1
|
Mavridis T, Mavridi A, Karampela E, Galanos A, Gkiokas G, Iacovidou N, Xanthos T. Sovateltide (ILR-1620) Improves Motor Function and Reduces Hyperalgesia in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury. Neurocrit Care 2024; 41:455-468. [PMID: 38443708 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-024-01950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) presents a major global health challenge, with rising incidence rates and substantial disability. Although progress has been made in understanding SCI's pathophysiology and early management, there is still a lack of effective treatments to mitigate long-term consequences. This study investigates the potential of sovateltide, a selective endothelin B receptor agonist, in improving clinical outcomes in an acute SCI rat model. METHODS Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sham surgery (group A) or SCI and treated with vehicle (group B) or sovateltide (group C). Clinical tests, including Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scoring, inclined plane, and allodynia testing with von Frey hair, were performed at various time points. Statistical analyses assessed treatment effects. RESULTS Sovateltide administration significantly improved motor function, reducing neurological deficits and enhancing locomotor recovery compared with vehicle-treated rats, starting from day 7 post injury. Additionally, the allodynic threshold improved, suggesting antinociceptive properties. Notably, the sovateltide group demonstrated sustained recovery, and even reached preinjury performance levels, whereas the vehicle group plateaued. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that sovateltide may offer neuroprotective effects, enhancing neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Furthermore, it may possess anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties. Future clinical trials are needed to validate these findings, but sovateltide shows promise as a potential therapeutic strategy to improve functional outcomes in SCI. Sovateltide, an endothelin B receptor agonist, exhibits neuroprotective properties, enhancing motor recovery and ameliorating hyperalgesia in a rat SCI model. These findings could pave the way for innovative pharmacological interventions for SCI in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Mavridis
- First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- Department of Neurology, Tallaght University Hospital (TUH)/The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Dublin, Incorporating the National Children's Hospital (AMNCH), Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Artemis Mavridi
- First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Antonis Galanos
- Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Gkiokas
- Second Department of Surgery, Aretaieion University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nicoletta Iacovidou
- Department of Neonatology, Aretaieio Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Xanthos
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang L, Yang M, Wang Z, Fan D, Shen F, Zou X, Zhang X, Hu S, Hu B, Hu X. Sevoflurane postconditioning ameliorates cerebral hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in zebrafish involving the Akt/GSK-3β pathway activation and the microtubule-associated protein 2 promotion. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116693. [PMID: 38701566 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Sevoflurane postconditioning has been shown to provide neuroprotection against cerebral hypoxia-ischemia injury, but the mechanisms remain elusive. Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) is implicated in early neuronal hypoxia-ischemia injury. This study aimed to investigate whether the neuroprotective effects of sevoflurane postconditioning are related to the Akt/GSK-3β pathway and its downstream target MAP2 in zebrafish hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model. Sevoflurane postconditioning or GSK-3β inhibitor TDZD-8 were used to treat H/R zebrafish. The cerebral infarction, neuronal apoptosis, and mitochondrial changes were evaluated using TTC staining, TUNEL staining, and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The distribution of MAP2 in the brain was determined by immunofluorescence imaging. The levels of Akt, p-Akt, GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β, and MAP2 proteins were evaluated by Western blotting. The neurobehavioral recovery of zebrafish was assessed based on optokinetic response behavior. Our results indicated that sevoflurane postconditioning and TDZD-8 significantly reduced the cerebral infarction area, suppressed cell apoptosis, and improved mitochondrial integrity in zebrafish subjected to H/R. Furthermore, sevoflurane postconditioning and TDZD-8 elevated the ratios of p-Akt/Akt and p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β. However, the neuroprotective effect of sevoflurane postconditioning was effectively abolished upon suppression of MAP2 expression. In conclusion, sevoflurane postconditioning ameliorated cerebral H/R injury and facilitated the restoration of neurobehavioral function through the activation of Akt/GSK-3β pathway and promotion of MAP2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230061, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengsi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230061, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zongyi Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Dinggang Fan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Fang Shen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xuezhu Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230061, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230061, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Su Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230061, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Xianwen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230061, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lietzau G, Sienkiewicz W, Karwacki Z, Dziewiątkowski J, Kaleczyc J, Kowiański P. The Effect of Simvastatin on the Dynamics of NF-κB-Regulated Neurodegenerative and Neuroprotective Processes in the Acute Phase of Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4935-4951. [PMID: 37204689 PMCID: PMC10415422 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Statins are lipid-lowering drugs that act by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Animal studies have shown neuroprotective effects of statins in cerebral stroke. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factor is involved in the regulation of apoptosis in stroke. Different dimers of NF-κB regulate the gene expression of proteins involved in both neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. We aimed to determine whether simvastatin improves stroke outcome via inhibition of the RelA/p65-containing subunit and downregulation of stroke-induced pro-apoptotic genes or via activation of NF-κB dimers containing the c-Rel subunit and upregulation of anti-apoptotic genes during the acute stroke phase. Eighteen-month-old Wistar rats, subjected to permanent MCAO or sham surgery, were administered simvastatin (20 mg/kg b.w.) or saline for 5 days before the procedure. Stroke outcome was determined by measuring cerebral infarct and assessing motor functions. The expression of NF-κB subunits in various cell populations was investigated using immunofluorescence/confocal microscopy. RelA and c-Rel were detected by WB. The NF-κB-DNA binding activity was investigated using EMSA, and expression of Noxa, Puma, Bcl-2, and Bcl-x genes was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Results showed a 50% infarct size reduction and significant motor function improvement in the simvastatin-treated animals which correlated with a decrease in RelA and a transient increase in the c-Rel level in the nucleus, normalization of the NF-κB-DNA binding activity, and downregulation of the NF-κB-regulated genes. Our results provide new insights into the statin-mediated neuroprotective action against stroke based on NF-κB pathway inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Lietzau
- Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Waldemar Sienkiewicz
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Karwacki
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Dziewiątkowski
- Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kaleczyc
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kowiański
- Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
- Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Bohaterów Westerplatte 64, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Modi JP, Shen W, Menzie-Suderam J, Xu H, Lin CH, Tao R, Prentice HM, Schloss J, Wu JY. The Role of NMDA Receptor Partial Antagonist, Carbamathione, as a Therapeutic Agent for Transient Global Ischemia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1885. [PMID: 37509524 PMCID: PMC10377037 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbamathione (Carb), an NMDA glutamate receptor partial antagonist, has potent neuroprotective functions against hypoxia- or ischemia-induced neuronal injury in cell- or animal-based stroke models. We used PC-12 cell cultures as a cell-based model and bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) for stroke. Whole-cell patch clamp recording in the mouse retinal ganglion cells was performed. Key proteins involved in apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and heat shock proteins were analyzed using immunoblotting. Carb is effective in protecting PC12 cells against glutamate- or hypoxia-induced cell injury. Electrophysiological results show that Carb attenuates NMDA-mediated glutamate currents in the retinal ganglion cells, which results in activation of the AKT signaling pathway and increased expression of pro-cell survival biomarkers, e.g., Hsp 27, P-AKT, and Bcl2 and decreased expression of pro-cell death markers, e.g., Beclin 1, Bax, and Cleaved caspase 3, and ER stress markers, e.g., CHOP, IRE1, XBP1, ATF 4, and eIF2α. Using the BCAO animal stroke model, we found that Carb reduced the brain infarct volume and decreased levels of ER stress markers, GRP 78, CHOP, and at the behavioral level, e.g., a decrease in asymmetric turns and an increase in locomotor activity. These findings for Carb provide promising and rational strategies for stroke therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jigar Pravinchandra Modi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Center of Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Program in Integrative Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Janet Menzie-Suderam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Program in Integrative Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Hongyuan Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Chun-Hua Lin
- Department of Nursing, Kang-Ning University, Taipei 11485, Taiwan
| | - Rui Tao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Program in Integrative Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Howard M Prentice
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Center of Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Program in Integrative Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - John Schloss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, American University of Health Sciences, Signal Hill, CA 90755, USA
| | - Jang-Yen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Center of Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- Program in Integrative Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fernandez N, Petit A, Pianos A, Haddad L, Schumacher M, Liere P, Guennoun R. Aging Is Associated With Lower Neuroactive Steroids and Worsened Outcomes Following Cerebral Ischemia in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 164:6779564. [PMID: 36306407 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability and death, and aging is the main nonmodifiable risk factor. Following ischemia, neuroactive steroids have been shown to play a key role in cerebroprotection. Thus, brain steroid concentrations at the time of injury as well as their regulation after stroke are key factors to consider. Here, we investigated the effects of age and cerebral ischemia on steroid levels, behavioral outcomes, and neuronal degeneration in 3- and 18-month-old C57BL/6JRj male mice. Ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 1 hour followed by reperfusion (MCAO/R) and analyses were performed at 6 hours after MCAO. Extended steroid profiles established by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry revealed that (1) brain and plasma concentrations of the main 5α-reduced metabolites of progesterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, and corticosterone were lower in old than in young mice; (2) after MCAO/R, brain concentrations of progesterone, 5α-dihydroprogesterone, and corticosterone increased in young mice; and (3) after MCAO/R, brain concentrations of 5α-reduced metabolites of progesterone, 3α5α-tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, and 3β5α-tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone were lower in old than in young mice. After ischemia, old mice showed increased sensori-motor deficits and more degenerating neurons in the striatum than young mice. Altogether, these findings strongly suggest that the decreased capacity of old mice to metabolize steroids toward the 5α-reduction pathway comparatively to young mice may contribute to the worsening of their stroke outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neïké Fernandez
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Anthony Petit
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Antoine Pianos
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Léna Haddad
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Michael Schumacher
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Philippe Liere
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Rachida Guennoun
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
BMS-470539 Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Neuronal Apoptosis via MC1R/cAMP/PKA/Nurr1 Signaling Pathway in a Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Rat Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4054938. [PMID: 35140838 PMCID: PMC8820941 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4054938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis induced by oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Previous studies reported that activation of melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) exerts antioxidative stress, antiapoptotic, and neuroprotective effects in various neurological diseases. However, whether MC1R activation can attenuate oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis after hypoxic-ischemic- (HI-) induced brain injury remains unknown. Herein, we have investigated the role of MC1R activation with BMS-470539 in attenuating oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis induced by HI and the underlying mechanisms. 159 ten-day-old unsexed Sprague-Dawley rat pups were used. HI was induced by right common carotid artery ligation followed by 2.5 h of hypoxia. The novel-selective MC1R agonist BMS-470539 was administered intranasally at 1 h after HI induction. MC1R CRISPR KO plasmid and Nurr1 CRISPR KO plasmid were administered intracerebroventricularly at 48 h before HI induction. Percent brain infarct area, short-term neurobehavioral tests, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, Fluoro-Jade C staining, and MitoSox Staining were performed. We found that the expression of MC1R and Nurr1 increased, peaking at 48 h post-HI. MC1R and Nurr1 were expressed on neurons at 48 h post-HI. BMS-470539 administration significantly attenuated short-term neurological deficits and infarct area, accompanied by a reduction in cleaved caspase-3-positive neurons at 48 h post-HI. Moreover, BMS-470539 administration significantly upregulated the expression of MC1R, cAMP, p-PKA, Nurr1, HO-1, and Bcl-2. However, it downregulated the expression of 4-HNE and Bax, as well as reduced FJC-positive cells, MitoSox-positive cells, and 8-OHdG-positive cells at 48 h post-HI. MC1R CRISPR and Nurr1 CRISPR abolished the antioxidative stress, antiapoptotic, and neuroprotective effects of BMS-470539. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that BMS-470539 administration attenuated oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis and improved neurological deficits in a neonatal HI rat model, partially via the MC1R/cAMP/PKA/Nurr1 signaling pathway. Early administration of BMS-470539 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for infants with HIE.
Collapse
|
7
|
Activation of MC1R with BMS-470539 attenuates neuroinflammation via cAMP/PKA/Nurr1 pathway after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:26. [PMID: 33468172 PMCID: PMC7814630 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic (HI)-induced brain injury. Activation of melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in several neurological diseases. In the present study, we have explored the role of MC1R activation on neuroinflammation and the potential underlying mechanisms after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in rats. Methods A total of 169 post-natal day 10 unsexed rat pups were used. HI was induced by right common carotid artery ligation followed by 2.5 h of hypoxia. BMS-470539, a specific selective MC1R agonist, was administered intranasally at 1 h after HI induction. To elucidate the potential underlying mechanism, MC1R CRISPR KO plasmid or Nurr1 CRISPR KO plasmid was administered via intracerebroventricular injection at 48 h before HI induction. Percent brain infarct area, short- and long-term neurobehavioral tests, Nissl staining, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blot were conducted. Results The expression levels of MC1R and Nurr1 increased over time post-HI. MC1R and Nurr1 were expressed on microglia at 48 h post-HI. Activation of MC1R with BMS-470539 significantly reduced the percent infarct area, brain atrophy, and inflammation, and improved short- and long-term neurological deficits at 48 h and 28 days post-HI. MC1R activation increased the expression of CD206 (a microglial M2 marker) and reduced the expression of MPO. Moreover, activation of MC1R with BMS-470539 significantly increased the expression levels of MC1R, cAMP, p-PKA, and Nurr1, while downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β) at 48 h post-HI. However, knockout of MC1R or Nurr1 by specific CRISPR reversed the neuroprotective effects of MC1R activation post-HI. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that activation of MC1R with BMS-470539 attenuated neuroinflammation, and improved neurological deficits after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in rats. Such anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects were mediated, at least in part, via the cAMP/PKA/Nurr1 signaling pathway. Therefore, MC1R activation might be a promising therapeutic target for infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02078-2.
Collapse
|
8
|
Temporal changes in physiological and molecular markers in various brain regions following transient global ischemia in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:6215-6230. [PMID: 31576510 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several mechanisms are involved in the loss of cellular integrity and tissue destructions in various brain regions during ischemic insult. The affected brain employs various self-repair mechanisms during the poststroke recovery. Therefore, the current study involves time course changes in different brain regions following ischemia in terms of inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis for which a bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion model was chosen. The development of oxidative stress was seen with a marked increase in ROS and NO levels with concomitant decrease in GSH levels and also the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes. These alterations were accompanied with decreased levels of neurotransmitters and motor and cognitive deficits at various time points. Increased expressions of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and a decline in BDNF levels in hippocampal regions on 7th day post ischemia, suggesting their role in its pathogenesis. The restoration of BDNF and neurotransmitter levels along with significant decline in inflammatory cytokine levels 14th day onwards following ischemia in hippocampus suggested poststroke recovery. The extent of neuronal damage was found to be increased significantly on 7th day post ischemia as indicated by TUNEL assay and hematoxylin and eosin staining depicting enhanced number of pyknotic neurons in cortical and hippocampal regions. Cortical regions of the ischemic brains were severely affected while hippocampal regions showed significant poststroke recovery, which might attributed to the normalization of BDNF and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. In conclusion, the present study established the central role of BDNF and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the poststroke recovery. Also, the cortical and hippocampal regions were found to be more susceptible for ischemic injury. As our results indicated, full recovery after ischemic injury in different brain regions was not achieved, therefore further studies with long-term recovery time are required to be conducted.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sanchez-Bezanilla S, Nilsson M, Walker FR, Ong LK. Can We Use 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride-Stained Brain Slices for Other Purposes? The Application of Western Blotting. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:181. [PMID: 31417355 PMCID: PMC6682641 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining is a commonly used method to determine the volume of the cerebral infarction in experimental stroke models. The TTC staining protocol is considered to interfere with downstream analyses, and it is unclear whether TTC-stained brain samples can be used for biochemistry analyses. However, there is evidence indicating that, with proper optimization and handling, TTC-stained brains may remain viable for protein analyses. In the present study, we aimed to rigorously assess whether TTC can reliably be used for western blotting of various markers. In this study, brain samples obtained from C57BL/6 male mice were treated with TTC (TTC+) or left untreated (TTC−) at 1 week after photothrombotic occlusion or sham surgery. Brain regions were dissected into infarct, thalamus, and hippocampus, and proteins were extracted by using radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer. Protein levels of apoptosis, autophagy, neuronal, glial, vascular, and neurodegenerative-related markers were analyzed by western blotting. Our results showed that TTC+ brains display similar relative changes in most of the markers compared with TTC− brains. In addition, we validated that these analyses can be performed in the infarct as well as other brain regions such as the thalamus and hippocampus. Our findings demonstrate that TTC+ brains are reliable for protein analyses using western blotting. Widespread adoption of this approach will be key to lowering the number of animals used while maximizing data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sanchez-Bezanilla
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Rehab Innovations, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Rehab Innovations, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Briyal S, Ranjan AK, Hornick MG, Puppala AK, Luu T, Gulati A. Anti-apoptotic activity of ET B receptor agonist, IRL-1620, protects neural cells in rats with cerebral ischemia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10439. [PMID: 31320660 PMCID: PMC6639304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-B receptor agonist, IRL-1620, provides significant neuroprotection following cerebral ischemia in rats. Whether this neuroprotection is due to inhibition of apoptosis is unknown. IRL-1620-treated rats following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) showed significant improvement in neurological and motor functions along with a decrease in infarct volume at 24 h (-81.3%) and day 7 (-73.0%) compared to vehicle group. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) significantly improved in IRL-1620-treated animals compared to vehicle by day 7 post MCAO. IRL-1620-treated rats showed an increase in phospho-Akt and decrease in Bad level 7 h post-occlusion compared to vehicle, while Akt and Bad expression was similar in cerebral hemispheres at 24 h post-MCAO. The phospho-Bad level was lower in vehicle- but not in IRL-1620-treated rats at 24 h. Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression decreased, while pro-apoptotic Bax expression increased in vehicle-treated MCAO rats, these changes were attenuated (P < 0.01) by IRL-1620. Mitochondrial membrane-bound Bax intensity significantly decreased in IRL-1620 compared to vehicle-treated MCAO rats. IRL-1620 treatment reduced (P < 0.001) the number of TUNEL-positive cells compared to vehicle at 24 h and day 7 post MCAO. The results demonstrate that IRL-1620 is neuroprotective and attenuates neural damage following cerebral ischemia in rats by increasing CBF and reducing apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Briyal
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Amaresh K Ranjan
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Mary G Hornick
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Anupama K Puppala
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Thanh Luu
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Anil Gulati
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA. .,Pharmazz, Inc., Research and Development, Willowbrook, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Effect of TTC Treatment on Immunohistochemical Quantification of Collagen IV in Rat Brains after Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 9:499-505. [PMID: 29313240 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0604-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although used extensively in stroke research, there is limited knowledge of how 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-treated rat brain sections are altered and if they can be used for immunohistochemical quantification after staining with TTC. In the present study, we hypothesized that TTC treatment (TTC+) would not interfere with collagen IV immunohistochemical staining compared with non-TTC-treated (TTC-) brain slices. We further hypothesized that there would be no difference in autofluorescence or nonspecific secondary antibody fluorescence between TTC+ and TTC- brain slices. Coronal brain sections of male Wistar rats (n = 5/group) were either treated with TTC or not after middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham surgery, and processed for immunohistochemical staining with mouse anti-collagen IV as the primary antibody, and goat anti-IgM as the secondary antibody. Four images were taken in the cerebral cortex of the contralateral side of infarction in each brain slice using an Olympus BX50 fluorescence microscope, and average intensity of the entire image was quantified using the Metamorph software. Compared with TTC- brain slices, TTC+ brain slices showed a significantly lower autofluorescence (P < 0.05), but was unchanged for nonspecific secondary antibody fluorescence. In addition, TTC+ brain slices had similar collagen IV staining intensity compared with TTC- brain slices. These results demonstrate that TTC+ brain slices are usable for immunohistochemical quantification.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fang Y, Liu X, Zhao L, Wei Z, Jiang D, Shao H, Zang Y, Xu J, Wang Q, Liu Y, Peng Y, Yin X. RhGLP-1 (7-36) protects diabetic rats against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via up-regulating expression of Nrf2/HO-1 and increasing the activities of SOD. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:475-485. [PMID: 28883752 PMCID: PMC5587598 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.5.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the neuroprotective effect and possible mechanisms of rhGLP-1 (7–36) against transient ischemia/reperfusion injuries induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in type 2 diabetic rats. First, diabetic rats were established by a combination of a high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Second, they were subjected to MCAO for 2 h, then treated with rhGLP-1 (7–36) (10, 20, 40 µg/kg i.p.) at the same time of reperfusion. In the following 3 days, they were injected with rhGLP-1 (7–36) at the same dose and route for three times each day. After 72 h, hypoglycemic effects were assessed by blood glucose changes, and neuroprotective effects were evaluated by neurological deficits, infarct volume and histomorphology. Mechanisms were investigated by detecting the distribution and expression of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived factor 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) in ischemic brain tissue, the levels of phospho-PI3 kinase (PI3K)/PI3K ratio and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-l), as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA). Our results showed that rhGLP-1 (7–36) significantly reduced blood glucose and infarction volume, alleviated neurological deficits, enhanced the density of surviving neurons and vascular proliferation. The nuclear positive cells ratio and expression of Nrf2, the levels of P-PI3K/PI3K ratio and HO-l increased, the activities of SOD increased and the contents of MDA decreased. The current results indicated the protective effect of rhGLP-1 (7–36) in diabetic rats following MCAO/R that may be concerned with reducing blood glucose, up-regulating expression of Nrf2/HO-1 and increasing the activities of SOD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Libo Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zhongna Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Orthopedics Hospital, Guizhou 550002, China
| | - Daoli Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Hua Shao
- Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yannan Zang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Mawangdui Hospital, Changsha 410016, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Ye Peng
- Department of oncology, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui 053000, China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jeong JH, Yu KS, Bak DH, Lee JH, Lee NS, Jeong YG, Kim DK, Kim JJ, Han SY. Intermittent fasting is neuroprotective in focal cerebral ischemia by minimizing autophagic flux disturbance and inhibiting apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:3021-3028. [PMID: 27882110 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that autophagy induced by caloric restriction (CR) is neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia. However, it has not been determined whether intermittent fasting (IF), a variation of CR, can exert autophagy-related neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia. Therefore, the neuroprotective effect of IF was evaluated over the course of two weeks in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia, which was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R). Specifically, the role of autophagy modulation as a potential underlying mechanism for this phenomenon was investigated. It was demonstrated that IF reduced infarct volume and brain edema, improved neurobehavioral deficits, and rescued neuronal loss after MCAO/R. Furthermore, neuronal apoptosis was decreased by IF in the rat cortex. An increase in the number of autophagosomes (APs) was demonstrated in the cortices of IF-treated rats, using immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy. Using immunoblots, an IF-induced increase was detected in microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II, Rab7, and cathepsin D protein levels, which corroborated previous morphological studies. Notably, IF reduced the accumulation of APs and p62, demonstrating that IF attenuated the MCAO/R-induced disturbance of autophagic flux in neurons. The findings of the present study suggest that IF-induced neuroprotection in focal cerebral ischemia is due, at least in part, to the minimization of autophagic flux disturbance and inhibition of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Heun Jeong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Seo-gu, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Sik Yu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Seo-gu, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Bak
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Seo-gu, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Hun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Seo-gu, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Seob Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Seo-gu, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gil Jeong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Seo-gu, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kwan Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Seo-gu, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Jung-gu, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea; LES Corporation Inc., Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-335, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yun Han
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Seo-gu, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Morris GP, Wright AL, Tan RP, Gladbach A, Ittner LM, Vissel B. A Comparative Study of Variables Influencing Ischemic Injury in the Longa and Koizumi Methods of Intraluminal Filament Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148503. [PMID: 26870954 PMCID: PMC4752454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraluminal filament model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice and rats has been plagued by inconsistency, owing in part to the multitude of variables requiring control. In this study we investigated the impact of several major variables on survival rate, lesion volume, neurological scores, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and body weight including filament width, time after reperfusion, occlusion time and the choice of surgical method. Using the Koizumi method, we found ischemic injury can be detected as early as 30 min after reperfusion, to a degree that is not statistically different from 24 h post-perfusion, using 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. We also found a distinct increase in total lesion volume with increasing occlusion time, with 30–45 min a critical time for the development of large, reproducible lesions. Furthermore, although we found no significant difference in total lesion volume generated by the Koizumi and Longa methods of MCAO, nor were survival rates appreciably different between the two at 4 h after reperfusion, the Longa method produces significantly greater reperfusion. Finally, we found no statistical evidence to support the exclusion of data from animals experiencing a CBF reduction of <70% in the MCA territory following MCAO, using laser-Doppler flowmetry. Instead we suggest the main usefulness of laser-Doppler flowmetry is for guiding filament placement and the identification of subarachnoid haemorrhages and premature reperfusion. In summary, this study provides detailed evaluation of the Koizumi method of intraluminal filament MCAO in mice and a direct comparison to the Longa method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Morris
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda L Wright
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard P Tan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, 2042 New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amadeus Gladbach
- Dementia Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lars M Ittner
- Dementia Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bryce Vissel
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Anthony Jalin AMA, Lee JC, Cho GS, Kim C, Ju C, Pahk K, Song HY, Kim WK. Simvastatin Reduces Lipopolysaccharides-Accelerated Cerebral Ischemic Injury via Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-kappa B Activity. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:531-8. [PMID: 26535078 PMCID: PMC4624069 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preceding infection or inflammation such as bacterial meningitis has been associated with poor outcomes after stroke. Previously, we reported that intracorpus callosum microinjection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) strongly accelerated the ischemia/reperfusion-evoked brain tissue damage via recruiting inflammatory cells into the ischemic lesion. Simvastatin, 3-hydroxy-3-methylgultaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase inhibitor, has been shown to reduce inflammatory responses in vascular diseases. Thus, we investigated whether simvastatin could reduce the LPS-accelerated ischemic injury. Simvastatin (20 mg/kg) was orally administered to rats prior to cerebral ischemic insults (4 times at 72, 48, 25, and 1-h pre-ischemia). LPS was microinjected into rat corpus callosum 1 day before the ischemic injury. Treatment of simvastatin reduced the LPS-accelerated infarct size by 73%, and decreased the ischemia/reperfusion-induced expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators such as iNOS, COX-2 and IL-1β in LPS-injected rat brains. However, simvastatin did not reduce the infiltration of microglial/macrophageal cells into the LPS-pretreated brain lesion. In vitro migration assay also showed that simvastatin did not inhibit the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-evoked migration of microglial/macrophageal cells. Instead, simvastatin inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, a key signaling event in expressions of various proinflammatory mediators, by decreasing the degradation of IκB. The present results indicate that simvastatin may be beneficial particularly to the accelerated cerebral ischemic injury under inflammatory or infectious conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M A Anthony Jalin
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Sil Cho
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunsook Kim
- Department of Nursing, Kyungdong University, Wonju 26495, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Ju
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisoo Pahk
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Young Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ki Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wells AJ, Vink R, Helps SC, Knox SJ, Blumbergs PC, Turner RJ. Elevated Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Edema following Permanent MCA Occlusion in an Ovine Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130512. [PMID: 26121036 PMCID: PMC4486455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke has a disproportionately high mortality due to the rapid development of refractory space-occupying cerebral edema. Animal models are essential in developing successful anti-edema therapies; however to date poor clinical translation has been associated with the predominately used rodent models. As such, large animal gyrencephalic models of stroke are urgently needed. The aim of the study was to characterize the intracranial pressure (ICP) response to MCA occlusion in our recently developed ovine stroke model. MATERIALS AND METHODS 30 adult female Merino sheep (n = 8-12/gp) were randomized to sham surgery, temporary or permanent proximal MCA occlusion. ICP and brain tissue oxygen were monitored for 24 hours under general anesthesia. MRI, infarct volume with triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and histology were performed. RESULTS No increase in ICP, radiological evidence of ischemia within the MCA territory but without space-occupying edema, and TTC infarct volumes of 7.9+/-5.1% were seen with temporary MCAO. Permanent MCAO resulted in significantly elevated ICP, accompanied by 30% mortality, radiological evidence of space-occupying cerebral edema and TTC infarct volumes of 27.4+/-6.4%. CONCLUSIONS Permanent proximal MCAO in the sheep results in space-occupying cerebral edema, raised ICP and mortality similar to human malignant MCA stroke. This animal model may prove useful for pre-clinical testing of anti-edema therapies that have shown promise in rodent studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Wells
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Robert Vink
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Stephen C. Helps
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Steven J. Knox
- Department of Radiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Peter C. Blumbergs
- Tissue Pathology, South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, South, Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Renée J. Turner
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects of liraglutide in the rat brain following focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2014; 281:269-81. [PMID: 25301749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and serious, long-term disability worldwide. We report that rats receiving liraglutide show markedly attenuated infarct volumes and neurological deficit following ischemic insult. We have also investigated the effect of liraglutide on apoptosis and oxidative stress pathways after ischemic injury in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300-350g were used. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. Rats were pretreated with either vehicle or liraglutide (50μg/kg, s.c.) for 14days and thereafter subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Twenty-four hours after occlusion, rats were assessed for neurological deficit, motor function and subsequently sacrificed for estimation of infarct volume, oxidative stress and apoptotic markers. Vehicle-treated non-diabetic and diabetic rats showed significant (p<0.001) neurological deficit following cerebral ischemia. Liraglutide pretreatment resulted in significantly (p<0.001) less neurological deficit compared to vehicle-treated MCAO rats. Cerebral ischemia produced significant (p<0.0001) infarction in vehicle-treated rats; however, the infarct volume was significantly (p<0.001) less in liraglutide-pretreated rats. Oxidative stress markers were increased following ischemia but were attenuated in liraglutide-treated rats. Anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression was decreased and pro-apoptotic protein Bax expression was increased in vehicle-treated MCAO rats compared to sham (p<0.0001). On the other hand liraglutide pretreatment showed significantly (p<0.01) increased expression of Bcl-2 and decreased expression of Bax in MCAO rats. In vehicle-treated group, the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells significantly (p<0.0001) increased in the ischemic hemisphere compared to sham-operated group. The number of TUNEL-positive cells in vehicle group was 73.5±3.3 and 85.5±5.2/750μm(2) in non-diabetic and diabetic vehicle-treated MCAO rats, respectively. Following liraglutide treatment the number of TUNEL-positive cells was remarkably attenuated to 25.5±2.8 and 41.5±4.1/750μm(2) (p<0.001) in non-diabetic and diabetic rats, respectively. The results demonstrate that glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonist, liraglutide, is a neuroprotective agent and attenuates the neuronal damage following cerebral ischemia in rats by preventing apoptosis and decreasing oxidative stress.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhao G, Zhang W, Li L, Wu S, Du G. Pinocembrin protects the brain against ischemia-reperfusion injury and reverses the autophagy dysfunction in the penumbra area. Molecules 2014; 19:15786-98. [PMID: 25271424 PMCID: PMC6271208 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191015786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pinocembrin on brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and the potential involvement of autophagy activity changes in the penumbra area in the mechanisms of pinocembrin activity. Focal cerebral I/R model was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h followed by 24 h reperfusion. Pinocembrin was administered intravenously at different doses (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg, respectively) at the onset of reperfusion. Neurological function, brain infarction and brain swelling ratio were evaluated. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method and immunohistochemical analysis (Caspase-3) were used to evaluate apoptosis in the penumbra cortex. Two key proteins of autophagy, LC3B \and Beclin1, were detected by western blot. The results showed that pinocembrin-treatment could significantly reduce neurological deficit scores, infarct volume, cerebral edema and improve pathological lesion in the I/R rats. Pinocembrin-treatment could also reduce the number of TUNEL-positive and Caspase-3-positive neurons, and upregulate the expression of LC3B and Beclin1 in the penumbra area. These results suggested that pinocembrin could protect the brain against I/R injury, and the possible mechanisms might be attributed to inhibition of apoptosis and reversed autophagy activity in the penumbra area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Song Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Modi JP, Gharibani PM, Ma Z, Tao R, Menzie J, Prentice H, Wu JY. Protective mechanism of sulindac in an animal model of ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2014; 1576:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
20
|
Clot injection technique affects thrombolytic efficacy in a rat embolic stroke model: implications for translaboratory collaborations. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:677-82. [PMID: 24424380 PMCID: PMC3982093 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Current recommendations encourage the use of embolic stroke (ES) models and replication of results across laboratories in preclinical research. Since such endeavors employ different surgeons, we sought to ascertain the impact of injection technique on outcome and response to thrombolysis in an ES model. Embolic stroke was induced in Male Wistar Kyoto rats (n=166) by a fast or a slow clot injection (CI) technique. Saline or recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) was given at 1 hour after stroke. Flow rate curves were assessed in 24 animals. Cerebral perfusion was assessed using laser Doppler flowmetry. Edema corrected infarct volume, hemispheric swelling, hemorrhagic transformation, and neurologic outcome were assessed at 24 hours after stroke. Clot burden was estimated in a subset of animals (n=40). Slow CI resulted in significantly smaller infarct volumes (P=0.024) and better neurologic outcomes (P=0.01) compared with fast CI at 24 hours. Unexpectedly, rtPA treatment attenuated infarct size in fast (P<0.001) but not in slow CI experiments (P=0.382), possibly related to reperfusion injury as indicated by greater hemorrhagic transformation (P<0.001) and hemispheric swelling (P<0.05). Outcome and response to thrombolysis after ES are operator dependent, which needs to be considered when comparing results obtained from different laboratories.
Collapse
|
21
|
Copin JC, da Silva RF, Fraga-Silva RA, Capettini L, Quintao S, Lenglet S, Pelli G, Galan K, Burger F, Braunersreuther V, Schaller K, Deruaz M, Proudfoot AE, Dallegri F, Stergiopulos N, Santos RAS, Gasche Y, Mach F, Montecucco F. Treatment with Evasin-3 reduces atherosclerotic vulnerability for ischemic stroke, but not brain injury in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:490-8. [PMID: 23250107 PMCID: PMC3618389 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophilic inflammation might have a pathophysiological role in both carotid plaque rupture and ischemic stroke injury. Here, we investigated the potential benefits of the CXC chemokine-binding protein Evasin-3, which potently inhibits chemokine bioactivity and related neutrophilic inflammation in two mouse models of carotid atherosclerosis and ischemic stroke, respectively. In the first model, the chronic treatment with Evasin-3 as compared with Vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)) was investigated in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice implanted of a 'cast' carotid device. In the second model, acute Evasin-3 treatment (5 minutes after cerebral ischemia onset) was assessed in mice subjected to transient left middle cerebral artery occlusion. Although CXCL1 and CXCL2 were upregulated in both atherosclerotic plaques and infarcted brain, only CXCL1 was detectable in serum. In carotid atherosclerosis, treatment with Evasin-3 was associated with reduction in intraplaque neutrophil and matrix metalloproteinase-9 content and weak increase in collagen as compared with Vehicle. In ischemic stroke, treatment with Evasin-3 was associated with reduction in ischemic brain neutrophil infiltration and protective oxidants. No other effects in clinical and histological outcomes were observed. We concluded that Evasin-3 treatment was associated with reduction in neutrophilic inflammation in both mouse models. However, Evasin-3 administration after cerebral ischemia onset failed to improve poststroke outcomes.
Collapse
|
22
|
Combined tissue plasminogen activator and an NK1 tachykinin receptor antagonist: An effective treatment for reperfusion injury following acute ischemic stroke in rats. Neuroscience 2012; 220:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
23
|
Leonard MG, Briyal S, Gulati A. Endothelin B receptor agonist, IRL-1620, provides long-term neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2012; 1464:14-23. [PMID: 22580085 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have earlier shown that stimulation of endothelin B receptors by IRL-1620 provides significant neuroprotection at 24h following cerebral ischemia. However, the effect of IRL-1620 is not known in the subacute phase of cerebral ischemia, where development of cerebral edema further contributes towards brain damage. This study was designed to determine the effect of IRL-1620 on neurological functions, infarct volume, oxidative stress, and endothelin receptors following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion for 7 days. Rats received three intravenous injections of either vehicle or IRL-1620 [Suc-[Glu9,Ala11,15]-Endothelin-1(8-12)] at 2, 4, and 6h post occlusion. Treatment with IRL-1620 reduced infarct volume (54.06 ± 14.12 mm(3) vs. 177.06 ± 13.21 mm(3)), prevented cerebral edema and significantly improved all neurological and motor function parameters when compared to the vehicle-treated group. Vehicle-treated middle cerebral artery occluded rats demonstrated high levels of malondialdehyde and low levels of reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase; these effects were reversed in IRL-1620 treated rats. No change in expression of endothelin A receptor was observed 7 days after induction of cerebral ischemia in vehicle or IRL-1620 treated rats. Rats receiving IRL-1620 demonstrated an upregulation of endothelin B receptor only in the infarcted hemisphere 7 days following occlusion. All effects of IRL-1620 were blocked by endothelin B receptor antagonist, BQ788. Results of the present study demonstrate that IRL-1620, administered on day 1, provides significant neuroprotection till 7 days after the induction of cerebral ischemia in rats. Selective endothelin B receptor activation may prove to be a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Leonard
- Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhao Y, Guan Y, Xu Y, Li Y, Wu W. Sodium Ferulate combined with bone marrow stromal cell treatment ameliorating rat brain ischemic injury after stroke. Brain Res 2012; 1450:157-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
25
|
|
26
|
Campelo MWS, Oriá RB, Lopes LGDF, Brito GADC, Santos AAD, Vasconcelos RCD, Silva FOND, Nobrega BN, Bento-Silva MT, Vasconcelos PRLD. Preconditioning with a novel metallopharmaceutical NO donor in anesthetized rats subjected to brain ischemia/reperfusion. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:749-58. [PMID: 22160748 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rut-bpy is a novel nitrosyl-ruthenium complex releasing NO into the vascular system. We evaluated the effect of Rut-bpy (100 mg/kg) on a rat model of brain stroke. Forty rats were assigned to four groups (Saline solution [SS], Rut-bpy, SS+ischemia-reperfusion [SS+I/R] and Rut-bpy+ischemia-reperfusion [Rut-bpy+I/R]) with their mean arterial pressure (MAP) continuously monitored. The groups were submitted (SS+I/R and Rut-bpy+I/R) or not (SS and Rut-bpy) to incomplete global brain ischemia by occlusion of the common bilateral carotid arteries during 30 min followed by reperfusion for further 60 min. Thirty minutes before ischemia, rats were treated pairwise by intraperitoneal injection of saline solution or Rut-bpy. At the end of experiments, brain was removed for triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining in order to quantify the total ischemic area. In a subset of rats, hippocampus was obtained for histopathology scoring, nitrate and nitrite measurements, immunostaining and western blotting of the nuclear factor- κB (NF-κB). Rut-bpy pre-treatment decreased MAP variations during the transition from brain ischemia to reperfusion and decreased the fractional injury area. Rut-bpy pre-treatment reduced NF-κB hippocampal immunostaining and protein expression with improved histopathology scoring as compared to the untreated operated control. In conclusion, Rut-bpy improved the total brain infarction area and hippocampal neuronal viability in part by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and helped to stabilize the blood pressure during the transition from ischemia to reperfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Wilker Soares Campelo
- Department of Surgery, Federal University of Ceará, R. Professor Costa Mendes, 1608/3º Andar, Fortaleza, CE, CEP:60430-140, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bråtane BT, Cui H, Cook DJ, Bouley J, Tymianski M, Fisher M. Neuroprotection by Freezing Ischemic Penumbra Evolution Without Cerebral Blood Flow Augmentation With a Postsynaptic Density-95 Protein Inhibitor. Stroke 2011; 42:3265-70. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.618801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
The purpose of this study was to determine whether neuroprotection is feasible without cerebral blood flow augmentation in experimental permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion.
Methods—
Rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion by the suture occlusion method and were treated 1 hour thereafter with a single 5-minute intravenous infusion of the postsynaptic density-95 protein inhibitor Tat-NR2B9c (7.5 mg/kg) or saline (n=8/group). Arterial spin-labeled perfusion-weighted MRI and diffusion weighted MRI were obtained with a 4.7-T Bruker system at 30, 45, 70, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes postmiddle cerebral artery occlusion to determine cerebral blood flow and apparent diffusion coefficient maps, respectively. At 24 hours, animals were neurologically scored (0 to 5), euthanized, and the brains stained with 2–3-5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride to ascertain infarct volumes corrected for edema. Additionally, the effects of Tat-NR2B9c on adenosine 5′-triphosphate levels were measured in vitro in neurons subjected to oxygen–glucose deprivation.
Results—
Final infarct volume was decreased by 30.3% in the Tat-NR2B9c-treated animals compared with controls (
P
=0.028). There was a significant improvement in 24 hours neurological scores in the Tat-NR2B9c group compared with controls, 1.8±0.5 and 2.8±1.0, respectively (
P
=0.021). Relative to controls, Tat-NR2B9c significantly attenuated diffusion-weighted imaging lesion growth and preserved the diffusion-weighted imaging/perfusion-weighted imaging mismatch (ischemic penumbra) without affecting cerebral blood flow in the ischemic core or penumbra. Tat-NR2B9c treatment of primary neuronal cultures resulted in 26% increase in cell viability and 34% greater adenosine 5′-triphosphate levels after oxygen–glucose deprivation.
Conclusions—
Preservation of adenosine 5′-triphosphate levels in vitro and neuroprotection in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats is achievable without cerebral blood flow augmentation using a postsynaptic density-95 protein inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernt T. Bråtane
- From the Department of Neurology (B.T.B., J.B., M.F.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Toronto Western Research Institute (H.C., D.J.C., M.T.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong Cui
- From the Department of Neurology (B.T.B., J.B., M.F.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Toronto Western Research Institute (H.C., D.J.C., M.T.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas J. Cook
- From the Department of Neurology (B.T.B., J.B., M.F.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Toronto Western Research Institute (H.C., D.J.C., M.T.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Bouley
- From the Department of Neurology (B.T.B., J.B., M.F.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Toronto Western Research Institute (H.C., D.J.C., M.T.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Tymianski
- From the Department of Neurology (B.T.B., J.B., M.F.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Toronto Western Research Institute (H.C., D.J.C., M.T.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Fisher
- From the Department of Neurology (B.T.B., J.B., M.F.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA; and Toronto Western Research Institute (H.C., D.J.C., M.T.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Repeated administration of exendin-4 reduces focal cerebral ischemia-induced infarction in rats. Brain Res 2011; 1427:23-34. [PMID: 22055454 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exendin-4 is a GLP-1 agonist that is clinically used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and may also have neuroprotective effect. We explored the effect of repeated administration of exendin-4 (0.5 μg/kg, intraperitoneal twice a day for 7 days) on infarct volume, neurological deficit (neurological score, grip test, foot fault and rota rod tests), oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, and superoxide dismutase) and expression of endothelin (ET) ET(A) and ET(B) receptors following cerebral ischemia produced in rats by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Since ET(A) receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) are involved in cerebral ischemia, we determined the effect of a specific ET(A) receptor antagonist, BQ123 (1mg/kg, intravenously administered thrice: 30 min, 2h and 4h after MCAO for a total dose of 3 mg/kg) on cerebral ischemia in control and exendin-4 treated rats. Results indicate that exendin-4 treated rats had significant protection following MCAO induced cerebral ischemia. The infarct volume was 27% less compared to vehicle treated rats. The neurological deficit following MCAO was lower and oxidative stress parameters were improved in exendin-4 treated rats compared to control. BQ123 significantly improved infarct volume, oxidative stress parameters and neurological deficit in ischemic rats treated with vehicle or exendin-4. BQ123 induced protection from cerebral ischemia was similar in vehicle or exendin-4 treated rats. Expression of ET(A) receptors was significantly increased following cerebral ischemia which was not affected by exendin-4 treatment or by BQ123 administration. No change in expression of ET(B) receptors was observed following cerebral ischemia or any treatment. It is concluded that exendin-4 protects the CNS from damage due to cerebral ischemia by reducing oxidative stress and is independent of ET receptor involvement.
Collapse
|
29
|
Leonard MG, Briyal S, Gulati A. Endothelin B receptor agonist, IRL-1620, reduces neurological damage following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Brain Res 2011; 1420:48-58. [PMID: 21959172 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin and its receptors have long been considered therapeutic targets in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Recent studies indicate that ET(B) receptors may provide both vasodilatation and neuroprotection. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of selectively activating the ET(B) receptors following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. IRL-1620 [Suc-[Glu9,Ala11,15]-Endothelin-1(8-12)], a highly selective ET(B) agonist, was used alone and in conjunction with BQ788, an ET(B) antagonist, to determine the role of ET(B) receptors in cerebral ischemia. Rats were assessed for neurological deficit and motor function, and their brains were evaluated to determine infarct area, oxidative stress parameters, and ET receptor protein levels. Animals treated with IRL-1620 showed significant improvement in all neurological and motor function tests when compared with both vehicle-treated and BQ788-treated middle cerebral artery occluded groups. In addition, there was a significant decrease in infarct volume 24h after occlusion in animals treated with IRL-1620 (24.47±4.37mm(3)) versus the vehicle-treated group (153.23±32.18mm(3)). Blockade of ET(B) receptors by BQ788 followed by either vehicle or IRL-1620 treatment resulted in infarct volumes similar to those of rats treated with vehicle alone (163.51±25.41 and 139.21±15.20mm(3), respectively). Lipid peroxidation, as measured by malondialdehyde, increased and antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione) decreased following infarct. Treatment with IRL-1620 reversed these effects, indicating that ET(B) receptor activation reduces oxidative stress injury following ischemic stroke. Animals pretreated with BQ788 showed similar oxidative stress damage as those in the vehicle-treated group. No significant difference was observed in ET(B) receptor levels in any of the groups. The present study demonstrates that ET(B) receptor activation may be a novel neuroprotective therapy in the treatment of focal ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Leonard
- Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove, IL 60515-1235, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dusick JR, Evans BC, Laiwalla A, Krahl S, Gonzalez NR. A minimally-invasive rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage and delayed ischemic injury. Surg Neurol Int 2011; 2:99. [PMID: 21811705 PMCID: PMC3144598 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.83023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Double-injection models of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats are the most effective in producing vasospasm, delayed neurological deficits and infarctions. However, they require two large surgeries to expose the femoral artery and the atlanto-occipital membrane. We have developed a minimally-invasive modification that prevents confounding effects of surgical procedures, leakage of blood from the subarachnoid space and minimizes risk of infection. METHODS Rats are anesthetized and the ventral tail artery is exposed through a small (5 mm), midline incision, 0.2 mL of blood is taken from the artery and gentle pressure is applied for hemostasis. The rat is flipped prone, and with the head flexed to 90 degrees in a stereotactic frame, a 27G angiocath is advanced in a vertical trajectory, level with the external auditory canals. Upon puncturing the atlanto-occipital membrane, the needle is slowly advanced and observed for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A syringe withdraws 0.1 mL of CSF and the blood is injected into the subarachnoid space. The procedure is repeated 24 hours later by re-opening the tail incision. At 8 days, the rats are euthanized and their brains harvested, sectioned, and incubated with triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). RESULTS Rats develop neurological deficits consistent with vasospasm and infarction as previously described in double-injection models. Cortical and deep infarctions were demonstrated by TTC staining and on histopathology. CONCLUSIONS A minimally invasive, double-injection rat model of SAH and vasospasm is feasible and produces neurological deficits and infarction. This model can be used to study neuroprotective treatments for vasospasm and delayed neurological deficits following SAH, reducing the confounding effects of surgical interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Dusick
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Burov S, Leko M, Dorosh M, Dobrodumov A, Veselkina O. Creatinyl amino acids: new hybrid compounds with neuroprotective activity. J Pept Sci 2011; 17:620-6. [PMID: 21644247 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged oral creatine administration resulted in remarkable neuroprotection in experimental models of brain stroke. However, because of its polar nature creatine has poor ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) without specific creatine transporter (CRT). Thus, synthesis of hydrophobic derivatives capable of crossing the BBB by alternative pathway is of great importance for the treatment of acute and chronic neurological diseases including stroke, traumatic brain injury and hereditary CRT deficiency. Here we describe synthesis of new hybrid compounds-creatinyl amino acids, their neuroprotective activity in vivo and stability to degradation in different media. The title compounds were synthesized by guanidinylation of corresponding sarcosyl peptides or direct creatine attachment using isobutyl chloroformate method. Addition of lipophilic counterion (p-toluenesulfonate) ensures efficient creatine dissolution in DMF with simultaneous protection of guanidino group towards intramolecular cyclization. It excludes the application of expensive guanidinylating reagents, permits to simplify synthetic procedure and adapt it to large-scale production. The biological activity of creatinyl amino acids was tested in vivo on ischemic stroke and NaNO(2) -induced hypoxia models. One of the most effective compounds-creatinyl-glycine ethyl ester increases life span of experimental animals more than two times in hypoxia model and has neuroprotective action in brain stroke model when applied both before and after ischemia. These data evidenced that creatinyl amino acids can represent promising candidates for the development of new drugs useful in stroke treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Burov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Turner RJ, Helps SC, Thornton E, Vink R. A substance P antagonist improves outcome when administered 4 h after onset of ischaemic stroke. Brain Res 2011; 1393:84-90. [PMID: 21466790 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that substance P (SP) plays a critical role in the development of brain oedema and functional deficits following traumatic brain injury and that SP receptor antagonism may improve outcome. No studies have described such a role in ischemic stroke. The present study characterized the effects of the NK1 tachykinin receptor antagonist, n-acetyl-L-tryptophan (NAT), on blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, oedema formation, infarct volume and functional outcome following reversible ischemic stroke in rats. Ischemia was induced using a reversible thread model of middle cerebral artery occlusion where occlusion was maintained for 2 h before reperfusion. Animals received either NAT or equal volume saline vehicle intravenously at 2 h post-reperfusion. Ischaemic stroke resulted in increased perivascular SP immunoreactivity at 24 h. Administration of NAT significantly reduced oedema formation and BBB permeability at 24 h post-ischemia and significantly improved functional outcome as assessed over 7 days. There was no effect on infarct volume. We conclude that inhibition of SP activity with a NK1 tachykinin receptor antagonist is effective in reducing cerebral oedema, BBB permeability and functional deficits following reversible ischemia and may therefore represent a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of ischaemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renée J Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Briyal S, Gulati A. Endothelin-A receptor antagonist BQ123 potentiates acetaminophen induced hypothermia and reduces infarction following focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 644:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
34
|
A rat model for cerebral air microembolisation. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 190:10-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
35
|
Complexities, Confounders, and Challenges in Experimental Stroke Research: A Checklist for Researchers and Reviewers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-750-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
|
36
|
|
37
|
Cho GS, Choi IY, Choi YK, Kim SK, Cai Y, Nho K, Lee JC. Attenuated Cerebral Ischemic Injury by Polyethylene Glycol-Conjugated Hemoglobin. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2009. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2009.17.3.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
38
|
Bra°tane BT, Bastan B, Fisher M, Bouley J, Henninger N. Ischemic lesion volume determination on diffusion weighted images vs. apparent diffusion coefficient maps. Brain Res 2009; 1279:182-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
39
|
Henninger N, Bouley J, Bråtane BT, Bastan B, Shea M, Fisher M. Laser Doppler flowmetry predicts occlusion but not tPA-mediated reperfusion success after rat embolic stroke. Exp Neurol 2009; 215:290-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
40
|
Hwang S, Moon M, Kim S, Hwang L, Ahn KJ, Park S. Neuroprotective effect of ghrelin is associated with decreased expression of prostate apoptosis response-4. Endocr J 2009; 56:609-17. [PMID: 19352052 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k09e-072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is known to promote neuronal defense and survival against ischemic injury by inhibiting apoptotic processes. In the present study, we investigated the role of prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4), a proapoptotic gene the expression of which is increased after ischemic injury, in ghrelin-mediated neuroprotection during middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Both ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin protected cortical neurons from ischemic injury. Ghrelin receptor specific antagonist abolished the protective effects of ghrelin, whereas those of des-acyl ghrelin were preserved, suggesting the involvement of a receptor that is distinct from GHS-R1a. The expression of Par-4 was increased by MCAO, which was attenuated by ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin treatments. Both ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, prevented cytochrome c release, and inhibited caspase-3 activation. Our data indicate that des-acyl ghrelin, as well as ghrelin, protect cortical neurons against ischemic injury through the inhibition of Par-4 expression and apoptotic molecules in mitochondrial pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to ROS and Biomedical Science Institute, Kyunghee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Ischemic stroke occurs most often in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in humans. Since its description in rats more than two decades ago, the minimally invasive intraluminal suture occlusion of MCA is an increasingly used model of stroke in both rats and mice due to its ease of inducing ischemia and achieving reperfusion under well-controlled conditions. This method can be used under the guidance of laser-Doppler flowmetry to ascertain the magnitude of occlusion or reperfusion and to decrease the rate of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ninety minutes of transient ischemia in the territory of MCA results in substantial and reproducible ischemic lesions in both the striatum and the cortex, with characteristics of lesion core and penumbra. Thus, this model is applicable to neuroprotective drug studies, including ischemic brain lesion evaluation (either in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging or post-mortem with brain tissue staining) and neurological status (motor deficits simply assessed by a six-point neurological score scale) as outcome parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aysan Durukan
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hassid BG, Nair MN, Ducruet AF, Otten ML, Komotar RJ, Pinsky DJ, Schmidt AM, Yan SF, Connolly ES. Neuronal RAGE expression modulates severity of injury following transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Clin Neurosci 2008; 16:302-6. [PMID: 19071026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has a significant role in the neurological injury that follows stroke. The receptor for advanced-glycation end products (RAGE) is a multiligand member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that has been implicated in multiple neuronal and inflammatory stress processes. To directly test the role of neuronal RAGE in stroke, we employed two cohorts of transgenic mice, one over-expressing full-length functional human RAGE in neurons, and the other a human RAGE transgene in which deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor in neurons suppresses signal transduction stimulated by ligands (referred to as dominant negative or DN-RAGE). We found a statistically significant increase in stroke volume in the RAGE over-expressing cohort compared to normal controls, and a trend towards decreased stroke volume in the DN RAGE cohort. These results indicate that RAGE signaling directly contributes to pathology in cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Hassid
- Department of Neurological Surgery, 710 West 168th Street, Room 431, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
C3a receptor modulation of granulocyte infiltration after murine focal cerebral ischemia is reperfusion dependent. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:1048-58. [PMID: 18197178 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The complement anaphylatoxin C3a contributes to injury after cerebral ischemia in mice. This study assesses the effect of C3a receptor antagonist (C3aRA) on leukocyte infiltration into the ischemic zone. Transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced in wild-type C57Bl/6 mice. Intraperitoneal C3aRA or vehicle was administered 45 mins before or 1 h after occlusion. Twenty-four hours after occlusion, we harvested brain tissue and purified inflammatory cells using flow cytometry. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 protein levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and ICAM-1 and C3a receptor (C3aR) expression was confirmed via immunohistochemistry. In the transient MCAO model, animals receiving C3aRA showed smaller strokes, less upregulation of C3aR-positive granulocytes, and less ICAM-1 protein on endothelial cells than vehicle-treated animals; no significant differences in other inflammatory cell populations were observed. C3a receptor antagonist-treated and vehicle-treated animals showed no differences in stroke volume or inflammatory cell populations after permanent MCAO. These data suggest that blocking the binding of C3a to C3aR modulates tissue injury in reperfused stroke by inhibiting the recruitment of neutrophils to the ischemic zone. It further establishes antagonism of the C3a anaphylatoxin as a promising strategy for ameliorating injury after ischemia/reperfusion.
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Chung H, Kim E, Lee DH, Seo S, Ju S, Lee D, Kim H, Park S. Ghrelin inhibits apoptosis in hypothalamic neuronal cells during oxygen-glucose deprivation. Endocrinology 2007; 148:148-59. [PMID: 17053024 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor, produced and secreted mainly from the stomach. Ghrelin stimulates GH release and induces positive energy balances. Previous studies have reported that ghrelin inhibits apoptosis in several cell types, but its antiapoptotic effect in neuronal cells is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the role of ghrelin in ischemic neuronal injury using primary hypothalamic neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Here we report that treatment of hypothalamic neurons with ghrelin inhibited OGD-induced cell death and apoptosis. Exposure of neurons to ghrelin caused rapid activation of ERK1/2. Ghrelin-induced activation of ERK1/2 and the antiapoptotic effect of ghrelin were blocked by chemical inhibition of MAPK, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, protein kinase C, and protein kinase A. Ghrelin attenuated OGD-induced activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p-38 but not ERK1/2. We also investigated ghrelin regulation of apoptosis at the mitochondrial level. Ghrelin protected cells from OGD insult by inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation and stabilizing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In addition, ghrelin-treated cells showed an increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio, prevention of cytochrome c release, and inhibition of caspase-3 activation. Finally, in vivo administration of ghrelin significantly reduced infarct volume in an animal model of ischemia. Our data indicate that ghrelin may act as a survival factor that preserves mitochondrial integrity and inhibits apoptotic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyunghee University School of Medicine, Dongdaemun-ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Benedek A, Móricz K, Jurányi Z, Gigler G, Lévay G, Hársing LG, Mátyus P, Szénási G, Albert M. Use of TTC staining for the evaluation of tissue injury in the early phases of reperfusion after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2006; 1116:159-65. [PMID: 16952339 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining measures tissue viability used to evaluate infarct size. The goal of this study was to compare viability of neuronal tissue during the early phases of ischemia-reperfusion assessed either by perfusion of the brain with TTC solution transcardially, in vivo, or by staining brain slices, in vitro. METHODS The middle cerebral artery was occluded for 1 h in male SPRD rats and then reperfused for 0, 1, 4, 8, 16 and 24 h. Ischemic damage was evaluated by TTC staining, in vivo and in vitro, and by histology (Luxol Fast Blue and Fluoro-Jade staining, electron microscopy). RESULTS Core volume of tissue injury measured in vivo was large at 0 h and steadily decreased by 50% (p<0.001) up to 16 h, but substantially increased from 16 to 24 h of reperfusion. In contrast, a significant core volume appeared at 4 h only, in vitro, and gradually increased up to 24 h. Core volume was larger in vivo than in vitro at all times except at 16 h when the opposite was observed. Evans blue administered intracardially stained TTC-negative areas at 1 and 24 h. Histology covered the evolution of serious tissue injury but also demonstrated some morphologically preserved neurons in the infracted area at 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Formation of formazan from TTC can depend on both the staining method and the metabolic burden of the brain tissue causing uncertainties in the volume of ischemia-induced brain injury measured by TTC staining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angéla Benedek
- EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC, Division of Preclinical Research, Pharmacology Laboratory I, H-1475 Budapest 10, POB 100, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Henninger N, Sicard KM, Bouley J, Fisher M, Stagliano NE. The proteasome inhibitor VELCADE® reduces infarction in rat models of focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Lett 2006; 398:300-5. [PMID: 16490315 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The potential neuroprotective effects of VELCADE were investigated in two different models of focal cerebral ischemia. For time-window assessment, male Wistar-Kyoto rats were treated with 0.2 mg/kg VELCADE at 1, 2, or 3 h after the induction of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using the suture occlusion method (experiment 1). To evaluate effects in a different model, male Sprague-Dawley rats received 0.2 mg/kg VELCADE after embolic MCAO (experiment 2). Infarct volume was calculated based on TTC-staining 24 h postischemia and whole blood proteasome activity was fluorometrically determined in both experiments at baseline, 1 and 24 h post-MCAO. In experiment 1, a dose of 0.2 mg/kg inhibited proteasome activity by 77% and infarct volume was reduced to 175.7+/-59.9 mm3 and 205.9+/-83.9 mm3 (1 and 2 h group, respectively; p<0.05) compared to 306.5+/-48.5 mm3 (control). Treatment at 3 h was not neuroprotective (293.0+/-40.1 mm3). After embolic MCAO, infarct volume was 167.5+/-90.7 mm3 (treatment group) and 398.9+/-141.3 mm3 (control; p=0.002). In conclusion, VELCADE treatment inhibited whole blood proteasome activity and achieved significant neuroprotection in two rat models of focal cerebral ischemia at various time points poststroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Henninger
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Henninger N, Sicard KM, Schmidt KF, Bardutzky J, Fisher M. Comparison of ischemic lesion evolution in embolic versus mechanical middle cerebral artery occlusion in Sprague Dawley rats using diffusion and perfusion imaging. Stroke 2006; 37:1283-7. [PMID: 16556883 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000217223.72193.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Differences among models in the temporal evolution of ischemia after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats may considerably influence the results of experimental stroke research. Using diffusion and perfusion imaging, we compared the spatiotemporal evolution of ischemia in Sprague Dawley rats after permanent suture MCAO (sMCAO; n=8) and embolic MCAO (eMCAO; n=8). METHODS Serial measurements of quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were performed up to 180 minutes after MCAO. ADC and CBF values within 5 different brain regions were analyzed. ADC and CBF lesion volumes were calculated by using previously established viability thresholds and correlated with infarct volume defined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining 24 hours after MCAO. RESULTS Compared with sMCAO animals, the threshold-derived CBF lesion volume was significantly larger in eMCAO at all time points (P<0.01), remained relatively constant over time, and was highly correlated with the 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride-defined infarct size. The ADC lesion volume did not differ between models at any time point. A diffusion/perfusion mismatch was present significantly longer in eMCAO animals (P<0.05), and these rats demonstrated larger absolute mismatch volumes that were statistically significant at 30, 60, and 90 minutes (P<0.05). In both models, CBF and ADC declines were highly correlated. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated substantial differences in acute ischemic lesion evolution between the eMCAO and sMCAO models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Henninger
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mraovitch S, Calando Y, Régnier A, Lamproglou I, Vicaut E. Post-seizures amygdaloallocortical microvascular lesion leading to atrophy and memory impairment. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 19:479-89. [PMID: 16023590 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the incidence of seizures after a cerebrovascular event including intracerebral hemorrhage has been widely recognized, the present studies have demonstrated that generalized convulsive seizures can cause multifocal amygdaloallocortical hemorrhage and tissue necrosis, the origin of which remains to be established. The seizure-elicited amygdaloallocortical injured area, which we refer to as a focal injury-prone area (FIPA), was caused by cholinergic stimulation of the ventroposterolateral and thalamic reticular nuclei. The amygdaloallocortical injury was preceded by focal absence of neuronal COX-2 and presence of microvascular immunoreactivity to the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. The microvascular inflammation was followed by edema and multifocal amygdaloallocortical microhemorrhages, leading to atrophy and cognitive impairment. On the basis of the present results, we conclude that generalized convulsive seizures may be at the origin of amygdaloallocortical microvascular injury suggesting that, in addition to anticonvulsant treatment, an appropriate clinical evaluation and therapy for seizures-associated cerebrovascular accidents should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sima Mraovitch
- Laboratoire de Recherche Cérébrovasculaires CNRS URA 641, Université Paris VII, 10, av de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Goodrow GJ, Vitullo L, Cipolla MJ. Effect of estrogen therapy on cerebral arteries during stroke in female rats. Menopause 2005; 12:99-109. [PMID: 15668607 DOI: 10.1097/00042192-200512010-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of estrogen therapy on the structural and functional properties of the middle cerebral artery during ischemia and reperfusion. DESIGN Ovariectomized (OVX; n = 8) and ovariectomized with estrogen therapy (OVX+EST; n = 8) female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 1 hour of ischemia using a model of temporary focal ischemia of the middle cerebral artery with 24 hours of reperfusion and compared to sham controls (CTL; n = 8). After occlusion and reperfusion, right middle cerebral arteries were removed from the brain and mounted on glass cannulas in a chamber that allowed for control over transmural pressure and measurement of lumen diameter. Lumen diameter was measured in response to increased transmural pressure (myogenic tone) as well as response to nitro-L-arginine, serotonin, and nifedipine. Cerebrovascular reactivity was compared to other stroke outcome measures, including infarct volume (%) and neurologic deficit. RESULTS Serum estrogen was increased in OVX+EST rats (60.5 +/- 18.2 pg/mL) compared to OVX (0.2 +/- 0.2 pg/mL P < 0.05 vs OVX+EST) and CTL animals (1.3 +/- 1.0 pg/mL P > 0.05 vs OVX). OVX showed significantly less myogenic tone at 75 mm Hg (13.8 +/- 3.6%, P < 0.05 vs CTL) than CTL (29.8 +/- 4.7%) that was partially restored by estrogen therapy (21.2 +/- 4.5; P > 0.05). At serotonin concentrations of 10(-7) M, 3 x 10(-7) M, and 10(-6) M, the vessels from ischemic OVX rats showed significantly greater constriction (20.9 +/- 2.1%, 35.0 +/- 3.9%, and 39.4 +/- 3.4%, respectively) compared to nonischemic CTL rats (6.3 +/- 1.1%, 11.3 +/- 1.8%, and 16.8 +/- 2.5%, respectively P < 0.05). Estrogen therapy resulted in intermediate responses (18.2 +/- 5.3%, 25.2 +/- 6.6%, and 28.2 +/- 6.5%, respectively) that were not significantly different from the other groups. In addition, ischemia resulted in significantly greater dilation in response to 0.01 microM nifedipine in vessels from OVX animals (51.1 +/- 8.0%) compared to nonischemic CTL (18.0 +/- 3.8%; P < 0.05) and estrogen therapy resulted in an intermediate response (38.0 +/- 10.6; P > 0.05). Both reactivity to nitro-L-arginine and passive distensibility were not different among groups. There were no differences in percent infarct or neurologic deficit between ischemic groups. CONCLUSIONS The influence of ischemia and reperfusion on vessel function was more dominant than that of estrogen therapy. However, estrogen therapy seemed to partially restore vessel function to similar levels as nonischemic vessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwen J Goodrow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|