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Lu L, Ng MH, Zhou B, Luo H, Nakano T, Robertson BH, Im SW. Detection and genotyping of GBV-C/HGV variants in China. Virus Res 2001; 73:131-44. [PMID: 11172917 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(00)00231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We detected GBV-C/HGV sequences in the sera from 64 out of a total of 324 subjects in the south of China. In agreement with findings of others, we noted an especially high rate of infection among intravenous drug addicts and patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. The detection was achieved by nested PCR to amplify the 5' noncoding region (5'NCR) of the viral genome. Sequence analysis of the resulting 234 bp product revealed a total of 26 different sequences of which 25 were found to belong to the genotype G3, which is the most prevalent genotypes among Asian isolates, and one belonged to genotype G1, common among African isolates. The sequence divergence between the genotypes was largely clustered in a short variable region (V2) within the 5'NCR, and we showed that genotyping may be achieved equally well by analysis of this variable region as by the more detail analysis of the entire 5'NCR or of the entire viral genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lu
- Department of Microbiology, University Pathology Building, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital Compound, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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2
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Mison L, Hyland C, Poidinger M, Borthwick I, Faoagali J, Aeno U, Gowans E. Hepatitis G virus genotypes in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands: a possible new Pacific type identified. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 15:952-6. [PMID: 11022839 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2000.02225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis G Virus (HGV)/GB Virus-C (GBV-C) is a newly discovered RNA virus. Nucleotide sequence comparison and phylogenetic studies of the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) within the viral genome have identified at least three different types which have provisionally been classified as type 1 (West African origin), type 2 (North American origin) and type 3 (Asian origin). METHODS AND RESULTS The products of RT-PCR were sequenced by using blood donors and patients infected with HGV/GBV-C in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands to investigate the genotype distribution in this area of the world. All the Australian isolates showed strong sequence homology with type 2, while the Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands sequences were more closely related, but differ from type 3, which has previously been reported from isolates studied within Asia. CONCLUSIONS Phylogenetic analysis suggests that these latter sequences are either a new HGV/GBV-C Pacific type or a subtype of the Asian type RNA virus. Isolates homologous with type 1 were not identified in these population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mison
- Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Queensland, Brisbane.
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3
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Liang GD, Li L, Zhou GL, Fu SH, Li QP, Li FS, He HH, Jin Q, He Y, Chen BQ, Hou YD. Isolation and complete nucleotide sequence of a Chinese Sindbis-like virus. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:1347-51. [PMID: 10769078 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-5-1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with alphaviruses is common in the Chinese population. Here we report the isolation of a Sindbis-like virus from a pool of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in Xinjiang, China during an arbovirus survey. This virus, designated XJ-160, rapidly produced cytopathic effects on mosquito and hamster cells. In addition, it was lethal to neonatal mice if inoculated intracerebrally. Serologically, XJ-160 reacted with and was neutralized by an anti-Sindbis antibody. Anti-XJ-160 antibodies were found in several cohorts of Chinese subjects. The complete 11626-base nucleotide sequence of XJ-160 was determined. XJ-160 has diverged significantly from the prototype Sindbis virus, with an 18% difference in nucleotide sequence and an 8.6% difference in amino acids; there are 11 deletions and 2 insertions, involving 99 nucleotides in total. XJ-160 is most closely linked to Kyzylagach virus isolated in Azerbaijan. Both belong to the African/European genetic lineage of Sindbis virus, albeit more distantly related to other members.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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4
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Giménez-Barcons M, Sánchez-Fueyo A, Ampurdanés S, Puig-Basagoiti F, Guilera M, Ibáñez A, Clotet B, Martínez MA, Rodés J, Saiz JC, Sánchez-Tapias JM. Genetic evolution of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) under interferon pressure. Antiviral Res 2000; 46:157-70. [PMID: 10854667 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(00)00079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology and clinical features of chronic GBV-C/HGV infection have largely been explored, but there is little information about the mechanisms enabling GBV-C/HGV to cause persistent infection. Since analysis of the genomic variation of GBV-C/HGV under interferon pressure might provide some insight into this issue, we analyzed the nucleotide sequence variation of the 5'NC and NS3 regions in GBV-C/HGV isolates obtained sequentially from seven patients co-infected with HCV and treated with interferon. A reduction of GBV-C/HGV-RNA serum level below the detection limit of the RT-PCR assay was observed during treatment in all patients, but upon interferon withdrawal, viral RNA remained undetectable in only two patients. Among the five patients who did not clear GBV-C/HGV-RNA, viral strains emerging after treatment were identical to those present at baseline in three cases. In a further case, in whom GBV-C/HGV-RNA re-emerged during therapy (breakthrough episode), several mutations appeared in relapse samples. In the remaining patient, with a mixed infection before therapy, only one of the two GBV-C/HGV strains present at baseline was detected upon treatment withdrawal. These data raise the possibility that positive selection may act over GBV-C/HGV genome during interferon therapy, and contribute to persistence of infection with this virus.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Flaviviridae/genetics
- Genome, Viral
- Hepatitis, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis, Chronic/virology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/drug therapy
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/virology
- Humans
- Interferon alpha-2
- Interferon-alpha/pharmacology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins
- Selection, Genetic
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giménez-Barcons
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pí i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Barcelona, Villaroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Smith DB, Basaras M, Frost S, Haydon D, Cuceanu N, Prescott L, Kamenka C, Millband D, Sathar MA, Simmonds P. Phylogenetic analysis of GBV-C/hepatitis G virus. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:769-80. [PMID: 10675415 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-3-769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparison of 33 epidemiologically distinct GBV-C/hepatitis G virus complete genome sequences suggests the existence of four major phylogenetic groupings that are equally divergent from the chimpanzee isolate GBV-C(tro) and have distinct geographical distributions. These four groupings are not consistently reproduced by analysis of the virus 5'-noncoding region (5'-NCR), or of individual genes or subgenomic fragments with the exception of the E2 gene as a whole or of 200-600 nucleotide fragments from its 3' half. This region is upstream of a proposed anti-sense reading frame and contains conserved potential RNA secondary structures that may be capable of directing the internal initiation of translation. Phylogenetic analysis of this region from certain South African isolates is consistent with previous analysis of the 5'-NCR suggesting that these belong to a fifth group. The geographical distribution of virus variants is consistent with a long evolutionary history that may parallel that of pre-historic human migrations, implying that the long-term evolution of this RNA virus is extremely slow.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Smith
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK.
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6
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Zhou Y, Kok KH, Chun AC, Wong CM, Wu HW, Lin MC, Fung PC, Kung H, Jin DY. Mouse peroxiredoxin V is a thioredoxin peroxidase that inhibits p53-induced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 268:921-7. [PMID: 10679306 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have identified human and mouse peroxiredoxin V (Prx-V) by virtue of the sequence homologies to yeast peroxisomal antioxidant enzyme PMP20. Prx-V represents the fifth of the six currently known subfamilies of mammalian peroxiredoxins. It is a novel organellar enzyme that has orthologs in bacteria. Biochemically, Prx-V is a thioredoxin peroxidase. One important aspect of p53 function in mammalian cells involves induction of apoptosis likely mediated by redox. We show that overexpression of Prx-V prevented the p53-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species. Likewise, Prx-V inhibited p53-induced apoptosis. Thus, Prx-V is critically involved in intracellular redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Division of Medical Physics, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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7
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Jin DY, Wang HL, Zhou Y, Chun AC, Kibler KV, Hou YD, Kung H, Jeang KT. Hepatitis C virus core protein-induced loss of LZIP function correlates with cellular transformation. EMBO J 2000; 19:729-40. [PMID: 10675342 PMCID: PMC305611 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.4.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major etiological agent of blood-borne non-A non-B hepatitis and a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. HCV core protein is a multifunctional protein with regulatory functions in cellular transcription and virus-induced transformation and pathogenesis. Here we report on the identification of a bZIP nuclear transcription protein as an HCV core cofactor for transformation. This bZIP factor, designated LZIP, activates CRE-dependent transcription and regulates cell proliferation. Loss of LZIP function in NIH 3T3 cells triggers morphological transformation and anchorage-independent growth. We show that HCV core protein aberrantly sequesters LZIP in the cytoplasm, inactivates LZIP function and potentiates cellular transformation. Our findings suggest that LZIP might serve a novel cellular tumor suppressor function that is targeted by the HCV core.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Jin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0460, USA.
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8
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Handajani R, Lusida MI, Suryohudoyo P, Adi P, Setiawan PB, Nidom CA, Soemarto R, Katayama Y, Fujii M, Hotta H. Prevalence of GB virus C/Hepatitis G virus infection among various populations in Surabaya, Indonesia, and identification of novel groups of sequence variants. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:662-8. [PMID: 10655364 PMCID: PMC86171 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.2.662-668.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A molecular epidemiological study was performed to investigate the prevalence of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) infection among various populations in Surabaya, Indonesia. The prevalence of GBV-C/HGV RNA, determined by reverse transcription-PCR for a portion of the NS3 region of the viral genome, was 2.7% (4 of 150) among randomly collected blood donor sera, which were all negative for both hepatitis B virus surface antigen and antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV). On the other hand, the prevalence among anti-HCV-positive blood donors was 17.8% (13 of 73), with the ratio being significantly higher than that observed with the anti-HCV-negative blood donors (P < 0.001). A high prevalence of GBV-C/HGV infection was also observed among patients with chronic liver disease, such as chronic hepatitis (5.7%), liver cirrhosis (11. 5%), and hepatocellular carcinoma (7.0%), and patients on maintenance hemodialysis (29.0%). No correlation was observed between GBV-C/HGV viremia and serum alanine aminotransferase levels in the populations tested, suggesting the possibility that GBV-C/HGV does not cause apparent liver injury. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of a portion of the 5' untranslated region and the E1 region of the viral genome identified, in addition to a previously reported then novel group of GBV-C/HGV variants (group 4), another novel group of variants (group 5). This result suggests that GBV-C/HGV can be classified into at least five genetic groups. GBV-C/HGV isolates of group 4 and group 5 were each shown to comprise approximately 40% of the total Indonesian isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Handajani
- Departments of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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9
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Naito H, Hayashi S, Abe K. The entire nucleotide sequence of two hepatitis G virus isolates belonging to a novel genotype: isolation in Myanmar and Vietnam. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:189-94. [PMID: 10640557 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-1-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel genotype of hepatitis G virus (HGV) was recently identified in sera of subjects from countries in South-East Asia. These isolates were recovered from serum of Myanmarese (designated HGV-MY14) and Vietnamese (designated HGV-VT48) subjects, respectively. To characterize the viral genome in more detail, the full-length nucleotide sequence of the two different HGV isolates belonging to the novel genotype was cloned. Both HGV isolates were composed of 9228 nt and had a single open reading frame spanning 8529 nt and encoding 2843 aa residues. The isolates differed from previously reported HGV/GBV-C isolates types 1 to 3 by 13-15% (nucleotide sequence) and 4-6% (amino acid sequence). The putative core region of both isolates was not clearly identifiable as it consisted of only 16 aa residues. Based on phylogenetic analysis of full-length genome sequences and 5'-UTR sequences, HGV-MY14 and HGV-VT48 isolates can be classified as a novel genotype, designated type 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Naito
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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10
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Zampino R, Pickering J, Iqbal M, Gaud U, Thomas HC, Karayiannis P. Hepatitis G virus/GBV-C persistence: absence of hypervariable E2 region and genetic analysis of viral quasispecies in serum and lymphocytes. J Viral Hepat 1999; 6:209-18. [PMID: 10607233 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2893.1999.00162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection with hepatitis G virus (HGV) or GB virus-C (GBV-C) is common and may last for years. In addition, the principal site of virus replication remains undefined. Sequencing studies of E2 in four patients showed that a hypervariable region equivalent to that of hepatitis C virus (HCV) was absent and that viral quasispecies were less frequent than in HCV infection, particularly with respect to amino acid variation. Recurrence of viraemia following interferon treatment did not result in the emergence of new quasispecies. Virus persistence therefore does not appear to be related to immune escape by strains bearing a hypervariable E2 region. We also investigated whether virus replication occurred in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The positive-RNA strand of the virus, but no negative strand, was detected in both serum and lymphocytes. The lymphocytes harbouring the virus were CD4 and CD19 positive. Direct sequencing and cloning of amplicons from the region of the non-structural 3 (NS3) protein showed that the nucleotide sequences in lymphocytes were different from those in serum and did not represent any of the minor serum quasispecies. Although evidence of replication in lymphocytes has not been forthcoming, the differences in sequences between serum and lymphocytes suggest that circulating virus originates from a non-hepatic site, other than lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zampino
- Department of Medicine A, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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11
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Cong M, Fried MW, Lambert S, Lopareva EN, Zhan M, Pujol FH, Thyagarajan SP, Byun KS, Fields HA, Khudyakov YE. Sequence heterogeneity within three different regions of the hepatitis G virus genome. Virology 1999; 255:250-9. [PMID: 10069950 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two sets of primers derived from the 5'-terminal region and the NS5 region of the hepatitis G virus (HGV) genome were used to amplify PCR fragments from serum specimens obtained from different parts of the world. All PCR fragments from the 5'-terminal region (5'-PCR, n = 56) and from the NS5 region (NS5-PCR, n = 85) were sequenced and compared to corresponding published HGV sequences. The range of nucleotide sequence similarity varied from 74 and 78% to 100% for 5'-PCR and NS5-PCR fragments, respectively. Additionally, five overlapping PCR fragments comprising an approximately 2.0-kb structural region of the HGV genome were sequenced from each of five sera obtained from three United States residents. These sequences were compared to 20 published sequences comprising the same region of the HGV genome. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences obtained from different individuals were homologous from 82.9 to 93. 6% and from 90.4 to 99.0%, respectively. Sequences obtained from follow-up specimens were almost identical. Comparative analysis of deduced amino acid sequences of the HGV structural proteins and hepatitis C virus (HCV) structural proteins combined with an analysis of predicted secondary structures and hydrophobic profiles allowed prediction of processing sites within the HGV structural proteins. A phylogenetic sequence analysis performed on the 2.0-kb structural region supports the existence of three previously identified HGV genetic groups. However, phylogenetic analysis performed on only small DNA fragments yielded inconsistent genetic grouping and failed to confirm the existence of genetic groups. Thus, in contrast to HCV where almost any region can be used for genotyping, only large or carefully selected genome fragments can be used to identify consistent HGV genetic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cong
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, 30333, USA
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12
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Charrel RN, Attoui H, De Micco P, de Lamballerie X. The complete coding sequence of a European isolate of GB-C/hepatitis G virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 255:432-7. [PMID: 10049726 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We determined the full-length coding sequence of a GB-C/hepatitis G (GBV-C/HGV) virus isolate (AUQ) obtained from a French blood donor. The genome of AUQ strain contains a long open reading frame encoding 2842 amino acid residues. Comparison with the 33 complete genome sequences so far available from the databases indicates that the full-length sequence of GBV-C/HGV AUQ showed 9.0-14.1% nucleotide sequence divergence but only 1.6-5.3% at the amino acid level. Analysis of the potential cleavage sites of the polyprotein found that they were remarkably conserved among all sequences. Although phylogenetic studies based on partial genomic sequences suggested a clusterization according to the geographical origin, analysis based on full-length polyprotein did not provide similar conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Charrel
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Transfusionnelle et Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France.
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13
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Tong JK, Masuko-Hongo K, Nishioka K, Kato T, Sugata F, Akaogi J, Iino S. Strain from a novel subfamily of hepatitis G virus/hepatitis GB virus C isolated from a Japanese patient: sequence analysis of the envelope 1 region. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:2797-9. [PMID: 9742016 PMCID: PMC105216 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.9.2797-2799.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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14
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Lampe E, Saback FL, Viazov S, Roggendorf M, Niel C. Age-specific prevalence and genetic diversity of GBV-C/hepatitis G virus in Brazil. J Med Virol 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199809)56:1<39::aid-jmv7>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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