1
|
Hopf JK, Quennessen V, Ridgway J, Barceló C, Caltabellotta FP, Farnsworth Hayroyan S, Garcia D, McLeod M, Lester SE, Nickols K, Yeager M, White JW. Ecological success of no-take marine protected areas: Using population dynamics theory to inform a global meta-analysis. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024:e3027. [PMID: 39256998 DOI: 10.1002/eap.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Adaptively managing marine protected areas (MPAs) requires accurately assessing whether established MPAs are achieving their goals of protecting and conserving biomass, especially for harvested populations. Ecological MPA assessments commonly compare inside of the MPA to a reference point outside of and/or before implementation (i.e., calculating "response ratios"). Yet, MPAs are not simple ecological experiments; by design, protected populations interact with those outside, and population dynamic responses can be nonlinear. This complicates assessment interpretations. Here, we used a two-patch population model to explore how MPA response ratios (outside-inside, before-after, and before-after-control-impact [BACI]) for fished populations behave under different conditions, like whether the population is receiving a sustainable larval supply or if it is declining despite protection from harvest. We then conducted a Bayesian evaluation of MPA effects on fish and invertebrate populations based on data collected from 82 published studies on 264 no-take MPAs worldwide, using the results of an earlier global meta-analysis as priors. We considered the effects of calculating different summary metrics on these results, drawing on the theoretical insights from our population model as a comparative framework. We demonstrate that not all response ratio comparison types provide the same information: For example, outside-inside and BACI comparisons can fail to detect population decline within MPAs, whereas before-after comparisons likely detect that pattern. Considering these limitations, we nonetheless found that MPAs globally are producing positive outcomes, with on average greater biomass, density, and organism size within their boundaries than reference sites. However, only a small portion of studies (18 of 82) provided the temporal data necessary to determine that protection, on average, has led to increased abundance of populations within MPAs over time. These findings demonstrate the importance of considering the underlying system dynamics when assessing MPA effects. Assuming that large outside-inside or BACI response ratios always reflect large and net positive conservation effects may lead to misleading conclusions, we recommend that: (1) when assessing specific MPA effects, empirical findings be considered alongside theoretical knowledge relevant to that MPA system, and (2) management should respond to the local conditions and outcomes, rather than a blanket expectation for positive MPA effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jess K Hopf
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
| | - Victoria Quennessen
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
| | - Jacob Ridgway
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
| | - Caren Barceló
- Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | - Derek Garcia
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
| | - Montana McLeod
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
| | - Sarah E Lester
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Kerry Nickols
- College of Science, California State University Monterey Bay, Marina, California, USA
| | - Mallarie Yeager
- Habitat Conservation Division, Alaska Region, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Juneau, Alaska, USA
| | - J Wilson White
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sala E, Mayorga J, Bradley D, Cabral RB, Atwood TB, Auber A, Cheung W, Costello C, Ferretti F, Friedlander AM, Gaines SD, Garilao C, Goodell W, Halpern BS, Hinson A, Kaschner K, Kesner-Reyes K, Leprieur F, Lubchenco J, McGowan J, Morgan LE, Mouillot D, Palacios-Abrantes J, Possingham HP, Rechberger KD, Worm B. Reply to: Global effects of marine protected areas on food security are unknown. Nature 2023; 621:E37-E40. [PMID: 37730867 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enric Sala
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Juan Mayorga
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
- Environmental Markets Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Darcy Bradley
- Environmental Markets Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Reniel B Cabral
- Environmental Markets Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Trisha B Atwood
- Department of Watershed Sciences and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Arnaud Auber
- IFREMER, Unité Halieutique de Manche et Mer du Nord, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - William Cheung
- Changing Ocean Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Costello
- Environmental Markets Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Alan M Friedlander
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Kaneohe, HI, USA
| | - Steven D Gaines
- Environmental Markets Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Whitney Goodell
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Kaneohe, HI, USA
| | | | - Audra Hinson
- Department of Watershed Sciences and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juliano Palacios-Abrantes
- Changing Ocean Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hugh P Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science CBCS, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Boris Worm
- Ocean Frontier Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reid M, Collins ML, Hall SRJ, Mason E, McGee G, Frid A. Protecting our coast for everyone's future: Indigenous and scientific knowledge support marine spatial protections proposed by Central Coast First Nations in Pacific Canada. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Reid
- Heiltsuk Integrated Resource Management Department Haíłzaqv Nation Wágḷísḷa British Columbia Canada
| | | | | | - Ernest Mason
- Kitasoo Xai'xais Fisheries Kitasoo Xai'xais Nation Klemtu British Columbia Canada
| | - Gord McGee
- Central Coast Indigenous Resource Alliance Campbell River British Columbia Canada
| | - Alejandro Frid
- Central Coast Indigenous Resource Alliance Campbell River British Columbia Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bosch NE, Monk J, Goetze J, Wilson S, Babcock RC, Barrett N, Clough J, Currey‐Randall LM, Fairclough DV, Fisher R, Gibbons BA, Harasti D, Harvey ES, Heupel MR, Hicks JL, Holmes TH, Huveneers C, Ierodiaconou D, Jordan A, Knott NA, Malcolm HA, McLean D, Meekan M, Newman SJ, Radford B, Rees MJ, Saunders BJ, Speed CW, Travers MJ, Wakefield CB, Wernberg T, Langlois TJ. Effects of human footprint and biophysical factors on the body-size structure of fished marine species. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13807. [PMID: 34312893 PMCID: PMC9292308 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine fisheries in coastal ecosystems in many areas of the world have historically removed large-bodied individuals, potentially impairing ecosystem functioning and the long-term sustainability of fish populations. Reporting on size-based indicators that link to food-web structure can contribute to ecosystem-based management, but the application of these indicators over large (cross-ecosystem) geographical scales has been limited to either fisheries-dependent catch data or diver-based methods restricted to shallow waters (<20 m) that can misrepresent the abundance of large-bodied fished species. We obtained data on the body-size structure of 82 recreationally or commercially targeted marine demersal teleosts from 2904 deployments of baited remote underwater stereo-video (stereo-BRUV). Sampling was at up to 50 m depth and covered approximately 10,000 km of the continental shelf of Australia. Seascape relief, water depth, and human gravity (i.e., a proxy of human impacts) were the strongest predictors of the probability of occurrence of large fishes and the abundance of fishes above the minimum legal size of capture. No-take marine reserves had a positive effect on the abundance of fishes above legal size, although the effect varied across species groups. In contrast, sublegal fishes were best predicted by gradients in sea surface temperature (mean and variance). In areas of low human impact, large fishes were about three times more likely to be encountered and fishes of legal size were approximately five times more abundant. For conspicuous species groups with contrasting habitat, environmental, and biogeographic affinities, abundance of legal-size fishes typically declined as human impact increased. Our large-scale quantitative analyses highlight the combined importance of seascape complexity, regions with low human footprint, and no-take marine reserves in protecting large-bodied fishes across a broad range of species and ecosystem configurations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nestor E. Bosch
- The School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jacquomo Monk
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Jordan Goetze
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and AttractionsKensingtonWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Shaun Wilson
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and AttractionsKensingtonWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - Neville Barrett
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Jock Clough
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - David V. Fairclough
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional DevelopmentGovernment of Western AustraliaNorth BeachWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Rebecca Fisher
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceIndian Ocean Marine Research CentreCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Brooke A. Gibbons
- The School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - David Harasti
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries ResearchPort Stephens Fisheries InstituteTaylors BeachNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Euan S. Harvey
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Michelle R. Heupel
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
- Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS)University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Jamie L. Hicks
- Department for Environment and WaterMarine ScienceAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Thomas H. Holmes
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and AttractionsKensingtonWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Charlie Huveneers
- College of Science and EngineeringFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Daniel Ierodiaconou
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative EcologyDeakin UniversityWarrnamboolVictoriaAustralia
| | - Alan Jordan
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries ResearchPort Stephens Fisheries InstituteTaylors BeachNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Nathan A. Knott
- Fisheries ResearchNSW Department of Primary IndustriesCoffs HarbourNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Hamish A. Malcolm
- Fisheries ResearchNSW Department of Primary IndustriesCoffs HarbourNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Dianne McLean
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceIndian Ocean Marine Research CentreCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Mark Meekan
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceIndian Ocean Marine Research CentreCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Stephen J. Newman
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional DevelopmentGovernment of Western AustraliaNorth BeachWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Ben Radford
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceIndian Ocean Marine Research CentreCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Agriculture and EnvironmentThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Matthew J. Rees
- Fisheries ResearchNSW Department of Primary IndustriesCoffs HarbourNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Benjamin J. Saunders
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Conrad W. Speed
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceIndian Ocean Marine Research CentreCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Michael J. Travers
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional DevelopmentGovernment of Western AustraliaNorth BeachWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Corey B. Wakefield
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Department of Primary Industries and Regional DevelopmentGovernment of Western AustraliaNorth BeachWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- The School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Institute of Marine ResearchHisNorway
| | - Tim J. Langlois
- The School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- The UWA Oceans InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fontoura L, D'Agata S, Gamoyo M, Barneche DR, Luiz OJ, Madin EMP, Eggertsen L, Maina JM. Protecting connectivity promotes successful biodiversity and fisheries conservation. Science 2022; 375:336-340. [PMID: 35050678 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg4351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The global decline of coral reefs has led to calls for strategies that reconcile biodiversity conservation and fisheries benefits. Still, considerable gaps in our understanding of the spatial ecology of ecosystem services remain. We combined spatial information on larval dispersal networks and estimates of human pressure to test the importance of connectivity for ecosystem service provision. We found that reefs receiving larvae from highly connected dispersal corridors were associated with high fish species richness. Generally, larval "sinks" contained twice as much fish biomass as "sources" and exhibited greater resilience to human pressure when protected. Despite their potential to support biodiversity persistence and sustainable fisheries, up to 70% of important dispersal corridors, sinks, and source reefs remain unprotected, emphasizing the need for increased protection of networks of well-connected reefs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Fontoura
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Stephanie D'Agata
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.,Marine Programs, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA.,ENTROPIE (IRD, University of La Reunion, CNRS, University of New Caledonia, Ifremer), 97400 Saint-Denis, La Reunion c/o IUEM, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Majambo Gamoyo
- Coastal and Marine Resources Development, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Diego R Barneche
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.,Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Osmar J Luiz
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M P Madin
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Linda Eggertsen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-621 67 Visby, Sweden
| | - Joseph M Maina
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.,Centre for Environmental Law, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2019, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hamilton RJ, Lozano‐Cortés D, Bode M, Almany G, Harrison HB, Pita J, Saenz‐Agudelo P, Gereniu C, Waldie PA, Peterson N, Choat JH, Berumen ML. Larval dispersal and fishing pressure influence recruitment in a coral reef fishery. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Hamilton
- The Nature Conservancy Asia Pacific Resource Centre South Brisbane Queensland Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Diego Lozano‐Cortés
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Red Sea Research Center King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Bode
- School of Mathematical Sciences Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia
| | - Glenn R. Almany
- Laboratoire d'Excellence “CORAIL” CRIOBE USR 3278, CNRS–EPHE–UPVD Perpignan Cedex France
| | - Hugo B. Harrison
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - John Pita
- The Nature Conservancy Isabel Environmental Office Buala Solomon Islands
| | - Pablo Saenz‐Agudelo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile
| | - Collin Gereniu
- Solomon Islands National University Honiara Solomon Islands
| | - Pete A. Waldie
- The Nature Conservancy Asia Pacific Resource Centre South Brisbane Queensland Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Nate Peterson
- The Nature Conservancy Asia Pacific Resource Centre South Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - John Howard Choat
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Michael L. Berumen
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Red Sea Research Center King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Saenz-Agudelo P, Harrison HB. Stochastic nature of larval dispersal at sea. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:2197-2198. [PMID: 33887085 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The movement of individuals across landscapes remains a fundamental process in population and community ecology. All species have developed a capacity to disperse but this process remains elusive in organisms with complex life-cycles, and none more so than in the marine environment. Here, most organisms have developed a two-phased life-cycle, leaving the risky business of dispersing through the open ocean to their very small and intractable larval offspring. To this day, quantifying dispersal patterns in marine seascapes remains a significant challenge, and yet it is critical to the way we preserve marine ecosystems and the services they provide. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Catalano et al. (2021) present one of the first longitudinal studies to demonstrate the stochastic nature of larval dispersal. Their work challenges some of our current ideas about marine population connectivity and provides new methodological insights to study its temporal dimension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Saenz-Agudelo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Programme, Millennium Nucleus for the Ecology and Conservation of Temperate Mesophotic Reef Ecosystems (NUTME), Las Cruces, Chile
| | - Hugo B Harrison
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Multigenerational exposure to warming and fishing causes recruitment collapse, but size diversity and periodic cooling can aid recovery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100300118. [PMID: 33903250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100300118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming and fisheries harvest are significantly impacting wild fish stocks, yet their interactive influence on population resilience to stress remains unclear. We explored these interactive effects on early-life development and survival by experimentally manipulating the thermal and harvest regimes in 18 zebrafish (Danio rerio) populations over six consecutive generations. Warming advanced development rates across generations, but after three generations, it caused a sudden and large (30-50%) decline in recruitment. This warming impact was most severe in populations where size-selective harvesting reduced the average size of spawners. We then explored whether our observed recruitment decline could be explained by changes in egg size, early egg and larval survival, population sex ratio, and developmental costs. We found that it was most likely driven by temperature-induced shifts in embryonic development rate and fishing-induced male-biased sex ratios. Importantly, once harvest and warming were relaxed, recruitment rates rapidly recovered. Our study suggests that the effects of warming and fishing could have strong impacts on wild stock recruitment, but this may take several generations to manifest. However, resilience of wild populations may be higher if fishing preserves sufficient body size diversity, and windows of suitable temperature periodically occur.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cabral RB, Bradley D, Mayorga J, Goodell W, Friedlander AM, Sala E, Costello C, Gaines SD. A global network of marine protected areas for food. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28134-28139. [PMID: 33106411 PMCID: PMC7668080 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000174117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are conservation tools that are increasingly implemented, with growing national commitments for MPA expansion. Perhaps the greatest challenge to expanded use of MPAs is the perceived trade-off between protection and food production. Since MPAs can benefit both conservation and fisheries in areas experiencing overfishing and since overfishing is common in many coastal nations, we ask how MPAs can be designed specifically to improve fisheries yields. We assembled distribution, life history, and fisheries exploitation data for 1,338 commercially important stocks to derive an optimized network of MPAs globally. We show that strategically expanding the existing global MPA network to protect an additional 5% of the ocean could increase future catch by at least 20% via spillover, generating 9 to 12 million metric tons more food annually than in a business-as-usual world with no additional protection. Our results demonstrate how food provisioning can be a central driver of MPA design, offering a pathway to strategically conserve ocean areas while securing seafood for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reniel B Cabral
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117;
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
| | - Darcy Bradley
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
| | - Juan Mayorga
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC 20036
| | - Whitney Goodell
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC 20036
| | - Alan M Friedlander
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC 20036
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744
| | - Enric Sala
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC 20036
| | - Christopher Costello
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
| | - Steven D Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
A connectivity portfolio effect stabilizes marine reserve performance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:25595-25600. [PMID: 32989139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920580117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-managed and enforced no-take marine reserves generate important larval subsidies to neighboring habitats and thereby contribute to the long-term sustainability of fisheries. However, larval dispersal patterns are variable, which leads to temporal fluctuations in the contribution of a single reserve to the replenishment of local populations. Identifying management strategies that mitigate the uncertainty in larval supply will help ensure the stability of recruitment dynamics and minimize the volatility in fishery catches. Here, we use genetic parentage analysis to show extreme variability in both the dispersal patterns and recruitment contribution of four individual marine reserves across six discrete recruitment cohorts for coral grouper (Plectropomus maculatus) on the Great Barrier Reef. Together, however, the asynchronous contributions from multiple reserves create temporal stability in recruitment via a connectivity portfolio effect. This dampening effect reduces the variability in larval supply from individual reserves by a factor of 1.8, which effectively halves the uncertainty in the recruitment contribution of individual reserves. Thus, not only does the network of four marine reserves generate valuable larval subsidies to neighboring habitats, the aggregate effect of individual reserves mitigates temporal fluctuations in dispersal patterns and the replenishment of local populations. Our results indicate that small networks of marine reserves yield previously unrecognized stabilizing benefits that ensure a consistent larval supply to replenish exploited fish stocks.
Collapse
|
11
|
Exploitation may influence the climate resilience of fish populations through removing high performance metabolic phenotypes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11437. [PMID: 31391481 PMCID: PMC6685998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological rates and processes underpin the relationships between ectothermic organisms, such as fish, and their environment. The response and persistence of fish populations in an increasingly variable ocean is dependent on the distribution and diversity of physiological phenotypes. Growing evidence suggests that fisheries exploitation can selectively target certain physiological and behavioural phenotypes, which may shift exploited populations to altered physiological states. Here we test if commercial fisheries have the potential to do this in a “natural laboratory” along the South African coast. We compare metabolic traits of exploited and protected populations of the fish species, Chrysoblephus laticeps, which is a major component of the South African hook and line fishery. We find that high-performance aerobic scope phenotypes are reduced in the fished population. The most likely mechanism for this finding is a positive relationship between aerobic scope and capture vulnerability in passive-gear fisheries. Our results further highlight the selective nature of capture-fisheries and suggest that exploitation has the capacity to alter climate responses of fish populations on a physiological level. Our finding also implicates how Marine Protected Areas, through harbouring individuals with a greater diversity of physiological traits, may provide greater fish response diversity to environmental variability.
Collapse
|
12
|
Bode M, Leis JM, Mason LB, Williamson DH, Harrison HB, Choukroun S, Jones GP. Successful validation of a larval dispersal model using genetic parentage data. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000380. [PMID: 31299043 PMCID: PMC6655847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Larval dispersal is a critically important yet enigmatic process in marine ecology, evolution, and conservation. Determining the distance and direction that tiny larvae travel in the open ocean continues to be a challenge. Our current understanding of larval dispersal patterns at management-relevant scales is principally and separately informed by genetic parentage data and biological-oceanographic (biophysical) models. Parentage datasets provide clear evidence of individual larval dispersal events, but their findings are spatially and temporally limited. Biophysical models offer a more complete picture of dispersal patterns at regional scales but are of uncertain accuracy. Here, we develop statistical techniques that integrate these two important sources of information on larval dispersal. We then apply these methods to an extensive genetic parentage dataset to successfully validate a high-resolution biophysical model for the economically important reef fish species Plectropomus maculatus in the southern Great Barrier Reef. Our results demonstrate that biophysical models can provide accurate descriptions of larval dispersal at spatial and temporal scales that are relevant to management. They also show that genetic parentage datasets provide enough statistical power to exclude poor biophysical models. Biophysical models that included species-specific larval behaviour provided markedly better fits to the parentage data than assuming passive behaviour, but incorrect behavioural assumptions led to worse predictions than ignoring behaviour altogether. Our approach capitalises on the complementary strengths of genetic parentage datasets and high-resolution biophysical models to produce an accurate picture of larval dispersal patterns at regional scales. The results provide essential empirical support for the use of accurately parameterised biophysical larval dispersal models in marine spatial planning and management. Our understanding of marine fish larva dispersal is currently limited by sparse data and unvalidated models; combining DNA parentage matches with an oceanographic model of fish larvae on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef allows the authors to ground-truth a vital tool for sustainably managing coral reef fisheries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bode
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeffrey M. Leis
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- The Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Luciano B. Mason
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David H. Williamson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hugo B. Harrison
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Severine Choukroun
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Geoffrey P. Jones
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jones AT, Lavery SD, Le Port A, Wang YG, Blower D, Ovenden J. Sweepstakes reproductive success is absent in a New Zealand snapper (Chrysophrus auratus) population protected from fishing despite "tiny" N e /N ratios elsewhere. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2986-2995. [PMID: 31087739 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A landmark study published in 2002 estimated a very small Ne /N ratio (around 10-5 ) in a population of pink snapper (Chrysophrys auratus, Forster, 1801) in the Hauraki Gulf in New Zealand. It epitomized the tiny Ne /N ratios (<10-3 ) reported in marine species due to the hypothesized operation of sweepstakes reproductive success (SRS). Here we re-evaluate the occurrence of SRS in marine species and the potential effect of fishing on the Ne /N ratio by studying the same species in the same region, but in a population that has been protected from fishing since 1975. We combine empirical, simulation and model-based approaches to estimate Ne (and Nb ) from genotypes of 1,044 adult fish and estimate N using recapture-probabilities. The estimated Ne /N ratio was much larger (0.33, SE: 0.14) than expected. The magnitude of estimates of population-wide variance in individual lifetime reproductive success (10-18) suggested that the sweepstakes effect was negligible in the study population. After evaluating factors that could explain the contrast between studies - experimental design, life history differences, environmental effects and the influence of exploitation on the Ne /N ratio - we conclude that the low Ne of the Hauraki Gulf population is associated with demographic instability in the harvested compared to the protected population despite circumstantial evidence that the 2002 study may have underestimated Ne . This study has broad implications for the prevailing view that reproductive success in the sea is largely driven by chance, and for genetic monitoring of populations using the Ne /N ratio and Nb .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Jones
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shane D Lavery
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Agnès Le Port
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - You-Gan Wang
- Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dean Blower
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Molecular Fisheries Laboratory and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer Ovenden
- Molecular Fisheries Laboratory and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Baetscher DS, Anderson EC, Gilbert‐Horvath EA, Malone DP, Saarman ET, Carr MH, Garza JC. Dispersal of a nearshore marine fish connects marine reserves and adjacent fished areas along an open coast. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:1611-1623. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana S. Baetscher
- Department of Ocean Sciences University of California Santa Cruz California
- Southwest Fisheries Science CenterSanta Cruz California
| | - Eric C. Anderson
- Southwest Fisheries Science CenterSanta Cruz California
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz California
| | - Elizabeth A. Gilbert‐Horvath
- Southwest Fisheries Science CenterSanta Cruz California
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz California
| | - Daniel P. Malone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz California
| | - Emily T. Saarman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz California
| | - Mark H. Carr
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz California
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz California
| | - John Carlos Garza
- Department of Ocean Sciences University of California Santa Cruz California
- Southwest Fisheries Science CenterSanta Cruz California
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz California
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Graham P. Wallis
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Crane NL, Tariel J, Caselle JE, Friedlander AM, Robertson DR, Bernardi G. Clipperton Atoll as a model to study small marine populations: Endemism and the genomic consequences of small population size. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198901. [PMID: 29949612 PMCID: PMC6021044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimating population sizes and genetic diversity are key factors to understand and predict population dynamics. Marine species have been a difficult challenge in that respect, due to the difficulty in assessing population sizes and the open nature of such populations. Small, isolated islands with endemic species offer an opportunity to groundtruth population size estimates with empirical data and investigate the genetic consequences of such small populations. Here we focus on two endemic species of reef fish, the Clipperton damselfish, Stegastes baldwini, and the Clipperton angelfish, Holacanthus limbaughi, on Clipperton Atoll, tropical eastern Pacific. Visual surveys, performed over almost two decades and four expeditions, and genetic surveys based on genomic RAD sequences, allowed us to estimate kinship and genetic diversity, as well as to compare population size estimates based on visual surveys with effective population sizes based on genetics. We found that genetic and visual estimates of population numbers were remarkably similar. S. baldwini and H. limbaughi had population sizes of approximately 800,000 and 60,000, respectively. Relatively small population sizes resulted in low genetic diversity and the presence of apparent kinship. This study emphasizes the importance of small isolated islands as models to study population dynamics of marine organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Crane
- Department of Biology, Cabrillo College, Aptos, CA, United States of America
| | - Juliette Tariel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E. Caselle
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Alan M. Friedlander
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | | | - Giacomo Bernardi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Le Port A, Montgomery JC, Smith ANH, Croucher AE, McLeod IM, Lavery SD. Temperate marine protected area provides recruitment subsidies to local fisheries. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1300. [PMID: 29046384 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of marine protected areas (MPAs) as a means of protecting exploited species and conserving biodiversity within MPA boundaries is supported by strong empirical evidence. However, the potential contribution of MPAs to fished populations beyond their boundaries is still highly controversial; empirical measures are scarce and modelling studies have produced a range of predictions, including both positive and negative effects. Using a combination of genetic parentage and relatedness analysis, we measured larval subsidies to local fisheries replenishment for Australasian snapper (Chrysophrys auratus: Sparidae) from a small (5.2 km2), well-established, temperate, coastal MPA in northern New Zealand. Adult snapper within the MPA contributed an estimated 10.6% (95% CI: 5.5-18.1%) of newly settled juveniles to surrounding areas (approx. 400 km2), with no decreasing trend in contributions up to 40 km away. Biophysical modelling of larval dispersal matched experimental data, showing larvae produced inside the MPA dispersed over a comparable distance. These results demonstrate that temperate MPAs have the potential to provide recruitment subsidies at magnitudes and spatial scales relevant to fisheries management. The validated biophysical model provides a cost-efficient opportunity to generalize these findings to other locations and climate conditions, and potentially informs the design of MPA networks for enhancing fisheries management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Le Port
- Institute of Marine Science, Leigh Marine laboratory, University of Auckland, PO Box 349, Warkworth 0941, New Zealand .,TropWATER, Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.,Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - J C Montgomery
- Institute of Marine Science, Leigh Marine laboratory, University of Auckland, PO Box 349, Warkworth 0941, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A N H Smith
- Institute of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - A E Croucher
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - I M McLeod
- TropWATER, Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - S D Lavery
- Institute of Marine Science, Leigh Marine laboratory, University of Auckland, PO Box 349, Warkworth 0941, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|