dose of TNL consisting of 105 sonicated 4T1 cells via cardiac puncture and splenocyte and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) analysis. Changes were observed for up to one week. A multiple dose study was performed comparing mice that were vaccinated with one dose of TNL administered every ten days for 3 doses total, as well as a PBS vehicle control. Survival for TNL-vaccinated mice was enhanced compared to the PBS control, and there was an average delay of 10 days in the onset of metastasis. The differences between the groups at the end of the study demonstrate the potential for TNL as a preventative therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna A Dombroski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Abigail R Fabiano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Samantha V Knoblauch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Schyler J Rowland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Katherine N Gibson-Corley
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Comparative Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Michael R King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
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3
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Tondeur EG, Voerman JS, Geleijnse MA, van Hofwegen LS, van Krimpen A, Koerner J, Mishra G, Song Z, Schliehe C. Sec22b and Stx4 Depletion Has No Major Effect on Cross-Presentation of PLGA Microsphere-Encapsulated Antigen and a Synthetic Long Peptide In Vitro. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1203-1215. [PMID: 37638825 PMCID: PMC10592162 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The induction of CTL responses by vaccines is important to combat infectious diseases and cancer. Biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres and synthetic long peptides are efficiently internalized by professional APCs and prime CTL responses after cross-presentation of Ags on MHC class I molecules. Specifically, they mainly use the cytosolic pathway of cross-presentation that requires endosomal escape, proteasomal processing, and subsequent MHC class I loading of Ags in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and/or the endosome. The vesicle SNARE protein Sec22b has been described as important for this pathway by mediating vesical trafficking for the delivery of ER-derived proteins to the endosome. As this function has also been challenged, we investigated the role of Sec22b in cross-presentation of the PLGA microsphere-encapsulated model Ag OVA and a related synthetic long peptide. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, we generated Sec22b knockouts in two murine C57BL/6-derived APC lines and found no evidence for an essential role of Sec22b. Although pending experimental evidence, the target SNARE protein syntaxin 4 (Stx4) has been suggested to promote cross-presentation by interacting with Sec22b for the fusion of ER-derived vesicles with the endosome. In the current study, we show that, similar to Sec22b, Stx4 knockout in murine APCs had very limited effects on cross-presentation under the conditions tested. This study contributes to characterizing cross-presentation of two promising Ag delivery systems and adds to the discussion about the role of Sec22b/Stx4 in related pathways. Our data point toward SNARE protein redundancy in the cytosolic pathway of cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma G.M. Tondeur
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jane S.A. Voerman
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mitchell A.A. Geleijnse
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laure S. van Hofwegen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anneloes van Krimpen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Koerner
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gunja Mishra
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ziye Song
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Schliehe
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Criado Santos N, Bouvet S, Cruz Cobo M, Mandavit M, Bermont F, Castelbou C, Mansour F, Azam M, Giordano F, Nunes-Hasler P. Sec22b regulates phagosome maturation by promoting ORP8-mediated lipid exchange at endoplasmic reticulum-phagosome contact sites. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1008. [PMID: 37794132 PMCID: PMC10550925 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagosome maturation is critical for immune defense, defining whether ingested material is destroyed or converted into antigens. Sec22b regulates phagosome maturation, yet how has remained unclear. Here we show Sec22b tethers endoplasmic reticulum-phagosome membrane contact sites (MCS) independently of the known tether STIM1. Sec22b knockdown increases calcium signaling, phagolysosome fusion and antigen degradation and alters phagosomal phospholipids PI(3)P, PS and PI(4)P. Levels of PI(4)P, a lysosome docking lipid, are rescued by Sec22b re-expression and by expression of the artificial tether MAPPER but not the MCS-disrupting mutant Sec22b-P33. Moreover, Sec22b co-precipitates with the PS/PI(4)P exchange protein ORP8. Wild-type, but not mutant ORP8 rescues phagosomal PI(4)P and reduces antigen degradation. Sec22b, MAPPER and ORP8 but not P33 or mutant-ORP8 restores phagolysosome fusion in knockdown cells. These findings clarify an alternative mechanism through which Sec22b controls phagosome maturation and beg a reassessment of the relative contribution of Sec22b-mediated fusion versus tethering to phagosome biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Criado Santos
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Center for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médicale Universitaire, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Bouvet
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médicale Universitaire, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Cruz Cobo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Center for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médicale Universitaire, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marion Mandavit
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Center for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médicale Universitaire, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Flavien Bermont
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médicale Universitaire, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Castelbou
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médicale Universitaire, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Farah Mansour
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Center for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médicale Universitaire, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maral Azam
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Center for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médicale Universitaire, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Giordano
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, 91198, France
- Inserm U1280, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, 91198, France
| | - Paula Nunes-Hasler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Center for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médicale Universitaire, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva, Switzerland.
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5
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Zhang QA, Ma S, Li P, Xie J. The dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome and the fate of infection. Cell Signal 2023; 108:110715. [PMID: 37192679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phagosomes are vesicles produced by phagocytosis of phagocytes, which are crucial in immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. After the phagocyte ingests the pathogen, it activates the phagosomes to recruit a series of components and process proteins, to phagocytose, degrade and kill Mtb. Meanwhile, Mtb can resist acid and oxidative stress, block phagosome maturation, and manipulate host immune response. The interaction between Mtb and phagocytes leads to the outcome of infection. The dynamic of this process can affect the cell fate. This article mainly reviews the development and maturation of phagosomes, as well as the dynamics and modifications of Mtb effectors and phagosomes components, and new diagnostic and therapeutic markers involved in phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaying Ma
- Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing the Fourth Hospital, Jiankang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Peibo Li
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China.
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6
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Ghavami M, Fairn GD. Endoplasmic reticulum-Phagosome contact sites from the cradle to the grave. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1074443. [PMID: 36619860 PMCID: PMC9813420 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1074443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a key component of the innate immune system used to ingest apoptotic cells and microorganisms for their destruction and recycling of macromolecules and the presentation of antigens to adaptive immune system cells. The newly formed vacuole or nascent phagosome undergoes a maturation process reminiscent of the classical endocytic maturation process, reaching a highly degradative phagolysosome stage before its tubulovesicular breakdown into lysosomes. The process is highly regulated and can be disrupted by various pathogenic organisms. The exchange of proteins, lipids, and other metabolites between organelles, including maturing phagosomes, is enabled by two processes, vesicular and non-vesicular transport at membrane contact sites (MCS). For decades the specific role(s) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in phagocytosis has been the subject of much debate. In parallel, the last two decades have seen a burst in research on the numerous roles of ER contact sites and resident proteins in all aspects of organelle biology. Here, in this minireview, we describe ER-phagosome contact sites' functions from the early stages of particle engulfment to the phagolysosome dissolution into lysosomes. We also discuss several aspects of ER-phagosome contact sites that remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahlegha Ghavami
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Fairn
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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7
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Mantel I, Sadiq BA, Blander JM. Spotlight on TAP and its vital role in antigen presentation and cross-presentation. Mol Immunol 2022; 142:105-119. [PMID: 34973498 PMCID: PMC9241385 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the hunt for a transporter molecule ostensibly responsible for the translocation of peptides across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane yielded the successful discovery of transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) protein. TAP is a heterodimer complex comprised of TAP1 and TAP2, which utilizes ATP to transport cytosolic peptides into the ER across its membrane. In the ER, together with other components it forms the peptide loading complex (PLC), which directs loading of high affinity peptides onto nascent major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules that are then transported to the cell surface for presentation to CD8+ T cells. TAP also plays a crucial role in transporting peptides into phagosomes and endosomes during cross-presentation in dendritic cells (DCs). Because of the critical role that TAP plays in both classical MHC-I presentation and cross-presentation, its expression and function are often compromised by numerous types of cancers and viruses to evade recognition by cytotoxic CD8 T cells. Here we review the discovery and function of TAP with a major focus on its role in cross-presentation in DCs. We discuss a recently described emergency route of noncanonical cross-presentation that is mobilized in DCs upon TAP blockade to restore CD8 T cell cross-priming. We also discuss the various strategies employed by cancer cells and viruses to target TAP expression or function to evade immunosurveillance - along with some strategies by which the repertoire of peptides presented by cells which downregulate TAP can be targeted as a therapeutic strategy to mobilize a TAP-independent CD8 T cell response. Lastly, we discuss TAP polymorphisms and the role of TAP in inherited disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Mantel
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Barzan A Sadiq
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - J Magarian Blander
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10021, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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8
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Extracellular HSP90α Induces MyD88-IRAK Complex-Associated IKKα/β-NF-κB/IRF3 and JAK2/TYK2-STAT-3 Signaling in Macrophages for Tumor-Promoting M2-Polarization. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020229. [PMID: 35053345 PMCID: PMC8774043 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
M2-polarization and the tumoricidal to tumor-promoting transition are commonly observed with tumor-infiltrating macrophages after interplay with cancer cells or/and other stroma cells. Our previous study indicated that macrophage M2-polarization can be induced by extracellular HSP90α (eHSP90α) secreted from endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition-derived cancer-associated fibroblasts. To extend the finding, we herein validated that eHSP90α-induced M2-polarized macrophages exhibited a tumor-promoting activity and the promoted tumor tissues had significant increases in microvascular density but decreases in CD4+ T-cell level. We further investigated the signaling pathways occurring in eHSP90α-stimulated macrophages. When macrophages were exposed to eHSP90α, CD91 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) functioned as the receptor/co-receptor for eHSP90α binding to recruit interleukin (IL)-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and next elicited a canonical CD91/MyD88-IRAK1/4-IκB kinase α/β (IKKα/β)-nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) signaling pathway. Despite TLR4-MyD88 complex-associated activations of IKKα/β, NF-κB and IRF3 being well-known as involved in macrophage M1-activation, our results demonstrated that the CD91-TLR4-MyD88 complex-associated IRAK1/4-IKKα/β-NF-κB/IRF3 pathway was not only directly involved in M2-associated CD163, CD204, and IL-10 gene expressions but also required for downregulation of M1 inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) were recruited onto MyD88 to induce the phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3). The JAK2/TYK2-STAT-3 signaling is known to associate with tumor promotion. In this study, the MyD88-JAK2/TYK2-STAT-3 pathway was demonstrated to contribute to eHSP90α-induced macrophage M2-polarization by regulating the expressions of M1- and M2-related genes, proangiogenic protein vascular endothelial growth factor, and phagocytosis-interfering factor Sec22b.
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9
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Human Corneal Epithelial Cells Internalize Aspergillus flavus Spores by Actin-Mediated Endocytosis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00794-20. [PMID: 33753415 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00794-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells play a significant role in the innate immune response by secreting cytokines and antimicrobial peptides when they encounter fungal pathogens. But the detailed mechanism of attachment and engulfment of the fungal conidia by HCE cells is not well understood. Here, we show the phagocytosis of Aspergillus flavus conidia by RCB2280 cells and primary HCE cultures using confocal microscopy and proteomic analysis of conidium-containing phagosomes. Phalloidin staining showed actin polymerization, leading to an actin ring around engulfed conidia. Cytochalasin D inhibited the actin-mediated endocytosis of the conidia. Immunolabeling of the early endosomal markers CD71 and early endosomal antigen (EEA1) and the late endosomal markers lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), Rab7, and cathepsin G showed that endosomal proteins were recruited to the site of conidia and showed maturation of the conidium-containing phagosomes. Lysotracker red DND 99 labeling showed the acidification of the phagosomes containing conidia. Phagosome-specific proteome analysis confirmed the recruitment of various phagosomal and endosomal proteins to the conidium-containing phagosomes. These results show that the ocular surface epithelium contributes actively to antifungal defense by the phagocytosis of invading fungal conidia.
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10
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Clague MJ, Urbé S. Data mining for traffic information. Traffic 2021; 21:162-168. [PMID: 31596015 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Modern cell biology is now rich with data acquired at the whole genome and proteome level. We can add value to this data through integration and application of specialist knowledge. To illustrate, we will focus on the SNARE and RAB proteins; key regulators of intracellular fusion specificity and organelle identity. We examine published mass spectrometry data to gain an estimate of protein copy number and organelle distribution in HeLa cells for each family member. We also survey recent global CRISPR/Cas9 screens for essential genes from these families. We highlight instances of co-essentiality with other genes across a large panel of cell lines that allows for the identification of functionally coherent clusters. Examples of such correlations include RAB10 with the SNARE protein Syntaxin4 (STX4) and RAB7/RAB21 with the WASH and the CCC (COMMD/CCDC22/CCDC93) complexes, both of which are linked to endosomal recycling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Clague
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sylvie Urbé
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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11
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Hatsuzawa K, Sakurai C. Regulatory Mechanism of SNAP23 in Phagosome Formation and Maturation. Yonago Acta Med 2020; 63:135-145. [PMID: 32884432 PMCID: PMC7435115 DOI: 10.33160/yam.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Synaptosomal associated protein of 23 kDa (SNAP23), a plasma membrane-localized soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE), is a ubiquitously expressed protein that is generally involved in fusion of the plasma membrane and secretory or endosomal recycling vesicles during several types of exocytosis. SNAP23 is expressed in phagocytes, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, and functions in both exocytosis and phagocytosis. This review focuses on the function of SNAP23 in immunoglobulin G Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis by macrophages. SNAP23 and its partner SNAREs mediate fusion of the plasma membrane with intracellular organelles or vesicles to form phagosomes as well as the fusion of phagosomes with endosomes or lysosomes to induce phagosome maturation, characterized by reactive oxygen species production and acidification. During these processes, SNAP23 function is regulated by phosphorylation. In addition, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3 (LC3)-associated phagocytosis, which tightly promotes or suppresses phagosome maturation depending on the foreign target, requires SNAP23 function. SNAP23 that is enriched on the phagosome membrane during LC3-associated phagocytosis may be phosphorylated or dephosphorylated, thereby enhancing or inhibiting subsequent phagosome maturation, respectively. These findings have increased our understanding of the SNAP23-associated membrane trafficking mechanism in phagocytes, which has important implications for microbial pathogenesis and innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Hatsuzawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Chiye Sakurai
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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12
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Morita M, Kajiye M, Sakurai C, Kubo S, Takahashi M, Kinoshita D, Hori N, Hatsuzawa K. Characterization of MORN2 stability and regulatory function in LC3-associated phagocytosis in macrophages. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio051029. [PMID: 32414768 PMCID: PMC7327995 DOI: 10.1242/bio.051029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein A1/B1-light chain 3 (LC3)-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is a type of non-canonical autophagy that regulates phagosome maturation in macrophages. However, the role and regulatory mechanism of LAP remain largely unknown. Recently, the membrane occupation and recognition nexus repeat-containing-2 (MORN2) was identified as a key component of LAP for the efficient formation of LC3-recruiting phagosomes. To characterize MORN2 and elucidate its function in LAP, we established a MORN2-overexpressing macrophage line. At a steady state, MORN2 was partially cleaved by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. MORN2 overexpression promoted not only LC3-II production but also LAP phagosome (LAPosome) acidification during Escherichia coli uptake. Furthermore, the formation of LAPosomes containing the yeast cell wall component zymosan was enhanced in MORN2-overexpressing cells and depended on reactive oxygen species (ROS). Finally, MORN2-mediated LAP was regulated by plasma membrane-localized soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) such as SNAP-23 and syntaxin 11. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that MORN2, whose expression is downregulated via proteasomal digestion, is a limiting factor for LAP, and that membrane trafficking by SNARE proteins is involved in MORN2-mediated LAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Morita
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mayu Kajiye
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Chiye Sakurai
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kubo
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Miki Takahashi
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Daiki Kinoshita
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Naohiro Hori
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Hatsuzawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
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13
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Wu SRJ, Khoriaty R, Kim SH, O'Shea KS, Zhu G, Hoenerhoff M, Zajac C, Oravecz-Wilson K, Toubai T, Sun Y, Ginsburg D, Reddy P. SNARE protein SEC22B regulates early embryonic development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11434. [PMID: 31391476 PMCID: PMC6685974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved SNARE protein SEC22B mediates diverse and critical functions, including phagocytosis, cell growth, autophagy, and protein secretion. However, these characterizations have thus far been limited to in vitro work. Here, we expand our understanding of the role Sec22b plays in vivo. We utilized Cre-Lox mice to delete Sec22b in three tissue compartments. With a germline deletion of Sec22b, we observed embryonic death at E8.5. Hematopoietic/endothelial cell deletion of Sec22b also resulted in in utero death. Notably, mice with Sec22b deletion in CD11c-expressing cells of the hematopoietic system survive to adulthood. These data demonstrate Sec22b contributes to early embryogenesis through activity both in hematopoietic/endothelial tissues as well as in other tissues yet to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Rong J Wu
- Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Rami Khoriaty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Stephanie H Kim
- Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - K Sue O'Shea
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Guojing Zhu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Mark Hoenerhoff
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Cynthia Zajac
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Tomomi Toubai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Yaping Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - David Ginsburg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Pavan Reddy
- Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA.
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14
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Kinoshita D, Sakurai C, Morita M, Tsunematsu M, Hori N, Hatsuzawa K. Syntaxin 11 regulates the stimulus-dependent transport of Toll-like receptor 4 to the plasma membrane by cooperating with SNAP-23 in macrophages. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1085-1097. [PMID: 30811271 PMCID: PMC6724512 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-10-0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Syntaxin 11 (stx11) is a soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) that is selectively expressed in immune cells; however, its precise role in macrophages is unclear. We showed that stx11 knockdown reduces the phagocytosis of Escherichia coli in interferon-γ–activated macrophages. stx11 knockdown decreased Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) localization on the plasma membrane without affecting total expression. Plasma membrane–localized TLR4 was primarily endocytosed within 1 h by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and gradually relocalized 4 h after removal of LPS. This relocalization was significantly impaired by stx11 knockdown. The lack of TLR4 transport to the plasma membrane is presumably related to TLR4 degradation in acidic endosomal organelles. Additionally, an immunoprecipitation experiment suggested that stx11 interacts with SNAP-23, a plasma membrane–localized SNARE protein, whose depletion also inhibits TLR4 replenishment in LPS-stimulated cells. Using an intramolecular Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe for SNAP-23, we showed that the high FRET efficiency caused by LPS stimulation is reduced by stx11 knockdown. These findings suggest that stx11 regulates the stimulus-dependent transport of TLR4 to the plasma membrane by cooperating with SNAP-23 in macrophages. Our results clarify the regulatory mechanisms underlying intracellular transport of TLR4 and have implications for microbial pathogenesis and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Kinoshita
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Chiye Sakurai
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Maya Morita
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Masashi Tsunematsu
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Naohiro Hori
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Hatsuzawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
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15
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Dingjan I, Linders PTA, Verboogen DRJ, Revelo NH, Ter Beest M, van den Bogaart G. Endosomal and Phagosomal SNAREs. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1465-1492. [PMID: 29790818 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein family is of vital importance for organelle communication. The complexing of cognate SNARE members present in both the donor and target organellar membranes drives the membrane fusion required for intracellular transport. In the endocytic route, SNARE proteins mediate trafficking between endosomes and phagosomes with other endosomes, lysosomes, the Golgi apparatus, the plasma membrane, and the endoplasmic reticulum. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the SNAREs involved in endosomal and phagosomal trafficking. Of the 38 SNAREs present in humans, 30 have been identified at endosomes and/or phagosomes. Many of these SNAREs are targeted by viruses and intracellular pathogens, which thereby reroute intracellular transport for gaining access to nutrients, preventing their degradation, and avoiding their detection by the immune system. A fascinating picture is emerging of a complex transport network with multiple SNAREs being involved in consecutive trafficking routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Dingjan
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; and Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Peter T A Linders
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; and Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Danielle R J Verboogen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; and Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Natalia H Revelo
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; and Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ter Beest
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; and Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; and Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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16
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Abe Y, Yamamoto N, Nakamura K, Arai K, Sakurai C, Hatsuzawa K, Ogura Y, Iseki K, Tase C, Kanemitsu K. IL-13 attenuates early local CXCL2-dependent neutrophil recruitment for Candida albicans clearance during a severe murine systemic infection. Immunobiology 2018; 224:15-29. [PMID: 30514570 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of IL-13 during a severe systemic Candida albicans infection, BALB/c control and IL-13-/- mice were examined for colony forming units (CFU) in the kidneys and survival days after intravenous infection. Proinflammatory mediators and cell recruitment into the tissue were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, a multiple ELISA system, and morphological cell differentiation. The IL-13-/- group exhibited a lower CFU number in the kidneys at 4 days and survived longer than the control mice, which was accompanied by significantly higher expression of C-X-C motif ligand 2 (CXCL2), IFN-γ, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in the infected kidneys. By contrast, the expression of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and IL-17 A on day 10 were significantly higher in the control mice than in the IL-13-/- group. When using an intratracheal infection model, the IL-13-/- group recruited a greater number of PMNs in 6 h, with rapidly increased CXCL2 in the alveolar space. In vitro testing with cultured bone-marrow-derived cells demonstrated rapid CXCL2 mRNA upregulation at 3 h after contact with C. albicans, which decreased with recombinant IL-13 pretreatment, whereas rIL-13 retained TGF-β upregulation. In a murine model of Candida systemic infection, preexistent IL-13 limits both the rapid CXCL2 elevation and PMN aggregation in the target organ to suppress inflammatory mediators, which also attenuates local pathogen clearance within four days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Abe
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Natsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Infection Control, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan; Health and Welfare Center of Sendai City, Taihaku Ward Branch Office, Taihaku-ku, Nagamachi-minami 1-15, Sendai, 982-8601, Japan.
| | - Kiwamu Nakamura
- Department of Infection Control, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Arai
- Department of Infection Control, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Chiye Sakurai
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Hatsuzawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ogura
- Division of Human Life and Environmental Sciences, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Ken Iseki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Choichiro Tase
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Keiji Kanemitsu
- Department of Infection Control, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
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17
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Sakurai C, Itakura M, Kinoshita D, Arai S, Hashimoto H, Wada I, Hatsuzawa K. Phosphorylation of SNAP-23 at Ser95 causes a structural alteration and negatively regulates Fc receptor-mediated phagosome formation and maturation in macrophages. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1753-1762. [PMID: 29771640 PMCID: PMC6080709 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-08-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
SNAP-23 is a plasma membrane-localized soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) involved in Fc receptor (FcR)-mediated phagocytosis. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying its function remains elusive. Using phosphorylation-specific antibodies, SNAP-23 was found to be phosphorylated at Ser95 in macrophages. To understand the role of this phosphorylation, we established macrophage lines overexpressing the nonphosphorylatable S95A or the phosphomimicking S95D mutation. The efficiency of phagosome formation and maturation was severely reduced in SNAP-23-S95D–overexpressing cells. To examine whether phosphorylation at Ser95 affected SNAP-23 structure, we constructed intramolecular Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes of SNAP-23 designed to evaluate the approximation of the N termini of the two SNARE motifs. Interestingly, a high FRET efficiency was detected on the membrane when the S95D probe was used, indicating that phosphorylation at Ser95 caused a dynamic structural shift to the closed form. Coexpression of IκB kinase (IKK) 2 enhanced the FRET efficiency of the wild-type probe on the phagosome membrane. Furthermore, the enhanced phagosomal FRET signal in interferon-γ–activated macrophages was largely dependent on IKK2, and this kinase mediated a delay in phagosome-lysosome fusion. These results suggested that SNAP-23 phosphorylation at Ser95 played an important role in the regulation of SNARE-dependent membrane fusion during FcR-mediated phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiye Sakurai
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.,Department of Cell Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Makoto Itakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan
| | - Daiki Kinoshita
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Seisuke Arai
- Department of Cell Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Department of Cell Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Ikuo Wada
- Department of Cell Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Hatsuzawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.,Department of Cell Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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18
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Morita M, Sawaki K, Kinoshita D, Sakurai C, Hori N, Hatsuzawa K. Quantitative analysis of phagosome formation and maturation using an Escherichia coli probe expressing a tandem fluorescent protein. J Biochem 2017; 162:309-316. [PMID: 28575453 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvx034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagosome formation and maturation are essential innate immune mechanisms to engulf and digest foreign particles. To analyze these processes quantitatively, we established a specific Escherichia coli probe expressing a tandem fluorescent protein, comprising glutathione S-transferase fused with monomeric Cherry (mCherry) and monomeric Venus (mVenus). We demonstrated that mVenus was more susceptible to bleaching in an acidic environment than mCherry, and that the mVenus:mCherry fluorescence intensity ratio can be used to monitor phagosomal pH changes during maturation. Using this probe, we revealed that synaptosomal-associated protein of 23 kDa, a plasma membrane soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor protein, actively regulated phagocytosis of E. coli and subsequent phagosome maturation in macrophages. Our results indicated that this probe has the potential to be a powerful tool in understanding the molecular mechanisms of phagosome formation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Morita
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Sawaki
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Daiki Kinoshita
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Chiye Sakurai
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Naohiro Hori
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Hatsuzawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
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19
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Nunes-Hasler P, Demaurex N. The ER phagosome connection in the era of membrane contact sites. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1513-1524. [PMID: 28432021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an essential mechanism through which innate immune cells ingest foreign material that is either destroyed or used to generate and present antigens and initiate adaptive immune responses. While a role for the ER during phagosome biogenesis has been recognized, whether fusion with ER cisternae or vesicular derivatives occurs has been the source of much contention. Membrane contact sites (MCS) are tight appositions between ER membranes and various organelles that coordinate multiple functions including localized signalling, lipid transfer and trafficking. The discovery that MCS form between the ER and phagosomes now begs the question of whether MCS play a role in connecting the ER to phagosomes under different contexts. In this review, we consider the implications of MCS between the ER and phagosomes during cross-presentation and infection with intracellular pathogens. We also discuss the similarities between these contacts and those between the ER and plasma membrane and acidic organelles such as endosomes and lysosomes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Contact Sites edited by Christian Ungermann and Benoit Kornmann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Nunes-Hasler
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Demaurex
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Rabelo K, Trugilho MRO, Costa SM, Pereira BAS, Moreira OC, Ferreira ATS, Carvalho PC, Perales J, Alves AMB. The effect of the dengue non-structural 1 protein expression over the HepG2 cell proteins in a proteomic approach. J Proteomics 2016; 152:339-354. [PMID: 27826075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is an important mosquito borne viral disease in the world. Dengue virus (DENV) encodes a polyprotein, which is cleaved in ten proteins, including the non-structural protein 1 (NS1). In this work, we analyzed the effect of NS1 expression in one hepatic cell line, HepG2, through a shotgun proteomic approach. Cells were transfected with pcENS1 plasmid, which encodes the DENV2 NS1 protein, or the controls pcDNA3 (negative control) and pMAXGFP (GFP, a protein unrelated to dengue). Expression of NS1 was detected by immunofluorescence, western blot and flow cytometry. We identified 14,138 peptides that mapped to 4,756 proteins in all analyzed conditions. We found 41 and 81 differentially abundant proteins when compared to cells transfected with plasmids pcDNA3 and pMAXGFP, respectively. Besides, 107 proteins were detected only in the presence of NS1. We identified clusters of proteins involved mainly in mRNA process and viral RNA replication. Down regulation expression of one protein (MARCKS), identified by the proteomic analysis, was also confirmed by real time PCR in HepG2 cells infected with DENV2. Identification of proteins modulated by the presence of NS1 may improve our understanding of its role in virus infection and pathogenesis, contributing to development of new therapies and vaccines. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dengue is an important viral disease, with epidemics in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The disease is complex, with different manifestations, in which the liver is normally affected. The NS1 is found in infected cells associated with plasma membrane and secreted into the circulation as a soluble multimer. This protein is essential for virus viability, although its function is not elucidated. Some reports indicate that the NS1 can be used as a protective antigen for the development of a dengue vaccine, while others suggest its involvement in viral pathogenesis. In this work, we report an in-depth comprehensive proteomic profiling resulting from the presence of NS1 in HepG2 cells. These results can contribute to a better understanding of the NS1 role during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kíssila Rabelo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monique R O Trugilho
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simone M Costa
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bernardo A S Pereira
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacílio C Moreira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André T S Ferreira
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Carvalho
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Protein Engineering, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ada M B Alves
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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21
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Dehn S, DeBerge M, Yeap XY, Yvan-Charvet L, Fang D, Eltzschig HK, Miller SD, Thorp EB. HIF-2α in Resting Macrophages Tempers Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species To Selectively Repress MARCO-Dependent Phagocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3639-3649. [PMID: 27671111 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-α isoforms regulate key macrophage (MΦ) functions during ischemic inflammation. HIF-2α drives proinflammatory cytokine production; however, the requirements for HIF-2α during other key MΦ functions, including phagocytosis, are unknown. In contrast to HIF-1α, HIF-2α was not required for hypoxic phagocytic uptake. Surprisingly, basal HIF-2α levels under nonhypoxic conditions were necessary and sufficient to suppress phagocytosis. Screening approaches revealed selective induction of the scavenger receptor MARCO, which was required for enhanced engulfment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation identified the antioxidant NRF2 as being directly responsible for inducing Marco Concordantly, Hif-2α-/- MΦs exhibited reduced antioxidant gene expression, and inhibition of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species suppressed Marco expression and phagocytic uptake. Ex vivo findings were recapitulated in vivo; the enhanced engulfment phenotype resulted in increased bacterial clearance and cytokine suppression. Importantly, natural induction of Hif-2α by IL-4 also suppressed MARCO-dependent phagocytosis. Thus, unlike most characterized prophagocytic regulators, HIF-2α can act as a phagocytic repressor. Interestingly, this occurs in resting MΦs through tempering of steady-state mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. In turn, HIF-2α promotes MΦ quiescence by blocking a MARCO bacterial-response pathway. IL-4 also drives HIF-2α suppression of MARCO, leading to compromised bacterial immunosurveillance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Dehn
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611.,Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Matthew DeBerge
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611.,Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Xin-Yi Yeap
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611.,Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Laurent Yvan-Charvet
- INSERM U1065, Centre Mediterraneen de Medecine Moleculaire, Atip-Avenir, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Edward B Thorp
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; .,Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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22
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Saraste J, Marie M. Intermediate Compartment: A Sorting Station between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi Apparatus. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CELL BIOLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7150006 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394447-4.20013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Naj X, Linder S. ER-Coordinated Activities of Rab22a and Rab5a Drive Phagosomal Compaction and Intracellular Processing of Borrelia burgdorferi by Macrophages. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1816-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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24
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Mantegazza AR, Magalhaes JG, Amigorena S, Marks MS. Presentation of phagocytosed antigens by MHC class I and II. Traffic 2012; 14:135-52. [PMID: 23127154 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis provides innate immune cells with a mechanism to take up and destroy pathogenic bacteria, apoptotic cells and other large particles. In some cases, however, peptide antigens from these particles are preserved for presentation in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class II molecules in order to stimulate antigen-specific T cells. Processing and presentation of antigens from phagosomes presents a number of distinct challenges relative to antigens internalized by other means; while bacterial antigens were among the first discovered to be presented to T cells, analyses of the cellular mechanisms by which peptides from phagocytosed antigens assemble with MHC molecules and by which these complexes are then expressed at the plasma membrane have lagged behind those of conventional model soluble antigens. In this review, we cover recent advances in our understanding of these processes, including the unique cross-presentation of phagocytosed antigens by MHC class I molecules, and in their control by signaling modalities in phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R Mantegazza
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Sakurai C, Hashimoto H, Nakanishi H, Arai S, Wada Y, Sun-Wada GH, Wada I, Hatsuzawa K. SNAP-23 regulates phagosome formation and maturation in macrophages. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:4849-63. [PMID: 23087210 PMCID: PMC3521691 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-01-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Using macrophages overexpressing or reducing SNAP-23, this study shows that SNAP-23 is implicated in phagosome formation and maturation, presumably by mediating SNARE-based membrane traffic. Indeed, a conformational change in SNAP-23 structure based on FRET signal is observed on the phagosome membrane of cells overexpressing the lysosomal SNARE VAMP7. Synaptosomal associated protein of 23 kDa (SNAP-23), a plasma membrane–localized soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE), has been implicated in phagocytosis by macrophages. For elucidation of its precise role in this process, a macrophage line overexpressing monomeric Venus–tagged SNAP-23 was established. These cells showed enhanced Fc receptor–mediated phagocytosis. Detailed analyses of each process of phagocytosis revealed a marked increase in the production of reactive oxygen species within phagosomes. Also, enhanced accumulation of a lysotropic dye, as well as augmented quenching of a pH-sensitive fluorophore were observed. Analyses of isolated phagosomes indicated the critical role of SNAP-23 in the functional recruitment of the NADPH oxidase complex and vacuolar-type H+-ATPase to phagosomes. The data from the overexpression experiments were confirmed by SNAP-23 knockdown, which demonstrated a significant delay in phagosome maturation and a reduction in uptake activity. Finally, for analyzing whether phagosomal SNAP-23 entails a structural change in the protein, an intramolecular Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe was constructed, in which the distance within a TagGFP2-TagRFP was altered upon close approximation of the N-termini of its two SNARE motifs. FRET efficiency on phagosomes was markedly enhanced only when VAMP7, a lysosomal SNARE, was coexpressed. Taken together, our results strongly suggest the involvement of SNAP-23 in both phagosome formation and maturation in macrophages, presumably by mediating SNARE-based membrane traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiye Sakurai
- Department of Cell Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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Canton J, Kima PE. Interactions of pathogen-containing compartments with the secretory pathway. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1676-86. [PMID: 22862745 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A subgroup of intracellular pathogens reside and replicate within membrane-bound compartments often termed pathogen-containing compartments (PCC). PCCs navigate around a wide range of host cell vesicles and organelles. In light of the perils of engaging with vesicles of the endocytic pathway, most PCCs modulate their interactions with endocytic vesicles while a few avoid those interactions. The secretory pathway constitutes another important grouping of vesicles and organelles in host cells. Although the negative consequences of engaging with the secretory pathway are not known, there is evidence that PCCs interact differentially with vesicles and organelles in this pathway as well. In this review, we consider three prokaryote pathogens and two protozoan parasites for which there is information on the interactions of their PCCs with the secretory pathway. Current understandings of the molecular interactions as well as the metabolic benefits that accompany those interactions are discussed. Not unexpectedly, our understanding of the extent of these interactions is variable. An underlying theme that is brought to the fore is that PCCs establish preferential interactions with distinct compartments of the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Canton
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Canton J, Kima PE. Targeting host syntaxin-5 preferentially blocks Leishmania parasitophorous vacuole development in infected cells and limits experimental Leishmania infections. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1348-55. [PMID: 22885104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Our previous observations established a role for syntaxin-5 in the development of Leishmania parasitophorous vacuoles (LPVs). In this study, we took advantage of the recent identification of Retro-2, a small organic molecule that can cause the redistribution of syntaxin-5; we show herein that Retro-2 blocks LPV development within 2 hours of adding it to cells infected with Leishmania amazonensis. In infected cells incubated for 48 hours with Retro-2, LPV development was significantly limited; furthermore, infected cells harbored four to five times fewer parasites than infected cells incubated in vehicle alone. In vivo studies revealed that Retro-2 curbed experimental L. amazonensis infections in a dose-dependent manner. Retro-2 did not have any appreciable effect on the host cell physiological characteristics; furthermore, it had no apparent toxicity in experimental animals. An unexpected, but welcome, finding was that Retro-2 inhibited the replication of Leishmania parasites in axenic cultures. This study is significant because it identifies an endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi SNARE as a potential target for the control of Leishmania infections; moreover, it suggests that small organic molecules can be identified that can selectively disrupt the vesicle fusion machinery that promotes the development of pathogen-containing compartments without exerting toxic effects on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Canton
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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28
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Development of cysteine-free fluorescent proteins for the oxidative environment. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37551. [PMID: 22649538 PMCID: PMC3359384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging employing fluorescent proteins has been widely used to highlight specific reactions or processes in various fields of the life sciences. Despite extensive improvements of the fluorescent tag, this technology is still limited in the study of molecular events in the extracellular milieu. This is partly due to the presence of cysteine in the fluorescent proteins. These proteins almost cotranslationally form disulfide bonded oligomers when expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Although single molecule photobleaching analysis showed that these oligomers were not fluorescent, the fluorescent monomer form often showed aberrant behavior in folding and motion, particularly when fused to cysteine-containing cargo. Therefore we investigated whether it was possible to eliminate the cysteine without losing the brightness. By site-saturated mutagenesis, we found that the cysteine residues in fluorescent proteins could be replaced with specific alternatives while still retaining their brightness. cf(cysteine-free)SGFP2 showed significantly reduced restriction of free diffusion in the ER and marked improvement of maturation when fused to the prion protein. We further applied this approach to TagRFP family proteins and found a set of mutations that obtains the same level of brightness as the cysteine-containing proteins. The approach used in this study to generate new cysteine-free fluorescent tags should expand the application of molecular imaging to the extracellular milieu and facilitate its usage in medicine and biotechnology.
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Campbell-Valois FX, Trost M, Chemali M, Dill BD, Laplante A, Duclos S, Sadeghi S, Rondeau C, Morrow IC, Bell C, Gagnon E, Hatsuzawa K, Thibault P, Desjardins M. Quantitative proteomics reveals that only a subset of the endoplasmic reticulum contributes to the phagosome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:M111.016378. [PMID: 22427703 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.016378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagosomes, by killing and degrading pathogens for antigen presentation, are organelles implicated in key aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. Although it has been well established that phagosomes consist of membranes from the plasma membrane, endosomes, and lysosomes, the notion that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane could play an important role in the formation of the phagosome is debated. However, a method to accurately estimate the contribution of potential source organelles and contaminants to the phagosome proteome has been lacking. Herein, we have developed a proteomic approach for objectively quantifying the contribution of various organelles to the early and late phagosomes by comparing these fractions to their total membrane and postnuclear supernatant of origin in the J774A.1 murine macrophage cell line. Using quantitative label-free mass spectrometry, the abundance of peptides corresponding to hundreds of proteins was estimated and attributed to one of five organelles (e.g. plasma membrane, endosomes/lysosomes, ER, Golgi, and mitochondria). These data in combination with a stable isotope labeling in cell culture method designed to detect potential contaminant sources revealed that the ER is part of the phagosomal membrane and contributes ≈ 20% of the early phagosome proteome. In addition, only a subset of ER proteins is recruited to the phagosome, suggesting that a specific subdomain(s) of the ER might be involved in phagocytosis. Western blotting and immunofluorescence substantially validated this conclusion; we were able to demonstrate that the fraction of the ER in which the ER marker GFP-KDEL accumulates is excluded from the phagosomes, whereas that containing the mVenus-Syntaxin 18 is recruited. These results highlight promising new avenues for the description of the pathogenic mechanisms used by Leishmania, Brucella, and Legionella spp., which thrive in ER-rich phagosomes.
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Canton J, Ndjamen B, Hatsuzawa K, Kima PE. Disruption of the fusion of Leishmania parasitophorous vacuoles with ER vesicles results in the control of the infection. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:937-48. [PMID: 22309219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasitophorous vacuoles (PV) that harbour Leishmania parasites acquire some characteristics from fusion with host cell vesicles. Recent studies have shown that PVs acquire and display resident endoplasmic reticulum (ER) molecules. We investigated the importance of ER molecules to PV biology by assessing the consequence of blocking the fusion of PVs with vesicles that originate from the early secretory pathway. This was achieved by targeting the N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) that mediate the fusion of early secretory vesicles. In the presence of dominant negative variants of sec22b or some of its known cognate partners, D12 and syntaxin 18, PVs failed to distend and harboured fewer parasites. These observations were confirmed in studies in which each of the SNAREs listed above including the intermediate compartment ER/Golgi SNARE, syntaxin 5, was knocked down. The knock-down of these SNARES had little or no measurable effect on the morphology of the ER or on activated secretion even though they resulted in a more significant reduction of PV size. Moreover, the knock-down of the ER/Golgi SNAREs resulted in significant reduction in parasite replication. Taken together, these studies provide further evidence that PVs acquire ER components by fusing with vesicles derived from the early secretory pathway; disruption of this interaction results in inhibition of the development of PVs as well as the limitation of parasite replication within infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Canton
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Cebrian I, Visentin G, Blanchard N, Jouve M, Bobard A, Moita C, Enninga J, Moita LF, Amigorena S, Savina A. Sec22b regulates phagosomal maturation and antigen crosspresentation by dendritic cells. Cell 2012; 147:1355-68. [PMID: 22153078 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antigen (Ag) crosspresentation by dendritic cells (DCs) involves the presentation of internalized Ags on MHC class I molecules to initiate CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity in response to certain pathogens and tumor cells. Here, we identify the SNARE Sec22b as a specific regulator of Ag crosspresentation. Sec22b localizes to the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and pairs to the plasma membrane SNARE syntaxin 4, which is present in phagosomes (Phgs). Depletion of Sec22b inhibits the recruitment of ER-resident proteins to Phgs and to the vacuole containing the Toxoplasma gondii parasite. In Sec22b-deficient DCs, crosspresentation is compromised after Ag phagocytosis or endocytosis and after invasion by T. gondii. Sec22b silencing inhibited Ag export to the cytosol and increased phagosomal degradation by accelerating lysosomal recruitment. Our findings provide insight into an intracellular traffic pathway required for crosspresentation and show that Sec22b-dependent recruitment of ER proteins to Phgs critically influences phagosomal functions in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Cebrian
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, Immunité et Cancer, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Offenhäuser C, Lei N, Roy S, Collins BM, Stow JL, Murray RZ. Syntaxin 11 binds Vti1b and regulates late endosome to lysosome fusion in macrophages. Traffic 2011; 12:762-73. [PMID: 21388490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Syntaxin 11 (Stx11) is a SNARE protein enriched in cells of the immune system. Loss or mutation of Stx11 results in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type-4 (FHL-4), an autosomal recessive disorder of immune dysregulation characterized by high levels of inflammatory cytokines along with defects in T-cell and natural killer cell function. We show here Stx11 is located on endosomal membranes including late endosomes and lysosomes in macrophages. While Stx11 did not form a typical trans-SNARE complex, it did bind to the Q-SNARE Vti1b and was able to regulate the availability of Vti1b to form the Q-SNARE complexes Stx6/Stx7/Vtib and Stx7/Stx8/Vti1b. The mutant form of Stx11 sequestered Vti1b from forming the Q-SNARE complex that mediates late endosome to lysosome fusion. Depletion of Stx11 in activated macrophages leads to an accumulation of enlarged late endocytic compartments, increased trafficking to the cell surface and inhibition of late endosome to lysosome fusion. These phenotypes are rescued by the expression of an siRNA-resistant Stx11 construct in Stx11-depleted cells. Our results suggest that by regulating the availability of Vti1b, Stx11 regulates trafficking steps between late endosomes, lysosomes and the cell surface in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Offenhäuser
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Li Q, Jagannath C, Rao PK, Singh CR, Lostumbo G. Analysis of phagosomal proteomes: from latex-bead to bacterial phagosomes. Proteomics 2011; 10:4098-116. [PMID: 21080496 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phagosomal proteome characterization has contributed significantly to the understanding of host-pathogen interaction and the mechanism of infectious diseases caused by intracellular bacteria. The latex bead-containing phagosome has been widely used as a model system to study phagosomal proteomes at a global level. In contrast, the study of bacteria-containing phagosomes at a similar level has just begun. A number of intracellular microbial species are studied for their proteomes during the invasion of a host, providing insight into their metabolic adaptation in host cells and interaction with host-cell antimicrobial environments. In this review, we attempt to summarize the most recent advancements in the proteomic study of microbial phagosomes, especially those originating from mouse or human cells. We also briefly describe the proteomics of latex bead-containing phagosomes because they are often used as model phagosomes for study. We provide descriptions on major biological and technological components in phagosomal proteome studies. We also discuss the role of phagosomal proteome study in the broader horizon of systems biology and the technological challenges in phagosomal proteome characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Li
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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Ndjamen B, Kang BH, Hatsuzawa K, Kima PE. Leishmania parasitophorous vacuoles interact continuously with the host cell's endoplasmic reticulum; parasitophorous vacuoles are hybrid compartments. Cell Microbiol 2010; 12:1480-94. [PMID: 20497181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages that express representative endoplasmic reticulum (ER) molecules tagged with green fluorescence protein were generated to assess the recruitment of ER molecules to Leishmania parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs). More than 90% of PVs harbouring Leishmania pifanoi or Leishmania donovani parasites recruited calnexin, to their PV membrane. An equivalent proportion of PVs also recruited the membrane-associated soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), Sec22b. Both ER molecules appeared to be recruited very early in the formation of nascent PVs. Electron microscopy analysis of infected Sec22b/YFP expressing cells confirmed that Sec22b was recruited to Leishmania PVs. In contrast to PVs, it was found that no more than 20% of phagosomes that harboured Zymosan particles recruited calnexin or Sec22b to their limiting phagosomal membrane. The retrograde pathway that ricin employs to access the cell cytosol was exploited to gain further insight into ER-PV interactions. Ricin was delivered to PVs in infected cells incubated with ricin. Incubation of cells with brefeldin A blocked the transfer of ricin to PVs. This implied that molecules that traffic to the ER are transferred to PVs. Moreover the results show that PVs are hybrid compartments that are composed of both host ER and endocytic pathway components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Ndjamen
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Building 981, Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32669, USA
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35
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Chern JH, Hsu PC, Wang LW, Tsay HJ, Kang IJ, Shie FS. Modulation of microglial immune responses by a novel thiourea derivative. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:228-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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36
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Bergeron JJM, Au CE, Desjardins M, McPherson PS, Nilsson T. Cell biology through proteomics--ad astra per alia porci. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:337-45. [PMID: 20227883 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Isolated subcellular fractions have been instrumental in elucidating cell function. The use of such fractions for the identification and biochemical characterization of subcellular organelles, combined with cell- free systems, has provided key insights into the function and machineries of organelles, including those involved in vesicle transport, quality control and protein sorting. Despite their obvious utility, popular cell biology has come to regard in vitro-based approaches as inferior to in vivo-based approaches. Usual criticisms are contamination, non-representative processes and an inability to recreate the dynamic processes seen in vivo. In a similar way, proteomics has been viewed with reservation. Despite this, and building on the tradition of in vitro-based approaches, organelle proteomics based on liquid chromatography and tandem mass-spectrometry has recently made significant contributions to cell biology, and now allows the molecular machineries of organelles to be defined with high precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J M Bergeron
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada.
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Amigorena S, Savina A. Intracellular mechanisms of antigen cross presentation in dendritic cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:109-17. [PMID: 20171863 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The induction of most CD8+ T cell responses by dendritic cells (DCs) requires the presentation of peptides from internalized antigen by class I MHC molecules. Increasing number of reports have shown that cross presentation is involved in transplant rejection, in immune responses to viral infections, in certain autoimmune diseases and cancer. The precise role of cross presentation in the initiation of immune responses in vivo, however, remains a matter of debate. This ongoing controversy is, at least in part, due to a lack of understanding of the molecular machinery that determine cross presentation pathways in terms of cell biology. The present review aims to summarize recent insights and advances that help enlighten the intracellular steps of antigen cross presentation in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Amigorena
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, F-75245 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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