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Kizhakkekalam VK, Chakraborty K, Krishnan S. Antibacterial and wound healing potential of topical formulation of marine symbiotic Bacillus. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:648. [PMID: 36166149 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The inevitability to develop novel antimicrobial agents has considerably increased because of mounting alarms concerning multidrug-resistant microbial strains. The present study evaluated an antibacterial and wound healing topical formulation prepared with the ethyl acetate extract of marine symbiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MTCC 12716 as the basic ingredient and the grafted macroalgal polysaccharide as the gel base with an appropriate proportion of natural stabilizing agents. The formulation exhibited potent antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (18 mm inhibition zone) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19 mm) causing infection when compared with commercially available antimicrobial cream clindamycin. The in-vitro results indicated that the organic extract of B. amyloliquefaciens MTCC 12716 at its MIC and the formulation sealed the wound by 78 and 94%, respectively, at 48 h in the scratch-induced L929 cells, compared to 84% exhibited by clindamycin. The topical formulation of marine symbiotic Bacillus induced greater than 80% viability of the normal fibroblasts compared to 78% exhibited by clindamycin, when administered at a dose of 25 μg mL-1. The studied antibacterial formulation could accelerate the wound healing by prompting the migration of fibroblasts towards the artificially created wound resulting in rapid wound closure, and at an even higher concentration of formulation, it displayed no cytotoxicity on L929 cells. The stability studies showed that the formulation maintained its physicochemical characteristics and minimal growth (<10 cfu g-1) of bacteria on the plates throughout the time period of 18 months at 30 °C and 65% relative humidity. This study has established the antibacterial and wound healing potential of a topical formulation of marine symbiotic B. amyloliquefaciens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Kizhakkepatt Kizhakkekalam
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P.B. No. 1603, Cochin, 682018, India.,Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lakeside Campus, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Kajal Chakraborty
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P.B. No. 1603, Cochin, 682018, India.
| | - Soumya Krishnan
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P.B. No. 1603, Cochin, 682018, India
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Li S, Renick P, Senkowsky J, Nair A, Tang L. Diagnostics for Wound Infections. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2021; 10:317-327. [PMID: 32496977 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2019.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Infections can significantly delay the healing process in chronic wounds, placing an enormous economic burden on health care resources. Identification of infection biomarkers and imaging modalities to observe and quantify them has seen progress over the years. Recent Advances: Traditionally, clinicians determine the presence of infection through visual observation of wounds and confirm their diagnosis through wound culture. Many laboratory markers, including C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, presepsin, and bacterial protease activity, have been quantified to assist diagnosis of infection. Moreover, imaging modalities like plain radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, spatial frequency domain imaging, thermography, autofluorescence imaging, and biosensors have emerged for real-time wound infection diagnosis and showed their unique advantages in deeper wound infection diagnosis. Critical Issues: While traditional diagnostic approaches provide valuable information, they are time-consuming and depend on clinicians' experiences. There is a need for noninvasive wound infection diagnostics that are highly specific, rapid, and accurate, and do not require extensive training. Future Directions: While innovative diagnostics utilizing various imaging instrumentation are being developed, new biomarkers have been investigated as potential indicators for wound infection. Products may be developed to either qualitatively or quantitatively measure these biomarkers. This review summarizes and compares all available diagnostics for wound infection, including those currently used in clinics and still under development. This review could serve as a valuable resource for clinicians treating wound infections as well as patients and wound care providers who would like to be informed of the recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Li
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Paul Renick
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Jon Senkowsky
- Texas Health Physician's Group, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | | | - Liping Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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Shiva Krishna P, Sudha S, Reddy KA, Al-Dhabaan FA, Meher, Prakasham R, Singara Charya M. Studies on wound healing potential of red pigment isolated from marine Bacterium Vibrio sp. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:723-729. [PMID: 31048996 PMCID: PMC6486536 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Wounds are common clinical entities of life which may be subacute or acute. Wound healing is a complex biochemical process where the cell structures are restored to normalcy, which depend on cell proliferation and migration, basically fibroblast cell. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the healing efficacy of red pigment isolated from marine isolate Vibrio sps on experimental wounds in albino rats. The red pigment was applied topically, twice daily for 14 days. Treatment with framycetin ointment was used as reference control. The red pigment treated group showed faster reduction in wound area in comparison with control and framycetin ointment treated groups. In conclusion, red pigment possesses significant healing potential in wounds and has a positive influence on the different phases of wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Sudha
- Synteny Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Fahad A. Al-Dhabaan
- Department of Biology, Science and Humanities College, Alquwayiyah, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meher
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - R.S. Prakasham
- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, IICT, Hyderabad, India
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Fayemi O, Ekennia AC, Katata-Seru L, Ebokaiwe AP, Ijomone OM, Onwudiwe DC, Ebenso EE. Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Properties of Polyacrylonitrile-Moringa Extract Nanofibers. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4791-4797. [PMID: 30023903 PMCID: PMC6044557 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple and cost-effective material composed of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers containing different concentrations of moringa (MR) leaf extracts was fabricated for antimicrobial properties and wound dressing. The fabricated materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy. The antibacterial sensitivity of the developed polyacrylonitrile-moringa extract nanofibers was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by the agar diffusion method. A pronounced antibacterial activity was observed with the increase in the incorporated moringa leaf extract concentration within the polyacrylonitrile-moringa extract nanofibers against the bacterial strains. The best antibacterial sensitivity was observed for nanofibers containing 0.5 g of moringa leaf extract which had an inhibitory zone of 15 mm for E. coli and 12 mm for S. aureus. Furthermore, the cost-effective and biodegradable nanofibrous polyacrylonitrile-moringa extract nanofiber was also used to conduct further studies regarding wound dressing. The result reveals that the increase in the concentrations of moringa leaf extract influenced the healing properties of the material. For days 1, 4, and 7 of the wound dressing experiment, the % wound closure of the rat was the highest for the nanofiber containing 0.5 g of moringa leaf extract (35, 87, and 95%, respectively) compared to the positive control medical gauze (29, 75, and 93%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Omolola
Esther Fayemi
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences,
Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, and Material Science Innovation and
Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural
Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng
Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Anthony Chinonso Ekennia
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo (FUNAI), P.M.B. 1010 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Lebokang Katata-Seru
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences,
Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, and Material Science Innovation and
Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural
Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng
Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Azubuike Peter Ebokaiwe
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo (FUNAI), P.M.B. 1010 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Omamuyovwi Meashack Ijomone
- Department
of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Cross River University of Technology, Okuku P.M.B 1123, Cross River, Nigeria
| | - Damian Chinedu Onwudiwe
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences,
Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, and Material Science Innovation and
Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural
Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng
Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Eno E. Ebenso
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences,
Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, and Material Science Innovation and
Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural
Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng
Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Huang Y, Cao Y, Zou M, Luo X, Jiang Y, Xue Y, Gao F. A Comparison of Tissue versus Swab Culturing of Infected Diabetic Foot Wounds. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:8198714. [PMID: 27123004 PMCID: PMC4829715 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8198714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To compare the efficacy of swabbing versus tissue biopsy for microbiological diagnosis of diabetic foot infection. Methods. This was a prospective trial. Fifty-six patients with diabetic foot infection were divided into the following 3 groups according to the PEDIS grading system: grade 2 (n = 10), grade 3 (n = 29), and grade 4 (n = 17). Two specimens were collected from each wound for microbial culturing after debridement, including a superficial swab and a deep tissue punch biopsy specimen. Results. Swab culturing identified all of the microorganisms isolated from the corresponding deep tissue specimens in 9/10 of grade 2 wounds (90.0%), and this proportion decreased to 12/29 (41.4%) and 7/17 (41.2%) for grades 3 and 4 wounds, respectively (p = 0.02). Moreover, the sensitivity for identifying Gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli and Citrobacter, by swabbing was low (33.3%). In addition, some Gram-negative bacteria, such as Serratia and Ralstonia pickettii, were isolated from deep tissues but not from swabs. Conclusions. Swab culturing may be reliable for identification of pathogens in diabetic foot wounds classified as grade 2. However, it is advisable to culture deep tissue specimens for wounds of grade ≥3 because swab culturing is associated with a high risk of missing pathogens, especially Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mengchen Zou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiangrong Luo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ya Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yaoming Xue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fang Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- *Fang Gao:
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Agyare C, Dwobeng AS, Agyepong N, Boakye YD, Mensah KB, Ayande PG, Adarkwa-Yiadom M. Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Wound Healing Properties of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Beneth. and Strophanthus hispidus DC. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2013; 2013:692613. [PMID: 23662099 PMCID: PMC3639673 DOI: 10.1155/2013/692613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial infections of various types of wounds are a challenge to the treatment of wounds and wound healing. The study was to investigate antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of methanol leaf and stem bark extracts of Kigelia africana and methanol leaf and root extracts of Strophanthus hispidus and also to determine wound healing properties of the extracts. The antimicrobial activities of the methanol extracts were determined against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria and a fungus using agar diffusion and micro-dilution methods. The antioxidant activity was determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) method. The influence of the extracts on rate of wound closure was investigated using the excision wound model and histopathological investigation of treated and untreated wound tissues performed. The MICs of leaf extract of K. africana against test organisms were 2.5-7.5 mg/mL and stem bark extract were 2.25-7.5 mg/mL. The leaf extract of S. hispidus had MIC range of 2.5-7.5 mg/mL and 2.5-10 mg/mL for root extract. The IC50 of leaf and stem bark extracts of K. africana were 56.9 and 13.7 μ g/mL, respectively and leaf and root of S. hispidus were 49.8 and 45.1 μ g/mL, respectively. K. africana extracts (7.5% w/w) showed significant (P < 0.05) wound contraction at day 7 with 72% of wound closure whiles significant (P < 0.05) wound contractions were observed on day 11 for stem bark of K. africana, leaf and root extracts of S. hispidus. Wound tissues treated with the extracts showed improved collagenation, re-epitheliazition and rapid granulation formation compared with untreated wound tissues. The extracts were found to contain alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and sapogenetic glycosides. The HPLC finger-printing of the extracts were developed. The leaf, stem bark and root extracts of K. africana and S. hispidus exhibited antimicrobial, antioxidant, and enhanced wound healing properties and these may justify the medicinal uses of the plants for treatment of microbial infections and wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Agyare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Anita Serwaa Dwobeng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Nicholas Agyepong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yaw Duah Boakye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kwesi Boadu Mensah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Patrick George Ayande
- Department of Human Biology and Nursing, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Swab cultures for diagnosing wound infections: a literature review and clinical guideline. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2009; 36:389-95. [PMID: 19609159 DOI: 10.1097/won.0b013e3181aaef7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Infection is a major causative factor in delayed and nonhealing wounds. Indiscriminate and routine wound cultures are not recommended, but a culture is indicated to identify the causative organisms and to guide antibiotic therapy when clinical suspicion of an infection exists. Although tissue biopsy is considered the gold standard to diagnose infection, it is rarely used in clinical settings. Swab culture is the most frequently employed method of confirming wound infection in the United States, but a standardized procedure is lacking. Properly performed swab cultures provide useful data to augment diagnostic and therapeutic decision making. The specific aim of the review is to propose a research-based guideline to perform swab cultures as a basis to improve clinical practice and encourage research to establish the reliability and validity of the swab technique.
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Abstract
The role of microorganisms in the etiology and persistence of chronic wounds remains poorly understood. The chronic wound bed houses a complex microenvironment that typically includes more than one bacterial species. Difficulty lies in determining when the presence of bacteria impedes wound healing, thereby warranting intervention. Indications for antibiotic therapy and optimal treatment regimens are ill defined. The goal of this article is to describe the appropriate role of systemic antibiotics in the management of chronic wounds. A common sense approach will be offered based on six clinically pertinent questions: Is infection present? Are systemic antibiotics necessary? Should treatment be enteral or parenteral? What antibiotic or combination of antibiotics should be used? What should be the duration of therapy? What special circumstances are present (i.e., concomitant illnesses, potential drug-drug interactions) that can impact therapy?
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hernandez
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
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