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Roma D, Cecchini ME, Tonini MP, Capella V, Aiassa D, Rodriguez N, Mañas F. Toxicity assessment and DNA repair kinetics in HEK293 cells exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of Glyphosate (Roundup® Control Max). Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:970-978. [PMID: 37915486 PMCID: PMC10615827 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is a systemic, non-selective, pre and post-emergence wide range herbicide. In 2015, IARC classified Glyphosate as "a probable carcinogenic agent for humans". The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the commercial formulation of glyphosate (Roundup® Control Max) at environmentally relevant concentrations and measure the potential effect of this herbicide over the cell capacity to repair DNA damage. HEK293 cells were exposed to 5 concentrations of Roundup® Control Max equivalent to 0.7; 7; 70; 700 and 3,500 μg/L glyphosate acid, for 1, 4 and 24 h. Cytotoxicity was quantified by the Trypan Blue staining method and by the MTT assay, while genotoxicity and evaluation of DNA damage repair kinetics were analyzed through the alkaline comet assay. In all treatments, cell viability was higher than 80%. The three highest glyphosate concentrations-70 μg/L, 700 μg/L, and 3,500 μg/L-increased levels of DNA damage compared to the control at the three exposure times tested. Finally, concerning the kinetics of DNA damage repair, cells initially exposed to 3,500 μg/L of glyphosate for 24 h were unable to repair the breaks in DNA strands even after 4 h of incubation in culture medium. The present study demonstrated for the first time that Roundup® Control Max may induce genetic damage and cause alterations in the DNA repair system in human embryonic kidney cells even at concentrations found in blood and breast milk of people exposed through residues of the herbicide in food, which values have been poorly assessed or not studied yet according to the existent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardo Roma
- Department of Animal Clinic, National University of Río Cuarto-CONICET, National Route No. 36, 601 Km, Rio Cuarto X5804ZAB, Argentina
| | - Maria Eugenia Cecchini
- Department of Animal Clinic, National University of Río Cuarto-CONICET, National Route No. 36, 601 Km, Rio Cuarto X5804ZAB, Argentina
| | - María Paula Tonini
- Department of Animal Clinic, National University of Río Cuarto-CONICET, National Route No. 36, 601 Km, Rio Cuarto X5804ZAB, Argentina
| | - Virginia Capella
- Department of Molecular Biology, National University of Río Cuarto-CONICET, National Route No. 36, 601 Km, Rio Cuarto X5804ZAB, Argentina
| | - Delia Aiassa
- Department of Natural Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, National Route No. 36, 601 Km, Rio Cuarto X5804ZAB, Argentina
| | - Nancy Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Biology, National University of Río Cuarto-CONICET, National Route No. 36, 601 Km, Rio Cuarto X5804ZAB, Argentina
| | - Fernando Mañas
- Department of Animal Clinic, National University of Río Cuarto-CONICET, National Route No. 36, 601 Km, Rio Cuarto X5804ZAB, Argentina
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Zheng C, Shaposhnikov S, Collins A, Brunborg G, Oancea F, Van Schooten FJ, Godschalk R. Comparison of comet-based approaches to assess base excision repair. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2273-2281. [PMID: 37349528 PMCID: PMC10322757 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
DNA repair plays an essential role in maintaining genomic stability, and can be assessed by various comet assay-based approaches, including the cellular repair assay and the in vitro repair assay. In the cellular repair assay, cells are challenged with a DNA-damaging compound and DNA damage removal over time is assessed. In the in vitro repair assay, an early step in the repair process is assessed as the ability of a cellular extract to recognize and incise damaged DNA in substrate nucleoids from cells treated with a DNA-damaging compound. Our direct comparison of both assays in eight cell lines and human peripheral blood lymphocytes indicated no significant relationship between these DNA repair assays (R2 = 0.084, P = 0.52). The DNA incision activity of test cells measured with the in vitro repair assay correlated with the background level of DNA damage in the untreated test cells (R2 = 0.621, P = 0.012). When extracts were prepared from cells exposed to DNA-damaging agents (10 mM KBrO3 or 1 µM Ro 19-8022 plus light), the incision activity was significantly increased, which is in line with the notion that base excision repair is inducible. The data presented suggest that the two assays do not measure the same endpoint of DNA repair and should be considered as complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Norgenotech AS, 64/66, 0379, Ullernchassern, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Cancer Cluster, 64/66, 0379, Ullernchausseen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sergey Shaposhnikov
- Norgenotech AS, 64/66, 0379, Ullernchassern, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Cancer Cluster, 64/66, 0379, Ullernchausseen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew Collins
- Norgenotech AS, 64/66, 0379, Ullernchassern, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Florin Oancea
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry, Splaiul Independenței 202, București, Romania
| | - Frederik-Jan Van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Roger Godschalk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Antony A, Olakkaran S, Purayil AK, Shekh S, Gowd KH, Gurushankara HP. Antitumor activity of Tigerinin-1: Necroptosis mediates toxicity in A549 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Opattova A, Langie SAS, Milic M, Collins A, Brevik A, Coskun E, Dusinska M, Gaivão I, Kadioglu E, Laffon B, Marcos R, Pastor S, Slyskova J, Smolkova B, Szilágyi Z, Valdiglesias V, Vodicka P, Volkovova K, Bonassi S, Godschalk RWL. A pooled analysis of molecular epidemiological studies on modulation of DNA repair by host factors. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 876-877:503447. [PMID: 35483778 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Levels of DNA damage represent the dynamics between damage formation and removal. Therefore, to better interpret human biomonitoring studies with DNA damage endpoints, an individual's ability to recognize and properly remove DNA damage should be characterized. Relatively few studies have included DNA repair as a biomarker and therefore, assembling and analyzing a pooled database of studies with data on base excision repair (BER) was one of the goals of hCOMET (EU-COST CA15132). A group of approximately 1911 individuals, was gathered from 8 laboratories which run population studies with the comet-based in vitro DNA repair assay. BER incision activity data were normalized and subsequently correlated with various host factors. BER was found to be significantly higher in women. Although it is generally accepted that age is inversely related to DNA repair, no overall effect of age was found, but sex differences were most pronounced in the oldest quartile (>61 years). No effect of smoking or occupational exposures was found. A body mass index (BMI) above 25 kg/m2 was related to higher levels of BER. However, when BMI exceeded 35 kg/m2, repair incision activity was significantly lower. Finally, higher BER incision activity was related to lower levels of DNA damage detected by the comet assay in combination with formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg), which is in line with the fact that oxidatively damaged DNA is repaired by BER. These data indicate that BER plays a role in modulating the steady-state level of DNA damage that is detected in molecular epidemiological studies and should therefore be considered as a parallel endpoint in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Opattova
- Department of the Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 14200, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, 12800, Czech Republic; Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, 306 05, Czech Republic
| | - Sabine A S Langie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Mirta Milic
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Asgeir Brevik
- Oslo Metropolitan University, Faculty of Health Sciences, PO Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erdem Coskun
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Etiler, Ankara, 06330, Turkey
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), 2002, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Isabel Gaivão
- Genetics and Biotechnology Department and Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ela Kadioglu
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Etiler, Ankara, 06330, Turkey
| | - Blanca Laffon
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), AE CICA-INIBIC. Oza, 15071, A Coruña, Spain; Universidade da Coruña, Grupo DICOMOSA, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Pastor
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jana Slyskova
- Department of the Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Bozena Smolkova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zsófia Szilágyi
- Department of Non-ionizing Radiation, National Public Health Center, H-1221, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), AE CICA-INIBIC. Oza, 15071, A Coruña, Spain; Universidade da Coruña, Grupo DICOMOSA, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus A Zapateira s/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of the Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 14200, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, 12800, Czech Republic; Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, 306 05, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Volkovova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS, San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roger W L Godschalk
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
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Gaetani S, Galzignati L, Marcati M, Durazzi P, Cianella A, Mocheggiani V, Monaco F, Bracci M, Neuzil J, Tomasetti M, Amati M, Santarelli L. Mitochondrial Function as Related to Psychological Distress in Health Care Professionals. Psychosom Med 2022; 84:40-49. [PMID: 34419997 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study evaluated the association of psychological distress and radiation exposure as a work-related stressor with mitochondrial function in health care professionals. METHODS Health care professionals at a regional hospital in Italy were evaluated for physical health and psychological measures using self-report questionnaires (n = 41; mean age = 47.6 [13.1] years; 66% women). In a second sample, individuals exposed to elevated levels of ionizing radiation (IR; likely effective dose exceeding 6 mSv/y; n = 63, mean age = 45.8 [8.8] years; 62% women) were compared with health care workers with low IR (n = 57; mean age = 47.2 [9.5] years; 65% women) because exposure to a toxic agent might act as a (work-related) stressor. Associations were examined between psychological factors (12-item General Health Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale), work ability (Work Ability Index), and IR exposure at the workplace with markers of mitochondrial function, including mitochondrial redox activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, biogenesis, and mtDNA damage response measured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS All participants were in good physical health. Individuals reporting high levels of psychological distress showed lower mitochondrial biogenesis as indicated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-α and lower nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) expression (2.5 [1.0] versus 1.0 [0.9] relative expression [rel exp], p = .035, and 31.5 [5.0] versus 19.4 [6.9] rel exp, p = .013, respectively). However, exposure to toxic agents (IR) was primarily associated with mitochondrial metabolism and reduced mtDNA integrity. Participants with IR exposure displayed higher mitochondrial redox activity (4480 [1202] mean fluorescence intensity [MFI]/min versus 3376 [983] MFI/min, p < .001) and lower mitochondrial membrane potential (0.89 [0.09] MFI versus 0.95 [0.11] MFI, p = .001), and reduced mtDNA integrity (1.18 [0.21] rel exp versus 3.48 [1.57] rel exp, p < .001) compared with nonexposed individuals. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the notion that psychological distress and potential stressors related to toxic agents might influence various aspects of mitochondrial biology, and that chronic stress exposure can lead to molecular and functional recalibrations among mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gaetani
- From the Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Section of Occupational Medicine (Gaetani, Galzignati, Marcati, Durazzi, Cianella, Mocheggiani, Monaco, Bracci, Tomasetti, Amati, Santarelli), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy; School of Medical Science (Neuzil), Griffith University, Southport, Australia; and Institute of Biotechnology (Neuzil), Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Measurement of oxidatively damaged DNA in mammalian cells using the comet assay: Reflections on validity, reliability and variability. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 873:503423. [PMID: 35094807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The comet assay is a simple technique for measurements of low levels of DNA damage and repair in single cells. However, there is variation in background levels of DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This variation has been documented by inter-laboratory ring-trials where identical samples have been analysed in different laboratories using the formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg)-modified comet assay. The coefficient of variation of background levels of Fpg-sensitive sites was 128 % in the first inter-laboratory validation trial called European Standards Committee on Oxidative DNA Damage. The variation was reduced to 44 % by the end of the project. Subsequent ring-trials by the European Comet Assay Validation Group showed similar inter-laboratory variation in Fpg-sensitive sites in PBMCs (45 %). The lowest inter-laboratory variation in Fpg-sensitive sites in PBMCs was 12 % when using calibration to standardize comet assay descriptors. Introduction of standard comet assay procedures was surprisingly unsuccessful as certain laboratories experienced technical problems using unaccustomed assay conditions. This problem was alleviated by using flexible assay standard conditions rather than a standard protocol in a ring-trial by the hCOMET group. The approach reduced technical problems, but the inter-laboratory variation in Fpg-sensitive sites was not reduced. The ring-trials have not pinpointed specific assay steps as major determinants of the variation in DNA damage levels. It is likely that small differences in several steps cause inter-laboratory variation. Although this variation in reported DNA damage levels causes concern, ring-trials have also shown that the comet assay is a reliable tool in biomonitoring studies.
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Kubalová I, Šeršeň F, Gálová E, Filo J. Imine resveratrol analogs (IRAs): The strong antioxidant that can protect lymphocytes from oxidative damage. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 36:e22975. [PMID: 34964203 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Imine resveratrol analogs (IRAs) are promising new agents that can have higher positive effects and, simultaneously, lower negative properties than resveratrol. In this study, three imine hydroxy derivatives (2-((4-hydroxyphenylimino) methyl) phenol [IRA1], 3-((4-hydroxyphenylimino) methyl) phenol [IRA2], and 4-((4-hydroxyphenylimino) methyl) phenol [IRA3]) were prepared and tested in several biological assays. They performed superior to resveratrol in several antioxidant and biological assays, showing high antioxidant capacity and low genotoxicity. Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and hydroxyl radicals scavenging assay revealed good Fe3+ to Fe2+ reduction and strong inhibition of hydroxyl radical formation, respectively. High dosage (1 mmol/dm3 ) of IRA2 and IRA3 did not cause genotoxicity in human lymphocytes. Moreover, lymphocytes pretreated with all three IRAs accumulated only very few DNA breaks induced by H2 O2 than lymphocytes pretreated with resveratrol. Additionally, the number of detected DNA breaks appearing after removal of damaged DNA bases, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG), did not dramatically increase in lymphocytes treated with IRA2. Thus, we concluded that IRAs, especially IRA2, are strong antioxidants with the ability to protect lymphocytes from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Kubalová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - František Šeršeň
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eliška Gálová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Filo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Ngo LP, Kaushal S, Chaim IA, Mazzucato P, Ricciardi C, Samson LD, Nagel ZD, Engelward BP. CometChip analysis of human primary lymphocytes enables quantification of inter-individual differences in the kinetics of repair of oxidative DNA damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 174:89-99. [PMID: 34324980 PMCID: PMC8477454 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although DNA repair is known to impact susceptibility to cancer and other diseases, relatively few population studies have been performed to evaluate DNA repair kinetics in people due to the difficulty of assessing DNA repair in a high-throughput manner. Here we use the CometChip, a high-throughput comet assay, to explore inter-individual variation in repair of oxidative damage to DNA, a known risk factor for aging, cancer and other diseases. DNA repair capacity after H2O2-induced DNA oxidation damage was quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). For 10 individuals, blood was drawn at several times over the course of 4-6 weeks. In addition, blood was drawn once from each of 56 individuals. DNA damage levels were quantified prior to exposure to H2O2 and at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120-min post exposure. We found that there is significant variability in DNA repair efficiency among individuals. When subdivided into quartiles by DNA repair efficiency, we found that the average t1/2 is 81 min for the slowest group and 24 min for the fastest group. This work shows that the CometChip can be used to uncover significant differences in repair kinetics among people, pointing to its utility in future epidemiological and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le P Ngo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; MIT Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Simran Kaushal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; MIT Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Isaac A Chaim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; MIT Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Patrizia Mazzucato
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; MIT Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Catherine Ricciardi
- MIT Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; MIT Clinical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Leona D Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; MIT Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Zachary D Nagel
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; MIT Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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9
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An optimized comet-based in vitro DNA repair assay to assess base and nucleotide excision repair activity. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:3844-3878. [PMID: 33199871 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This optimized protocol (including links to instruction videos) describes a comet-based in vitro DNA repair assay that is relatively simple, versatile, and inexpensive, enabling the detection of base and nucleotide excision repair activity. Protein extracts from samples are incubated with agarose-embedded substrate nucleoids ('naked' supercoiled DNA) containing specifically induced DNA lesions (e.g., resulting from oxidation, UVC radiation or benzo[a]pyrene-diol epoxide treatment). DNA incisions produced during the incubation reaction are quantified as strand breaks after electrophoresis, reflecting the extract's incision activity. The method has been applied in cell culture model systems, human biomonitoring and clinical investigations, and animal studies, using isolated blood cells and various solid tissues. Once extracts and substrates are prepared, the assay can be completed within 2 d.
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10
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Kuchta-Gładysz M, Andraszek K, Szeleszczuk O, Niedbała P, Otwinowska-Mindur A. Analysis of sperm chromatin structure in blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) and silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Olakkaran S, Kizhakke Purayil A, Antony A, Mallikarjunaiah S, Hunasanahally Puttaswamygowda G. Oxidative stress-mediated genotoxicity of malathion in human lymphocytes. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 849:503138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jalal N, Wei J, Jiang Y, Pathak JL, Surendranath AR, Chung CY. Low-dose bisphenol A (BPA)-induced DNA damage and tumorigenic events in MCF-10A cells. COGENT MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2019.1616356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Jalal
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, Nankai district 300072, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, Nankai district 300072, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, Nankai district 300072, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Janak L. Pathak
- Key Lab of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatological Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Huangsha Avenue 39, Liwan District, Guangzhou 510140, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Austin R. Surendranath
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences, Virajpet, Coorg, 571218, India
| | - Chang Y. Chung
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, Nankai district 300072, Peoples Republic of China
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Azqueta A, Langie SAS, Boutet-Robinet E, Duthie S, Ladeira C, Møller P, Collins AR, Godschalk RWL. DNA repair as a human biomonitoring tool: Comet assay approaches. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 781:71-87. [PMID: 31416580 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The comet assay offers the opportunity to measure both DNA damage and repair. Various comet assay based methods are available to measure DNA repair activity, but some requirements should be met for their effective use in human biomonitoring studies. These conditions include i) robustness of the assay, ii) sources of inter- and intra-individual variability must be known, iii) DNA repair kinetics should be assessed to optimize sampling timing; and iv) DNA repair in accessible surrogate tissues should reflect repair activity in target tissues prone to carcinogenic effects. DNA repair phenotyping can be performed on frozen and fresh samples, and is a more direct measurement than genomic or transcriptomic approaches. There are mixed reports concerning the regulation of DNA repair by environmental and dietary factors. In general, exposure to genotoxic agents did not change base excision repair (BER) activity, whereas some studies reported that dietary interventions affected BER activity. On the other hand, in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that nucleotide excision repair (NER) can be altered by exposure to genotoxic agents, but studies on other life style related factors, such as diet, are rare. Thus, crucial questions concerning the factors regulating DNA repair and inter-individual variation remain unanswered. Intra-individual variation over a period of days to weeks seems limited, which is favourable for DNA repair phenotyping in biomonitoring studies. Despite this reported low intra-individual variation, timing of sampling remains an issue that needs further investigation. A correlation was reported between the repair activity in easily accessible peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and internal organs for both NER and BER. However, no correlation was found between tumour tissue and blood cells. In conclusion, although comet assay based approaches to measure BER/NER phenotypes are feasible and promising, more work is needed to further optimize their application in human biomonitoring and intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31009 Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Sabine A S Langie
- VITO - Sustainable Health, Mol, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Elisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Susan Duthie
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, The Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Ladeira
- H&TRC- Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Investigação e Estudos em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Andrew R Collins
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Roger W L Godschalk
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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The comet assay for human biomonitoring: Effect of cryopreservation on DNA damage in different blood cell preparations. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 843:11-17. [PMID: 31421731 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed within the frame of the COST Action hCOMET 15132 (Working Group 6), with the aim of comparing different peripheral blood cell preparations for their feasibility in human biomonitoring studies, using the comet assay for the evaluation of DNA damage. Basal levels of strand breaks/ALS and formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg) - sites, and H2O2 (500 μM)-induced strand breaks, were measured in whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells - lymphocytes and monocytes - and buffy coat; in fresh and 1, 4 and 12 weeks-frozen samples. The comparison among the fresh preparations showed that the basal levels of DNA damage were all very low and similar in the three samples. Frozen whole blood samples stored in cryostraws without cryoprotection showed similar basal levels of DNA damage as fresh samples, indicating that this preparation, often chosen for biobanks, resists efficiently freezing/thawing artifacts. However, long-term storage of frozen buffy coat samples in cryostraws and with no cryopreservative did not appear feasible. Storage up to 3 months of frozen cryoprotected peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced small increases in basal strand breaks and no other statistically significant modification. Altogether, this study suggests that whole blood could be the most suitable sample to be used to perform comet assay in human epidemiological biomonitoring for genotoxicity assessment in frozen samples, such as those stored in biobanks.
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Ferri GM, Cavone D, Dambrosio M, Intranuovo G, Schiavulli N, Birtolo F, Vilardi V, Delfino MC, Macinagrossa L, Corrado V, Vimercati L. Lymphocytes DNA damages and exposure to chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, penconazole, copper oxicloride. Biomarkers 2018; 24:186-198. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2018.1539766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Maria Ferri
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section “B. Ramazzini”, University Hospital “Policlinico”, Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenica Cavone
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section “B. Ramazzini”, University Hospital “Policlinico”, Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marcantonio Dambrosio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section “B. Ramazzini”, University Hospital “Policlinico”, Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Graziana Intranuovo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section “B. Ramazzini”, University Hospital “Policlinico”, Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nunzia Schiavulli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section “B. Ramazzini”, University Hospital “Policlinico”, Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Birtolo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section “B. Ramazzini”, University Hospital “Policlinico”, Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Vilardi
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section “B. Ramazzini”, University Hospital “Policlinico”, Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Celeste Delfino
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section “B. Ramazzini”, University Hospital “Policlinico”, Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Linda Macinagrossa
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section “B. Ramazzini”, University Hospital “Policlinico”, Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Corrado
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section “B. Ramazzini”, University Hospital “Policlinico”, Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Vimercati
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section “B. Ramazzini”, University Hospital “Policlinico”, Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Møller P. The comet assay: ready for 30 more years. Mutagenesis 2018; 33:1-7. [PMID: 29325088 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gex046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last 30 years, the comet assay has become widely used for the measurement of DNA damage and repair in cells and tissues. A landmark achievement was reached in 2016 when the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development adopted a comet assay guideline for in vivo testing of DNA strand breaks in animals. However, the comet assay has much more to offer than being an assay for testing DNA strand breaks in animal organs. The use of repair enzymes increases the range of DNA lesions that can be detected with the assay. It can also be modified to measure DNA repair activity. Still, despite the long-term use of the assay, there is a need for studies that assess the impact of variation in specific steps of the procedure. This is particularly important for the on-going efforts to decrease the variation between experiments and laboratories. The articles in this Special Issue of Mutagenesis cover important technical issues of the comet assay procedure, nanogenotoxicity and ionising radiation sensitivity on plant cells. The included biomonitoring studies have assessed seasonal variation and certain predictors for the basal level of DNA damage in white blood cells. Lastly, the comet assay has been used in studies on genotoxicity of environmental and occupational exposures in human biomonitoring studies and animal models. Overall, the articles in this Special Issue demonstrate the versatility of the comet assay and they hold promise that the assay is ready for the next 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Gaetani S, Monaco F, Bracci M, Ciarapica V, Impollonia G, Valentino M, Tomasetti M, Santarelli L, Amati M. DNA damage response in workers exposed to low-dose ionising radiation. Occup Environ Med 2018; 75:724-729. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveMedical personnel using radiation for diagnosis and therapeutic purposes are potentially at risk of cancer development. In this study, the effect of ionising radiation (IR) exposure was evaluated as DNA damage response (DDR) in the circulating cells of occupationally exposed subjects.MethodsThe study population consisted of IR-exposed workers included both in group B (effective dose ranging between 0.04 and 6 mSv/year) and group A (probable effective dose exceeding 6 mSv/year), and the control group consisted of healthy individuals who had never been occupationally exposed to IR or other known carcinogenic agents. DNA damage (single-strand breaks, oxidised purine and pyrimidine bases) and DNA repair (t1/2, half time to repair DNA damage, amount of repaired DNA and DNA repair activity) were measured in lymphocytes using the comet assay. To evaluate the influence of IR doses and genetic predisposition to cancer, the enrolled population was stratified according to IR exposure level and family history of cancer.ResultsIncreased DNA repair activity was found in IR-exposed group, and only subjects highly exposed to IR doses accumulated DNA damage in their circulating cells, thus supporting the hypothesis of ‘radiation hormesis’. A significant increase in DNA damage accumulation and a reduced 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1-dependent DNA repair activity were found in IR-exposed subjects with cancer cases across their family.ConclusionOur results indicate that chronic exposure to a low dose of IR in occupational settings induces DDR in exposed subjects and may be mutagenic in workers with family history of cancer, suggesting that periodic surveillance might be advisable, along with exposure monitoring.
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Selenised yeast sources differ in their capacity to protect porcine jejunal epithelial cells from cadmium-induced toxicity and oxidised DNA damage. Biometals 2018; 31:845-858. [PMID: 30008026 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there has been increasing interest in the use of selenised yeast (Se-Y) as an antioxidant feed supplement. Here, three selenised yeast products are differentiated in terms of bioefficiency and the ameliorative effect on Cadmium (Cd) toxicity in porcine epithelial cells. A porcine digestion in vitro model was chosen to more accurately simulate the bioavailability of different Se-Y preparations, allowing a comprehensive understanding of the bio efficiency of each Se-Y compound in the porcine model. To elucidate a possible mechanism of action of selenium a number of bioassays were applied. Levels of Se dependent antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase) were evaluated to analyze the ROS neutralizing capacity of each Se-Y compound. The effects of Se-Y sources on Cd-induced DNA damage and apoptosis-associated DNA fragmentation was assessed using comet and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays, respectively. Lesion-specific DNA damage analysis and in vitro DNA repair assay determined the DNA repair capacity of each Se-Y source. The results presented in this study confirm that the ability of different commercially available Se-Y preparations to enhance a range of cellular mechanisms that protect porcine gut epithelial cells from Cd-induced damage is concentration-dependent and illustrates the difference in bioefficiency of different Se-Y compounds.
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Alleva R, Manzella N, Gaetani S, Bacchetti T, Bracci M, Ciarapica V, Monaco F, Borghi B, Amati M, Ferretti G, Tomasetti M. Mechanism underlying the effect of long-term exposure to low dose of pesticides on DNA integrity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:476-487. [PMID: 29359425 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides, including herbicides, insecticides and fungicides, are widely used in intensive agriculture. Recently, the long-term effects of pesticide exposure were found to be associated with many diseases. In this study, we evaluated the long-term effect of low-level exposure to a mixture of pesticides on DNA damage response (DDR) in relation to individual detoxifying variability. A residential population chronically exposed to pesticides was enrolled, biological/environmental pesticide levels; paroxonase 1 (PON-1) activity and 192 Q/R polymorphism and DDR were evaluated at three different periods of pesticide exposure. OGG1-dependent DNA repair activity was decreased in relation to pesticide exposure. The increase of DNA lesions and pesticide levels in the intensive pesticide-spraying period was independent on PON-1 activity. Next, human bronchial epithelial and neuronal cells were used as a model for in vitro evaluation of the mechanistic effect of pesticides. Pesticides induced mitochondrial dysfunction leading to ROS formation. ROS from mitochondria induced DNA damage, which in turn induced OGG1-dependent DNA repair activity through 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1) expression and activation. Even though OGG1 was overexpressed, an inhibition of its activity, associated with DNA lesion accumulation, was found at prolonged pesticide-exposure. A post-translational regulation of OGG1 by pesticide may be postulated. Taken together, long-term exposure to low-levels of pesticides affects DDR resulting in accumulation of DNA lesions that eventually may lead to cancer or neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Alleva
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE), Arezzo, Italy
| | - Nicola Manzella
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Simona Gaetani
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Massimo Bracci
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Veronica Ciarapica
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Monaco
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Battista Borghi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Amati
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE), Arezzo, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Tomasetti
- International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE), Arezzo, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Intranuovo G, Schiavulli N, Cavone D, Birtolo F, Cocco P, Vimercati L, Macinagrossa L, Giordano A, Perrone T, Ingravallo G, Mazza P, Strusi M, Spinosa C, Specchia G, Ferri GM. Assessment of DNA damages in lymphocytes of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides by comet assay in a cross-sectional study. Biomarkers 2018; 23:462-473. [PMID: 29493297 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2018.1443513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the predictive power of the comet assay in the context of occupational exposure to pesticides. MATERIALS AND METHODS The recruited subjects completed a structured questionnaire and gave a blood sample. Exposure to pesticides was measured by means of an algorithm based on Dosemeci's work (Agricultural Health Study). Approximately 50 images were analyzed for each sample via fluorescence microscopy. The extent of DNA damage was estimated by tail moment (TM) and is the product of tail DNA (%) and tail Length. RESULTS Crude significant risks (odds ratios, ORs) for values higher than the 75th percentile of TM were observed among the exposed subjects (score > 1). The frequency of some confounding factors (sex, age and smoking) was significantly higher among the exposed workers. A significant dose-effect relationship was observed between TM and exposure score. Significant high-risk estimates (ORs), adjusted by the studied confounding factors, among exposure to pesticides and TM, % tail DNA and tail length were confirmed using unconditional logistic regression models. CONCLUSIONS The adjusted associations (ORs) between the comet parameters and exposure to pesticides were significant. The sensitivity of the comet test was low (41%), the specificity (89%) and the predictive positive value (0.77) were found acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziana Intranuovo
- a Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section "B. Ramazzini" , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Nunzia Schiavulli
- a Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section "B. Ramazzini" , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Domenica Cavone
- a Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section "B. Ramazzini" , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Francesco Birtolo
- a Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section "B. Ramazzini" , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Pierluigi Cocco
- b Department of Public Health , Clinic and Molecular Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine, Regional University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Cagliari , Monserrato (Cagliari) , Italy
| | - Luigi Vimercati
- a Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section "B. Ramazzini" , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Linda Macinagrossa
- a Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section "B. Ramazzini" , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Annamaria Giordano
- c Department of Haematology and Organ Transplantation (DETO) , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Haematology, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Tommasina Perrone
- c Department of Haematology and Organ Transplantation (DETO) , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Haematology, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- c Department of Haematology and Organ Transplantation (DETO) , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Haematology, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Patrizio Mazza
- d ASL of Taranto, Moscati Hospital, Unit of Haematology , Taranto , Italy
| | - Michela Strusi
- d ASL of Taranto, Moscati Hospital, Unit of Haematology , Taranto , Italy
| | - Caterina Spinosa
- d ASL of Taranto, Moscati Hospital, Unit of Haematology , Taranto , Italy
| | - Giorgina Specchia
- c Department of Haematology and Organ Transplantation (DETO) , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Haematology, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Giovanni M Ferri
- a Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section "B. Ramazzini" , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
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Sahlmann A, Wolf R, Holth TF, Titelman J, Hylland K. Baseline and oxidative DNA damage in marine invertebrates. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:807-819. [PMID: 28837417 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1352179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic pollutants produce oxidative stress in marine organisms, directly or following generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), potentially resulting in increased accumulation of DNA strand breaks quantified. The aim of this study is to quantify baseline levels of DNA strand breaks in marine species from four phyla and to assess relative sensitivity to oxidative stress as well as ability to recover. DNA strand breaks were determined using a formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg)-amended comet assay in circulating cells from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), shore crab (Carcinus maenas), sea star (Asterias rubens), and vase tunicate (Ciona intestinalis). Lymphocytes from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were used as a reference. In addition to immediate analysis, cells from all species were exposed ex vivo to two concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 25 or 250 μM prior to assay. Mean baseline DNA strand breaks were highest for cells from sea star (34%) followed by crab (25%), mussel (22%), tunicate (17%), and cod (14%). Circulating cells from invertebrates were markedly more sensitive to oxidative stress compared to cod lymphocytes. DNA strand breaks exceeded 80% for sea star, crab, and mussel cells following exposure to the lowest H2O2 concentration. There was no recovery for cells from any species following 1 hr in buffer. This study provides an in-depth analysis of DNA integrity for ecologically important species representing 4 phyla. Data indicate that circulating cells from invertebrates are more sensitive to oxidative stress than cells from fish as evidenced by DNA strand breaks. Future studies need to address the extent to which DNA strand breaks may exert consequences for body maintenance costs in marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sahlmann
- a Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Raoul Wolf
- a Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Tor Fredrik Holth
- a Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
- b Fylkesmannen i Vestfold, Tønsberg , Norway
| | - Josefin Titelman
- a Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ketil Hylland
- a Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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Plant flavonoids in cancer chemoprevention: role in genome stability. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 45:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Since the discovery of the base excision repair (BER) system for DNA more than 40 years ago, new branches of the pathway have been revealed at the biochemical level by
in vitro studies. Largely for technical reasons, however, the confirmation of these subpathways
in vivo has been elusive. We review methods that have been used to explore BER in mammalian cells, indicate where there are important knowledge gaps to fill, and suggest a way to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasna Thapar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Bruce Demple
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Tomasello B, Malfa GA, Strazzanti A, Gangi S, Di Giacomo C, Basile F, Renis M. Effects of physical activity on systemic oxidative/DNA status in breast cancer survivors. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:441-448. [PMID: 28123580 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity offers a paradoxical hormetic effect and a health benefit to cancer survivors; however, the biochemical mechanisms have not been entirely elucidated. Despite the well-documented evidence implicating oxidative stress in breast cancer, the association between health benefits and redox status has not been investigated in survivors who participate in dragon boating. The present study investigated the plasmatic systemic oxidative status (SOS) in breast cancer survivors involved in two distinct physical training exercises. A total of 75 breast cancer survivors were allocated to one of three groups: Control (resting), dragon boat racing and walking group; the latter is a type of aerobic conditioning exercise often advised to cancer patients. Various biochemical oxidative stress markers were examined, including oxidant status (hydroperoxide levels, lipid oxidation) and antioxidant status (enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione levels and antioxidant capability). In addition, the individual DNA fragmentation and DNA repair capability of nucleotide excision repair (NER) systems were examined by comet assays. According to the results, all patients exhibited high levels of oxidative stress. Physical activity maintained this oxidative stress condition but simultaneously had a positive influence on the antioxidant component of the SOS, particularly in the dragon boat racing group. DNA fragmentation, according to the levels of single- and double-strand breaks, were within the normal range in the two survivor groups that were involved in training activities. Radiation-induced damage was not completely recognised or repaired by NER systems in any of the patients, probably leading to radiosensitivity and/or susceptibility of patients to cancer. These findings suggest that physical activity, particularly dragon boat racing, that modulates SOS and DNA repair capability could represent a strategy for enhancing the quality of life and improving the long-term health benefits for breast cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tomasello
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Antonio Malfa
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Strazzanti
- Department of Surgery, University of Catania, I-95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Santi Gangi
- Department of Surgery, University of Catania, I-95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Claudia Di Giacomo
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Basile
- Department of Surgery, University of Catania, I-95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Marcella Renis
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
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Drážovská M, Šiviková K, Holečková B, Dianovský J, Galdíková M, Schwarzbacherová V. Evaluation of potential genotoxic/cytotoxic effects induced by epoxiconazole and fenpropimorph-based fungicide in bovine lymphocytes in vitro. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:769-776. [PMID: 27428828 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1198643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Potential genotoxic/cytotoxic effects of the epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph-based fungicide were investigated using single cell gel electrophoresis and cytogenetic assays: chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges, micronuclei and fluorescence in situ hybridization in cultured bovine lymphocytes. No statistically significant elevations of DNA damage and increases in cytogenetic endpoints were seen. However, evident cytotoxic effect presented as a decrease in mitotic and proliferation indices were recorded after exposure of bovine lymphocytes to the fungicide for 24 and 48 h at concentrations ranging from 3 to 15 µg mL(-1) (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001). Similarly, for 24 h an inhibition in the cytokinesis block proliferation index (CBPI) was obtained after exposure to the fungicide at concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 15 µg mL(-1) (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) in each donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Drážovská
- a Department of Biology and Genetics , University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice , Košice , Slovak Republic
| | - Katarína Šiviková
- a Department of Biology and Genetics , University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice , Košice , Slovak Republic
| | - Beáta Holečková
- a Department of Biology and Genetics , University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice , Košice , Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Dianovský
- a Department of Biology and Genetics , University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice , Košice , Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Galdíková
- a Department of Biology and Genetics , University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice , Košice , Slovak Republic
| | - Viera Schwarzbacherová
- a Department of Biology and Genetics , University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice , Košice , Slovak Republic
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Nersesyan A, Hoelzl C, Ferk F, Mišík M, Al-Serori H, Setayesh T, Knasmueller S. Use of Single-cell Gel Electrophoresis Assays in Dietary Intervention Trials. THE COMET ASSAY IN TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622895-00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) technique has been frequently used to investigate the impact of consumption of complex foods and individual constituents on DNA stability in humans. Since no division or cultivation of the indicator cells (in most studies lymphocytes) is required, this approach is less costly and time consuming than cytogenetic methods. Apart from single- and double-stand breaks and apurinic sites, which can be detected under standard conditions, it is also possible to assess the formation of oxidized DNA bases and alterations of DNA repair as well as protection of the DNA against chemical carcinogens. In total, 93 studies have been published since the first use of the Comet assay in this field in 1997. The results which emerged from these studies show that human foods contain specific highly protective components (e.g. gallic acid, xanthohumol, isoflavones); promising results were also obtained with beverages (coffee and other drinks), while mixed diets with vegetables and fruits conferred no or moderate protection; however, individual plant foods (e.g. kiwis and specific cruciferous vegetables) were highly protective. It is notable that prevention of DNA damage was rarely detected under standard conditions while evidence for reduced formation of oxidized DNA bases was found in approximately 30% of the trials. In some investigations it was possible to identify the modes of action by which specific compounds prevented damage of the genetic material in additional mechanistic experiments. The currently available data show that SCGE assays are a valuable tool for identifying dietary factors which improve the stability of the genetic material and prevent adverse health effects which are causally related to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Nersesyan
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Christine Hoelzl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Franziska Ferk
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Miroslav Mišík
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Halh Al-Serori
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Tahereh Setayesh
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Siegfried Knasmueller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna Borschkegasse 8a 1090 Vienna Austria
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Davison GW. Exercise and Oxidative Damage in Nucleoid DNA Quantified Using Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis: Present and Future Application. Front Physiol 2016; 7:249. [PMID: 27445841 PMCID: PMC4916202 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High intensity exercise can enhance the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen free radical species, which may cause a number of perturbations to cellular integrity, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) modification. In the absence of adequate DNA repair, it is theoretically possible that several biological disorders may ensue, in addition to premature aging. This striking hypothesis and supposition can only be realized in the presence of sound methodology for the quantification of DNA damage and repair. The alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis or "comet assay" is a simple and reliable method for measuring the components of DNA stability in eukaryotic cells. The assay is commonly used in research associated with genotoxicology and in human bio-monitoring studies concerned with gene-environment interactions; but is currently less appreciated and under-utilized in the domain of exercise science. No exercise related study for example, has incorporated the comet assay combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization methodology to detect and investigate whole genome, telomeric DNA, or gene region-specific DNA damage and repair in cells. Our laboratory and others have used the comet assay in conjunction with lesion-specific endonucleases to measure DNA strand breaks and oxidized bases to confirm that high intensity exercise can damage and destabilize DNA. Thus, the primary function of this review is to highlight recent advances and innovation with the comet assay, in order to enhance our future understanding of the complex interrelationship between exercise and DNA modification in eukaryotic cells. A brief synopsis of the current literature addressing DNA stability as a function of continuous aerobic exercise is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University Belfast, UK
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28
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Alleva R, Manzella N, Gaetani S, Ciarapica V, Bracci M, Caboni MF, Pasini F, Monaco F, Amati M, Borghi B, Tomasetti M. Organic honey supplementation reverses pesticide-induced genotoxicity by modulating DNA damage response. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:2243-2255. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Alleva
- Department of Anesthesiology Research Unit; IRCCS Orthopaedic Institute Rizzoli; Bologna Italy
| | - Nicola Manzella
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences; Polytechnic University of Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Simona Gaetani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences; Polytechnic University of Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Veronica Ciarapica
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences; Polytechnic University of Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Massimo Bracci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences; Polytechnic University of Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Maria Fiorenza Caboni
- Interdepartmental Centre of Agri-food Industrial Research; University of Bologna; Italy
| | - Federica Pasini
- Interdepartmental Centre of Agri-food Industrial Research; University of Bologna; Italy
| | - Federica Monaco
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences; Polytechnic University of Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Monica Amati
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences; Polytechnic University of Marche; Ancona Italy
| | - Battista Borghi
- Department of Anesthesiology Research Unit; IRCCS Orthopaedic Institute Rizzoli; Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Tomasetti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences; Polytechnic University of Marche; Ancona Italy
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29
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Mellado-García P, Puerto M, Prieto AI, Pichardo S, Martín-Cameán A, Moyano R, Blanco A, Cameán AM. Genotoxicity of a thiosulfonate compound derived from Allium sp. intended to be used in active food packaging: In vivo comet assay and micronucleus test. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 800-801:1-11. [PMID: 27085469 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Components of Allium species have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. A commercial Allium sp. extract (Proallium AP(®)), of which the main constituent is propyl thiosulphinate oxide (PTSO), is being used in the development of active food packaging. In previous in vitro genotoxicity studies, PTSO, in the presence of metabolic activation, increased the appearance of micronuclei (MN). We assessed the genotoxicity PTSO in rats following oral administration (doses: 5.5, 17.4, and 55mg/kg). The comet assay in liver and stomach (OECD 489) and the MN assay in bone marrow (OECD 474) were carried out. After necropsy, histopathological examinations of the liver and the stomach were performed. The results revealed no in vivo genotoxicity and the histopathological analysis showed only slight modifications, such as increased glycogen storage in the liver and a degenerative process in stomach, with vacuolization of cell membranes, only at the highest dose. Therefore, the present work confirms that this compound is not genotoxic and could be considered as a natural alternative to synthetic preservatives used in the food packaging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Mellado-García
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Silvia Pichardo
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Martín-Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Rosario Moyano
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Anatomy, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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30
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Circadian Modulation of 8-Oxoguanine DNA Damage Repair. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13752. [PMID: 26337123 PMCID: PMC4559719 DOI: 10.1038/srep13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA base excision repair pathway is the main system involved in the removal of oxidative damage to DNA such as 8-Oxoguanine (8-oxoG) primarily via the 8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1). Our goal was to investigate whether the repair of 8-oxoG DNA damage follow a circadian rhythm. In a group of 15 healthy volunteers, we found a daily variation of Ogg1 expression and activity with higher levels in the morning compared to the evening hours. Consistent with this, we also found lower levels of 8-oxoG in morning hours compared to those in the evening hours. Lymphocytes exposed to oxidative damage to DNA at 8:00 AM display lower accumulation of 8-oxoG than lymphocytes exposed at 8:00 PM. Furthermore, altered levels of Ogg1 expression were also observed in a group of shift workers experiencing a deregulation of circadian clock genes compared to a control group. Moreover, BMAL1 knockdown fibroblasts with a deregulated molecular clock showed an abolishment of circadian variation of Ogg1 expression and an increase of OGG1 activity. Our results suggest that the circadian modulation of 8-oxoG DNA damage repair, according to a variation of Ogg1 expression, could render humans less susceptible to accumulate 8-oxoG DNA damage in the morning hours.
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31
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Frötschl R. Experiences with the in vivo and in vitro comet assay in regulatory testing. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:51-7. [PMID: 25527728 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo comet assay has recently been implemented into regulatory genotoxicity testing of pharmaceuticals with inclusion into the ICH S2R1 guidance. Regulatory genotoxicity testing aims to detect DNA alterations in form of gene mutations, larger scale chromosomal damage and recombination and aneuploidy. The ICH S2R1 guideline offers two options of standard batteries of tests for the detection of these endpoints. Both options start with an AMES assay and option 1 includes an in vitro mammalian cell assay and an in vivo micronucleus assay in rodent, whereas option 2 includes an in vivo micronucleus assay in bone marrow in rodent and a second in vivo assay in a second tissue with a second endpoint. The test recommended as second in vivo test is the comet assay in rat liver. The in vivo comet assay is considered as mature enough to ensure reliable detection of relevant in vivo genotoxicants in combination with the micronucleus test in bone marrow and the AMES assay. Although lots of research papers have been published using the in vitro comet assay, the in vitro version has not been implemented into official regulatory testing guidelines. A survey of the years 1999-2014 revealed 27 in vivo comet assays submitted to BfArM with market authorisation procedures, European and national advice procedures and clinical trial applications. In three procedures, in vitro comet assays had been submitted within the genetic toxicology packages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Frötschl
- BfArM-Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175 Bonn, Germany
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32
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Kienzler A, Mahler BJ, Van Metre PC, Schweigert N, Devaux A, Bony S. Exposure to runoff from coal-tar-sealed pavement induces genotoxicity and impairment of DNA repair capacity in the RTL-W1 fish liver cell line. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 520:73-80. [PMID: 25795989 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Coal-tar-based (CTB) sealcoat, frequently applied to parking lots and driveways in North America, contains elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and related compounds. The RTL-W1 fish liver cell line was used to investigate two endpoints (genotoxicity and DNA-repair-capacity impairment) associated with exposure to runoff from asphalt pavement with CTB sealcoat or with an asphalt-based sealcoat hypothesized to contain about 7% CTB sealcoat (AS-blend). Genotoxic potential was assessed by the Formamido pyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg)-modified comet assay for 1:10 and 1:100 dilutions of runoff samples collected from 5 h to 36 d following sealcoat application. DNA-repair capacity was assessed by the base excision repair comet assay for 1:10 dilution of samples collected 26 h and 36 d following application. Both assays were run with and without co-exposure to ultraviolet-A radiation (UVA). With co-exposure to UVA, genotoxic effects were significant for both dilutions of CTB runoff for three of four sample times, and for some samples of AS-blend runoff. Base excision repair was significantly impaired for CTB runoff both with and without UVA exposure, and for AS-blend runoff only in the absence of UVA. This study is the first to investigate the effects of exposure to the complex mixture of chemicals in coal tar on DNA repair capacity. The results indicate that co-exposure to runoff from CT-sealcoated pavement and UVA as much as a month after sealcoat application has the potential to cause genotoxicity and impair DNA repair capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Kienzler
- Université de Lyon, UMR LEHNA 5023, USC INRA, ENTPE, rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin F-69518, France.
| | - Barbara J Mahler
- U.S. Geological Survey, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, TX 78754, United States.
| | - Peter C Van Metre
- U.S. Geological Survey, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, TX 78754, United States.
| | - Nathalie Schweigert
- Université de Lyon, UMR LEHNA 5023, USC INRA, ENTPE, rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin F-69518, France
| | - Alain Devaux
- Université de Lyon, UMR LEHNA 5023, USC INRA, ENTPE, rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin F-69518, France.
| | - Sylvie Bony
- Université de Lyon, UMR LEHNA 5023, USC INRA, ENTPE, rue Maurice Audin, Vaulx-en-Velin F-69518, France.
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33
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de Lapuente J, Lourenço J, Mendo SA, Borràs M, Martins MG, Costa PM, Pacheco M. The Comet Assay and its applications in the field of ecotoxicology: a mature tool that continues to expand its perspectives. Front Genet 2015; 6:180. [PMID: 26089833 PMCID: PMC4454841 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Since Singh and colleagues, in 1988, launched to the scientific community the alkaline Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) protocol, or Comet Assay, its uses and applications has been increasing. The thematic areas of its current employment in the evaluation of genetic toxicity are vast, either in vitro or in vivo, both in the laboratory and in the environment, terrestrial or aquatic. It has been applied to a wide range of experimental models: bacteria, fungi, cells culture, arthropods, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and humans. This document is intended to be a comprehensive review of what has been published to date on the field of ecotoxicology, aiming at the following main aspects: (i) to show the most relevant experimental models used as bioindicators both in the laboratory and in the field. Fishes are clearly the most adopted group, reflecting their popularity as bioindicator models, as well as a primary concern over the aquatic environment health. Amphibians are among the most sensitive organisms to environmental changes, mainly due to an early aquatic-dependent development stage and a highly permeable skin. Moreover, in the terrestrial approach, earthworms, plants or mammalians are excellent organisms to be used as experimental models for genotoxic evaluation of pollutants, complex mix of pollutants and chemicals, in both laboratory and natural environment. (ii) To review the development and modifications of the protocols used and the cell types (or tissues) used. The most recent developments concern the adoption of the enzyme linked assay (digestion with lesion-specific repair endonucleases) and prediction of the ability to repair of oxidative DNA damage, which is becoming a widespread approach, albeit challenging. For practical/technical reasons, blood is the most common choice but tissues/cells like gills, sperm cells, early larval stages, coelomocytes, liver or kidney have been also used. (iii) To highlight correlations with other biomarkers. (iv) To build a constructive criticism and summarize the needs for protocol improvements for future test applications within the field of ecotoxicology. The Comet Assay is still developing and its potential is yet underexploited in experimental models, mesocosmos or natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín de Lapuente
- Unit of Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology (UTOX-CERETOX), Barcelona Science ParkBarcelona, Spain
| | - Joana Lourenço
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago. Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia A. Mendo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago. Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Miquel Borràs
- Unit of Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology (UTOX-CERETOX), Barcelona Science ParkBarcelona, Spain
| | - Marta G. Martins
- Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de LisboaCaparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro M. Costa
- Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de LisboaCaparica, Portugal
| | - Mário Pacheco
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago. Aveiro, Portugal
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Gunasekarana V, Raj GV, Chand P. A comprehensive review on clinical applications of comet assay. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:GE01-5. [PMID: 25954633 PMCID: PMC4413081 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/12062.5622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of DNA damage and ineffective repair mechanisms are the underlying bio-molecular events in the pathogenesis of most of the life-threatening diseases like cancer and degenerative diseases. The sources of DNA damage can be either exogenous or endogenous in origin. Imbalance between the oxidants and antioxidants resulting in increased reactive oxygen species mostly accounts for the endogenously derived attacks on DNA. Among the various methods employed in the estimation of DNA damage, alkaline comet assay is proven to be a relatively simple and versatile tool in the assessment of DNA damage and also in determining the efficacy of DNA repair mechanism. The aim of this article is to review the application of comet assay in the field of medicine towards human biomonitoring, understanding the pathogenesis of cancer and progression of chronic and degenerative diseases, prediction of tumour radio & chemosensitivity and in male infertility. A standardized protocol and analysis system of various variants of comet assay in different types of cells, across the labs will be of useful and reliable clinical tool in the field of Medicine for the estimation of levels of DNA damage and repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Gunasekarana
- Senior Resident, Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Gladwin Victor Raj
- Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Parkash Chand
- Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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Staffolani S, Manzella N, Strafella E, Nocchi L, Bracci M, Ciarapica V, Amati M, Rubini C, Re M, Pugnaloni A, Pasquini E, Tarchini P, Valentino M, Tomasetti M, Santarelli L. Wood dust exposure induces cell transformation through EGFR-mediated OGG1 inhibition. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:487-97. [PMID: 25711499 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A high risk of neoplastic transformation of nasal and paranasal sinuses mucosa is related to the occupational exposure to wood dust. However, the role of occupational exposures in the aetiology of the airway cancers remains largely unknown. Here, an in vitro model was performed to investigate the carcinogenic effect of wood dusts. Human bronchial epithelial cells were incubated with hard and soft wood dusts and the DNA damage and response to DNA damage evaluated. Wood dust exposure induced accumulation of oxidised DNA bases, which was associated with a delay in DNA repair activity. By exposing cells to wood dust at a prolonged time, wood dust-initiated cells were obtained. Initiated-cells were able to form colonies in soft agar, and to induce blood vessel formation. These cells showed extensive autophagy, reduced DNA repair, which was associated with reduced OGG1 expression and oxidised DNA base accumulation. These events were found related to the activation of EGFR/AKT/mTOR pathway, through phosphorylation and subsequent inactivation of tuberin. The persistence in the tissue of wood dusts, their repetitious binding with EGFR may continually trigger the activation switch, leading to chronic down-regulation of genes involved in DNA repair, leading to cell transformation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Massimo Re
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Tronto, 10A, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Ernesto Pasquini
- UOC-ORL Budrio-Metropolitan Hospital Via Benni, 44, Budrio 40054, Bologna, Italy and
| | - Paolo Tarchini
- Department of E.N.T. Polyclinic 'Sant'Orsola Malpighi' Otolaryngology Clinic, University of Bologna Via Pietro Albertoni, 15, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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von der Lippen C, Sahu S, Seifermann M, Tiwari VK, Epe B. The repair of oxidized purines in the DNA of human lymphocytes requires an activation involving NF-YA-mediated upregulation of OGG1. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 25:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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37
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Corcuera LA, Vettorazzi A, Arbillaga L, Pérez N, Gil AG, Azqueta A, González-Peñas E, García-Jalón JA, López de Cerain A. Genotoxicity of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A after simultaneous application of the in vivo micronucleus and comet assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 76:116-24. [PMID: 25530104 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) are genotoxic mycotoxins that can contaminate a variety of foodstuffs, the liver and the kidney being their target organs, respectively. The micronucleus (MN) assay (bone marrow) and the comet assay (liver and kidney) were performed simultaneously in F344 rats, treated with AFB1 (0.25 mg/kg b.w.), OTA (0.5 mg/kg b.w.) or both mycotoxins. After AFB1 treatment, histopathology and biochemistry analysis showed liver necrosis, focal inflammation and an increase in Alanine Aminotransferase and Aspartate Aminotransferase. OTA alone did not cause any alteration. The acute hepatotoxic effects caused by AFB1 were less pronounced in animals treated with both mycotoxins. With regard to the MN assay, after 24 h, positive results were obtained for AFB1 and negative results were obtained for OTA, although both toxins caused bone marrow toxicity. In the combined treatment, OTA reduced the toxicity and the number of MN produced by AFB1. In the comet assay, after 3 h, positive results were obtained for AFB1 in the liver and for OTA in the kidney. The combined treatment reduced DNA damage in the liver and had no influence in the kidney. Altogether, these results may be indicative of an antagonistic relationship regarding the genotoxicity of both mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Ana Corcuera
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leire Arbillaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Gloria Gil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio García-Jalón
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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Marques A, Guilherme S, Gaivão I, Santos MA, Pacheco M. Progression of DNA damage induced by a glyphosate-based herbicide in fish (Anguilla anguilla) upon exposure and post-exposure periods--insights into the mechanisms of genotoxicity and DNA repair. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 166:126-33. [PMID: 25110831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Roundup® is a glyphosate-based herbicide widely used with both agricultural and non-agricultural purposes, which has been demonstrated to represent a risk to non-target aquatic organisms, namely fish. Among the described effects to fish, genotoxicity has been pointed out as one of the most hazardous. However, the genotoxic mechanisms of Roundup® as well as the involvement of the oxidative DNA damage repair system are not entirely understood. Hence, this work aimed to improve the knowledge on the progression of DNA damage upon short-term exposure (3 days) and post-exposure (1-14 days) periods in association with DNA repair processes in Anguilla anguilla exposed to Roundup® (58 and 116 μg L⁻¹). DNA damage in hepatic cells was evaluated by the comet assay improved with the DNA-lesion specific endonucleases FPG and EndoIII. In order to evaluate the oxidative DNA damage repair ability, an in vitro base excision repair (BER) assay was performed, testing hepatic subcellular extracts. Besides the confirmation of the genotoxic potential of this herbicide, oxidative damage was implicit as an important mechanism of genetic damage, which showed to be transient, since DNA integrity returned to the control levels on the first day after cessation of exposure. An increased capacity to repair oxidative DNA damage emerging in the post-exposure period revealed to be a crucial pathway for the A. anguilla recovery; nevertheless, DNA repair machinery showed to be susceptible to inhibitory actions during the exposure period, disclosing another facet of the risk associated with the tested agrochemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marques
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Guilherme
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gaivão
- CECAV and Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro University, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria Ana Santos
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mário Pacheco
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Gaivão I, Sierra LM. Drosophila comet assay: insights, uses, and future perspectives. Front Genet 2014; 5:304. [PMID: 25221574 PMCID: PMC4148904 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The comet assay, a very useful tool in genotoxicity and DNA repair testing, is being applied to Drosophila melanogaster since around 15 years ago, by several research groups. This organism is a valuable model for all kind of processes related to human health, including DNA damage response. The assay has been performed mainly in vivo using different larvae cell types (from brain, midgut, hemolymph, and imaginal disk), but also in vitro with the S2 cell line. Since its first application, it has been used to analyze the genotoxicity and action mechanisms of different chemicals, demonstrating good sensitivity and proving its usefulness. Moreover, it is the only assay that can be used to analyze DNA repair in somatic cells in vivo, comparing the effects of chemicals in different repair strains, and to quantitate repair activities in vitro. Additionally, the comet assay in Drosophila, in vivo and in vitro, has been applied to study the influence of protein overexpression on genome integrity and degradation. Although the assay is well established, it could benefit from some research to determine optimal experimental design to standardize it, and then to allow comparisons among laboratories independently of the chosen cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gaivão
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro Vila Real, Portugal
| | - L María Sierra
- Área de Genética, Departamento de Biología Funcional, and Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo, Spain
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Azqueta A, Slyskova J, Langie SAS, O'Neill Gaivão I, Collins A. Comet assay to measure DNA repair: approach and applications. Front Genet 2014; 5:288. [PMID: 25202323 PMCID: PMC4142706 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular repair enzymes remove virtually all DNA damage before it is fixed; repair therefore plays a crucial role in preventing cancer. Repair studied at the level of transcription correlates poorly with enzyme activity, and so assays of phenotype are needed. In a biochemical approach, substrate nucleoids containing specific DNA lesions are incubated with cell extract; repair enzymes in the extract induce breaks at damage sites; and the breaks are measured with the comet assay. The nature of the substrate lesions defines the repair pathway to be studied. This in vitro DNA repair assay has been modified for use in animal tissues, specifically to study the effects of aging and nutritional intervention on repair. Recently, the assay was applied to different strains of Drosophila melanogaster proficient and deficient in DNA repair. Most applications of the repair assay have been in human biomonitoring. Individual DNA repair activity may be a marker of cancer susceptibility; alternatively, high repair activity may result from induction of repair enzymes by exposure to DNA-damaging agents. Studies to date have examined effects of environment, nutrition, lifestyle, and occupation, in addition to clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jana Slyskova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sabine A S Langie
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute of Technological Research Mol, Belgium
| | - Isabel O'Neill Gaivão
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Andrew Collins
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
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Lewies A, Van Dyk E, Wentzel JF, Pretorius PJ. Using a medium-throughput comet assay to evaluate the global DNA methylation status of single cells. Front Genet 2014; 5:215. [PMID: 25071840 PMCID: PMC4083187 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The comet assay is a simple and cost effective technique, commonly used to analyze and quantify DNA damage in individual cells. The versatility of the comet assay allows introduction of various modifications to the basic technique. The difference in the methylation sensitivity of the isoschizomeric restriction enzymes HpaII and MspI are used to demonstrate the ability of the comet assay to measure the global DNA methylation level of individual cells when using cell cultures. In the experiments described here, a medium-throughput comet assay and methylation sensitive comet assay are combined to produce a methylation sensitive medium-throughput comet assay to measure changes in the global DNA methylation pattern in individual cells under various growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Lewies
- Division for Biochemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, North-West University Potchefstroom, South Africa ; Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Etresia Van Dyk
- Division for Biochemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, North-West University Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Johannes F Wentzel
- Division for Biochemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, North-West University Potchefstroom, South Africa ; Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Pieter J Pretorius
- Division for Biochemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, North-West University Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Slyskova J, Langie SAS, Collins AR, Vodicka P. Functional evaluation of DNA repair in human biopsies and their relation to other cellular biomarkers. Front Genet 2014; 5:116. [PMID: 24904630 PMCID: PMC4033188 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Thousands of DNA lesions are estimated to occur in each cell every day and almost all are recognized and repaired. DNA repair is an essential system that prevents accumulation of mutations which can lead to serious cellular malfunctions. Phenotypic evaluation of DNA repair activity of individuals is a relatively new approach. Methods to assess base and nucleotide excision repair pathways (BER and NER) in peripheral blood cells based on modified comet assay protocols have been widely applied in human epidemiological studies. These provided some interesting observations of individual DNA repair activity being suppressed among cancer patients. However, extension of these results to cancer target tissues requires a different approach. Here we describe the evaluation of BER and NER activities in extracts from deep-frozen colon biopsies using an upgraded version of the in vitro comet-based DNA repair assay in which 12 reactions on one microscope slide can be performed. The aim of this report is to provide a detailed, easy-to-follow protocol together with results of optimization experiments. Additionally, results obtained by functional assays were analyzed in the context of other cellular biomarkers, namely single nucleotide polymorphisms and gene expressions. We have shown that measuring DNA repair activity is not easily replaceable by genomic or transcriptomic approaches, but should be applied with the latter techniques in a complementary manner. The ability to measure DNA repair directly in cancer target tissues might finally answer questions about the tissue-specificity of DNA repair processes and their real involvement in the process of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Slyskova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine ASCR Prague, Czech Republic ; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sabine A S Langie
- Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Institute for Ageing and Health, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ; Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine ASCR Prague, Czech Republic ; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Czech Republic
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Complex association between ERCC2 gene polymorphisms, gender, smoking and the susceptibility to bladder cancer: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5245-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1682-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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In vitro studies on organophosphate pesticides induced oxidative DNA damage in rat lymphocytes. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 761:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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45
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Measuring oxidative damage to DNA and its repair with the comet assay. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:794-800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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The comet assay as a tool for human biomonitoring studies: The ComNet Project. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 759:27-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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47
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Measurement of DNA base and nucleotide excision repair activities in mammalian cells and tissues using the comet assay – A methodological overview. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:1007-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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48
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Fikrova P, Stetina R, Hrnciarik M, Hrnciarikova D, Hronek M, Zadak Z. DNA crosslinks, DNA damage and repair in peripheral blood lymphocytes of non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with platinum derivatives. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:391-6. [PMID: 24154806 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Chemotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and platinum-based derivatives have been shown to improve overall survival. The aim of the present study was to investigate the DNA damage [single strand breaks (SSBs) and DNA crosslinks] and DNA repair in peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with NSCLC treated with platinum derivatives using modified comet assay. Twenty patients in the final (4th) stage of NSCLC and 10 age-corresponding healthy controls participated in the study. Alkaline comet assay was performed according to the appropriate protocol. The DNA base excision repair (BER) activity of the controls was significantly higher compared to that of cancer patients, and the activity of DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER) was almost at the same level both in controls and patients. We observed changes in the amount of SSBs and DNA crosslinks during the course of chemotherapy. We found a significantly higher level of SSBs immediately after administration of chemotherapy. Similarly, we found the highest incidence of DNA crosslinks immediately or 1 day after chemotherapy (compared to measurement before chemotherapy). Moreover, we compared the levels of DNA repair in patients who survived chemotherapy with those in patients who died in the course of chemotherapy: the activity of BER was higher in the case of surviving patients, while the levels of NER were essentially the same. The data arising from the present study confirm the findings of other studies dealing with DNA damage and repair in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Moreover, our results indicated that despite the fact that cisplatin-DNA adducts are removed by the NER pathway, BER may also play a role in the clinical status of patients and their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Fikrova
- Department of Biological and Medical sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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49
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Gorniak JP, Cameron KM, Waldron KJ, von Zglinicki T, Mathers JC, Langie SAS. Tissue differences in BER-related incision activity and non-specific nuclease activity as measured by the comet assay. Mutagenesis 2013; 28:673-81. [PMID: 24097409 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/get047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA repair mechanisms are important for genome stability and to prevent accumulation of DNA damage, which contributes to cellular ageing and cancer development. Study of these physiological processes requires robust and practical assays to quantify DNA repair capacity. The in vitro comet-based assay is a simple, yet reliable, assay for measurement of DNA repair and has been modified recently to quantify DNA incision activity in mouse brain and liver. In this study, we applied this assay to assess DNA incision activity in other mouse tissues, i.e. lung and colon, and found that high, non-specific nuclease activity was a problem when measuring DNA incision activity, especially in the colon. We tested the utility of multiple optimisation steps including addition of aphidicolin, ATP and polyAT and used multiple wash steps, which resulted in modest improvements in performance of the assay. Washing the tissues before protein extraction and decreasing the protein concentration in the assay were the most effective steps in reducing non-specific nuclease activity. Using the comet-based assay with these further modifications, we found that base excision repair incision activity changed with age differently in each tissue. This study shows that non-specific nuclease activity in the comet-based assay for DNA repair is more pronounced in some tissues than others so care should be taken to optimise the protocol when applying the assay to a new tissue. Our data suggest the importance of using control cells (noRo cells incubated with extract) in the assay to assess for non-specific nuclease activity. In conclusion, the comet-based DNA repair assay can be easily adapted to study a range of mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna P Gorniak
- Centre for Brain Ageing and Vitality, Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Ageing & Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
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50
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Godschalk RWL, Ersson C, Riso P, Porrini M, Langie SAS, van Schooten FJ, Azqueta A, Collins AR, Jones GDD, Kwok RWL, Phillips DH, Sozeri O, Allione A, Matullo G, Möller L, Forchhammer L, Loft S, Møller P. DNA-repair measurements by use of the modified comet assay: an inter-laboratory comparison within the European Comet Assay Validation Group (ECVAG). Mutat Res 2013; 757:60-7. [PMID: 23830929 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of DNA-repair activity by extracts from cells or tissues by means of the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay has a high potential to become widely used in biomonitoring studies. We assessed the inter-laboratory variation in reported values of DNA-repair activity on substrate cells that had been incubated with Ro19-8022 plus light to generate oxidatively damaged DNA. Eight laboratories assessed the DNA-repair activity of three cell lines (i.e. one epithelial and two fibroblast cell lines), starting with cell pellets or with cell extracts provided by the coordinating laboratory. There was a large inter-laboratory variation, as evidenced by the range in the mean level of repair incisions between the laboratory with the lowest (0.002incisions/10(6)bp) and highest (0.988incisions/10(6)bp) incision activity. Nevertheless, six out of eight laboratories reported the same cell line as having the highest level of DNA-repair activity. The two laboratories that reported discordant results (with another cell line having the highest level of DNA-repair activity) were those that reported to have little experience with the modified comet assay to assess DNA repair. The laboratories were also less consistent in ordering the repair activity of the other two cell lines, probably because the DNA-repair activity by extracts from these cell lines were very similar (on average approximately 60-65% of the cell line with the highest repair capacity). A significant correlation was observed between the repair activity found in the provided and the self-made cell extracts (r=0.71, P<0.001), which indicates that the predominant source for inter-laboratory variation is derived from the incubation of the extract with substrate cells embedded in the gel. Overall, we conclude that the incubation step of cell extracts with the substrate cells can be identified as a major source of inter-laboratory variation in the modified comet assay for base-excision repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W L Godschalk
- Department of Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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