G protein-coupled receptor kinases: from molecules to diseases

Immune Tolerance Effect in Mesenteric Lymph Node Lymphocytes of Geniposide on Adjuvant Arthritis Rats

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, Th1 cytokine-predominant autoimmune disease result in a chronic and inflammatory disorder. Geniposide (GE), an iridoid glycoside compound that is purified from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, has antiinflammatory and other immunoregulatory effects, but its exact mechanism of actions on RA is unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate antiinflammation effects of GE on adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats and its possible immune tolerance mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with GE (30, 60, and 120 mg/kg) orally from day 17 to 24 after immunization. Lymphocyte proliferation was assessed by MTT. Levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, and transforming growth factor-β1 were tested by ELISA. The expression of β2-AR, GRK2, and β-arrestin-1 and β-arrestin-2 was detected by western blot. Geniposide was found to relieve the secondary hind paw swelling and arthritis scores, along with attenuating histopathologic changes and decreasing IL-2 and increasing IL-4, transforming growth factor-β1 in mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymphocytes of AA rats. In addition, GE in vivo increased the expression of β2-AR and decreased the expression of GRK2, β-arrestin-1 and β-arrestin-2, and level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate of MLN lymphocytes in AA rats. From these results, we can infer that GE on immune tolerance effects, β2-AR desensitization, and β2-AR-AC-cyclic adenosine monophosphate transmembrane signal transduction of MLN lymphocytes plays crucial roles in antiinflammatory and immunoregulatory pathogeneses of RA. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.