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Chen M, Shi JL, Zheng ZM, Lin Z, Li MQ, Shao J. Galectins: Important Regulators in Normal and Pathologic Pregnancies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710110. [PMID: 36077508 PMCID: PMC9456357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins (Gal) are characterized by their affinity for galactoside structures on glycoconjugates. This relationship is mediated by carbohydrate recognition domains, which are multifunctional regulators of basic cellular biological processes with high structural similarity among family members. They participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as in reproductive immunology. Recently, the discovery that galectins are highly expressed at the maternal–fetal interface has garnerd the interest of experts in human reproduction. Galectins are involved in a variety of functions such as maternal–fetal immune tolerance, angiogenesis, trophoblast invasion and placental development and are considered to be important mediators of successful embryo implantation and during pregnancy. Dysregulation of these galectins is associated with abnormal and pathological pregnancies (e.g., preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth). Our work reviews the regulatory mechanisms of galectins in normal and pathological pregnancies and has implications for clinicians in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jia-Lu Shi
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zi-Meng Zheng
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
- Correspondence: (M.-Q.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Jun Shao
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
- Department of Obstetrics, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
- Correspondence: (M.-Q.L.); (J.S.)
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Nikolov A, Popovski N, Blazhev A. Serum Galectin-3 Levels Are Unlikely to Be a Useful Predictive Marker for Early-onset Preeclampsia Development. Prague Med Rep 2020; 121:172-180. [PMID: 33030146 DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2020.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (gal-3) is lectin which is presumed to interact with extracellular matrix proteins and cell surface glycoproteins in normal and pathophysiological conditions. The expression of gal-3 at the fetal-maternal interface partially overlaps that of gal-1, suggesting that an interplay between them might be important for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy like preeclampsia. The aim of our study was to test the hypothesis whether galectin-3 could be used as a predictive marker for early-onset preeclampsia development. 32 patients with early-onset preeclampsia were examined, mean age 28.8 ± 5.5; and 22 age matched normal pregnancies mean age 28.5 ± 6.0. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for measuring serum galectin-3 levels. There were no significant differences between serum levels of galectin-3 in sera of preeclampsia patients compared to normal pregnant women - 14.1 ± 4.77 vs. 15.7 ± 5.95 ng/ml (p>0.05). Serum galectin-3 levels correlated with maternal age (r=0.33; p=0.03) and BMI (body mass index) (r=0.52; p=0.01). Our data suggest that determination of serum galectin-3 levels may not be a useful method for prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. Studies should be aimed to other categories of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asparuh Nikolov
- Scientific Division of Medicine, Institute for Scientific Research, Medical University of Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria.
| | - Nikola Popovski
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Pleven, Medical University of Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria
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Conrad ML, Freitag N, Diessler ME, Hernandez R, Barrientos G, Rose M, Casas LA, Barbeito CG, Blois SM. Differential Spatiotemporal Patterns of Galectin Expression are a Hallmark of Endotheliochorial Placentation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 75:317-25. [PMID: 26589652 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Galectins influence the progress of pregnancy by regulating key processes associated with embryo-maternal cross talk, including angiogenesis and placentation. Galectin family members exert multiple roles in the context of hemochorial and epitheliochorial placentation; however, the galectin prolife in endotheliochorial placenta remains to be investigated. METHOD OF STUDY Here, we used immunohistochemistry to analyze galectin (gal)-1, gal-3 and gal-9 expression during early and late endotheliochorial placentation in two different species (dogs and cats). RESULTS We found that during early feline gestation, all three galectin members were more strongly expressed on trophoblast and maternal vessels compared to the decidua. This was accompanied by an overall decrease of gal-1, gal-3 and gal-9 expressions in late feline gestation. In canine early pregnancy, we observed that gal-1 and gal-9 were expressed strongly in cytotrophoblast (CTB) cells compared to gal-3, and no galectin expression was observed in syncytiotrophoblast (STB) cells. Progression of canine gestation was accompanied by increased gal-1 and gal-3 expressions on STB cells, whereas gal-9 expression remained similar in CTB and STB. CONCLUSION These data suggest that both the maternal and fetal compartments are characterized by a spatiotemporal regulation of galectin expression during endotheliochorial placentation. This strongly suggests the involvement of the galectin family in important developmental processes during gestation including immunemodulation, trophoblast invasion and angiogenesis. A conserved functional role for galectins during mammalian placental development emerges from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Conrad
- Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nancy Freitag
- Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mónica E Diessler
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío Hernandez
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Barrientos
- Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matthias Rose
- Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Claudio G Barbeito
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra M Blois
- Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Blois SM, Dechend R, Barrientos G, Staff AC. A potential pathophysiological role for galectins and the renin-angiotensin system in preeclampsia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:39-50. [PMID: 25192660 PMCID: PMC11113509 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses a potential role of galectins and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia (PE). Preeclampsia affects between 3 and 5 % of all pregnancies and is a heterogeneous disease, which may be caused by multiple factors. The only cure is the delivery of the placenta, which may result in a premature delivery and baby. Probably due to its heterogeneity, PE studies in human have hitherto only led to the identification of a limited number of factors involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Animal models, particularly in mice and rats, have been used to gain further insight into the molecular pathology behind PE. In this review, we discuss the picture emerging from human and animal studies pointing to galectins and the RAS being associated with the PE syndrome and affecting a broad range of cellular signaling components. Moreover, we review the epidemiological evidence for PE increasing the risk of future cardiovascular disease later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Blois
- Charité Center 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,
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Blois SM, Conrad ML, Freitag N, Barrientos G. Galectins in angiogenesis: consequences for gestation. J Reprod Immunol 2014; 108:33-41. [PMID: 25622880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the galectin family have been shown to exert several roles in the context of reproduction. They contribute to placentation, maternal immune regulation and facilitate angiogenesis encompassing decidualisation and placenta formation during pregnancy. In the context of neo-vascularisation, galectins have been shown to augment signalling pathways that lead to endothelial cell activation, cell proliferation, migration and tube formation in vitro in addition to angiogenesis in vivo. Angiogenesis during gestation ensures not only proper foetal growth and development, but also maternal health. Consequently, restriction of placental blood flow has major consequences for both foetus and mother, leading to pregnancy diseases. In this review we summarise both the established and the emerging roles of galectin in angiogenesis and discuss the possible implications during healthy and pathological gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Blois
- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité-Center 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Psychosomatik, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Melanie L Conrad
- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité-Center 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Psychosomatik, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nancy Freitag
- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité-Center 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Psychosomatik, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Blois SM, Barrientos G. Galectin signature in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol 2013; 101-102:127-134. [PMID: 23953090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Members of the galectin family are expressed within the female reproductive tract and have been shown to be involved in multiple biological functions that support the progression of pregnancy. Specific expression patterns of different members of this family have been identified at the maternal decidua and on the placental side. In some cases, mechanisms by which galectins exert their functions have been delineated in adverse pregnancy outcomes. This review summarizes studies on galectins that have been documented to be important for pregnancy maintenance, either supporting the maternal adaptation to pregnancy or the placentation process. In addition, we focus our discussion on the role of galectins in preeclampsia, a specific life-threatening pregnancy disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Blois
- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité-Center 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gabriela Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular Placentaria, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Blidner AG, Rabinovich GA. ‘Sweetening’ Pregnancy: Galectins at the Fetomaternal Interface. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 69:369-82. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ada G. Blidner
- Instituto de Oncología Ángel H. Roffo; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires; Argentina
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Melo FHM, Butera D, Junqueira MDS, Hsu DK, Moura da Silva AM, Liu FT, Santos MF, Chammas R. The promigratory activity of the matricellular protein galectin-3 depends on the activation of PI-3 kinase. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29313. [PMID: 22216245 PMCID: PMC3247242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of galectin-3 is associated with sarcoma progression, invasion and metastasis. Here we determined the role of extracellular galectin-3 on migration of sarcoma cells on laminin-111. Cell lines from methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas from both wild type and galectin-3−/− mice were established. Despite the presence of similar levels of laminin-binding integrins on the cell surface, galectin-3−/− sarcoma cells were more adherent and less migratory than galectin-3+/+ sarcoma cells on laminin-111. When galectin-3 was transiently expressed in galectin-3−/− sarcoma cells, it inhibited cell adhesion and stimulated the migratory response to laminin in a carbohydrate-dependent manner. Extracellular galectin-3 led to the recruitment of SHP-2 phosphatase to focal adhesion plaques, followed by a decrease in the amount of phosphorylated FAK and phospho-paxillin in the lamellipodia of migrating cells. The promigratory activity of extracellular galectin-3 was inhibitable by wortmannin, implicating the activation of a PI-3 kinase dependent pathway in the galectin-3 triggered disruption of adhesion plaques, leading to sarcoma cell migration on laminin-111.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana H. M. Melo
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Butera
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara de Souza Junqueira
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel K. Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Marinilice F. Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Assis MA, Valdomero A, García-Keller C, Sotomayor C, Cancela LM. Decrease of lymphoproliferative response by amphetamine is mediated by dopamine from the nucleus accumbens: influence on splenic met-enkephalin levels. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:647-57. [PMID: 21237264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway being one of the main substrates underlying stimulating and reinforcing effects induced by psychostimulant drugs, there is little information regarding its role in their effects at the immune level. We have previously demonstrated that acute exposure to amphetamine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) induced an inhibitory effect on the splenic T-cell proliferative response, along with an increase in the methionine(met)-enkephalin content at limbic and immune levels, 4 days after drug administration. In this study, we investigated if a possible dopamine mechanism underlies these amphetamine-induced effects by administering D1 and D2 dopaminergic antagonists or a dopaminergic terminal neurotoxin before the drug. Pre-treatment with either SCH-23390 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) or raclopride (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.), a D1 or D2 dopaminergic receptor antagonist, respectively, abrogated the effects of amphetamine on the lymphoproliferative response and on met-enkephalin levels of the spleen. The amphetamine-induced increase in limbic met-enkephalin content was suppressed by SCH-23390 but not by raclopride pre-treatment. Finally, an intra-accumbens 6-hydroxy-dopamine injection administered 2 weeks previously prevented amphetamine-induced effects on the lymphoproliferative response and on met-enkephalin levels in the prefrontal cortex and spleen. These findings strongly suggest that D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors are involved in amphetamine-induced effects at immune level as regards the lymphoproliferative response and the changes in spleen met-enkephalin content, whereas limbic met-enkephalin levels were modulated only by the D1 dopaminergic receptors. In addition, this study showed that a mesolimbic component modulated amphetamine-induced effects on the immune response, as previously shown at a behavioral level.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Amparo Assis
- Departamento de Farmacología (IFEC-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Stoyloff J, Ivanov S. Isolation and characterization of galactose-specific carbohydrate-binding protein from Guerin tumor cells. Brain Res Bull 2010; 83:65-75. [PMID: 20599595 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding protein with specificity towards galactose was isolated from Guerin tumor cells. This protein had molecular weight of 51 kDa in dissociating and reducing conditions. It was phosphorylated, but not glycosylated, having two isoforms with pIs corresponding to 7.3 and 7.9. We found predominantly cytoplasmic and nuclear, but not plasma membrane, localization of the isolated protein. Oxidative conditions and presence of the ligand are required for the protein to oligomerize. Probing of the carbohydrate-binding domain with sugar derivatives showed that hydroxyl groups at C3, C4 and C6 positions of galactose, as well as at C3 and C6 positions of the glucose part of NAcLactosamine are involved in ligand binding. Tyrosine, tryptophan and histidine amino acids were found to participate in binding of the galactose ligand. N-linked multivalent macromolecular ligands, containing up to four antennae, bound to the isolated protein with positive cooperativity. Affinity for NAcLactosamine, as measured by its I(50) value, was 7918-times higher than that for galactose. Binding of galactose to the combining site was enthalpically driven, dH=-32.16 (kJ mol(-1)), with K(d) in the micromolar range, 32.25 x 10(4) mol(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stoyloff
- Institute of Experimental Pathology and Parasitology, Bulgarian Acad. of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Feng L, Lee HS, Prestegard JH. NMR resonance assignments for sparsely 15N labeled proteins. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2007; 38:213-9. [PMID: 17487550 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-007-9159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
For larger proteins, and proteins not amenable to expression in bacterial hosts, it is difficult to deduce structures using NMR methods based on uniform (13)C, (15)N isotopic labeling and observation of just nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs). In these cases, sparse labeling with selected (15)N enriched amino acids and extraction of a wider variety of backbone-centered structural constraints is providing an alternate approach. A limitation, however, is the absence of resonance assignment strategies that work without uniform (15)N, (13)C labeling or preparation of numerous samples labeled with pairs of isotopically labeled amino acids. In this paper an approach applicable to a single sample prepared with sparse (15)N labeling in selected amino acids is presented. It relies on correlation of amide proton exchange rates, measured from data on the intact protein and on digested and sequenced peptides. Application is illustrated using the carbohydrate binding protein, Galectin-3. Limitations and future applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianmei Feng
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Geogia, Athens, GA 30602-4712, USA
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Biron VA, Iglesias MM, Troncoso MF, Besio-Moreno M, Patrignani ZJ, Pignataro OP, Wolfenstein-Todel C. Galectin-1: biphasic growth regulation of Leydig tumor cells. Glycobiology 2006; 16:810-21. [PMID: 16769778 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is a widely expressed beta-galactoside-binding protein that exerts pleiotropic biological functions. To gain insight into the potential role of Gal-1 as a novel modulator of Leydig cells, we investigated its effect on the growth and death of MA-10 tumor Leydig cells. In this study, we identified cytoplasmic Gal-1 expression in these tumor cells by cytofluorometry. DNA fragmentation, caspase-3, -8, and -9 activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim), cytochrome c (Cyt c) release, and FasL expression suggested that relatively high concentrations of exogenously added recombinant Gal-1 (rGal-1) induced apoptosis by the mitochondrial and death receptor pathways. These pathways were independently activated, as the presence of the inhibitor of caspase-8 or -9 only partially prevented Gal-1-effect. On the contrary, low concentrations of Gal-1 significantly promoted cell proliferation, without inducing cell death. Importantly, the presence of the disaccharide lactose prevented Gal-1 effects, suggesting the involvement of the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). This study provides strong evidence that Gal-1 is a novel biphasic regulator of Leydig tumor cell number, suggesting a novel role for Gal-1 in the reproductive physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica A Biron
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, (1428) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Iglesias MM, Elola MT, Martinez V, Fink N, Wolfenstein-Todel C. Identification of an equilibrium intermediate in the unfolding process of galectin-1, which retains its carbohydrate-binding specificity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1648:164-73. [PMID: 12758159 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The unfolding process of galectin-1 (Gal-1) in the presence of a denaturing agent was examined using fluorescence and far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy determinations, and was found to be completely reversible. The data showed that the transitions of guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl)-induced lectin unfolding, in the absence of ligand, were biphasic in nature, clearly showing the existence of at least one stable intermediate. On the other hand, the unfolding in the presence of disaccharide yielded data that could fit very well to a two-state model, indicating a stabilizing effect of the ligand. The folding intermediate was further characterized by size exclusion chromatography, near-UV CD and anilinonaphtalene sulfonate binding, and shown to belong to the molten globule type. Strikingly, this intermediate retained its carbohydrate-binding specificity, as evidenced by the tryptophan fluorescence changes detected upon its interaction with lactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Mercedes Iglesias
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Argentina
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Dahm R, Bramke S, Dawczynski J, Nagaraj RH, Kasper M. Developmental aspects of galectin-3 expression in the lens. Histochem Cell Biol 2003; 119:219-26. [PMID: 12649736 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-003-0508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the temporal and spatial expression pattern of the lectin galectin-3 during lens development we performed immunohistochemical studies using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against galectin-3 on paraffin sections of human, mouse and rat eyes. Galectin-3 has been shown to be involved in various biological functions related to cell adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation in other tissues. In the human lens, galectin-3 shows a selective expression pattern during lens development. It is present in all cells of the early lens vesicle and at later stages it is strongly expressed during the elongation phase in differentiating primary lens fibres. From about 7 weeks onwards the anterior lens epithelium fails to express galectin-3. Adult lenses, however, exhibit immunoreactivity in the anterior epithelial cells and in the early differentiating secondary fibres of the lens' outer cortex prior to the onset of degradation of the nuclei. In contrast to the observed expression pattern in prenatal human lenses, mouse and rat lenses exhibited immunoreactivity for galectin-3 during postnatal and adult stages only. At these stages, the expression pattern closely resembles that seen in the corresponding human lenses. The spatiotemporal pattern of galectin-3 distribution during lens development favours a role of this lectin in adhesion processes and in the regulation of programmed organelle elimination during lens cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dahm
- Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
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Beesley MF, McLaren KM. Cytokeratin 19 and galectin-3 immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of solitary thyroid nodules. Histopathology 2002; 41:236-43. [PMID: 12207785 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2002.01442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratin 19 (CK 19) and galectin-3 was evaluated in 69 thyroid lesions to assess their potential as markers in the diagnosis and classification of thyroid malignancy. The following were studied: 26 cases of papillary carcinoma, 12 of follicular carcinoma, 20 follicular adenomas, two medullary carcinomas, one anaplastic carcinoma and eight multinodular goitres. METHODS AND RESULTS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded thyroid tissues were stained immunohistochemically for both CK 19 and galectin-3. CK 19 expression was found in all 26 papillary carcinomas, five of 12 follicular carcinomas, two of two medullary carcinomas and one case of anaplastic carcinoma. Only five of 20 follicular adenomas were positive for CK 19, and this was in a focal distribution. Two of eight multinodular goitres stained focally positive. Galectin-3 expression was found in 22 of 26 papillary carcinomas, 12 of 12 follicular carcinomas and one of two cases of medullary carcinoma. Only two of 20 follicular adenomas were positive. Three of eight multinodular goitres showed focal galectin-3 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the immunohistochemical localization of CK 19 and of galectin-3 is a useful adjunct to the histopathological diagnosis of a solitary thyroid lesion. The expression of CK 19 favours a diagnosis of papillary carcinoma in all its variant patterns. Galectin-3 may serve as a marker for the recognition of follicular carcinoma, particularly the minimally invasive form.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Beesley
- Department of Pathology, Edinburgh University Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
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16
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Gorski JP, Liu FT, Artigues A, Castagna LF, Osdoby P. New alternatively spliced form of galectin-3, a member of the beta-galactoside-binding animal lectin family, contains a predicted transmembrane-spanning domain and a leucine zipper motif. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:18840-8. [PMID: 11886849 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109578200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts or their precursors interact with the glycoprotein-enriched matrix of bone during extravasation from the vasculature, and upon attachment prior to resorption. Reverse transcriptase-PCR studies showed that two new alternatively spliced forms of chicken galectin-3, termed Gal-3TM1 and Gal-3TR1, were enriched and preferentially expressed in highly purified chicken osteoclast-like cells. Gal-3TM1 and Gal-3TR1 mRNA were also detected in chicken intestinal tissue, but not in kidney, liver, or lung. Gal-3TM1 and Gal-3TR1 messages both contain an open reading frame encoding a predicted 70-amino acid TM1 sequence inserted between the N-terminal Gly/Pro repeat domain and the carbohydrate recognition domain (exons 3 and 4). Gal-3TR1 mRNA contains an additional 241-bp sequence, which encodes a truncated open reading frame between the 4th and 5th exons, and, whose translation is expected to terminate within the carbohydrate recognition domain encompassing exons 4, 5, and 6. Immunoblotting and affinity chromatography showed that purified osteoclast preparations and intestinal homogenates contained a 36-kDa lactose-binding galectin. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric analyses on chymotryptic peptides from the 36-kDa lectin confirmed its identity as Gal-3TM1. The TM1 insert contains a single transmembrane-spanning region and a leucine zipper-like stalk domain that is predicted to position the intact carbohydrate recognition domain of Gal-3TM1 on the exterior surface of the plasma membrane. Immunofluorescent staining of chicken osteoclasts confirmed the expression of Gal-3TM1 at the plasma membrane. Gal-3TM1 is the first example of a galectin superfamily member capable of being expressed as a soluble protein and as a transmembrane protein.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary
- Galactosides/metabolism
- Galectin 3
- Humans
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Leucine Zippers
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Osteoclasts/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff P Gorski
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, and Department of Oral Biology, Dental School, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA.
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17
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Rabinovich GA, Rubinstein N, Fainboim L. Unlocking the secrets of galectins: a challenge at the frontier of glyco‐immunology. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.71.5.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Division of Immunogenetics, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín” and Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Rubinstein
- Division of Immunogenetics, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín” and Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Fainboim
- Division of Immunogenetics, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín” and Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Zuñiga E, Rabinovich GA, Iglesias MM, Gruppi A. Regulated expression of galectin‐1 during B‐cell activation and implications for T‐cell apoptosis. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.70.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Zuñiga
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, and Argentina
| | | | - M. Mercedes Iglesias
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Gruppi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, and Argentina
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19
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Gopalkrishnan RV, Roberts T, Tuli S, Kang D, Christiansen KA, Fisher PB. Molecular characterization of prostate carcinoma tumor antigen-1, PCTA-1, a human galectin-8 related gene. Oncogene 2000; 19:4405-16. [PMID: 10980616 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The galectin family of proteins has been associated with several diverse cellular processes. More than 30 years since the discovery of the first member, precise biological functions for the family as a whole, or for individual members has proven elusive. The isolation of Prostate Carcinoma Tumor Antigen-1 (PCTA-1), a cDNA closely related to rat and human Galectin-8, as a surface marker associated with prostate cancer was achieved using a previously described immunological subtraction approach, Surface Epitope Masking (SEM) approach, in combination with expression screening. It appears that PCTA-1 expression is almost ubiquitous in normal human tissues and could alter in specific contexts such as transformation or metastasis. Multiple expression isoforms of PCTA-1 at the mRNA level are observed. PCTA-1 maps to 1q42-43, a locus associated with predisposition to prostate cancer. We have determined the genomic structure of PCTA-1 to account for the several observed isoforms, performed expression analysis to determine distribution in normal and transformed contexts at the RNA and protein level and conducted over-expression studies to determine effects on cellular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Gopalkrishnan
- Department of Urology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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20
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Kawachi K, Matsushita Y, Yonezawa S, Nakano S, Shirao K, Natsugoe S, Sueyoshi K, Aikou T, Sato E. Galectin-3 expression in various thyroid neoplasms and its possible role in metastasis formation. Hum Pathol 2000; 31:428-33. [PMID: 10821488 DOI: 10.1053/hp.2000.6534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a member of the beta-galactoside-binding protein family that plays an important role in cell-cell adhesion and in cell-matrix interaction. We have examined the expression of galectin-3 in normal, adenomatous, and malignant thyroid tissues and also in metastatic lesions. Galectin-3 was rarely expressed in normal thyroid tissue but was abundant in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic lesions. Among neoplastic lesions, galectin-3 was expressed to a greater extent in follicular carcinomas than in follicular adenomas and was present in greater amounts in papillary carcinomas than in follicular adenomas or carcinomas. Primary lesions of papillary carcinoma with metastasis contained significantly higher concentrations of galectin-3 than tumors of this type without metastases. However, the expression of galectin-3 was significantly decreased in metastatic lesions in the lymph nodes compared with their primary lesions. From these results, we assumed that galectin-3 works in different ways at different stages of thyroid neoplasm proliferation. Among primary tumors, galectin-3 expression is significantly different in 3 histological types. However, the continuity of progression among these tumors is not yet proven. In later stages, decreased expression of galectin-3 may aid the release of cancer cells from the primary lesions for invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kawachi
- Department of Pathology II, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima Municipal Hospital, Japan
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21
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Rabinovich GA, Riera CM, Landa CA, Sotomayor CE. Galectins: a key intersection between glycobiology and immunology. Braz J Med Biol Res 1999; 32:383-93. [PMID: 10347799 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1999000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of evolutionarily conserved animal lectins, widely distributed from lower invertebrates to mammals. They share sequence and structure similarities in the carbohydrate recognition domain and specificity for polylactosamine-enriched glycoconjugates. In the last few years significant experimental data have been accumulated concerning their participation in different biological processes requiring carbohydrate recognition such as cell adhesion, cell growth regulation, inflammation, immunomodulation, apoptosis and metastasis. In the present review we will discuss some exciting questions and advances in galectin research, highlighting the significance of these proteins in immunological processes and their implications in biomedical research, disease diagnosis and clinical intervention. Designing novel therapeutic strategies based on carbohydrate recognition will provide answers for the treatment of autoimmune disorders, inflammatory processes, allergic reactions and tumor spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Rabinovich
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
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