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Meyer KJ, Mercer HE, Roos BR, Fingert JH, Anderson MG. Minimal phenotypes in transgenic mice with the human LOXL1/LOXL1-AS1 locus associated with exfoliation glaucoma. Vision Res 2024; 223:108464. [PMID: 39151208 PMCID: PMC11381136 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Exfoliation syndrome is a leading cause of secondary glaucoma worldwide. Among the risk-factors for exfoliation syndrome and exfoliation glaucoma that have been investigated, a genetic association with 15q24.1 is among the most striking. The leading candidates for the causal gene at this locus are LOXL1 and/or LOXL1-AS1, but studies have not yet coalesced in establishing, or ruling out, either candidate. Here, we contribute to studies of the 15q24.1 locus by making a partially humanized mouse model in which 166 kb of human genomic DNA from the 15q24.1 locus was introduced into the mouse genome via BAC transgenesis (B6-Tg(RP11-71M11)Andm). Transgenic expression of human genes in the BAC was only detectable for LOXL1-AS1. One cohort of 34 mice (21 experimental hemizygotes and 13 non-carrier control littermates) was assessed by slit-lamp exams and SD-OCT imaging at early (1-2 months) and mid (4-5 months) time points; fundus exams were performed at 5 months of age. A second smaller cohort (3 hemizygotes) were aged extensively (>12 months) to screen for overt abnormalities. Across all genotypes and ages, 136 slit-lamp exams, 128 SD-OCT exams, and 42 fundus exams detected no overt indices of exfoliation syndrome. Quantitatively, small, but statistically significant, age-related declines in ganglion cell complex thickness and total retinal thickness were detected in the hemizygotes at 4 months of age. Overall, this study demonstrates complexity in gene regulation from the 15q24.1 locus and suggests that LOXL1-AS1 is unlikely to be a monogenic cause of exfoliation syndrome but may contribute to glaucomatous retinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacie J Meyer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Hannah E Mercer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ben R Roos
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - John H Fingert
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Michael G Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, United States.
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Hashemi A, Nabovati P, Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome in an Iranian Elderly Population: The Tehran Geriatric Eye Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2024; 31:430-438. [PMID: 38095577 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2023.2291787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the prevalence and associated factors of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) in an Iranian elderly population. METHODS This study, a population-based cross-sectional study conducted on individuals ≥60 years in Tehran, the capital of Iran in 2019 using a multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling. All study participants underwent complete ocular examination (including measurement of uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity, refraction, slit-lamp biomicroscopy). The PEX was diagnosed based on the presence of white fluffy dandruff-like pseudoexfoliative material on the pupillary margin, on the anterior lens capsule, and/or the trabecular meshwork. RESULTS Of the 3791 invitees, 3310 participated in the TGES (response rate: 87.3%). After applying exclusion criteria, the data of 3274 individuals were analyzed for this report. The overall prevalence of PEX was 3.63% (95% CI:2.67-4.58) in this study. 81.1% of PEX cases were bilateral. The prevalence of PEX increased significantly with advancing age in a linear trend from 2.38% (95%: 1.27-3.48) in the age group 60-64 years to 6.48% (95%: 2.02-10.95) in the age group ≥80 years (OR = 1.05, p = 0.008). According to the multiple logistic regression model, advancing age (OR: 1.06, p = 0.002) and the presence of cataract (OR: 5.02, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with increased odds of PEX. CONCLUSION The results showed a lower prevalence of PEX in the Iranian elderly compared to previous studies on the elderly population. Advancing age and cataracts were the only associated factors of PEX in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Hashemi
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Nabovati
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wu HJ, Krystofiak E, Kuchtey J, Kuchtey RW. Enhanced Optic Nerve Expansion and Altered Ultrastructure of Elastic Fibers Induced by Lysyl Oxidase Inhibition in a Mouse Model of Marfan Syndrome. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:1317-1328. [PMID: 38548269 PMCID: PMC11317902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Two major constituents of exfoliation material, fibrillin-1 and lysyl oxidase-like 1 (encoded by FBN1 and LOXL1), are implicated in exfoliation glaucoma, yet their individual contributions to ocular phenotype are minor. To test the hypothesis that a combination of FBN1 mutation and LOXL1 deficiency exacerbates ocular phenotypes, the pan-lysyl oxidase inhibitor β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) was used to treat adult wild-type (WT) mice and mice heterozygous for a missense mutation in Fbn1 (Fbn1C1041G/+) for 8 weeks and their eyes were examined. Although intraocular pressure did not change and exfoliation material was not detected in the eyes, BAPN treatment worsened optic nerve and axon expansion in Fbn1C1041G/+ mice, an early sign of axonal damage in rodent models of glaucoma. Disruption of elastic fibers was detected only in Fbn1C1041G/+ mice, which increased with BAPN treatment, as shown by histologic and immunohistochemical staining of the optic nerve pia mater. Transmission electron microscopy showed that Fbn1C1041G/+ mice had fewer microfibrils, smaller elastin cores, and a lower density of elastic fibers compared with WT mice in control groups. BAPN treatment led to elastin core expansion in both WT and Fbn1C1041G/+ mice, but an increase in the density of elastic fiber was confined to Fbn1C1041G/+ mice. LOX inhibition had a stronger effect on optic nerve and elastic fiber parameters in the context of Fbn1 mutation, indicating the Marfan mouse model with LOX inhibition warrants further investigation for exfoliation glaucoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Jing Wu
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Evan Krystofiak
- Cell Imaging Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - John Kuchtey
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rachel W Kuchtey
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
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Meyer KJ, Fingert JH, Anderson MG. Lack of evidence for GWAS signals of exfoliation glaucoma working via monogenic loss-of-function mutation in the nearest gene. Hum Mol Genet 2024:ddae088. [PMID: 38770563 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is a systemic disease of elastin-rich tissues involving a deposition of fibrillar exfoliative material (XFM) in the anterior chamber of the eye, which can promote glaucoma. The purpose of this study was to create mice with CRISPR/Cas9-induced variations in candidate genes identified from human genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and screen them for indices of XFS. METHODS Variants predicted to be deleterious were sought in the Agpat1, Cacna1a, Loxl1, Pomp, Rbms3, Sema6a, and Tlcd5 genes of C57BL/6J mice using CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing. Strains were phenotyped by slit-lamp, SD-OCT imaging, and fundus exams at 1-5 mos of age. Smaller cohorts of 12-mos-old mice were also studied. RESULTS Deleterious variants were identified in six targets; Pomp was recalcitrant to targeting. Multiple alleles of some targets were isolated, yielding 12 strains. Across all genotypes and ages, 277 mice were assessed by 902 slit-lamp exams, 928 SD-OCT exams, and 358 fundus exams. Homozygosity for Agpat1 or Cacna1a mutations led to early lethality; homozygosity for Loxl1 mutations led to pelvic organ prolapse, preventing aging. Loxl1 homozygotes exhibited a conjunctival phenotype of potential relevance to XFS. Multiple other genotype-specific phenotypes were variously identified. XFM was not observed in any mice. CONCLUSIONS This study did not detect XFM in any of the strains. This may have been due to species-specific differences, background dependence, or insufficient aging. Alternatively, it is possible that the current candidates, selected based on proximity to GWAS signals, are not effectors acting via monogenic loss-of-function mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacie J Meyer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - John H Fingert
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Michael G Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, 601 Hwy 6 W, Iowa City, IA 52246, United States
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Wlaź A, Kustra A, Aung T, Żarnowski T. Evaluation of changes of anterior segment parameters in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome after cataract surgery using anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8279. [PMID: 38594403 PMCID: PMC11004152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the anterior segment parameters after cataract surgery in pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) and control eyes. We conducted a prospective comparative study of 36 eyes (PEX group), 16 eyes (PEXG group) and 46 eyes (control group) of 98 patients after phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation. Before surgery, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months postoperatively, anterior chamber parameters were evaluated by swept source anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Anterior chamber depth (ACD), angle opening distance (AOD500/750), trabecular-iris space area (TISA500/750), trabecular-iris angle (TIA500/750) and lens vault (LV) were assessed at each study visit. Preoperatively, ACD, AOD500/750 and TISA500/750 were significantly smaller, while LV was significantly greater in PEX and PEXG eyes than in controls. 3 months postoperatively all irido-corneal parameters and ACD were significantly greater in all study groups without intergroup differences. ACD and LV significantly increased in PEX group between 1 and 3 months after surgery while being stable in control group. Relative increases in ACD, AOD500, TISA750, TIA500/750 were significantly higher in PEX and PEXG groups than in controls. Our study finds that ACD and iridocorneal parameters in AS-OCT demonstrated significantly greater relative increases 3 months after phacoemulsification in PEX and PEXG groups than in control eyes. Significantly greater deepening of anterior chamber and opening of the irido-corneal angle may be a reason for different refractive outcomes and IOP control in patients with PEX and PEXG after routine cataract surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wlaź
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University, Chmielna 1, 20-079, Lublin, Poland.
- Optegra Eye Clinic, Gęsia 5, 20-719, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kustra
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University, Chmielna 1, 20-079, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute & Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tomasz Żarnowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University, Chmielna 1, 20-079, Lublin, Poland
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Mathew DJ, Sivak JM. Lipid mediators in glaucoma: Unraveling their diverse roles and untapped therapeutic potential. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 171:106815. [PMID: 38280539 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by optic nerve damage and visual field loss, and remains a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a critical risk factor that requires effective management. Emerging research underscores dual roles of bioactive lipid mediators in both IOP regulation, and the modulation of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in glaucoma. Bioactive lipids, encompassing eicosanoids, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), sphingolipids, and endocannabinoids, have emerged as crucial players in these processes, orchestrating inflammation and diverse effects on aqueous humor dynamics and tissue remodeling. Perturbations in these lipid mediators contribute to retinal ganglion cell loss, vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Glaucoma management primarily targets IOP reduction via pharmacological agents and surgical interventions, with prostaglandin analogues at the forefront. Intriguingly, additional lipid mediators offer promise in attenuating inflammation and providing neuroprotection. Here we explore these pathways to shed light on their intricate roles, and to unveil novel therapeutic avenues for glaucoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Mathew
- Donald K Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada
| | - J M Sivak
- Donald K Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada.
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Wu D, Khan FA, Zhang K, Pandupuspitasari NS, Negara W, Guan K, Sun F, Huang C. Retinoic acid signaling in development and differentiation commitment and its regulatory topology. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 387:110773. [PMID: 37977248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the derivative of vitamin A/retinol, is a signaling molecule with important implications in health and disease. It is a well-known developmental morphogen that functions mainly through the transcriptional activity of nuclear RA receptors (RARs) and, uncommonly, through other nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Intracellular RA is under spatiotemporally fine-tuned regulation by synthesis and degradation processes catalyzed by retinaldehyde dehydrogenases and P450 family enzymes, respectively. In addition to dictating the transcription architecture, RA also impinges on cell functioning through non-genomic mechanisms independent of RAR transcriptional activity. Although RA-based differentiation therapy has achieved impressive success in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, RA also has pro-tumor activity. Here, we highlight the relevance of RA signaling in cell-fate determination, neurogenesis, visual function, inflammatory responses and gametogenesis commitment. Genetic and post-translational modifications of RAR are also discussed. A better understanding of RA signaling will foster the development of precision medicine to improve the defects caused by deregulated RA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Faheem Ahmed Khan
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta Pusat, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Kejia Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | | | - Windu Negara
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta Pusat, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Kaifeng Guan
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Chunjie Huang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Sharif NA. Gene therapies and gene product-based drug candidates for normalizing and preserving tissue functions in animal models of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101218. [PMID: 37976898 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
More than 76 million people worldwide are afflicted with the neurodegenerative eye diseases described and grouped together as glaucoma. A common feature amongst the many forms of glaucoma is chronically elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) within the anterior chamber of the eye that physically damages the retina, optic nerve and parts of the brain connected with visual perception. The mediators of the contusing raised IOP responsible for such damage and loss of vision include locally released inflammatory agents, tissue remodeling enzymes and infiltrating immune cells which damage the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons and eventually kill a significant number of the RGCs. Additional culprits include genetic defects of the patient that involve aberrations in receptors, enzymes and/or endogenous ligands and possible over- or under-production of the latter. Other genetic abnormalities may include issues with signal transduction machinery within key cells of critical tissues in the front (e.g. trabecular meshwork [TM] and Schlemm's canal [SC]) and back of the eye (e.g. retinal ganglion cells and their axons). Genome-wide associated studies (GWAS) coupled with next generation sequencing have provided powerful linkage of certain gene defects and polymorphic variants to the onset and progression of diseases of the tissues involved in fluid dynamics in the TM and SC, and many retinal elements (lamina cribosa, optic nerve head) at the back of the eye which cause ocular hypertension (OHT) and glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON), respectively. Despite the availability of some drugs, fluid drainage microshunts and full surgical techniques to lower and control intraocular pressure, the major modifiable biomarker of open-angle and other forms of glaucoma, their side-effect profiles, less than optimum effectiveness and short duration of action present opportunities to clinically manage the glaucomas with next generation of treatments with high therapeutic indices, including gene therapies. Thus, identification, characterization and deployment of genetic data coupled with traditional drug discovery and novel gene replacement, gene editing and genetic engineering technologies may provide some solutions to the aforementioned problems. These aspects will be discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Eye-APC Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169856, Singapore; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, W2 1PG, UK; Imperial College of Science and Technology, St. Mary's Campus, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, 77004, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, 169856, Singapore; Global Research & Development, Nanoscope Therapeutics Inc., Dallas, TX 75207, USA.
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Ayala M. Estimating functions for visual field progression in newly diagnosed exfoliation glaucoma patients in Sweden. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20979. [PMID: 38017090 PMCID: PMC10684494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether glaucoma progression was linear or not in newly diagnosed exfoliation glaucoma patients. A total of 96 patients with newly diagnosed exfoliation glaucoma were included. These patients were required to undergo at least seven visual field tests within 3 years (± 1 month), and all were treated at the time of inclusion. The study was a non-randomized, prospective cohort study. The outcome of the study was visual field progression. Progression was assessed based on mean deviation (MD), visual field index (VFI), and "Guided Progression Analysis". The MD and VFI values were plotted against time, and distribution and curve fit were calculated. The results showed that the general rate of progression of the cohort was - 3.84 (± 2.61) dB for the MD values and 9.66 (± 6.25)% for the VFI values over 3 years. The best-fitted curve for MD and VFI values in the 36 months period was significant for both linear and exponential curves (p ≤ 0.001; p ≤ 0.001). However, in the MD group, the F and the R2 values were higher for exponential than for linear function (linear: F = 42.60, R2 = 0.059; exponential: F = 53.26, R2 = 0.073). The opposite results were found among VFI values. The F and the R2 values were slightly better for linear than for exponential (linear: F = 37.22, R2 = 0.052; exponential: F = 35.55, R2 = 0.050). In conclusion, the study found that visual field progression between diagnosis and 18 months seemed to be exponential. However, after 18 months, the IOP reduction effects probably ameliorated progression, making the curve linear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ayala
- Eye Department, Skaraborg Hospital, Skövde, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University & Karolinska Institute, 541 85, Skövde, Sweden.
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Gustavsson ST, Enz TJ, Tribble JR, Nilsson M, Lindqvist A, Lindén C, Hagström A, Rutigliani C, Lardner E, Stålhammar G, Williams PA, Jóhannesson G. Nicotinamide Prevents Retinal Vascular Dropout in a Rat Model of Ocular Hypertension and Supports Ocular Blood Supply in Glaucoma Patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:34. [PMID: 38010699 PMCID: PMC10683769 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.14.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether nicotinamide (NAM) modulates retinal vasculature in glaucoma. Methods This was a prospective controlled clinical trial investigating animal and human histopathology. Participants included normotensive and ocular hypertensive rats, postmortem human ocular tissue, glaucoma patients (n = 90), and healthy controls (n = 30). The study utilized histopathology, computer-assisted retinal vasculature analysis, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), and NAM treatment. The main outcome measures included retinal vascular parameters in rats as assessed by AngioTool; retinal vasculature integrity in rats and humans as assessed by histopathology, antibody-staining, and ImageJ-based measurements; and retinal perfusion density (PD) and flux index in humans as assessed by OCTA. Results A number of vessel parameters were altered in ocular hypertension/glaucoma compared to healthy controls. NAM treatment improved the retinal vasculature in ocular hypertensive rats, with an increase in mean vessel area, percentage area covered by vessels, total vessel length, total junctions, and junction density as assessed by AngioTool (all P < 0.05); vessel wall integrity as assessed by VE-cadherin antibody staining was also improved (P < 0.01). In humans, as assessed by OCTA, increases in PD in the optic nerve head and macula complete image (0.7%, P = 0.04 and 1.0%, P = 0.002, respectively) in healthy controls, and an increase in the temporal quadrant of the macula (0.7%, P = 0.02) in glaucoma patients was seen after NAM treatment. Conclusions NAM can prevent retinal vascular damage in an animal model of glaucoma. After NAM treatment, glaucoma patients and healthy controls demonstrated a small increase in retinal vessel parameters as assessed by OCTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T. Gustavsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tim J. Enz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - James R. Tribble
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christina Lindén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Hagström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carola Rutigliani
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Lardner
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustav Stålhammar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pete A. Williams
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gauti Jóhannesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iceland, Iceland
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Dai J, Suo L, Xian H, Pan Z, Zhang C. Investigating the Impact of Sun/UV Protection and Ease of Skin Tanning on the Risk of Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:4. [PMID: 37788000 PMCID: PMC10552876 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.13.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the potential causal associations between the use of sun/ultraviolet (UV) protection and ease of skin tanning and the risk of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) in European populations. Methods Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the use of sun/UV protection and ease of skin tanning were selected from the UK Biobank genome-wide association study database consisting of 498,751 European participants. SNPs of PXG were obtained from the FinnGen study including 3424 PXG cases and 326,434 controls. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed to assess the association between the use of sun/UV protection and ease of skin tanning and risk of PXG. Results Inverse variance weighted regression of genetic susceptibility predicted that both use of sun/UV protection and ease of skin tanning were potentially positively associated with the decreased risk of PXG in the European ancestry (use of sun/UV protection: odds ratio [OR] = 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24-0.92; P = 0.028; ease of skin tanning: OR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67-0.97; P = 0.025). Conclusions We found genetic evidence supporting a potential causal association between UV protection and a decreased risk of PXG in European population. Further research will help elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote UV protection for eyes, especially in people with a high risk of PXG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lingge Suo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haocheng Xian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Eye Center, Beijing, China
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Sharif NA. Elevated Intraocular Pressure and Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy: Genes to Disease Mechanisms, Therapeutic Drugs, and Gene Therapies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:870. [PMID: 37375817 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article focuses on the pathogenesis of and genetic defects linked with chronic ocular hypertension (cOHT) and glaucoma. The latter ocular disease constitutes a group of ocular degenerative diseases whose hallmark features are damage to the optic nerve, apoptotic demise of retinal ganglion cells, disturbances within the brain regions involved in visual perception and considerable visual impairment that can lead to blindness. Even though a number of pharmaceuticals, surgical and device-based treatments already exist addressing cOHT associated with the most prevalent of the glaucoma types, primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), they can be improved upon in terms of superior efficacy with reduced side-effects and with longer duration of activity. The linkage of disease pathology to certain genes via genome-wide associated studies are illuminating new approaches to finding novel treatment options for the aforementioned ocular disorders. Gene replacement, gene editing via CRISPR-Cas9, and the use of optogenetic technologies may replace traditional drug-based therapies and/or they may augment existing therapeutics for the treatment of cOHT and POAG in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Eye-APC Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Imperial College of Science and Technology, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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13
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Roodnat AW, Callaghan B, Doyle C, Henry M, Goljanek-Whysall K, Simpson DA, Sheridan C, Atkinson SD, Willoughby CE. Genome-Wide RNA Sequencing of Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells Treated with TGF-β1: Relevance to Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1693. [PMID: 36421707 PMCID: PMC9687758 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (XFG) is an aggressive form of secondary open angle glaucoma, characterised by the production of exfoliation material and is estimated to affect 30 million people worldwide. Activation of the TGF-β pathway by TGF-β1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. To further investigate the role of TGF-β1 in glaucomatous changes in the trabecular meshwork (TM), we used RNA-Seq to determine TGF-β1 induced changes in the transcriptome of normal human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells. The main purpose of this study was to perform a hypothesis-independent RNA sequencing analysis to investigate genome-wide alterations in the transcriptome of normal HTMs stimulated with TGF-β1 and investigate possible pathophysiological mechanisms driving XFG. Our results identified multiple differentially expressed genes including several genes known to be present in exfoliation material. Significantly altered pathways, biological processes and molecular functions included extracellular matrix remodelling, Hippo and Wnt pathways, the unfolded protein response, oxidative stress, and the antioxidant system. This cellular model of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma can provide insight into disease pathogenesis and support the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton W. Roodnat
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine Campus, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
- Personalised Medicine Centre, Ulster University, Londonderry BT47 6SB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Breedge Callaghan
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine Campus, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Chelsey Doyle
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine Campus, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Megan Henry
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine Campus, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Katarzyna Goljanek-Whysall
- School of Medicine, Physiology, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, England, UK
| | - David A. Simpson
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Carl Sheridan
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, England, UK
| | - Sarah D. Atkinson
- Personalised Medicine Centre, Ulster University, Londonderry BT47 6SB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Colin E. Willoughby
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine Campus, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, England, UK
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14
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Huang JJ, Geduldig JE, Jacobs EB, Tai TYT, Ahmad S, Chadha N, Buxton DF, Vinod K, Wirostko BM, Kang JH, Wiggs JL, Ritch R, Pasquale LR. Head and Neck Region Dermatological Ultraviolet-Related Cancers are Associated with Exfoliation Syndrome in a Clinic-Based Population. Ophthalmol Glaucoma 2022; 5:663-671. [PMID: 35470101 PMCID: PMC9587131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogla.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the relationship between ultraviolet (UV)-associated dermatological carcinomas (basal cell carcinoma [BCC] and squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]) and exfoliation syndrome (XFS) or exfoliation glaucoma (XFG). DESIGN Case-control study. PARTICIPANTS Between 2019 and 2021, 321 participants and control subjects (XFS or XFG = 98; primary open-angle glaucoma [POAG] = 117; controls = 106; ages 50-90 years) were recruited. METHODS A cross-sectional survey assessing medical history, maximum known intraocular pressure, cup-to-disc ratio, Humphrey visual field 24-2, the propensity to tan or burn in early life, history of BCC or SCC, and XFS or XFG diagnosis. The multivariable models adjusted for age, sex, medical history, eye color, hair color, and likeliness of tanning versus burning at a young age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES History of diagnosed XFS or XFG. RESULTS Any history of BCC or SCC in the head and neck region was associated with a 2-fold higher risk of having XFS or XFG versus having POAG or being a control subject (odds ratio [OR], 2.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-3.89) in a multivariable-adjusted analysis. We observed a dose-response association in which the chance of having XFS or XFG increased by 67% per head and neck BCC or SCC occurrence (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.09-2.56). When we excluded POAG participants, head and neck BCC or SCC was associated with a 2.8-fold higher risk of XFS or XFG (OR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.12-7.02), and each additional occurrence had a 2-fold higher risk of XFS or XFG (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.09-3.58). The association between head and neck region BCC or SCC and POAG compared with the control subjects was null (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 0.58-3.48). With BCC or SCC located anywhere on the body, there was a nonsignificantly higher risk of having XFS or XFG compared with having POAG or being a control subject (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 0.88-3.09). CONCLUSIONS Head and neck region BCCs or SCCs are associated with a higher risk of having XFS or XFG. These findings support prior evidence that head and neck UV exposure may be a risk factor for XFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff J Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Jack E Geduldig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Erica B Jacobs
- New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Tak Yee T Tai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sumayya Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nisha Chadha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Douglas F Buxton
- New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kateki Vinod
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Jae H Kang
- Channing Division of Network of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Ritch
- New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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15
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Kapuganti RS, Mohanty PP, Alone DP. Quantitative analysis of circulating levels of vimentin, clusterin and fibulin-5 in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2022; 224:109236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Kadoh Y, Takayanagi Y, Sasaki J, Tanito M. Fingertip-Measured Skin Carotenoids and Advanced Glycation End Product Levels in Glaucoma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061138. [PMID: 35740035 PMCID: PMC9220224 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids have antioxidant properties, and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is associated with reactive oxygen species production; they have attracted attention as factors predictive of the onset and progression in glaucoma. Fingertip measurement is applicable for carotenoids and AGEs due to its noninvasiveness and simplicity. The study included 663 eyes of 663 Japanese subjects (357 males, 306 females). The mean age was 69.9 years with a standard deviation of 11.0. The study population comprised participants with primary open-angle glaucoma (PG) (n = 358), exfoliation glaucoma (EG) (n = 168), and controls (n = 137). Multivariate models suggested that lower skin carotenoid (SC) levels were associated with male gender (standard β = −0.14), AGE scores (−0.24), and a history of intraocular surgery (−0.22). Higher SC levels were associated with higher vegetable intake scores (0.21 for score 3) and diabetes (0.10). However, no association was seen between SCs and glaucoma type. AGEs levels were negatively associated with carotenoid scores (−0.25), PG (−0.15), and smoking habits (−0.26) and positively correlated with EG (0.14). SCs and AGEs were negatively correlated in the single regression analysis (r = −0.20, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, higher levels of AGEs may be candidates for systemic biomarkers of glaucoma associated with the exfoliation syndrome. SC levels can reflect self-reported daily vegetable intake.
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17
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Behera G, Kaliaperumal S. Commentary: The genetics of pseudoexfoliation syndrome/glaucoma. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:2028-2029. [PMID: 35647974 PMCID: PMC9359298 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_30_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Behera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Subashini Kaliaperumal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
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18
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Zenkel M, Hoja U, Gießl A, Berner D, Hohberger B, Weller JM, König L, Hübner L, Ostermann TA, Gusek-Schneider GC, Kruse FE, Pasutto F, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U. Dysregulated Retinoic Acid Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115977. [PMID: 35682657 PMCID: PMC9180992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome, a stress-induced fibrotic matrix process, is the most common recognizable cause of open-angle glaucoma worldwide. The recent identification of PEX-associated gene variants uncovered the vitamin A metabolic pathway as a factor influencing the risk of disease. In this study, we analyzed the role of the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway in the PEX-associated matrix metabolism and evaluated its targeting as a potential candidate for an anti-fibrotic intervention. We provided evidence that decreased expression levels of RA pathway components and diminished RA signaling activity occur in an antagonistic crosstalk with TGF-β1/Smad signaling in ocular tissues and cells from PEX patients when compared with age-matched controls. Genetic and pharmacologic modes of RA pathway inhibition induced the expression and production of PEX-associated matrix components by disease-relevant cell culture models in vitro. Conversely, RA signaling pathway activation by natural and synthetic retinoids was able to suppress PEX-associated matrix production and formation of microfibrillar networks via antagonization of Smad-dependent TGF-β1 signaling. The findings indicate that deficient RA signaling in conjunction with hyperactivated TGF-β1/Smad signaling is a driver of PEX-associated fibrosis, and that restoration of RA signaling may be a promising strategy for anti-fibrotic intervention in patients with PEX syndrome and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Zenkel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Ursula Hoja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Andreas Gießl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Daniel Berner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
- Genetikum, 89231 Neu-Ulm, Germany
| | - Bettina Hohberger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Julia M. Weller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Loretta König
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Lisa Hübner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Thomas A. Ostermann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Gabriele C. Gusek-Schneider
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Friedrich E. Kruse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Francesca Pasutto
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Ursula Schlötzer-Schrehardt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-8534433; Fax: +49-9131-8534631
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Cleavage of LOXL1 by BMP1 and ADAMTS14 Proteases Suggests a Role for Proteolytic Processing in the Regulation of LOXL1 Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063285. [PMID: 35328709 PMCID: PMC8951505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family catalyze the oxidative deamination of lysine and hydroxylysine residues in collagen and elastin in the initiation step of the formation of covalent cross-links, an essential process for connective tissue maturation. Proteolysis has emerged as an important level of regulation of LOX enzymes with the cleavage of the LOX isoform by metalloproteinases of the BMP1 (bone morphogenetic protein 1) and ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) families as a model example. Lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1), an isoform associated with pelvic organ prolapse and pseudoexfoliation (PEX) glaucoma, has also been reported to be proteolytically processed by these proteases. However, precise molecular information on these proteolytic events is not available. In this study, using genetic cellular models, along with proteomic analyses, we describe that LOXL1 is processed by BMP1 and ADAMTS14 and identify the processing sites in the LOXL1 protein sequence. Our data show that BMP1 cleaves LOXL1 in a unique location within the pro-peptide region, whereas ADAMTS14 processes LOXL1 in at least three different sites located within the pro-peptide and in the first residues of the catalytic domain. Taken together, these results suggest a complex regulation of LOXL1 function by BMP1- and ADAMTS14-mediated proteolysis where LOXL1 enzymes retaining variable fragments of N-terminal region may display different capabilities.
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20
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Mullany S, Marshall H, Zhou T, Thomson D, Schmidt JM, Qassim A, Knight LSW, Hollitt G, Berry EC, Nguyen T, To MS, Dimasi D, Kuot A, Dubowsky J, Fogarty R, Sun M, Chehade L, Kuruvilla S, Supramaniam D, Breen J, Sharma S, Landers J, Lake S, Mills RA, Hassall MM, Chan WO, Klebe S, Souzeau E, Siggs OM, Craig JE. RNA Sequencing of Lens Capsular Epithelium Implicates Novel Pathways in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:26. [PMID: 35348588 PMCID: PMC8982629 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.3.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is a common systemic disease that results in severe and often irreversible vision loss. Despite considerable research effort, PEX remains incompletely understood. This study sought to perform the first RNAseq study in elucidate the pathophysiology of PEX, and contribute a publicly available transcriptomic data resource for future research. Methods Human ocular lens capsular epithelium samples were collected from 25 patients with PEX and 39 non-PEX controls undergoing cataract surgery. RNA extracted from these specimens was subjected to polyadenylated (mRNA) selection and deep bulk RNA sequencing. Differential expression analysis investigated protein-coding gene transcripts. Exploratory analyses used pathway analysis tools, and curated class- and disease-specific gene sets. Results Differential expression analysis demonstrated that 2882 genes were differentially expressed according to PEX status. Genes associated with viral gene expression pathways were among the most upregulated, alongside genes encoding ribosomal and mitochondrial respiratory transport chain proteins. Cell adhesion protein transcripts including type 4 collagen subunits were downregulated. Conclusions This comparative transcriptomic dataset highlights novel and previously recognized pathogenic pathways in PEX and provides the first comprehensive transcriptomic resource, adding an additional layer to build further understanding of PEX pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Mullany
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Henry Marshall
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tiger Zhou
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Daniel Thomson
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Joshua M Schmidt
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ayub Qassim
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lachlan S W Knight
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Georgina Hollitt
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ella C Berry
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Thi Nguyen
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Minh-Son To
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David Dimasi
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Abraham Kuot
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Joshua Dubowsky
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rhys Fogarty
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michelle Sun
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Luke Chehade
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shilpa Kuruvilla
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Devaraj Supramaniam
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - James Breen
- SAHMRI Bioinformatics Core, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shiwani Sharma
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John Landers
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stewart Lake
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Richard A Mills
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mark M Hassall
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Weng O Chan
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sonja Klebe
- Flinders Department of Pathology, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Souzeau
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Owen M Siggs
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jamie E Craig
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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21
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Keller KE, Peters DM. Pathogenesis of glaucoma: Extracellular matrix dysfunction in the trabecular meshwork-A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 50:163-182. [PMID: 35037377 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The trabecular meshwork regulates aqueous humour outflow from the anterior chamber of the eye. It does this by establishing a tunable outflow resistance, defined by the interplay between cells and their extracellular matrix (ECM) milieu, and the molecular interactions between ECM proteins. During normal tissue homeostasis, the ECM is remodelled and trabecular cell behaviour is modified, permitting increased aqueous fluid outflow to maintain intraocular pressure (IOP) within a relatively narrow physiological pressure. Dysfunction in the normal homeostatic process leads to increased outflow resistance and elevated IOP, which is a primary risk factor for glaucoma. This review delineates some of the changes in the ECM that lead to gross as well as some more subtle changes in the structure and function of the ECM, and their impact on trabecular cell behaviour. These changes are discussed in the context of outflow resistance and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Keller
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Donna M Peters
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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22
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Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography Analysis of a Selected Eye's Anterior Segment Parameters in Patients with Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11010268. [PMID: 35012009 PMCID: PMC8745779 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is a systemic, age-related disorder characterized by the production and accumulation of pseudoexfoliation material. To date, detailed characteristics have not been published regarding the iridocorneal angle and cornea in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome determined through swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Methods: A total of 150 eyes of patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (ages 69–86 years) and 166 eyes in a control group (ages 54–79 years) were analyzed. Results: The central corneal thickness in the PEX group was 549.56 μm and was slightly (insignificantly) higher than that of the control group (540.56 µm). The anterior chamber of the eye was visibly shallower in patients with PEX syndrome than in those of the control group (2.49 mm vs. 3.07 mm; p < 0.001). The Fourier analysis parameters of the cornea showed multiple differences between the PEX and control groups. With respect to iris area, the parameters showed statistically significant differences between the PEX and control groups in all four quadrants of the eye. No statistical significance was found in the PEX group for the iridocorneal angle parameters, or corneal and lens parameters depending on gender and age. Conclusions: PEX syndrome is characterized by a significant impact on the anterior eye segment, including higher anterior and posterior keratometric values, lower anterior chamber depth, higher iris thickness, and narrower angle parameters. The characteristic anterior eye segment features of PEX syndrome can be detected using SS-OCT, which could potentially assist clinicians in properly managing the disease.
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23
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Tanito M. Reported evidence of vitamin E protection against cataract and glaucoma. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 177:100-119. [PMID: 34695546 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cataract and glaucoma are the major causes of severe visual loss and blindness in older adults. This review article describes the currently available basic and clinical evidence regarding vitamin E protection against these eye diseases in the chronologic order of the publications. Experimental evidence has suggested both that oxidative stress due to the accumulation of free radicals plays a role in the pathogenesis of cataracts and glaucoma and that the process can be prevented or ameliorated by vitamin E. The results of observational studies have been inconsistent regarding the association between blood vitamin E levels and the risk of age-related cataract or glaucoma. Despite the encouraging effects of vitamin E from case series, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies in humans, the effects on cataract formation and/or progression have not been consistent among prospective and randomized control studies; few randomized control studies have tested the effects of supplemental vitamin E on glaucoma development or progression. Given the high prevalence of cataract and glaucoma in the elderly population, even a modest reduction in the risk for these eye diseases would potentially have a substantial public health impact; however, the potential benefits of vitamin E on cataract or glaucoma remain inconclusive and need to be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Tanito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.
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24
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De Maria A, Zientek KD, David LL, Wilmarth PA, Bhorade AM, Harocopos GJ, Huang AJW, Hong AR, Siegfried CJ, Tsai LM, Sheybani A, Bassnett S. Compositional Analysis of Extracellular Aggregates in the Eyes of Patients With Exfoliation Syndrome and Exfoliation Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:27. [PMID: 34964803 PMCID: PMC8740535 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.15.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is a condition characterized by the production of insoluble fibrillar aggregates (exfoliation material; XFM) in the eye and elsewhere. Many patients with XFS progress to exfoliation glaucoma (XFG), a significant cause of global blindness. We used quantitative mass spectrometry to analyze the composition of XFM in lens capsule specimens and in aqueous humor (AH) samples from patients with XFS, patients with XFG and unaffected individuals. Methods Pieces of lens capsule and samples of AH were obtained with consent from patients undergoing cataract surgery. Tryptic digests of capsule or AH were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and relative differences between samples were quantified using the tandem mass tag technique. The distribution of XFM on the capsular surface was visualized by SEM and super-resolution light microscopy. Results A small set of proteins was consistently upregulated in capsule samples from patients with XFS and patients with XFG, including microfibril components fibrillin-1, latent transforming growth factor-β–binding protein-2 and latent transforming growth factor-β–binding protein-3. Lysyl oxidase-like 1, a cross-linking enzyme associated with XFS in genetic studies, was an abundant XFM constituent. Ligands of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily were prominent, including LEFTY2, a protein best known for its role in establishing the embryonic body axis. Elevated levels of LEFTY2 were also detected in AH from patients with XFG, a finding confirmed subsequently by ELISA. Conclusions This analysis verified the presence of suspected XFM proteins and identified novel components. Quantitative comparisons between patient samples revealed a consistent XFM proteome characterized by strong expression of fibrillin-1, lysyl oxidase-like-1, and LEFTY2. Elevated levels of LEFTY2 in the AH of patients with XFG may serve as a biomarker for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia De Maria
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Keith D Zientek
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Larry L David
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Phillip A Wilmarth
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Anjali M Bhorade
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - George J Harocopos
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Andrew J W Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Augustine R Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Carla J Siegfried
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Linda M Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Arsham Sheybani
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Steven Bassnett
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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25
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Aslan F, Şahinoğlu-Keşkek N, Altındal EU. Effect of pseudoexfoliation syndrome on lamina cribrosa morphology after uneventful phacoemulsification. Int Ophthalmol 2021; 42:805-815. [PMID: 34609671 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-02046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the behavior of the lamina cribrosa (LC) following successful phacoemulsification (PE) surgery in non-glaucomatous PXS cases with cataract. METHODS A total of 25 bilateral PXS and 56 non-PXS cataract patients were included in this prospective, interventional, and controlled study. The lamina cribrosa thickness (LCt) and anterior laminar depth (ALD) were measured horizontally and vertically from two sections using EDI-OCT. The measurements were taken preoperatively, and the LCt and ALD measurements were repeated at week one (W1), month one (M1), month two (M2), and month three (M3) postoperatively. RESULTS The baseline horizontal and vertical LCt values were found to be significantly thinner in the PXS group (p = 0.001, p = 0.006 respectively). The horizontal section ALD values were 463.32 ± 98.82 µm and 383.88 ± 85.8 µm (p < 0.001) for the PXS and non-PXS groups, respectively, and this significance continued during follow-up. The vertical ALD values were 469.64 ± 117.83 µm and 390.3 ± 98.1 µm (p = 0.002) in the PXS and non-PXS groups, respectively. There was no significant change in the PXS group for the depth following PE, but a statistically significant depth increase response was observed in the non-PXS group during follow-up. CONCLUSION It is possible to conclude that the bending capacity of the lamina cribrosa may be lower than seen in the normal population, but we do not know how this lack of flexibility will affect the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Aslan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Alaaddin Keykubat University Education and Research Hospital, 07400, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Nedime Şahinoğlu-Keşkek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Alaaddin Keykubat University Education and Research Hospital, 07400, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Emin Utku Altındal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Alaaddin Keykubat University Education and Research Hospital, 07400, Antalya, Turkey
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26
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Ayala M, Zetterberg M, Skoog I, Zettergren A. Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Located in LOXL1 with Exfoliation Glaucoma in Southwestern Sweden. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091384. [PMID: 34573365 PMCID: PMC8468303 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy that leads to visual field defects. Genetic mechanisms seem to be involved in glaucoma development. Lysyl Oxidase Like 1 (LOXL1) has been described in previous studies as a predictor factor for exfoliation glaucoma. The present article studied the association between three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the LOXL1 gene and the presence of exfoliation glaucoma in Southwestern Sweden. Methods: Case-control study for genetic association. In total, 136 patients and 1011 controls were included in the study. Patients with exfoliation glaucoma were recruited at the Eye Department of Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Skaraborgs Hospital, Sweden. Controls were recruited from the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Study. Three different SNPs were genotyped: LOXL1_rs3825942, LOXL1_rs2165241 and LOXL1_rs1048661. Results: The distribution of allele frequencies was significantly different between controls and glaucoma patients; for rs3825942 (p = 2 × 10−12), for rs2165241 (p = 3 × 10−16) and for rs1048661 (p = 2 × 10−6). Logistic regression analyses using an additive genetic model, adjusted for sex and age, also showed associations between the studied SNPs and glaucoma (p = 9 × 10−6; p = 2 × 10−14; p = 1 × 10−4). Conclusion: A strong association was found between allele frequencies of three different SNPs (LOXL1_rs3825942, LOXL1_rs2165241, and LOXL1_rs1048661) and the presence of exfoliation glaucoma in a Southwestern Swedish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ayala
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Eye Department, Region Västra Götaland, Skaraborg Hospital/Skövde, 54142 Skövde, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-500-431-000
| | - Madeleine Zetterberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 43130 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Skoog
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Anna Zettergren
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
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27
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Hohberger B, Schlötzer-Schrehard U, Mardin C, Lämmer R, Munoz L, Kunze R, Herrmann M, Wallukat G. Inhibitory and Agonistic Autoantibodies Directed Against the β 2-Adrenergic Receptor in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome and Glaucoma. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:676579. [PMID: 34421514 PMCID: PMC8377674 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.676579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEXS) and glaucoma (PEXG) are assumed to be caused by a generalized elastosis leading to the accumulation of PEX material in ocular as well as in extraocular tissues. The exact pathophysiology of PEXS is still elusive. PEXG, the most common type of secondary open-angle glaucoma (OAG), is characterized by large peaks of intraocular pressure (IOP) with a progressive loss of the visual field. Agonistic autoantibodies (agAAbs) against the β2-adrenergic receptor (AR) have been shown to be present in sera of patients with primary and secondary OAG and ocular hypertension and are seemingly linked to IOP. In the present study, we investigated the autoantibodies directed against the β2-AR in sera of patients with PEXS and PEXG. We recruited 15, 10, and 15 patients with PEXG, PEXS, and primary OAG, respectively. Ten healthy individuals served as controls. All patients underwent standard ophthalmological examination with Octopus G1 perimetry. agAAbs prepared from serum samples were analyzed in a rat cardiomyocyte-based bioassay for the presence of agAAbs. We identified the interacting loop of the β2-AR and the immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses using synthetic peptides corresponding to the extracellular loops of the receptors and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. None of the controls were β2-agAAb-positive (0.2 ± 0.5 U). No β2-agAAbs (0.2 ± 0.4 U), but inhibitory β2-AAbs were observed in 80% of the patients that partially blocked the drug-induced β2-adrenergic stimulation; 5.8 ± 1.7 U vs. 11.1 ± 0.9 U for clenbuterol in the absence and the presence of sera from patients with PEXS, respectively. Epitope analyses identified the third extracellular loop of the β2-AR as the target of the inhibitory β2-AAbs, being of IgG3 subtype in PEXS patients. In contrast, patients with PEXG showed β2-agAAbs (5.6 ± 0.9 U), but no inhibitory ones. The β2-agAAbs levels of patients with PEXG and primary OAG patients (3.9 ± 2.8 U; p > 0.05) were at a similar level. In two cases of PEXG, the β2-agAAbs exert synergistic effects with clenbuterol. The activity increased from 11.5 ± 0.3 (clenbuterol only) to 16.3 ± 0.9 U. As autoimmune mechanisms were reportedly involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, agonistic and inhibitory β2-AAbs seem to be a part of this multifactorial interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hohberger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Mardin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Lämmer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luis Munoz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kunze
- Science Office, Berlin-Buch, Campus Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Institute of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Faranda AP, Shihan MH, Wang Y, Duncan MK. The aging mouse lens transcriptome. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108663. [PMID: 34119483 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age is a major risk factor for cataract (ARC). However, the influence of aging on the lens transcriptome is under studied. Lens epithelial (LEC) and fiber cells (LFC) were isolated from young (3 month old) and aged (24 month old) C57BL/6J mice, and the transcriptome elucidated via RNAseq. EdgeR estimated differential gene expression in pairwise contrasts, and Advaita's Ipathway guide and custom R scripts were used to evaluate the potential biological significance of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). This analysis revealed age-dependent decreases in lens differentiation marker expression in both LECs and LFCs, with gamma crystallin transcripts downregulating nearly 50 fold in aged LFCs. The expression of the transcription factors Hsf4 and Maf, which are known to activate lens fiber cell preferred genes, are downregulated, while FoxE3, which represses gamma crystallin expression, is upregulated in aged fibers. Aged LECs upregulate genes controlling the immune response, complement pathways, and cellular stress responses, including glutathione peroxidase 3 (Gpx3). Aged LFCs exhibit broad changes in the expression of genes regulating cell communication, and upregulate genes involved in antigen processing/presentation and cholesterol metabolism, while changes in the expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain genes are consistent with mitochondrial stress, including upregulation of NDufa4l2, which encodes an alternate electron transport chain protein. However, age did not profoundly affect the response of LECs to injury as both young and aged LECs upregulate inflammatory gene signatures at 24 h post injury to similar extents. These RNAseq profiles provide a rich data set that can be mined to understand the genetic regulation of lens aging and how this impinges on the pathophysiology of age related cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Faranda
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Delaware Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Mahbubul H Shihan
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Delaware Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Delaware Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Melinda K Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Delaware Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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