Walsh–Hadamard-Kernel-Based Features in Particle Filter Framework for Underwater Object Tracking

A Joint Denoising Learning Model for Weight Update Space–Time Diversity Method

Space–time diversity (STD) has been widely applied in underwater acoustic (UWA) communication due to its exceptional anti-multipath performance. However, underwater noise can seriously affect the processing results of STD. The conventional filtering algorithms cannot deal with the nonlinear components of underwater noise and may not work well for complex-type signals. This study proposes an improved STD method with a joint noise-reduction learning model for the above issues. We construct a noise-reduction learning model dedicated to complex-type UWA signals in the first stage. Complex-type features based on UWA data are extracted for pre-processing data, and a conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN) is used as the backbone network for noise-reduction. Residual learning is used to accomplish noise cancellation and yield noise-reduction estimates. In the second stage, an STD structure based on a weight update strategy is constructed. The STD structure can further constrain the weights of the signals from the main path, enhance the reception of the main path, and suppress the multi-access interference (MAI) caused by the spread spectrum communication. Finally, combining the signals on each path can improve the communication quality of the system based on the principle of the maximum signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR). The simulation and experiments on a lake showed that the proposed method is more robust over the changing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and has a lower bit error rate (BER) than conventional methods.