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Naia Fioretto M, Maciel FA, Barata LA, Ribeiro IT, Basso CBP, Ferreira MR, Dos Santos SAA, Mattos R, Baptista HS, Portela LMF, Padilha PM, Felisbino SL, Scarano WR, Zambrano E, Justulin LA. Impact of maternal protein restriction on the proteomic landscape of male rat lungs across the lifespan. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 592:112348. [PMID: 39218056 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The developmental origins of healthy and disease (DOHaD) concept has demonstrated a higher rate of chronic diseases in the adult population of individuals whose mothers experienced severe maternal protein restriction (MPR). Using proteomic and in silico analyses, we investigated the lung proteomic profile of young and aged rats exposed to MPR during pregnancy and lactation. Our results demonstrated that MPR lead to structural and immune system pathways changes, and this outcome is coupled with a rise in the PI3k-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway, with increased MMP-2 activity, and CD8 expression in the early life, with long-term effects with aging. This led to the identification of commonly or inversely differentially expressed targets in early life and aging, revealing dysregulated pathways related to the immune system, stress, muscle contraction, tight junctions, and hemostasis. We identified three miRNAs (miR-378a-3p, miR-378a-5p, let-7a-5p) that regulate four proteins (ACTN4, PPIA, HSPA5, CALM1) as probable epigenetic lung marks generated by MPR. In conclusion, MPR impacts the lungs early in life, increasing the possibility of long-lasting negative outcomes for respiratory disorders in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Naia Fioretto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia Alessandra Maciel
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luísa Annibal Barata
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Tenori Ribeiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Beatriz Pinheiro Basso
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Experimental Research Unit - Unipex, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University - Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcel Rodrigues Ferreira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Alexandre Alcantara Dos Santos
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Cancer Signaling and Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, 19111, USA
| | - Renato Mattos
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Hecttor Sebastian Baptista
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Marcos Frediane Portela
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Magalhães Padilha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luis Felisbino
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Wellerson Rodrigo Scarano
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Elena Zambrano
- Department Reproductive Biology, Salvador Zubirán National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico; Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Antonio Justulin
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Torres DB, Lopes A, Rodrigues AJ, Ventura-Silva AP, Sousa N, Gontijo JAR, Boer PA, Lopes MG. Early morphological and neurochemical changes of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) in gestational protein-restricted male offspring. Nutr Neurosci 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38576309 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2024.2320498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a structure with a peculiar neurochemical composition involved in modulating anxietylike behavior and fear. AIM The present study investigated the effects on the BNST neurochemical composition and neuronal structure in critical moments of the postnatal period in gestational protein-restricted male rats' offspring. METHODS Dams were maintained during the pregnancy on isocaloric rodent laboratory chow with standard protein content [NP, 17%] or low protein content [LP, 6%]. BNST from male NP and age-matched LP offspring was studied using the isotropic fractionator method, Neuronal 3D reconstruction, dendritic-tree analysis, blotting analysis, and high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Serum corticosterone levels were higher in male LP offspring than NP rats in 14-day-old offspring, without any difference in 7-day-old progeny. The BNST total cell number and anterodorsal BNST division volume in LP progeny were significantly reduced on the 14th postnatal day compared with NP offspring. The BNST HPLC analysis from 7 days-old LP revealed increased norepinephrine levels compared to NP progeny. The BNST blot analysis from 7-day-old LP revealed reduced levels of GR and BDNF associated with enhanced CRF1 expression compared to NP offspring. 14-day-old LP offspring showed reduced expression of MR and 5HT1A associated with decreased DOPAC and DOPA turnover levels relative to NP rats. In Conclusion, the BNST cellular and neurochemical changes may represent adaptation during development in response to elevated fetal exposure to maternal corticosteroid levels. In this way, gestational malnutrition alters the BNST content and structure and contributes to already-known behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Torres
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - A Lopes
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - A J Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - A P Ventura-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - N Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J A R Gontijo
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - P A Boer
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Torres DB, Lopes A, Rodrigues AJ, Lopes MG, Ventura-Silva AP, Sousa N, Gontijo JAR, Boer PA. Gestational protein restriction alters early amygdala neurochemistry in male offspring. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:1103-1119. [PMID: 36331123 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2131064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational protein intake restriction-induced long-lasting harmful outcomes in the offspring's organs and systems. However, few studies have focused on this event's impact on the brain's structures and neurochemical compounds. AIM The present study investigated the effects on the amygdala neurochemical composition and neuronal structure in gestational protein-restricted male rats' offspring. METHODS Dams were maintained on isocaloric standard rodent laboratory chow with regular protein [NP, 17%] or low protein content [LP, 6%]. Total cells were quantified using the Isotropic fractionator method, Neuronal 3D reconstruction, and dendritic tree analysis using the Golgi-Cox technique. Western blot and high-performance liquid chromatography performed neurochemical studies. RESULTS The gestational low-protein feeding offspring showed a significant decrease in birth weight up to day 14, associated with unaltered brain weight in youth or adult progenies. The amygdala cell numbers were unchanged, and the dendrites length and dendritic ramifications 3D analysis in LP compared to age-matched NP progeny. However, the current study shows reduced amygdala content of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine in LP progeny. These offspring observed a significant reduction in the amygdala glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptor protein levels. Also corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) amygdala protein content was reduced in 7 and 14-day-old LP rats. CONCLUSION The observed amygdala neurochemical changes may represent adaptation during embryonic development in response to elevated fetal exposure to maternal corticosteroid levels. In this way, gestational malnutrition stress can alter the amygdala's neurochemical content and may contribute to known behavioral changes induced by gestational protein restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele B Torres
- Fetal Programming and Hydro-electrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Agnes Lopes
- Fetal Programming and Hydro-electrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana J Rodrigues
- Fetal Programming and Hydro-electrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Marcelo G Lopes
- Fetal Programming and Hydro-electrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana P Ventura-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José A R Gontijo
- Fetal Programming and Hydro-electrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia A Boer
- Fetal Programming and Hydro-electrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Gomes JS, Sene LB, Lamana GL, Boer PA, Gontijo JAR. Impact of maternal protein restriction on Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) expression in male fetal kidney development. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0266293. [PMID: 37141241 PMCID: PMC10159110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney developmental studies have demonstrated molecular pathway changes that may be related to decreased nephron numbers in the male 17 gestational days (17GD) low protein (LP) intake offspring compared to normal protein intake (NP) progeny. Here, we evaluated the HIF-1 and components of its pathway in the kidneys of 17-GD LP offspring to elucidate the molecular modulations during nephrogenesis. METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats were allocated into two groups: NP (regular protein diet-17%) or LP (Low protein diet-6%). Taking into account miRNA transcriptome sequencing previous study (miRNA-Seq) in 17GD male offspring kidneys investigated predicted target genes and proteins related to the HIF-1 pathway by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In the present study, in male 17-GD LP offspring, an increased elF4, HSP90, p53, p300, NFκβ, and AT2 gene encoding compared to the NP progeny. Higher labeling of HIF-1α CAP cells in 17-DG LP offspring was associated with reduced elF4 and phosphorylated elF4 immunoreactivity in LP progeny CAP cells. In 17DG LP, the NFκβ and HSP90 immunoreactivity was enhanced, particularly in the CAP area. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The current study supported that the programmed reduced nephron number in the 17-DG LP offspring may be related to changes in the HIF-1α signaling pathway. Factors that facilitate the transposition of HIF-1α to progenitor renal cell nuclei, such as increased NOS, Ep300, and HSP90 expression, may have a crucial role in this regulatory system. Also, HIF-1α changes could be associated with reduced transcription of elF-4 and its respective signaling path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Seva Gomes
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia Barros Sene
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Leme Lamana
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Aline Boer
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Rocha Gontijo
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Folguieri MS, Franco ATB, Vieira AS, Gontijo JAR, Boer PA. Transcriptome and morphological analysis on the heart in gestational protein-restricted aging male rat offspring. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:892322. [PMID: 36353510 PMCID: PMC9638007 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Adverse factors that influence embryo/fetal development are correlated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), type-2 diabetes, arterial hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance, impaired kidney development, psychiatric disorders, and enhanced susceptibility to oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in adulthood. Human and experimental studies have demonstrated a reciprocal relationship between birthweight and cardiovascular diseases, implying intrauterine adverse events in the onset of these abnormalities. In this way, it is plausible that confirmed functional and morphological heart changes caused by gestational protein restriction could be related to epigenetic effects anticipating cardiovascular disorders and reducing the survival time of these animals. Methods: Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to the protein diet content offered during the pregnancy: a normal protein diet (NP, 17%) or a Low-protein diet (LP, 6%). The arterial pressure was measured, and the cardiac mass, cardiomyocytes area, gene expression, collagen content, and immunostaining of proteins were performed in the cardiac tissue of male 62-weeks old NP compared to LP offspring. Results: In the current study, we showed a low birthweight followed by catch-up growth phenomena associated with high blood pressure development, increased heart collagen content, and cardiomyocyte area in 62-week-old LP offspring. mRNA sequencing analysis identified changes in the expression level of 137 genes, considering genes with a p-value < 0.05. No gene was. Significantly changed according to the adj-p-value. After gene-to-gene biological evaluation and relevance, the study demonstrated significant differences in genes linked to inflammatory activity, oxidative stress, apoptosis process, autophagy, hypertrophy, and fibrosis pathways resulting in heart function disorders. Conclusion: The present study suggests that gestational protein restriction leads to early cardiac diseases in the LP progeny. It is hypothesized that heart dysfunction is associated with fibrosis, myocyte hypertrophy, and multiple abnormal gene expression. Considering the above findings, it may suppose a close link between maternal protein restriction, specific gene expression, and progressive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S. Folguieri
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Teresa Barufi Franco
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas, Brazil
| | - André Schwambach Vieira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Rocha Gontijo
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patricia Aline Boer
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas, Brazil
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Elevated Vascular Sympathetic Neurotransmission and Remodelling Is a Common Feature in a Rat Model of Foetal Programming of Hypertension and SHR. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081902. [PMID: 36009448 PMCID: PMC9405620 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is of unknown aetiology, with sympathetic nervous system hyperactivation being one of the possible contributors. Hypertension may have a developmental origin, owing to the exposure to adverse factors during the intrauterine period. Our hypothesis is that sympathetic hyperinnervation may be implicated in hypertension of developmental origins, being this is a common feature with essential hypertension. Two-animal models were used: spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-model of essential hypertension) and offspring from dams exposed to undernutrition (MUN-model of developmental hypertension), with their respective controls. In adult males, we assessed systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), sympathetic nerve function (3H-tritium release), sympathetic innervation (immunohistochemistry) and vascular remodelling (histology). MUN showed higher SBP/DBP, but not HR, while SHR exhibited higher SBP/DBP/HR. Regarding the mesenteric arteries, MUN and SHR showed reduced lumen, increased media and adventitial thickness and increased wall/lumen and connective tissue compared to respective controls. Regarding sympathetic nerve activation, MUN and SHR showed higher tritium release compared to controls. Total tritium tissue/tyrosine hydroxylase detection was higher in SHR and MUN adventitia arteries compared to respective controls. In conclusion, sympathetic hyperinnervation may be one of the contributors to vascular remodelling and hypertension in rats exposed to undernutrition during intrauterine life, which is a common feature with spontaneous hypertension.
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Vipin VA, Blesson CS, Yallampalli C. Maternal low protein diet and fetal programming of lean type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:185-202. [PMID: 35432755 PMCID: PMC8984567 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i3.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal nutrition is found to be the key factor that determines fetal health in utero and metabolic health during adulthood. Metabolic diseases have been primarily attributed to impaired maternal nutrition during pregnancy, and impaired nutrition has been an immense issue across the globe. In recent years, type 2 diabetes (T2D) has reached epidemic proportion and is a severe public health problem in many countries. Although plenty of research has already been conducted to tackle T2D which is associated with obesity, little is known regarding the etiology and pathophysiology of lean T2D, a variant of T2D. Recent studies have focused on the effects of epigenetic variation on the contribution of in utero origins of lean T2D, although other mechanisms might also contribute to the pathology. Observational studies in humans and experiments in animals strongly suggest an association between maternal low protein diet and lean T2D phenotype. In addition, clear sex-specific disease prevalence was observed in different studies. Consequently, more research is essential for the understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of lean T2D, which might help to develop better disease prevention and treatment strategies. This review examines the role of protein insufficiency in the maternal diet as the central driver of the developmental programming of lean T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyadharan Alukkal Vipin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Chellakkan Selvanesan Blesson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
- Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Chandra Yallampalli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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Grigoletti-Lima GB, Lopes MG, Franco ATB, Damico AM, Boer PA, Rocha Gontijo JA. Severe Gestational Low-Protein Intake Impacts Hippocampal Cellularity, Tau, and Amyloid-β Levels, and Memory Performance in Male Adult Offspring: An Alzheimer-Simile Disease Model? J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:17-30. [PMID: 35243209 PMCID: PMC8842744 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal undernutrition has been associated with psychiatric and neurological disorders characterized by learning and memory impairment. OBJECTIVE Considering the lack of evidence, we aimed to analyze the effects of gestational protein restriction on learning and memory function associated with hippocampal cell numbers and neurodegenerative protein content later in life. METHODS Experiments were conducted in gestational low- (LP, 6% casein) or regular-protein (NP, 17% casein) diet intake offspring. Behavioral tests, isolated hippocampal isotropic fractionator cell studies, immunoblotting, and survival lifetime were observed. RESULTS The birthweight of LP males is significantly reduced relative to NP male progeny, and hippocampal mass increased in 88-week-old LP compared to age-matched NP offspring. The results showed an increased proximity measure in 87-week-old LP compared to NP offspring. Also, LP rats exhibited anxiety-like behaviors compared to NP rats at 48 and 86-wk of life. The estimated neuron number was unaltered in LP rats; however, non-neuron cell numbers increased compared to NP progeny. Here, we showed unprecedented hippocampal deposition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), and tau protein in 88-week-old LP relative to age-matched NP offspring. CONCLUSION To date, no predicted studies showed changes in hippocampal morphological structure in maternal protein-restricted elderly offspring. The current data suggest that gestational protein restriction may accelerate hippocampal function loss, impacting learning/memory performance, and supposedly developing diseases similar to Alzheimer's disease (AD) in elderly offspring. Thus, we propose that maternal protein restriction could be an elegant and novel method for constructing an AD-like model in adult male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Boer Grigoletti-Lima
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte MetabolismLaboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at StateUniversity of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gustavo Lopes
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte MetabolismLaboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at StateUniversity of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Tereza Barufi Franco
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte MetabolismLaboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at StateUniversity of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Aparecida Marcela Damico
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte MetabolismLaboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at StateUniversity of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrìcia Aline Boer
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte MetabolismLaboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at StateUniversity of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Rocha Gontijo
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte MetabolismLaboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at StateUniversity of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Vieira-Rocha MS, Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Ferreira-Duarte M, Faria M, Sousa JB, Morato M, Arribas SM, Diniz C. Fetal Undernutrition Modifies Vascular RAS Balance Enhancing Oxidative Damage and Contributing to Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1233. [PMID: 35163158 PMCID: PMC8835999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal stress is known to increase susceptibility to cardiometabolic diseases and hypertension in adult age in a process known as fetal programming. This study investigated the relationship between vascular RAS, oxidative damage and remodeling in fetal programming. Six-month old Sprague-Dawley offspring from mothers that were fed ad libitum (CONTROL) or with 50% intake during the second half of gestation (maternal undernutrition, MUN) were used. qPCR or immunohistochemistry were used to obtain the expression of receptors and enzymes. Plasma levels of carbonyls were measured by spectrophotometry. In mesenteric arteries from MUN rats we detected an upregulation of ACE, ACE2, AT1 receptors and NADPH oxidase, and lower expression of AT2, Mas and MrgD receptors compared to CONTROL. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and plasma levels of carbonyls were higher in MUN than in CONTROL. Vascular morphology evidenced an increased media/lumen ratio and adventitia/lumen ratio, and more connective tissue in MUN compared to CONTROL. In conclusion, fetal undernutrition indices RAS alterations and oxidative damage which may contribute to the remodeling of mesenteric arteries, and increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofia Vieira-Rocha
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.-D.); (J.B.S.); (M.M.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Pilar Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Mariana Ferreira-Duarte
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.-D.); (J.B.S.); (M.M.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Miguel Faria
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Beatriz Sousa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.-D.); (J.B.S.); (M.M.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Manuela Morato
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.-D.); (J.B.S.); (M.M.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Silvia Magdalena Arribas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Carmen Diniz
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.-D.); (J.B.S.); (M.M.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
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Mariano VS, Boer PA, Gontijo JAR. Fetal Undernutrition Programming, Sympathetic Nerve Activity, and Arterial Hypertension Development. Front Physiol 2021; 12:704819. [PMID: 34867434 PMCID: PMC8635863 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.704819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A wealth of evidence showed that low birth weight is associated with environmental disruption during gestation, triggering embryotic or fetal adaptations and increasing the susceptibility of progeny to non-communicable diseases, including metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and arterial hypertension. In addition, dietary disturbance during pregnancy in animal models has highlighted mechanisms that involve the genesis of arterial hypertension, particularly severe maternal low-protein intake (LP). Functional studies demonstrated that maternal low-protein intake leads to the renal decrease of sodium excretion and the dysfunction of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system signaling of LP offspring. The antinatriuretic effect is accentuated by a reduced number of nephron units and glomerulosclerosis, which are critical in establishing arterial hypertension phenotype. Also, in this way, studies have shown that the overactivity of the central and peripheral sympathetic nervous system occurs due to reduced sensory (afferent) renal nerve activity. As a result of this reciprocal and abnormal renorenal reflex, there is an enhanced tubule sodium proximal sodium reabsorption, which, at least in part, contributes directly to arterial hypertension development in some of the programmed models. A recent study has observed that significant changes in adrenal medulla secretion could be involved in the pathophysiological process of increasing blood pressure. Thus, this review aims to compile studies that link the central and peripheral sympathetic system activity mechanisms on water and salt handle and blood pressure control in the maternal protein-restricted offspring. Besides, these pathophysiological mechanisms mainly may involve the modulation of neurokinins and catecholamines pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Schiavinatto Mariano
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Aline Boer
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Rocha Gontijo
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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de Barros Sene L, Lamana GL, Schwambach Vieira A, Scarano WR, Gontijo JAR, Boer PA. Gestational Low Protein Diet Modulation on miRNA Transcriptome and Its Target During Fetal and Breastfeeding Nephrogenesis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:648056. [PMID: 34239447 PMCID: PMC8258388 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.648056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kidney ontogenesis is the most structurally affected by gestational protein restriction, reducing 28% of their functional units. The reduced nephron number is predictive of hypertension and cardiovascular dysfunctions that are generally observed in the adult age of most fetal programming models. We demonstrate miRNAs and predict molecular pathway changes associated with reduced reciprocal interaction between metanephros cap (CM) and ureter bud (UB) and a 28% decreased nephron stem cells in the 17 gestational days (17GD) low protein (LP) intake male fetal kidney. Here, we evaluated the same miRNAs and predicted targets in the kidneys of 21GD and at 7 days of life (7DL) LP offspring to elucidate the molecular modulations during nephrogenesis. METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats were allocated into two groups: NP (regular protein diet- 17%) or LP (diet-6%). miRNA transcriptome sequencing (miRNA-Seq) was performed on the MiSeq platform from 21GD and 7DL male offspring kidneys using previously described methods. Among the top 10 dysfunctional regulated miRNAs, we validated 7 related to proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis processes and investigated predicted target genes and proteins by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In 21GD, LP fetuses were identified alongside 21 differently expressed miRNAs, of which 12 were upregulated and 9 downregulated compared to age-matched NP offspring. In 7-DL LP offspring, the differentially expressed miRNAs were counted to be 74, of which 46 were upregulated and 28 downregulated. The curve from 17-GD to 7-DL shows that mTOR was fundamental in reducing the number of nephrons in fetal kidneys where the mothers were subjected to a protein restriction. IGF1 and TGFβ curves also seemed to present the same mTOR pattern and were modulated by miRNAs 181a-5p, 181a-3p, and 199a-5p. The miRNA 181c-3p modulated SIX2 and Notch1 reduction in 7-DL but not in terms of the enhanced expression of both in the 21-GD, suggesting the participation of an additional regulator. We found enhanced Bax in 21-GD; it was regulated by miRNA 298-5p, and Bcl2 and Caspase-3 were controlled by miRNA (by 7a-5p and not by the predicted 181a-5p). The miRNA 144-3p regulated BCL6, which was enhanced, as well as Zeb 1 and 2 induced by BCL6. These results revealed that in 21GD, the compensatory mechanisms in LP kidneys led to the activation of UB ramification. Besides, an increase of 32% in the CM stem cells and a possible cell cycle halt of renal progenitor cells, which remaining undifferentiated, were observed. In the 7DL, much more altered miRNA expression was found in LP kidneys, and this was probably due to an increased maternal diet content. Additionally, we verified the activation of pathways related to differentiation and consumption of progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia de Barros Sene
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Leme Lamana
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andre Schwambach Vieira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Wellerson Rodrigo Scarano
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Rocha Gontijo
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Aline Boer
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, Campinas, Brazil
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12
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Lamana GL, Ferrari ALL, Gontijo JAR, Boer PA. Gestational and Breastfeeding Low-Protein Intake on Blood Pressure, Kidney Structure, and Renal Function in Male Rat Offspring in Adulthood. Front Physiol 2021; 12:658431. [PMID: 33967827 PMCID: PMC8100335 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.658431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Our previous studies demonstrated that maternal protein-restricted (low-protein, LP) 16-week-old offspring had pronounced nephron number reduction and arterial hypertension associated with an unchanged glomerular filtration rate (GFR). An enhanced gomerular area may be related to increased glomerular filtration and overflow, which accounts for glomerular filtration barrier breakdown and early glomerulosclerosis. The effect of protein restriction during gestational and breastfeeding periods is unknown. Method: The functional e-structural kidney evaluation was obtained using lithium and creatinine clearance, kidney morphometry, immunoblotting, and immunostaining analysis in 16 and 24-week-old LP offspring compared to age-matched NP progeny. Results: Low protein rats' progeny had significantly reduced birth weight, without previous catch-up growth phenomena, in parallel with a decreased adiposity index. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) glomerular expression was significantly enhanced in the LP group. Also, the LP offspring had a 38% lower nephron number and an increased glomerular volume. They also presented with a higher cardiac index and arterial blood pressure compared with age-matched NP offspring. The LP rats exhibited augmented Na+/K+-ATPase in the proximal segments, and NOS1 immunoreactivity in whole renal tissue was associated with sodium retention in the proximal nephron segments. We also found significantly enhanced collagen content associated with increased TGFβ1 and ZEB1/2 renal immunoreactivity in LP offspring compared with NP offspring. Increased hypertrophy markers in LP podocytes were associated with an amplified IL-6/STAT3 pathway activity. Conclusion: To our knowledge, these are the first data demonstrating renal functional and structural changes in protein restriction during gestation and lactation model of fetal programming. The fetal-programmed adult offspring showed pronounced structural glomerular disorders with an accentuated and advanced fibrosis stage, without a change in the GFR. These findings suggest that the glomerular enhanced TGF-β1 action may induce ZEB1/2 expression that may cause glomeruli epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Besides, decreased nephron number in the LP offspring with preserved glomerular function may be related to protective or even attenuate the activated IL-6/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Leme Lamana
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Leticia Luchiari Ferrari
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Rocha Gontijo
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Aline Boer
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Miyoshi M, Imakado Y, Otani L, Kaji M, Aanzai Y, Sugimoto N, Murakami T, Fukuoka M, Hohjoh H, Jia H, Kato H. Maternal protein restriction induces renal AT2R promoter hypomethylation in salt-sensitive, hypertensive rats. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1452-1459. [PMID: 33747459 PMCID: PMC7958563 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SCOPE We previously demonstrated that protein restriction in utero induced salt-sensitive hypertension and changed renal levels of angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHRSP). Here, we investigated if this characteristic alteration of AT2R is related to AT2R DNA methylation profiles. METHODS AND RESULTS First, we examined the relation between AT2R DNA methylation and its promoter activity in vitro. Luciferase assays revealed a negative correlation between these two variables. Next, we fed SHRSP dams and grand-dams a control 20% casein diet or a 9% casein diet during pregnancy. Adult offspring and grand-offspring were supplied either water or 1% saline solution for 2 weeks. Renal AT2R promoter DNA near the TATA-box was hypomethylated, mRNA expression was suppressed, and protein expression tended to be higher, in adult offspring of mothers fed a low casein diet. Moreover, adult grand-offspring exhibited high blood pressure after salt loading, along with suppressed transcription of AT2R mRNA and elevated translated protein. CONCLUSIONS Under a fetal environment of protein restriction, the increase in protein expression due to hypomethylation of the AT2R promoter region occurs as a response to increased salt sensitivity, and controlling this mechanism may be important for the prevention of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Miyoshi
- Health NutritionGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuhisa Imakado
- Health NutritionGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Lila Otani
- Health NutritionGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Food Science and NutritionFaculty of AgricultureKinki UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Misa Kaji
- Department of Food Science and NutritionFaculty of AgricultureKinki UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Yuki Aanzai
- Department of Food Science and NutritionFaculty of AgricultureKinki UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Naoya Sugimoto
- Department of Food Science and NutritionFaculty of AgricultureKinki UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Tetsuo Murakami
- Department of Food Science and NutritionFaculty of AgricultureKinki UniversityNaraJapan
| | | | | | - Huijuan Jia
- Health NutritionGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hisanori Kato
- Health NutritionGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
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Sene LDB, Scarano WR, Zapparoli A, Gontijo JAR, Boer PA. Impact of gestational low-protein intake on embryonic kidney microRNA expression and in nephron progenitor cells of the male fetus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246289. [PMID: 33544723 PMCID: PMC7864410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Here, we have demonstrated that gestational low-protein (LP) intake offspring present lower birth weight, reduced nephron numbers, renal salt excretion, arterial hypertension, and renal failure development compared to regular protein (NP) intake rats in adulthood. We evaluated the expression of various miRNAs and predicted target genes in the kidney in gestational 17-days LP (DG-17) fetal metanephros to identify molecular pathways involved in the proliferation and differentiation of renal embryonic or fetal cells. METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats were classified into two groups based on protein supply during pregnancy: NP (regular protein diet, 17%) or LP diet (6%). Renal miRNA sequencing (miRNA-Seq) performed on the MiSeq platform, RT-qPCR of predicted target genes, immunohistochemistry, and morphological analysis of 17-DG NP and LP offspring were performed using previously described methods. RESULTS A total of 44 miRNAs, of which 19 were up and 25 downregulated, were identified in 17-DG LP fetuses compared to age-matched NP offspring. We selected 7 miRNAs involved in proliferation, differentiation, and cellular apoptosis. Our findings revealed reduced cell number and Six-2 and c-Myc immunoreactivity in metanephros cap (CM) and ureter bud (UB) in 17-DG LP fetuses. Ki-67 immunoreactivity in CM was 48% lesser in LP compared to age-matched NP fetuses. Conversely, in LP CM and UB, β-catenin was 154%, and 85% increased, respectively. Furthermore, mTOR immunoreactivity was higher in LP CM (139%) and UB (104%) compared to that in NP offspring. TGFβ-1 positive cells in the UB increased by approximately 30% in the LP offspring. Moreover, ZEB1 metanephros-stained cells increased by 30% in the LP offspring. ZEB2 immunofluorescence, although present in the entire metanephros, was similar in both experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS Maternal protein restriction changes the expression of miRNAs, mRNAs, and proteins involved in proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis during renal development. Renal ontogenic dysfunction, caused by maternal protein restriction, promotes reduced reciprocal interaction between CM and UB; consequently, a programmed and expressive decrease in nephron number occurs in the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia de Barros Sene
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Wellerson Rodrigo Scarano
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Zapparoli
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Rocha Gontijo
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Aline Boer
- Fetal Programming and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Insights into sympathetic nervous system and GPCR interplay in fetal programming of hypertension: a bridge for new pharmacological strategies. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:739-747. [PMID: 32032706 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of death from noncommunicable diseases worldwide. In addition to the classical CVD risk factors related to lifestyle and/or genetic background, exposure to an adverse intrauterine environment compromises fetal development leading to low birth weight and increasing offspring susceptibility to develop CVDs later in life, particularly hypertension - a process known as fetal programming of hypertension (FPH). In FPH animal models, permanent alterations have been detected in gene expression, in the structure and function of heart and blood vessels, compromising cardiovascular physiology and favoring hypertension development. This review focuses on the role of the sympathetic nervous system and its interplay with G-protein-coupled receptors, emphasizing strategies that envisage the prevention and/or treatment of FPH through interventions in early life.
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García-Ortuño LE, Barrera-Chimal J, Pérez-Villalva R, Ortega-Trejo JA, Luna-Bolaños E, Lima-Posada I, Sánchez-Navarro A, Reyes-Castro L, Gamba G, Zambrano E, Bobadilla NA. Resilience to acute kidney injury in offspring of maternal protein restriction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1637-F1648. [PMID: 31608674 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00356.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein restriction (PR) during pregnancy induces morphofunctional alterations related to deficient nephrogenesis. We studied the renal functional and morphological significance of PR during pregnancy and/or lactation in adult male rat offspring and the repercussions on acute kidney injury (AKI) severity. Female rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: control diet during pregnancy and lactation (CC), control diet during pregnancy and PR diet during lactation (CR), PR during pregnancy and control diet during lactation (RC), and PR during pregnancy and lactation (RR). Three months after birth, at least 12 male offspring of each group randomly underwent either bilateral renal ischemia for 45 min [ischemia-reperfusion (IR)] or sham surgery. Thus, eight groups were studied 24 h after reperfusion: CC, CC + IR, CR, CR + IR, RC, RC + IR, RR, and RR + IR. Under basal conditions, the CR, RC, and RR groups exhibited a significant reduction in nephron number that was associated with a reduction in renal blood flow. Glomerular hyperfiltration was present as a compensatory mechanism to maintain normal renal function. mRNA levels of several vasoactive, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory molecules were decreased. After IR, renal function was similarly reduced in all of the studied groups. Although all of the offspring from maternal PR exhibited renal injury, the magnitude was lower in the RC and RR groups, which were associated with faster renal blood flow recovery, differential vasoactive factors, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α signaling. Our results show that the offspring from maternal PR are resilient to AKI induced by IR that was associated with reduced tubular injury and a differential hemodynamic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enrique García-Ortuño
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Pathology, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jonatan Barrera-Chimal
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosalba Pérez-Villalva
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Antonio Ortega-Trejo
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emma Luna-Bolaños
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ixchel Lima-Posada
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Navarro
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Reyes-Castro
- Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, New Lion, Mexico
| | - Elena Zambrano
- Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma A Bobadilla
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Assalin HB, Gontijo JAR, Boer PA. miRNAs, target genes expression and morphological analysis on the heart in gestational protein-restricted offspring. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210454. [PMID: 31034522 PMCID: PMC6507319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational protein restriction was associated with low birth weight, hypertension and higher prevalence of cardiac disorders in adults. Several mechanisms, including epigenetics, could be related with the cardiovascular phenotype on protein-restricted offspring. Thus, we investigated the morphological cardiac effects of gestational protein restriction and left ventricle miRNAs and target genes expression pattern in both 12-day and 16-week old gestational protein-restricted male offspring. Pregnant Wistar rats were allocated into two groups, according to protein supply during pregnancy: NP (normal protein diet- 17%) or LP (low protein diet-6%). Dams on the gestational protein-restricted diet had lower body weight gain and higher food intake. Gestational protein-restricted offspring had low birth weight, followed by rapidly body weight recovery, hypertension, and increased myocytes cross-sectional area and collagen fraction at 16-week old age. At 12-days old, miR-184, miR-192, miR-376c, miR-380-3p, miR-380-5p, miR-451, and miR-582-3p had increased expression, and miR-547 and miR-743a had decreased expression in the gestational protein-restricted left ventricle. At 16-week old, let-7b, miR-125a-3p, miR-142-3p, miR-182 and miR-188-5p had increased expression and let-7g, miR-107, miR-127, miR-181a, miR-181c, miR-184, miR-324-5p, miR-383, miR-423-5p and miR-484 had decreased expression in gestational protein-restricted left ventricle. Target predicted gene expression analysis showed higher expression of Dnmt3a, Oxct1, Rictor and Trps1 and lower expression of Bbs1 and Calml3 in 12-day old protein-restricted offspring. 16-week old protein-restricted offspring had higher expression of Adrbk1, Bbs1, Dnmt3a, Gpr22, Inppl1, and Oxct1 genes. In conclusion, gestational protein restriction was related to offspring low birth weight, increased systolic blood pressure and morphological heart alterations that could be related to early heart miRNA expression changes that perpetuate into adulthood and which are associated with the regulation of essential genes involved in cardiovascular development, heart morphology, function, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa Balan Assalin
- Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, State
University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Aline Boer
- Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, State
University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
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Cardoso BV, Custódio AH, Boer PA, Gontijo JAR. Effect of intracerebroventricular epinephrine microinjection on blood pressure and urinary sodium handling in gestational protein-restricted male adult rat offspring. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.038562. [PMID: 30936071 PMCID: PMC6503991 DOI: 10.1242/bio.038562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesized that blunting of the natriuresis response to intracerebroventricularly (ICV) microinjected adrenergic agonists is involved in the development of hypertension in maternal low-protein intake (LP) offspring. A stainless steel cannula was stereotaxically implanted into the right lateral ventricle (LV), then we evaluated the ICV administration of adrenergic agonists at increasing concentrations, and of α1 and α2-adrenoceptor antagonists on blood pressure and urinary sodium handling in LP offspring relative to an age-matched normal-protein intake (NP) group. We confirmed that epinephrine (Epi) microinjected into the LV of conscious NP rats leads to enhanced natriuresis followed by a reduction in arterial pressure. This response is associated with increased proximal and post-proximal sodium excretion accompanied by an unchanged glomerular filtration rate. The current study showed, in both NP and LP offspring, that the natriuretic effect of Epi injection into the LV was abolished by prior local microinjection of an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist (prazosin). Conversely, LV α2-adrenoceptor antagonist (yohimbine) administration potentiated the action of Epi. The LV yohimbine pretreatment normalized urinary sodium excretion and reduced the blood pressure in LP compared with age-matched NP offspring. These are, as far as we are aware, the first results showing the role of central adrenergic receptors’ interaction on hypertension pathogenesis in maternal LP fetal-programming offspring. This study also provides good evidence for the existence of central nervous system adrenergic mechanisms consisting of α1 and α2-adrenoceptors, which work reciprocally on the control of renal sodium excretion and blood pressure. Although the precise mechanism of the different natriuretic response of NP and LP rats is still uncertain, these results lead us to speculate that inappropriate neural adrenergic pathways might have significant effects on tubule sodium transport, resulting in the inability of the kidneys to control hydrosaline balance and, consequently, an increase in blood pressure. Summary: We evaluated the effect of intracerebroventricular microinjections of adrenergic agonists at increasing concentrations, and μ1 and μ2-adrenergic receptors antagonists on blood pressure and urinary sodium in hypertensive low- and normal-protein rat offdpring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Vaccari Cardoso
- Fetal Programming Laboratory and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-894, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Augusto Henrique Custódio
- Fetal Programming Laboratory and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-894, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Aline Boer
- Fetal Programming Laboratory and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-894, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Rocha Gontijo
- Fetal Programming Laboratory and Hydroelectrolyte Metabolism Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences at State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-894, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Anxiety-like behavior and structural changes of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in gestational protein-restricted male offspring. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2018; 9:536-543. [PMID: 29900811 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174418000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Animal evidence has suggested that maternal emotional and nutritional stress during pregnancy is associated with behavioral outcomes in offspring. The nature of the stresses applied may differ, but it is often assumed that the mother's hippocampus-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HHPA) axis response releases higher levels of glucocorticoid hormones. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is in a pivotal position to regulate the HHPA axis and the stress response, and it has been implicated in anxiety behavior. In the current study, to search whether BNST structural changes and neurochemical alterations are associated with anxiety-related behavior in adult gestational protein-restricted offspring relative to an age-matched normal protein diet (NP) rats, we conduct behavioral tests and, BNST dendritic tree analysis by Sholl analysis, associated to immunoblotting-protein quantification [11β-HSD2, GR, MR, AT1R, 5HT1A and 5HT2A, corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRH) and CRH1]. Dams were maintained either on isocaloric standard rodent chow [with NP content, 17% casein or low protein content (LP), 6% casein] chow throughout their entire pregnancy. Here, in rats subjected to gestational protein restriction, we found: (a) a significant reduction in dendritic length and impoverished dendritic arborization in BNST neurons; (b) an elevated plasmatic corticosterone levels; and (c) associated with enhanced anxiety-like behavior when compared with age-matched NP offspring. Moreover, altered protein (11β-HSD2, GR, MR and type 1 CRH receptors) expressions may underlie the increase in anxiety-like behavior in LP offspring. This work represents the first demonstration that BNST developmental plasticity by maternal protein restriction, resulting in fine structural changes and neurochemical alterations that are associated with modified behavioral states.
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Sene LB, Rizzi VHG, Gontijo JAR, Boer PA. Gestational low-protein intake enhances whole-kidney miR-192 and miR-200 family expression and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in rat adult male offspring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/10/jeb171694. [PMID: 29789348 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.171694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that adult offspring of mothers fed a protein-restricted diet during pregnancy present a pronounced reduction of nephron number associated with decreased fractional urinary sodium excretion and arterial hypertension. Additionally, recent advances in our understanding of the molecular pathways that govern the association of gestational nutritional restriction, intrauterine growth retardation and inflammation with impaired nephrogenesis, nephron underdosing and kidney fibrosis point to the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) as a common factor. In the current study, protein and sodium urinary excretion rates were evaluated in rats, and immunohistochemistry and western blot techniques were used to characterize kidney structure changes in 16 week old male offspring of mothers fed a low-protein diet during pregnancy (LP group) compared with age-matched (NP) controls. We also verified the expression of miRNA, mRNA and protein markers of fibrosis and the EMT in whole kidney prepared from LP offspring. We found, surprisingly, that arterial hypertension and long-term hyperfiltration, manifest by proteinuria, were associated with increased renal miR-192 and miR-200 family expression in 16 week old LP relative to age-matched NP rats. Measurement of kidney fibrosis and EMT-related protein markers, by histochemistry and immunoblot techniques, showed a significant rise of TGF-β1 and type-I collagen content in glomeruli and tubulointerstitial areas, accompanied by enhanced fibronectin and ZEB1 and decreased E-cadherin immunoreactivity in 16 week old LP offspring. The results were partially confirmed by increased gene (mRNA) expression of collagen 1α1, collagen 1α2 and ZEB1 in LP whole kidneys compared with those of age-matched NP offspring. In view of the presumed functional overload in the remaining nephrons, we suggest that hypertension and proteinuria development following maternal protein restriction may be a preponderant factor for EMT and structural kidney changes in LP offspring. However, our study was not wholly able to establish the precise role of miRNAs in LP kidney disorders. Thus, further studies will be required to assess the contribution of the miR family to renal injury in a gestational protein-restricted model of fetal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia B Sene
- Morphology Department, Bioscience Institute at São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-290, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Gonçalves Rizzi
- Morphology Department, Bioscience Institute at São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-290, Brazil
| | - José A R Gontijo
- Hydrossaline Metabolism and Fetal Programming Laboratory, School of Medicine at Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-894, Brazil
| | - Patricia A Boer
- Hydrossaline Metabolism and Fetal Programming Laboratory, School of Medicine at Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-894, Brazil
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Impact of long-term high-fat diet intake gestational protein-restricted offspring on kidney morphology and function. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2017; 8:89-100. [PMID: 28051762 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174416000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights the far-reaching consequences of high-fat diet (HFD) and obesity on kidney morphological and functional disorders. In the present study, we aim to evaluate the effects of early HFD intake on renal function and morphology in maternal protein-restricted offspring (LP). LP and normal protein-intake offspring (NP) were fed HFD (LPH and NPH, respectively) or standard rodent (LPN and NPN) diet from the 8th to 13th week of age. Blood pressure, kidney function, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy were analyzed. Increased total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein serum levels were observed in LPH offspring. The adiposity index was reduced in the (LPN) group and, conversely, increased in the NPH and LPH groups. Blood pressure was higher beyond the 10th week of age in the LPH group compared with the other groups. Decreased urinary sodium excretion was observed in LP offspring, whereas the HFD-treated groups presented a decreased urine pH in a time-dependent fashion. The LPN, NPH and LPH groups showed increased expression of type 1 angiotensin II (AngII) receptor (AT1R), TGF-β1, collagen and fibronectin in the kidneys. Moreover, the adult fetal-programmed offspring showed pronounced effacement of the podocyte foot process associated with the rupture of cell membranes and striking urinary protein excretion, exacerbated by HFD treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that young fetal-programmed offspring submitted to long-term HFD intake have increased susceptibility to renal structural and functional disorders associated with an accentuated stage of fibrosis and tubular dysfunction.
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Renal sodium handling and blood pressure changes in gestational protein-restricted offspring: Role of renal nerves and ganglia neurokinin expression. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28632750 PMCID: PMC5478103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considering long-term changes in renal sodium handling and blood pressure in maternal protein-restricted (LP) offspring, we assumed that the development of LP hypertension results from abnormal dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurokinin expression associated with impaired responsiveness of renal sensory receptors, promoting a reduced urinary excretion of sodium. The present study investigates whether increased blood pressure in protein-restricted offspring would be associated with changes in the DRG cells and in renal pelvic wall expression of NK1R, SP and CGRP when compared to NP offspring. In addition, we assessed the tubular sodium handling, estimated by creatinine and lithium clearances before and after bilateral renal denervation in conscious LP offspring relative to age-matched NP counterparts. Methods Dams received a normal (NP) or low-protein diet (LP) during their entire pregnancy period. Male NP or LP offspring underwent bilateral surgical renal denervation before the 8-week renal functional test and blood pressure measurements. Immunofluorescence staining in DRG cells was assessed in optical sections by confocal laser scanning microscope. Results The current data demonstrated a sustained rise in blood pressure associated with a decrease in fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) by reducing post-proximal tubule sodium rejection in 16-wk old LP rats relative to age-matched NP counterparts. According to this study, bilateral renal denervation attenuated blood pressure and increased FENa in LP offspring. Furthermore, an immunohistochemical analysis showed a reduced expression of SP and CGRP in DRGs of LP when compared with NP rats. Renal pelvis of LP rats did not show a strong CGRP expression related to NP rats, whereas there was no change in SP immunostaining. Conclusions These observations raise the possibility that impaired DRG and pelvic neurokinin expression associated with responsiveness of renal sensory receptors in 16-wk old LP offspring are conducive to excess renal reabsorption of sodium and development of hypertension in this programmed model.
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Block DB, Mesquita FF, de Lima IP, Boer PA, Gontijo JAR. Fetal kidney programming by maternal smoking exposure: effects on kidney structure, blood pressure and urinary sodium excretion in adult offspring. Nephron Clin Pract 2015; 129:283-92. [PMID: 25895625 DOI: 10.1159/000377634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fetal programming by different insults results in low birth weight and reduction in nephron number increasing the risk for adult development of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Maternal smoking is an important modifiable adverse fetal exposure worldwide and leads to a decrease in the offspring's birth weight. Thus far, the specific adverse fetal smoking exposures and mechanisms underlying these associations on renal development and functional disorder are unclear. METHODS The present study investigates, in adult male rats, the effect of smoking exposure (Sk) in uteri on blood pressure (BP) by an indirect tail-cuff method using an electrosphygmomanometer, and its association with nephron structure by stereological estimation, immunohistochemical and histological techniques, in parallel with kidney function creatinine and lithium clearance. RESULTS The current study showed in a 16-week old Sk offspring enhanced arterial blood pressure associated with, reduced urinary sodium excretion and higher TGF-β1 glomerular expression. Sk glomeruli also presented an upregulated collagen and fibronectin deposition intrinsically related to fibrotic process as compared to age-matched control group. CONCLUSION Here, we demonstrate that fetal-programmed Sk offspring present pronounced glomerular TGF-β1 and fibrotic marker expression that may, subsequently, promote a glomerular epithelial-mesenchymal transition activated process in an Sk offspring. Although the precise mechanism responsible for the subsequently renal morphological and functional response in Sk offspring is incompletely known, the current data suggest that changes in renal function are conducive to excess sodium tubule reabsorption that is associated with enhanced TGF-β1, fibronectin and collagen deposition, intrinsically related to fibrotic process, might potentiate the programming of adult hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Block
- Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Sathishkumar K, Balakrishnan MP, Yallampalli C. Enhanced mesenteric arterial responsiveness to angiotensin II is androgen receptor-dependent in prenatally protein-restricted adult female rat offspring. Biol Reprod 2014; 92:55. [PMID: 25550341 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.126482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational protein restriction results in intrauterine growth restriction and hypertension in adult female growth-restricted rats. Enhanced vascular responsiveness to angiotensin II is observed, and blockade of the renin-angiotensin system abolishes hypertension in adult growth-restricted rats, suggesting that the renin-angiotensin system contributes to intrauterine growth restriction-induced hypertension. Moreover, growth-restricted adult rats have higher plasma testosterone levels, and antiandrogen treatment abolishes hypertension, indicating an important role for testosterone. We hypothesized that androgens may play a pivotal role in the enhanced responsiveness to Ang II and hypertension. Female offspring of pregnant rats fed 20% protein (control) or 6% protein diet (protein restricted), at 6 mo of age, were studied. Plasma testosterone and mean arterial pressure in protein-restricted offspring were significantly higher compared to controls. Flutamide treatment (10 mg/kg/day subcutaneously for 10 days) reduced mean arterial pressure in protein-restricted offspring but was without significant effect in controls. Vascular Agtr1/Agtr2 ratio was significantly higher in protein-restricted offspring, an effect that was reversed by flutamide. Flutamide treatment did not have any effect on Agtr1/Agtr2 ratio in controls. Enhanced contractile response to angiotensin II in mesenteric arteries was observed in protein-restricted offspring compared with control. Flutamide treatment reversed the enhanced contractile response to angiotensin II in protein-restricted offspring without significant effect in controls. Vascular reactivity to phenylephrine was similar between the control and protein-restricted offspring with and without flutamide treatment, suggesting that enhanced contractile response and flutamide's reversal effect is specific to angiotensin II. These results suggest that prenatally protein-restricted rats exhibit an enhanced responsiveness to angiotensin II that is testosterone-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunju Sathishkumar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Meena P Balakrishnan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Altered signaling pathways linked to angiotensin II underpin the upregulation of renal Na(+)-ATPase in chronically undernourished rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2357-66. [PMID: 25283821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study has investigated the participation of altered signaling linked to angiotensin II (Ang II) that could be associated with increased Na(+) reabsorption in renal proximal tubules during chronic undernutrition. A multideficient chow for rats (basic regional diet, BRD) was used, which mimics several human diets widely taken in developing countries. The Vmax of the ouabain-resistant Na(+)-ATPase resident in the basolateral membranes increased >3-fold (P<0.001) accompanied by an increase in Na(+) affinity from 4.0 to 0.2mM (P<0.001). BRD rats had a >3-fold acceleration of the formation of phosphorylated intermediates in the early stage of the catalytic cycle (in the E1 conformation) (P<0.001). Immunostaining showed a huge increase in Ang II-positive cells in the cortical tubulointerstitium neighboring the basolateral membranes (>6-fold, P<0.001). PKC isoforms (α, ε, λ, ζ), Ang II type 1 receptors and PP2A were upregulated in BRD rats (in %): 55 (P<0.001); 35 (P<0.01); 125, 55, 11 and 30 (P<0.001). PKA was downregulated by 55% (P<0.001). With NetPhosK 1.0 and NetPhos 2.0, we detected 4 high-score (>0.70) regulatory phosphorylation sites for PKC and 1 for PKA in the primary sequence of the Na(+)-ATPase α-subunit, which are located in domains that are key for Na(+) binding and catalysis. Therefore, chronic undernutrition stimulates tubulointerstitial activity of Ang II and impairs PKC- and PKA-mediated regulatory phosphorylation, which culminates in an exaggerated Na(+) reabsorption across the proximal tubular epithelium.
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Pinhal CS, Lopes A, Torres DB, Felisbino SL, Rocha Gontijo JA, Boer PA. Time-course morphological and functional disorders of the kidney induced by long-term high-fat diet intake in female rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 28:2464-76. [PMID: 24078639 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is emerging that highlights the far-reaching consequences of a high-fat diet (HFD) on kidney morphology and function disorders. METHODS The present study was performed on 3-, 5-, 7- and 9-week-old HFD female rats compared with the appropriate gender and age-matched animals. We evaluated the kidney expression of angiotensin type II receptor and fibrotic and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical and histological techniques, in parallel with kidney function. RESULTS In the current study, the time-course HFD-treated group showed, by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analysis, an early time-course increase in the expression of transforming growth factor β-1 (TGFβ-1) in the entire kidney of HFD-treated rats, compared with that observed in the control group. Simultaneously, the study shows a transient increase in the expression of ZEB2 in the HFD whole kidney accompanied by a fall in the E-cadherin expression and increased collagen and fibronectin deposition. A pronounced decrease in fractional urinary sodium excretion was also demonstrated in the long-term HFD-treated rats. The decreased FENa(+) was accompanied by a fall in FEPNa(+) and FEPPNa(+), which occurred in association with significantly decreased CCr and, certainly on the sodium-filtered load. The reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) occurred in parallel to proteinuria and glomerular desmin overexpression. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study suggest that podocyte injury in parallel with observed proteinuria and evidence of EMT transformation are associated with long-term loss of kidney function and renal sodium and water retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Staut Pinhal
- Renal Function Laboratory, Campinas State University, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Bem GF, da Costa CA, de Oliveira PRB, Cordeiro VSC, Santos IB, de Carvalho LCRM, Souza MAV, Ognibene DT, Daleprane JB, Sousa PJC, Resende AC, de Moura RS. Protective effect of Euterpe oleracea Mart (açaí) extract on programmed changes in the adult rat offspring caused by maternal protein restriction during pregnancy. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:1328-38. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study examined the effect of açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) seed extract (ASE) on cardiovascular and renal alterations in adult offspring, whose mothers were fed a low-protein (LP) diet during pregnancy.
Methods
Four groups of rats were fed: control diet (20% protein); ASE (200 mg/kg per day); and LP (6% protein); LP + ASE (6% protein + ASE) during pregnancy. After weaning, all male offspring were fed a control diet and sacrificed at 4 months old. We evaluated the blood pressure, vascular function, serum and urinary parameters, plasma and kidney oxidative damage, and antioxidant activity and renal structural changes.
Key findings
Hypertension and the reduced acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in the LP group were prevented by ASE. Serum levels of urea, creatinine and fractional excretion of sodium were increased in LP and reduced in LP + ASE. ASE improved nitrite levels and the superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity in LP, with a corresponding decrease of malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels. Kidney volume and glomeruli number were reduced and glomerular volume was increased in LP. These renal alterations were prevented by ASE.
Conclusions
Treatment of protein-restricted dams with ASE provides protection from later-life hypertension, oxidative stress, renal functional and structural changes, probably through a vasodilator and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziele Freitas de Bem
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Aguiar da Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Izabelle Barcellos Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dayane Texeira Ognibene
- Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Angela Castro Resende
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto Soares de Moura
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Lutaif NA, Palazzo R, Gontijo JAR. Early detection of metabolic and energy disorders by thermal time series stochastic complexity analysis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2014; 47:70-9. [PMID: 24519093 PMCID: PMC3932975 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20133097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of thermal homeostasis in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) is
associated with changes in their thermal balance. The thermodynamic relationship
between heat dissipation and energy storage is altered by the ingestion of
high-energy diet content. Observation of thermal registers of core temperature
behavior, in humans and rodents, permits identification of some characteristics
of time series, such as autoreference and stationarity that fit adequately to a
stochastic analysis. To identify this change, we used, for the first time, a
stochastic autoregressive model, the concepts of which match those associated
with physiological systems involved and applied in male HFD rats compared with
their appropriate standard food intake age-matched male controls (n=7 per
group). By analyzing a recorded temperature time series, we were able to
identify when thermal homeostasis would be affected by a new diet. The
autoregressive time series model (AR model) was used to predict the occurrence
of thermal homeostasis, and this model proved to be very effective in
distinguishing such a physiological disorder. Thus, we infer from the results of
our study that maximum entropy distribution as a means for stochastic
characterization of temperature time series registers may be established as an
important and early tool to aid in the diagnosis and prevention of metabolic
diseases due to their ability to detect small variations in thermal profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Lutaif
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Clínica Médica, CampinasSP, Brasil
| | - R Palazzo
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e Computação, Departamento de Telemática, CampinasSP, Brasil
| | - J A R Gontijo
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Clínica Médica, CampinasSP, Brasil
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Durrant LM, Khorram O, Buchholz JN, Pearce WJ. Maternal food restriction modulates cerebrovascular structure and contractility in adult rat offspring: effects of metyrapone. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R401-10. [PMID: 24477541 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00436.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the effects of prenatal undernutrition on adult cardiovascular health have been well studied, its effects on the cerebrovascular structure and function remain unknown. We used a pair-fed rat model of 50% caloric restriction from day 11 of gestation to term, with ad libitum feeding after birth. We validated that maternal food restriction (MFR) stress is mediated by glucocorticoids by administering metyrapone, a corticosterone synthesis inhibitor, to MFR mothers at day 11 of gestation. At age 8 mo, offspring from Control, MFR, and MFR + Metyrapone groups were killed, and middle cerebral artery (MCA) segments were studied using vessel-bath myography and confocal microscopy. Colocalization of smooth muscle α-actin (SMαA) with nonmuscle (NM), SM1 and SM2 myosin heavy-chain (MHC) isoforms was used to assess smooth muscle phenotype. Our results indicate that artery stiffness and wall thickness were increased, pressure-evoked myogenic reactivity was depressed, and myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity was decreased in offspring of MFR compared with Control rats. MCA from MFR offspring exhibited a significantly greater SMαA/NM colocalization, suggesting that the smooth muscle cells had been altered toward a noncontractile phenotype. MET significantly reversed the effects of MFR on stiffness but not myogenic reactivity, lowered SMαA/NM colocalization, and increased SMαA/SM2 colocalization. Together, our data suggest that MFR alters cerebrovascular contractility via both glucocorticoid-dependent and glucocorticoid-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M Durrant
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Divisions of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California; and
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Paixão AD, Alexander BT. How the kidney is impacted by the perinatal maternal environment to develop hypertension. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:144. [PMID: 24227755 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.111823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental conditions during perinatal development such as maternal undernutrition, maternal glucocorticoids, placental insufficiency, and maternal sodium overload can program changes in renal Na(+) excretion leading to hypertension. Experimental studies indicate that fetal exposure to an adverse maternal environment may reduce glomerular filtration rate by decreasing the surface area of the glomerular capillaries. Moreover, fetal responses to environmental insults during early life that contribute to the development of hypertension may include increased expression of tubular apical or basolateral membrane Na(+) transporters and increased production of renal superoxide leading to enhanced Na(+) reabsorption. This review will address the role of these potential renal mechanisms in the fetal programming of hypertension in experimental models induced by maternal undernutrition, fetal exposure to glucocorticoids, placental insufficiency, and maternal sodium overload in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana D Paixão
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Involvement of renal corpuscle microRNA expression on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in maternal low protein diet in adult programmed rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71310. [PMID: 23977013 PMCID: PMC3747155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior study shows that maternal protein-restricted (LP) 16-wk-old offspring have pronounced reduction of nephron number and arterial hypertension associated with unchanged glomerular filtration rate, besides enhanced glomerular area, which may be related to glomerular hyperfiltration/overflow and which accounts for the glomerular filtration barrier breakdown and early glomerulosclerosis. In the current study, LP rats showed heavy proteinuria associated with podocyte simplification and foot process effacement. TGF-β1 glomerular expression was significantly enhanced in LP. Isolated LP glomeruli show a reduced level of miR-200a, miR-141, miR-429 and ZEB2 mRNA and upregulated collagen 1α1/2 mRNA expression. By western blot analyzes of whole kidney tissue, we found significant reduction of both podocin and nephrin and enhanced expression of mesenchymal protein markers such as desmin, collagen type I and fibronectin. From our present knowledge, these are the first data showing renal miRNA modulation in the protein restriction model of fetal programming. The fetal-programmed adult offspring showed pronounced structural glomerular disorders with an accentuated and advanced stage of fibrosis, which led us to state that the glomerular miR-200 family would be downregulated by TGF-β1 action inducing ZEB 2 expression that may subsequently cause glomeruli epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Zhao W, Xu AG, Wu J, Guo J, Xu QF, Li DD, Zhao YM. Effects of imidapril treatment on aquaporin-2 expression in the kidneys and excretion in the urine of hypertensive rats. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5:1327-1331. [PMID: 23737873 PMCID: PMC3671784 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal aquaporin-2 (AQP2) is critical for maintaining water balance and is associated with hypertension. Anti-hypertensive drugs, including imidapril, improve kidney function; however, it remains unclear whether these effects are mediated through the regulation of AQP2. In this study, the effects of imidapril on AQP2 expression in the kidneys and excretion in urine were assessed in hypertensive rats. Hypertension was induced in 24 rats, which were randomized into a control group, treated with water only, and an imidapril treatment group (n=12 per group). Blood and urine samples were collected from all rats to determine blood pressure (BP), serum Na+, urine volume and urine osmolality after 8 weeks of treatment. Molecular and immunological techniques were used to measure the expression of AQP2 in the kidneys. Urine AQP2 concentration was detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The concentration of plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP), a regulator of AQP2 was detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Hypertensive rats treated with imidapril exhibited reduced BP and 24-h urine osmolality, with a concomitant increase in 24-h urine volume, compared with control hypertensive rats (P<0.05). Additionally, the expression of Aqp2 mRNA, detected by RT-PCR, and AQP2 protein, detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting, in renal tissue significantly decreased (P<0.05). Finally, urine AQP2 concentration increased while plasma AVP concentration decreased following imidapril treatment (P<0.05). These findings indicate that imidapril reduces the expression level of AQP2 in renal tissue and accelerates its excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Vaccari B, Mesquita FF, Gontijo JAR, Boer PA. Fetal kidney programming by severe food restriction: effects on structure, hormonal receptor expression and urinary sodium excretion in rats. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 16:33-46. [PMID: 23482371 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313481081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study investigates, in 23-day-old and adult male rats, the effect of severe food restriction in utero on blood pressure (BP), and its association with nephron structure and function changes, angiotensin II (AT1R/AT2R), glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptor expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS The daily food supply to pregnant rats was measured and one group (n=15) received normal quantity of food (NF) while the other received 50% of that (FR50%) (n=15). Kidneys were processed to AT1R, AT2R, MR, and GR immunolocalization and for western blotting analysis. The renal function was estimated by creatinine and lithium clearances in 12-week-old offspring. RESULTS By stereological analyses, FR50% offspring present a reduction of nephron numbers (35%) with unchanged renal volume. Expression of AT1R and AT2R was significantly decreased in FR50% while the expression of GR and MR increased in FR50%. We also verified a pronounced decrease in urinary sodium excretion accompanied by increased BP in 12-week-old FR50% offspring. CONCLUSION The current data suggest that changes in renal function are conducive to excess sodium tubule reabsorption, and this might potentiate the programming of adult hypertension. It is plausible to arise in the current study an association between decreasing natriuresis, reciprocal changes in renal AngII and steroid receptors with the hypertension development found in FR50% compared with age-matched NF offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vaccari
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavia F Mesquita
- Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose A R Gontijo
- Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia A Boer
- Department of Morphology, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Scabora JE, de Lima MC, Lopes A, de Lima IP, Mesquita FF, Torres DB, Boer PA, Gontijo JAR. Impact of taurine supplementation on blood pressure in gestational protein-restricted offspring: Effect on the medial solitary tract nucleus cell numbers, angiotensin receptors, and renal sodium handling. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 16:47-58. [PMID: 23468165 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313481255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study considers changes of the postnatal brainstem cell number and angiotensin receptors by maternal protein restriction (LP) and LP taurine supplementation (LPT), and its impact on arterial hypertension development in adult life. METHODS AND RESULTS The brain tissue studies were performed by immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and isotropic fractionator analysis. The current study shows that elevated blood pressure associated with decreased fractional urinary sodium excretion (FENa) in adult LP offspring was reverted by diet taurine supplementation. Also, that 12-day-old LP pups present a reduction of 21% of brainstem neuron counts, and, immunohistochemistry demonstrates a decreased expression of type 1 angiotensin II receptors (AT1R) in the entire medial solitary tract nuclei (nTS) of 16-week-old LP rats compared to age-matched NP and LPT offspring. Conversely, the immunostained type 2 AngII (AT2R) receptors in 16-week-old LP nTS were unchanged. CONCLUSION The present investigation shows a decreased FENa that occurs despite unchanged creatinine clearance. It is plausible to hypothesize an association of decreased postnatal nTS cell number, AT1R/AT2R ratio and FENa with the higher blood pressure levels found in taurine-deficient progeny (LP) compared with age-matched NP and LPT offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Eduardo Scabora
- Disciplina de Medicina Interna, Laboratório de Metabolismo Hidro-Salino, Núcleo de Medicina e Cirurgia Experimental, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Cardoso de Lima
- Disciplina de Medicina Interna, Laboratório de Metabolismo Hidro-Salino, Núcleo de Medicina e Cirurgia Experimental, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Agnes Lopes
- Disciplina de Medicina Interna, Laboratório de Metabolismo Hidro-Salino, Núcleo de Medicina e Cirurgia Experimental, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ize Penhas de Lima
- Disciplina de Medicina Interna, Laboratório de Metabolismo Hidro-Salino, Núcleo de Medicina e Cirurgia Experimental, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia Fernandes Mesquita
- Disciplina de Medicina Interna, Laboratório de Metabolismo Hidro-Salino, Núcleo de Medicina e Cirurgia Experimental, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniele Bráz Torres
- Disciplina de Medicina Interna, Laboratório de Metabolismo Hidro-Salino, Núcleo de Medicina e Cirurgia Experimental, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Aline Boer
- Disciplina de Medicina Interna, Laboratório de Metabolismo Hidro-Salino, Núcleo de Medicina e Cirurgia Experimental, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Rocha Gontijo
- Disciplina de Medicina Interna, Laboratório de Metabolismo Hidro-Salino, Núcleo de Medicina e Cirurgia Experimental, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Silva RB, Mesquita FF, Andreo M, Assalin HB, Rocha Gontijo JA, Boer PA. Effect of gestational protein restriction on left ventricle hypertrophy and heart angiotensin II signaling pathway in adult offspring rats. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.54a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lopes A, Torres DB, Rodrigues AJ, Cerqueira JJ, Pêgo JM, Sousa N, Gontijo JAR, Boer PA. Gestational protein restriction induces CA3 dendritic atrophy in dorsal hippocampal neurons but does not alter learning and memory performance in adult offspring. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012; 31:151-6. [PMID: 23280060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that nutrient deficiency during pregnancy or in early postnatal life results in structural abnormalities in the offspring hippocampus and in cognitive impairment. In an attempt to analyze whether gestational protein restriction might induce learning and memory impairments associated with structural changes in the hippocampus, we carried out a detailed morphometric analysis of the hippocampus of male adult rats together with the behavioral characterization of these animals in the Morris water maze (MWM). Our results demonstrate that gestational protein restriction leads to a decrease in total basal dendritic length and in the number of intersections of CA3 pyramidal neurons whereas the cytoarchitecture of CA1 and dentate gyrus remained unchanged. Despite presenting significant structural rearrangements, we did not observe impairments in the MWM test. Considering the clear dissociation between the behavioral profile and the hippocampus neuronal changes, the functional significance of dendritic remodeling in fetal processing remains undisclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lopes
- Fetal Programming Laboratory, Department of Morphology of Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Influence of angiotensin II type 1 receptor-associated protein on prenatal development and adult hypertension after maternal dietary protein restriction during pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 6:324-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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de Lima MC, Scabora JE, Lopes A, Mesquita FF, Torres D, Boer PA, Gontijo JAR. Early changes of hypothalamic angiotensin II receptors expression in gestational protein-restricted offspring: effect on water intake, blood pressure and renal sodium handling. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012; 14:271-82. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320312456328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Cardoso de Lima
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Scabora
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
| | - Agnes Lopes
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
| | - Flávia Fernandes Mesquita
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniele Torres
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Aline Boer
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Rocha Gontijo
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
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Fetal programming of the neuroendocrine-immune system and metabolic disease. J Pregnancy 2012; 2012:792934. [PMID: 22970372 PMCID: PMC3431117 DOI: 10.1155/2012/792934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse uterine environments experienced during fetal development can alter the projected growth pattern of various organs and systems of the body, leaving the offspring at an increased risk of metabolic disease. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis has been demonstrated as an alteration to the growth trajectory to improve the survival and reproductive fitness of the individual. However, when the intrauterine environment does not match the extrauterine environment problems can arise. With the increase in metabolic diseases in both Westernized and developing countries, it is becoming apparent that there is an environmental disconnect with the extrauterine environment. Therefore, the focus of this paper will be to explore the effects of maternal malnutrition on the offspring's susceptibility to metabolic disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes with emphasis on programming of the neuroendocrine-immune system.
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Influence of birth weight on the renal development and kidney diseases in adulthood: experimental and clinical evidence. Int J Nephrol 2012; 2012:608025. [PMID: 22778952 PMCID: PMC3385608 DOI: 10.1155/2012/608025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Several clinical and experimental studies support the hypothesis that foetal programming is an important determinant of nephropathy, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and type 2 diabetes during adulthood. In this paper, the renal repercussions of foetal programming are emphasised, and the physiopathological mechanisms are discussed. The programming of renal diseases is detailed based on the findings of kidney development and functional parameters.
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Alwasel SH, Ashton N. Segmental sodium reabsorption by the renal tubule in prenatally programmed hypertension in the rat. Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27:285-93. [PMID: 21863227 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-1976-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension and renal dysfunction can be programmed in the rat by prenatal exposure to a low-protein (LP) diet. Expression of the renal thick ascending limb (TAL) sodium transporter NKCC2 is up-regulated, which has been predicted to result in greater sodium reabsorption. However, we have shown that LP rats excrete more not less sodium. The aim of this study was to determine whether the increased abundance of sodium:potassium:chloride (Na(+):K(+):2Cl(-)) co-transporter (NKCC2) leads to enhanced sodium uptake by the TAL. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed a control (18%) or LP (9%) diet. Amiloride (AM), bendroflumethiazide (BF), and furosemide (FUR) were administered acutely to male offspring at 4 weeks of age. Fractional excretion of sodium (FE(Na)) was significantly greater in vehicle-infused LP rats (3.0 ± 0.3%) compared with controls (1.7 ± 0.5, P < 0.01). FE(Na) by the LP proximal tubule did not differ from controls, whereas FE(Na) by the distal tubule was significantly greater (P < 0.01). These differences were abolished by the administration of AM + BF (equivalent to the outflow from the TAL) and AM + BF + FUR (equivalent to the outflow from the proximal tubule), suggesting that the increase in NKCC2 expression was not functional. However, during acute salt loading, the LP rat pressure natriuresis curve was shifted rightward, implying that raised systemic blood pressure is required to match urinary sodium excretion with dietary intake. These data suggest that renal sodium handling is impaired in the LP rat but that this is not due to increased NKCC2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh H Alwasel
- Fetal Programming of Diseases Research Chair, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Rodriguez DL, de Mesquita FC, Attolini D, de Borba BS, Scherer PS, Almeida PH, da Costa VL, Scherer BS, Schmitt VM, de Oliveira JR, Donadio MVF. Evaluation of the brain and kidney renin-angiotensin system and oxidative stress in neonatal handled rats. Dev Psychobiol 2011; 54:706-13. [PMID: 22127847 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components, as well as the oxidative stress system, would respond to early environmental changes. Thus, we have evaluated the effects of neonatal handling on both brain and kidney RAS and oxidative stress. Pups were divided into two groups: nonhandled and handled. The procedure consisted of handling them for 1 min/day in the first 10 days of life. On days 1, 5, and 10, animals were killed by decapitation. Blood samples were collected and the brain and kidneys were removed. Renin, AT(1), and AT(2) mRNA expression were evaluated through RT-PCR. Angiotensin II (ANG II) serum concentration was also measured. An increased ANG II concentration, brain and kidney AT(2) mRNA expression were demonstrated. The kidney mRNA AT(1) expression was decreased. There was also a kidney lipid peroxidation increase and a brain superoxide dismutase and catalase decrease. In conclusion, handling in the neonatal period induces the activation of the angiotensinergic system, as well as modulates its mRNA receptor expression. The oxidative stress balance system seems not to be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela L Rodriguez
- Faculdade de Biociências e Laboratório de Pesquisa em Biofísica Celular e Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
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Otani L, Sugimoto N, Kaji M, Murai M, Chang SJ, Kato H, Murakami T. Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the enhancement of salt sensitivity caused by prenatal protein restriction in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:892-9. [PMID: 21937213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that maternal protein restriction during pregnancy enhanced salt sensitivity and shortened life span in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). The present study was conducted to investigate the participation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the development of salt sensitivity in the offspring of dams fed a low-protein diet during pregnancy. We used SHRSP offspring from dams fed a 20% casein diet (CN) or a 9% casein diet (LP) during pregnancy. The CN and LP SHRSP offspring were further subdivided into tap-water-drinking and 1%-saline-drinking groups from the postnatal 10th week. A remarkable elevation in blood pressure in response to salt loading was observed in the LP SHRSP offspring. The protein levels of CYP11B2, an enzyme for aldosterone synthesis, were markedly elevated in response to salt loading in the kidneys of LP offspring. Treatment of the LP offspring with an aldosterone receptor antagonist prevented the blood pressure from elevating and lengthened the average life span in LP offspring in response to the drinking of 1% saline. No difference in the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme or in the protein level of the angiotensin type 1 receptor was found between the CN and LP offspring in either the tap-water-drinking or saline-drinking conditions. In conclusion, the increment of aldosterone production in response to high-salt loading may contribute to the elevated salt sensitivity of the offspring of protein-restricted dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila Otani
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi, Nara, Japan
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Metabolic programming during lactation stimulates renal Na+ transport in the adult offspring due to an early impact on local angiotensin II pathways. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21232. [PMID: 21747933 PMCID: PMC3128598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have correlated perinatal malnutrition with diseases in adulthood, giving support to the programming hypothesis. In this study, the effects of maternal undernutrition during lactation on renal Na+-transporters and on the local angiotensin II (Ang II) signaling cascade in rats were investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings Female rats received a hypoproteic diet (8% protein) throughout lactation. Control and programmed offspring consumed a diet containing 20% protein after weaning. Programming caused a decrease in the number of nephrons (35%), in the area of the Bowman's capsule (30%) and the capillary tuft (30%), and increased collagen deposition in the cortex and medulla (by 175% and 700%, respectively). In programmed rats the expression of (Na++K+)ATPase in proximal tubules increased by 40%, but its activity was doubled owing to a threefold increase in affinity for K+. Programming doubled the ouabain-insensitive Na+-ATPase activity with loss of its physiological response to Ang II, increased the expression of AT1 and decreased the expression of AT2 receptors), and caused a pronounced inhibition (90%) of protein kinase C activity with decrease in the expression of the α (24%) and ε (13%) isoforms. Activity and expression of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase decreased in the same proportion as the AT2 receptors (30%). In vivo studies at 60 days revealed an increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (70%), increased Na+ excretion (80%) and intense proteinuria (increase of 400% in protein excretion). Programmed rats, which had normal arterial pressure at 60 days, became hypertensive by 150 days. Conclusions/Significance Maternal protein restriction during lactation results in alterations in GFR, renal Na+ handling and in components of the Ang II-linked regulatory pathway of renal Na+ reabsorption. At the molecular level, they provide a framework for understanding how metabolic programming of renal mechanisms contributes to the onset of hypertension in adulthood.
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Zapparoli A, Figueiredo JF, Boer PA, Rocha Gontijo JA. Impaired dipsogenic and renal response to repetitive intracerebroventricular angiotensin II (AngII) injections in rats. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011; 12:161-8. [PMID: 21393358 DOI: 10.1177/1470320310392617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the central nervous system (CNS) in the control of blood pressure and hydrosaline homeostasis has been demonstrated by several studies. While circulating angiotensin II (AngII) tends to retain sodium by a direct renal action as well as through aldosterone release, stimulation of brain AngII receptors has been reported to induce natriuresis. Repetitive intracerebroventricular AngII injection was recently demonstrated to be capable of leading to desensitisation of the dipsogenic effect of AngII stimuli. The aim of the current study was to investigate a possible central desensitisation to AngII stimuli by observing the effects of a low-concentration solution of AngII on the dipsogenic and natriuretic mechanisms in conscious rats, compared with appropriate age-matched 0.15 M NaCl-injected subjects, as evaluated by lithium clearance. The present report confirmed earlier reports on the potent natriuretic and dipsogenic effects of central AngII receptor stimulation. Natriuresis is mediated by a decrease in sodium reabsorption in the proximal and post-proximal tubule segments of the nephron. The current findings lend further support to the idea that AngII, in the CNS, is instrumental in the regulation of body fluid homeostasis. The magnitude of the dipsogenic and renal response to AngII was significantly decreased by repetitive stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Zapparoli
- Disciplina de Medicina Interna, Laboratório de Metabolismo Hidro-Salino, Núcleo de Medicina e Cirurgia Experimental, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Sao Paolo, Brazil
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Boer PA, Rossi CDL, Mesquita FF, Gontijo JAR. Early potential impairment of renal sensory nerves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: role of neurokinin receptors. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26:823-832. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Vieira-Filho LD, Lara LS, Silva PA, Santos FT, Luzardo R, Oliveira FS, Paixão AD, Vieyra A. Placental malnutrition changes the regulatory network of renal Na-ATPase in adult rat progeny: Reprogramming by maternal α-tocopherol during lactation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 505:91-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mesquita FF, Gontijo JAR, Boer PA. Maternal undernutrition and the offspring kidney: from fetal to adult life. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:1010-8. [PMID: 21049242 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal dietary protein restriction during pregnancy is associated with low fetal birth weight and leads to renal morphological and physiological changes. Different mechanisms can contribute to this phenotype: exposure to fetal glucocorticoid, alterations in the components of the renin-angiotensin system, apoptosis, and DNA methylation. A low-protein diet during gestation decreases the activity of placental 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, exposing the fetus to glucocorticoids and resetting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the offspring. The abnormal function/expression of type 1 (AT1(R)) or type 2 (AT2(R)) AngII receptors during any period of life may be the consequence or cause of renal adaptation. AT1(R) is up-regulated, compared with control, on the first day after birth of offspring born to low-protein diet mothers, but this protein appears to be down-regulated by 12 days of age and thereafter. In these offspring, AT2(R) expression differs from control at 1 day of age, but is also down-regulated thereafter, with low nephron numbers at all ages: from the fetal period, at the end of nephron formation, and during adulthood. However, during adulthood, the glomerular filtration rate is not altered, due to glomerulus and podocyte hypertrophy. Kidney tubule transporters are regulated by physiological mechanisms; Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase is inhibited by AngII and, in this model, the down-regulated AngII receptors fail to inhibit Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, leading to increased Na(+) reabsorption, contributing to the hypertensive status. We also considered the modulation of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors during nephrogenesis, since organogenesis depends upon a tight balance between proliferation, differentiation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Mesquita
- Disciplina de Medicina Interna, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil.
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