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Högberg T, Receveur JM, Murray A, Linget JM, Nørregaard PK, Little PB, Cooper M. Optimizing and characterizing 4-methyl substituted pyrazol-3-carboxamides leading to the peripheral cannabinoid 1 receptor inverse agonist TM38837. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 98:129572. [PMID: 38043690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Several series of diverse pyrazole-3-carboxamides functionalized with 4-methylamides, 4-methylcarboxylic acids and 4-methyltetrazoles were prepared from the corresponding 4-cyanomethylpyrazoles and investigated as Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonists and inverse agonists with the aim of making compounds with less CNS (Central Nervous System) mediated side-effects compared to rimonabant. The compounds were evaluated and optimized with respect to lipophilicity, solubility, CB1 potency, metabolism, distribution to brain and liver, effect on weight loss in diet-induced mice models. A few carboxylic acids and tetrazoles were selected as especially promising with the tetrazole TM38837 subsequently demonstrating impressive efficacy in various animal models of obesity, producing considerable weight loss and improvements on plasma markers of inflammation and glucose homeostasis, at doses apparently producing negligible brain exposure. TM38837 became the first peripherally restricted CB1 antagonist or inverse agonist to enter clinical trials supporting its lack of CNS effects and it is now believed that the non-CNS mediated efficacy is linked to high liver exposure. This opens opportunities to be explored in other indications such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH). Note that this is a first-time disclosure of the structure of TM38837 and other structures appearing in literature are not connected with this program.
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Morningstar M, Kolodziej A, Ferreira S, Blumen T, Brake R, Cohen Y. Novel cannabinoid receptor 1 inverse agonist CRB-913 enhances efficacy of tirzepatide, semaglutide, and liraglutidein the diet-induced obesity mouse model. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:2676-2688. [PMID: 37840407 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Incretin receptor agonists are now standard of care in treating obesity. Their efficacy and tolerability might be further improved by combining them with compounds that offer orthogonal mechanisms of action. The cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) is a clinically validated therapeutic target in obesity, and several experimental CB1R inverse agonists have been shown to induce weight loss. METHODS This study characterizes a novel CB1R inverse agonist (CRB-913) with similar preclinical potency to rimonabant but markedly reduced brain penetration. CRB-913 was tested as monotherapy and in combination with tirzepatide, semaglutide, or liraglutide in the diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model for body weight reduction. RESULTS CRB-913 demonstrated enhanced plasma exposure (3.8-fold larger area under the curvelast ) and reduced brain levels (9.5-fold lower area under the curvelast ) than rimonabant. CRB-913 monotherapy yielded a dose-dependent decrease in body weight in DIO mice reaching -22% within 18 days. In further DIO studies in combination with tirzepatide, semaglutide, or liraglutide, CRB-913 (2.5 mg/kg) resulted in -32.6%, -28.8%, and -16.8% decreases in body weight on Day 18, respectively, with concomitant improvements in body fat content, liver triglycerides, and liver fat deposits. CONCLUSIONS CRB-913 in combination with incretin analogues could deliver meaningful improvements over current standards of care for obesity and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tracy Blumen
- Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Norwood, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Yuval Cohen
- Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Norwood, Massachusetts, USA
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Dvorácskó S, Herrerias A, Oliverio A, Bhattacharjee P, Pommerolle L, Liu Z, Feng D, Lee YS, Hassan SA, Godlewski G, Cinar R, Iyer MR. Cannabinoformins: Designing Biguanide-Embedded, Orally Available, Peripherally Selective Cannabinoid-1 Receptor Antagonists for Metabolic Syndrome Disorders. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11985-12004. [PMID: 37611316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
We have designed orally bioavailable, non-brain-penetrant antagonists of the cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) with a built-in biguanide sensor to mimic 5'-adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) activation for treating obesity-associated co-morbidities. A series of 3,4-diarylpyrazolines bearing rational pharmacophoric pendants designed to limit brain penetration were synthesized and evaluated in CB1R ligand binding assays and recombinant AMPK assays. The compounds displayed high CB1R binding affinity and potent CB1R antagonist activities and acted as AMPK activators. Select compounds showed good oral exposure, with compounds 36, 38-S, and 39-S showing <5% brain penetrance, attesting to peripheral restriction. In vivo studies of 38-S revealed decreased food intake and body weight reduction in diet-induced obese mice as well as oral in vivo efficacy of 38-S in ameliorating glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. The designed "cannabinoformin" four-arm CB1R antagonists could serve as potential leads for treatment of metabolic syndrome disorders with negligible neuropsychiatric side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Dvorácskó
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
- Section on Fibrotic Disorders, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Alexa Herrerias
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Anna Oliverio
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Pinaki Bhattacharjee
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Lenny Pommerolle
- Section on Fibrotic Disorders, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Section on Fibrotic Disorders, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, NIAAA, NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Yong-Sok Lee
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Sergio A Hassan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Grzegorz Godlewski
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Resat Cinar
- Section on Fibrotic Disorders, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Malliga R Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
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Vasincu A, Rusu RN, Ababei DC, Neamțu M, Arcan OD, Macadan I, Beșchea Chiriac S, Bild W, Bild V. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists in Inflammation, Diabetes Mellitus, and Obesity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1667. [PMID: 37371762 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, research has greatly expanded the knowledge of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and its involvement in several therapeutic applications. Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are present in nearly every mammalian tissue, performing a vital role in different physiological processes (neuronal development, immune modulation, energy homeostasis). The ECS has an essential role in metabolic control and lipid signaling, making it a potential target for managing conditions such as obesity and diabetes. Its malfunction is closely linked to these pathological conditions. Additionally, the immunomodulatory function of the ECS presents a promising avenue for developing new treatments for various types of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Preclinical investigations using peripherally restricted CBR antagonists that do not cross the BBB have shown promise for the treatment of obesity and metabolic diseases, highlighting the importance of continuing efforts to discover novel molecules with superior safety profiles. The purpose of this review is to examine the roles of CB1R and CB2Rs, as well as their antagonists, in relation to the above-mentioned disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Vasincu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Răzvan-Nicolae Rusu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniela-Carmen Ababei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Monica Neamțu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Oana Dana Arcan
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioana Macadan
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Sorin Beșchea Chiriac
- Department of Toxicology, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences, 8 M. Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania
| | - Walther Bild
- Department of Physiology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Center of Biomedical Research of the Romanian Academy, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Veronica Bild
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Center of Biomedical Research of the Romanian Academy, 700506 Iasi, Romania
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Martínez-Torres S, Bergadà-Martínez A, Ortega JE, Galera-López L, Hervera A, de Los Reyes-Ramírez L, Ortega-Álvaro A, Remmers F, Muñoz-Moreno E, Soria G, Del Río JA, Lutz B, Ruíz-Ortega JÁ, Meana JJ, Maldonado R, Ozaita A. Peripheral CB1 receptor blockade acts as a memory enhancer through a noradrenergic mechanism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:341-350. [PMID: 36088492 PMCID: PMC9750989 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral inputs continuously shape brain function and can influence memory acquisition, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully understood. Cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1R) is a well-recognized player in memory performance, and its systemic modulation significantly influences memory function. By assessing low arousal/non-emotional recognition memory in mice, we found a relevant role of peripheral CB1R in memory persistence. Indeed, the peripherally-restricted CB1R specific antagonist AM6545 showed significant mnemonic effects that were occluded in adrenalectomized mice, and after peripheral adrenergic blockade. AM6545 also transiently impaired contextual fear memory extinction. Vagus nerve chemogenetic inhibition reduced AM6545-induced mnemonic effect. Genetic CB1R deletion in dopamine β-hydroxylase-expressing cells enhanced recognition memory persistence. These observations support a role of peripheral CB1R modulating adrenergic tone relevant for cognition. Furthermore, AM6545 acutely improved brain connectivity and enhanced extracellular hippocampal norepinephrine. In agreement, intra-hippocampal β-adrenergic blockade prevented AM6545 mnemonic effects. Altogether, we disclose a novel CB1R-dependent peripheral mechanism with implications relevant for lengthening the duration of non-emotional memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martínez-Torres
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia. Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Araceli Bergadà-Martínez
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge E Ortega
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Lorena Galera-López
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Hervera
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia. Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía de Los Reyes-Ramírez
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Ortega-Álvaro
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Floortje Remmers
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Emma Muñoz-Moreno
- Experimental 7T MRI Unit, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Core Facility (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Soria
- Experimental 7T MRI Unit, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Core Facility (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Surgical Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciencies, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia. Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
| | | | - J Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
- IMIM Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andrés Ozaita
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
- IMIM Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ferrulli A, Terruzzi I, Senesi P, Succi M, Cannavaro D, Luzi L. Turning the clock forward: New pharmacological and non pharmacological targets for the treatment of obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:1320-1334. [PMID: 35354547 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity and its main metabolic complication, type 2 diabetes, have attained the status of a global pandemic; there is need for novel strategies aimed at treating obesity and preventing the development of diabetes. A healthy diet and exercise are basic for treatment of obesity but often not enough. Pharmacotherapy can be helpful in maintaining compliance, ameliorating obesity-related health risks, and improving quality of life. In the last two decades, the knowledge of central and peripheral mechanisms underlying homeostatic and hedonic aspects of food intake has significantly increased. Dysregulation of one or more of these components could lead to obesity. DATA SYNTHESIS In order to better understand how potential innovative treatment options can affect obesity, homeostatic and reward mechanisms that regulate energy balance has been firstly illustrated. Then, an overview of potential therapeutic targets for obesity, distinguished according to the level of regulation of feeding behavior, has been provided. Moreover, several non-drug therapies have been recently tested in obesity, such as non-invasive neurostimulation: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation or Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. All of them are promising for obesity treatment and are almost devoid of side effects, constituting a potential resource for the prevention of metabolic diseases. CONCLUSIONS The plethora of current anti-obesity therapies creates the unique challenge for physicians to customize the intervention, according to the specific obesity characteristics and the intervention side effect profiles; moreover, it allows multimodal approaches addressed to treat obesity and metabolic adaptation with complementary mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ferrulli
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, MI, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, MI, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela Senesi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, MI, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Succi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Cannavaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, MI, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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7
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Muller T, Demizieux L, Troy-Fioramonti S, Buch C, Leemput J, Belloir C, Pais de Barros JP, Jourdan T, Passilly-Degrace P, Fioramonti X, Le Bon AM, Vergès B, Robert JM, Degrace P. Chemical Synthesis, Pharmacokinetic Properties and Biological Effects of JM-00266, a Putative Non-Brain Penetrant Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Inverse Agonist. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062923. [PMID: 35328343 PMCID: PMC8949893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1R) with peripherally restricted antagonists (or inverse agonists) shows promise to improve metabolic disorders associated with obesity. In this context, we designed and synthetized JM-00266, a new CB1R blocker with limited blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Pharmacokinetics were tested with SwissADME and in vivo in rodents after oral and intraperitoneal administration of JM-00266 in comparison with Rimonabant. In silico predictions indicated JM-00266 is a non-brain penetrant compound and this was confirmed by brain/plasma ratios and brain uptake index values. JM-00266 had no impact on food intake, anxiety-related behavior and body temperature suggesting an absence of central activity. cAMP assays performed in CB1R-transfected HEK293T/17 cells showed that the drug exhibited inverse agonist activity on CB1R. In addition, JM-00266 counteracted anandamide-induced gastroparesis indicating substantial peripheral activity. Acute administration of JM-00266 also improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in wild-type mice, but not in CB1R−/− mice. Furthermore, the accumulation of JM-00266 in adipose tissue was associated with an increase in lipolysis. In conclusion, JM-00266 or derivatives can be predicted as a new candidate for modulating peripheral endocannabinoid activity and improving obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Muller
- Equipe Physiopathologie des dyslipidémies, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR-INSERM) 1231, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (L.D.); (S.T.-F.); (C.B.); (J.L.); (T.J.); (P.P.-D.); (B.V.)
| | - Laurent Demizieux
- Equipe Physiopathologie des dyslipidémies, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR-INSERM) 1231, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (L.D.); (S.T.-F.); (C.B.); (J.L.); (T.J.); (P.P.-D.); (B.V.)
| | - Stéphanie Troy-Fioramonti
- Equipe Physiopathologie des dyslipidémies, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR-INSERM) 1231, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (L.D.); (S.T.-F.); (C.B.); (J.L.); (T.J.); (P.P.-D.); (B.V.)
| | - Chloé Buch
- Equipe Physiopathologie des dyslipidémies, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR-INSERM) 1231, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (L.D.); (S.T.-F.); (C.B.); (J.L.); (T.J.); (P.P.-D.); (B.V.)
| | - Julia Leemput
- Equipe Physiopathologie des dyslipidémies, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR-INSERM) 1231, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (L.D.); (S.T.-F.); (C.B.); (J.L.); (T.J.); (P.P.-D.); (B.V.)
| | - Christine Belloir
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (C.B.); (X.F.); (A.-M.L.B.)
| | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- Plateforme de Lipidomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR-INSERM) 1231, F-21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Tony Jourdan
- Equipe Physiopathologie des dyslipidémies, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR-INSERM) 1231, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (L.D.); (S.T.-F.); (C.B.); (J.L.); (T.J.); (P.P.-D.); (B.V.)
| | - Patricia Passilly-Degrace
- Equipe Physiopathologie des dyslipidémies, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR-INSERM) 1231, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (L.D.); (S.T.-F.); (C.B.); (J.L.); (T.J.); (P.P.-D.); (B.V.)
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (C.B.); (X.F.); (A.-M.L.B.)
- Unité de Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrative (NutriNeuro), Unité Mixte de Recherche Université de Bordeaux - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (UMR-INRAE) 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne-Marie Le Bon
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation (CSGA), AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (C.B.); (X.F.); (A.-M.L.B.)
| | - Bruno Vergès
- Equipe Physiopathologie des dyslipidémies, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR-INSERM) 1231, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (L.D.); (S.T.-F.); (C.B.); (J.L.); (T.J.); (P.P.-D.); (B.V.)
| | - Jean-Michel Robert
- Unité de Recherche Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l’Immunité (UR115 IICiMed), Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Université, F-44200 Nantes, France;
| | - Pascal Degrace
- Equipe Physiopathologie des dyslipidémies, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (UMR-INSERM) 1231, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (L.D.); (S.T.-F.); (C.B.); (J.L.); (T.J.); (P.P.-D.); (B.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Ashok T, Puttam H, Tarnate VCA, Jhaveri S, Avanthika C, Trejo Treviño AG, Sl S, Ahmed NT. Role of Vitamin B12 and Folate in Metabolic Syndrome. Cureus 2021; 13:e18521. [PMID: 34754676 PMCID: PMC8569690 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of pathological metabolic conditions that includes insulin resistance, central or abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. It affects large populations worldwide, and its prevalence is rising exponentially. There is no specific mechanism that leads to the development of MS. Proposed hypotheses range from visceral adiposity being a key factor to an increase in very-low-density lipoprotein and fatty acid synthesis as the primary cause of MS. Numerous pharmaceutical therapies are widely available in the market for the treatment of the individual components of MS. The relationship between MS and vitamin B complex supplementation, specifically folic acid and vitamin B12, has been a subject of investigation worldwide, with several trials reporting a positive impact with vitamin supplementation on MS. In this study, an all-language literature search was conducted on Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and Google Scholar till September 2021. The following search strings and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms were used: “Vitamin B12,” “Folate,” “Metabolic Syndrome,” and “Insulin Resistance.” We explored the literature on MS for its epidemiology, pathophysiology, newer treatment options, with a special focus on the effectiveness of supplementation with vitamins B9 and B12. According to the literature, vitamin B12 and folate supplementation, along with a host of novel therapies, has a considerable positive impact on MS. These findings must be kept in mind while designing newer treatment protocols in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswini Ashok
- Internal Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Medical College, Mysore, IND
| | - Harivarsha Puttam
- Internal Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Corporation Medical College and Hospital, Hyderabad, IND
| | | | - Sharan Jhaveri
- Internal Medicine, Smt. Nathiba Hargovandas Lakhmichand Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Chaithanya Avanthika
- Medicine and Surgery, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, IND.,Pediatrics, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, IND
| | | | - Sandeep Sl
- Internal Medicine, SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Kattankulathur, IND
| | - Nazia T Ahmed
- Medicine, Shahabuddin Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
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9
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The Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 (CB 1) as a Molecular Target for Modulating Body Weight in Man. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206178. [PMID: 34684760 PMCID: PMC8538448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor regulates appetite and body weight; however, unwanted central side effects of both agonists (in wasting disorders) or antagonists (in obesity and diabetes) have limited their therapeutic utility. At the peripheral level, CB1 receptor activation impacts the energy balance of mammals in a number of different ways: inhibiting satiety and emesis, increasing food intake, altering adipokine and satiety hormone levels, altering taste sensation, decreasing lipolysis (fat break down), and increasing lipogenesis (fat generation). The CB1 receptor also plays an important role in the gut–brain axis control of appetite and satiety. The combined effect of peripheral CB1 activation is to promote appetite, energy storage, and energy preservation (and the opposite is true for CB1 antagonists). Therefore, the next generation of CB1 receptor medicines (agonists and antagonists, and indirect modulators of the endocannabinoid system) have been peripherally restricted to mitigate these issues, and some of these are already in clinical stage development. These compounds also have demonstrated potential in other conditions such as alcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetic nephropathy (peripherally restricted CB1 antagonists) and pain conditions (peripherally restricted CB1 agonists and FAAH inhibitors). This review will discuss the mechanisms by which peripheral CB1 receptors regulate body weight, and the therapeutic utility of peripherally restricted drugs in the management of body weight and beyond.
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10
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de Ceglia M, Decara J, Gaetani S, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. Obesity as a Condition Determined by Food Addiction: Should Brain Endocannabinoid System Alterations Be the Cause and Its Modulation the Solution? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101002. [PMID: 34681224 PMCID: PMC8538206 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disorder, and the number of people affected is growing every day. In recent years, research has confirmed the hypothesis that food addiction is a determining factor in obesity. Food addiction is a behavioral disorder characterized by disruptions in the reward system in response to hedonic eating. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in the central and peripheral control of food intake and reward-related behaviors. Moreover, both obesity and food addiction have been linked to impairments in the ECS function in various brain regions integrating peripheral metabolic signals and modulating appetite. For these reasons, targeting the ECS could be a valid pharmacological therapy for these pathologies. However, targeting the cannabinoid receptors with inverse agonists failed when used in clinical contexts as a consequence of the induction of affective disorders. In this context, new classes of drugs acting either on CB1 and/or CB2 receptors or on synthetic and degradation enzymes of endogenous cannabinoids are being studied. However, further investigation is necessary to find safe and effective treatments that can exert anti-obesity effects, normalizing reward-related behaviors without causing important adverse mood effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa de Ceglia
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.d.C.); (F.R.d.F.)
| | - Juan Decara
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.d.C.); (F.R.d.F.)
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11
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Guan Z, Chen XG, Hay J, van Gerven J, Burggraaf J, de Kam M. Stability analysis of clustering of Norris' visual analogue scale: Applying the consensus clustering approach. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25363. [PMID: 33907093 PMCID: PMC8084085 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Visual analogue scales are widely used to measure subjective responses. Norris' 16 visual analogue scales (N_VAS) measure subjective feelings of alertness and mood. Up to now, different scientists have clustered items of N_VAS into different ways and Bond and Lader's way has been the most frequently used in clinical research. However, there are concerns about the stability of this clustering over different subject samples and different drug classes. The aim of this study was to test whether Bond and Lader's clustering was stable in terms of subject samples and drug effects. Alternative clustering of N_VAS was tested.Data from studies with 3 types of drugs: cannabinoid receptor agonist (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]), muscarinic antagonist (scopolamine), and benzodiazepines (midazolam and lorazepam), collected between 2005 and 2012, were used for this analysis. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to test the clustering algorithm of Bond and Lader. Consensus clustering was performed to test the stability of clustering results over samples and over different drug types. Stability analysis was performed using a three-cluster assumption, and then on other alternative assumptions.Heat maps of the consensus matrix (CM) and density plots showed instability of the three-cluster hypothesis and suggested instability over the 3 drug classes. Two- and four-cluster hypothesis were also tested. Heat maps of the CM and density plots suggested that the two-cluster assumption was superior.In summary, the two-cluster assumption leads to a provably stable outcome over samples and the 3 drug types based on the data used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Guan
- Centre for Human Drug Research
- Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joop van Gerven
- Centre for Human Drug Research
- Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus Burggraaf
- Centre for Human Drug Research
- Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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12
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Wilkerson JL, Bilbrey JA, Felix JS, Makriyannis A, McMahon LR. Untapped endocannabinoid pharmacological targets: Pipe dream or pipeline? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 206:173192. [PMID: 33932409 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that the endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system plays key modulatory roles in a wide variety of pathological conditions. The endocannabinoid system comprises both cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands including 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA), and enzymes that regulate the synthesis and degradation of endogenous ligands which include diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGL-α), diacylglycerol lipase beta (DAGL-β), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), α/β hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6). As the endocannabinoid system exerts considerable involvement in the regulation of homeostasis and disease, much effort has been made towards understanding endocannabinoid-related mechanisms of action at cellular, physiological, and pathological levels as well as harnessing the various components of the endocannabinoid system to produce novel therapeutics. However, drug discovery efforts within the cannabinoid field have been slower than anticipated to reach satisfactory clinical endpoints and raises an important question into the validity of developing novel ligands that therapeutically target the endocannabinoid system. To answer this, we will first examine evidence that supports the existence of an endocannabinoid system role within inflammatory diseases, neurodegeneration, pain, substance use disorders, mood disorders, as well as metabolic diseases. Next, this review will discuss recent clinical studies, within the last 5 years, of cannabinoid compounds in context to these diseases. We will also address some of the challenges and considerations within the cannabinoid field that may be important in the advancement of therapeutics into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Joshua A Bilbrey
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jasmine S Felix
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Rohbeck E, Eckel J, Romacho T. Cannabinoid Receptors in Metabolic Regulation and Diabetes. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:102-113. [PMID: 33595385 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00029.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for developing effective drugs to combat the obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus epidemics. The endocannabinoid system plays a major role in energy homeostasis. It comprises the cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), endogenous ligands called endocannabinoids and their metabolizing enzymes. Because the CB1 receptor is overactivated in metabolic alterations, pharmacological blockade of the CB1 receptor arose as a promising candidate to treat obesity. However, because of the wide distribution of CB1 receptors in the central nervous system, their negative central effects halted further therapeutic use. Although the CB2 receptor is mostly peripherally expressed, its role in metabolic homeostasis remains unclear. This review discusses the potential of CB1 and CB2 receptors at the peripheral level to be therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases. We focus on the impact of pharmacological intervention and/or silencing on peripheral cannabinoid receptors in organs/tissues relevant for energy homeostasis. Moreover, we provide a perspective on novel therapeutic strategies modulating these receptors. Targeting CB1 with peripherally restricted antagonists, neutral antagonists, inverse agonists, or monoclonal antibodies could represent successful strategies. CB2 agonism has shown promising results at preclinical level. Beyond classic antagonism and agonism targeting orthosteric sites, the recently described crystal structures of CB1 and CB2 open new possibilities for therapeutic interventions with negative and positive allosteric modulators. The challenge of simultaneously targeting CB1 and CB2 might be possible by developing dual-steric ligands. The future will tell whether these promising strategies result in a renaissance of the cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rohbeck
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Juergen Eckel
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tania Romacho
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Bladen C, Mirlohi S, Santiago M, Longworth M, Kassiou M, Banister S, Connor M. Modulation of human T-type calcium channels by synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists in vitro. Neuropharmacology 2021; 187:108478. [PMID: 33600843 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Consumption of Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor agonists (SCRAs) is associated with severe adverse reactions including seizures, arrhythmias and death, but the molecular mechanisms surrounding SCRA toxicity are not yet established. These disease-like symptoms are also synonymous with altered T-type calcium channel activity which controls rhythmicity in the heart and brain. This study examined whether SCRAs alter T-type activity and whether this represents a possible mechanism of toxicity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Fluorescence-based and electrophysiology assays were used to screen 16 structurally related synthetic cannabinoids for their ability to inhibit human T-type calcium channels expressed in HEK293 cells. The most potent compounds were then further examined using patch clamp electrophysiology. KEY RESULTS MDMB-CHMICA and AMB-CHMINACA potently blocked Cav3.2 with IC50 values of 1.5 and 0.74 μM respectively. Current inhibition increased from 47 to 80% and 45-87% respectively when the channel was in slow-inactivated state. Both SCRAs had little effect on steady state inactivation, however MDMB-CHMICA significantly shifted the half activation potential by -7mV. Neither drug produced frequency dependent block, in contrast to the phytocannabinoid Δ9-THC. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS SCRAs are potent agonists of CB1 receptors and can be extremely toxic, but observed toxicity also resembles symptoms associated with altered Cav3.2 activity. Many SCRAs tested were potent modulators of Cav3.2, raising the possibility that SC toxicity may be due in part to Cav3.2 modulation. This potent T-type channel modulation suggests the possibility of SCRAs as a new drug class with potential to treat diseases associated with altered T-type channel activity. This article is part of the special issue on 'Cannabinoids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bladen
- Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Somayeh Mirlohi
- Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina Santiago
- Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sam Banister
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Connor
- Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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15
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Behl T, Chadha S, Sachdeva M, Sehgal A, Kumar A, Dhruv, Venkatachalam T, Hafeez A, Aleya L, Arora S, Batiha GES, Nijhawan P, Bungau S. Understanding the possible role of endocannabinoid system in obesity. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 152:106520. [PMID: 33249225 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintenance of weight is essential for sustenance, well-being and to endorse prolonged life. The prevalence of obesity is increasing at an alarming rate globally, due to modern lifestyle and dietary habits. Endocannabinoids are fatty acid derivatives and numerous studies are carried out which focuses and targets their relationship with obesity, via multiple signals which have been recently known for exerting crucial role in regulating energy balance. PURPOSE This article aims at examining the prospects of endocannabinoids in obesity via directing the role of ECs in stimulating hunger. RESULT In last few years, irregular stimulation of endocannabinoid system has been suggested as a chief element in the progression of obesity-associated metabolic complications. Certainly, this cascade system comprises of cannabinoid type1 and 2 receptors (CB1R and CB2R) along with their endogenous lipid ligands which are responsible for enhanced feeding behavior as well as lipid metabolism. Significantly, inhibiting CB1R activity might reduce metabolic abnormality linked with obesity. CONCLUSION Conclusion withdrawn on the basis of supporting scientific data and evidences report that the blockade of cannabinoids can serve as a therapeutic potential for treatment of obesity. Future prospective aims at assessing molecular pathways which contributes towards ECS, elicited weight control and to evaluate how these mechanisms are presently relocated into the production of novel cannabinoid drugs exhibiting enriched care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Swati Chadha
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Monika Sachdeva
- Fatima College of Health Sciences, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Dhruv
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Mirzapur Pole, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, France
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Priya Nijhawan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Navarrete C, Garcia-Martin A, DeMesa J, Muñoz E. Cannabinoids in Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiac Fibrosis. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22:98. [PMID: 33089434 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-020-01112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides a concise overview of how cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system (ECS) have significant implications for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, including cardiac fibrosis. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past few years, the ECS has emerged as a pivotal component of the homeostatic mechanisms for the regulation of many bodily functions, including inflammation, digestion, and energy metabolism. Therefore, the pharmacological modulation of the ECS by cannabinoids represents a novel strategy for the management of many diseases. Specifically, increasing evidence from preclinical research studies has opened new avenues for the development of cannabinoid-based therapies for the management and potential treatment of MetS and cardiovascular diseases. Current information indicates that modulation of the ECS can help maintain overall health and well-being due to its homeostatic function. From a therapeutic perspective, cannabinoids and the ECS have also been shown to play a key role in modulating pathophysiological states such as inflammatory, neurodegenerative, gastrointestinal, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases, as well as cancer and pain. Thus, targeting and modulating the ECS with cannabinoids or cannabinoid derivatives may represent a major disease-modifying medical advancement to achieve successful treatment for MetS and certain cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jim DeMesa
- Emerald Health Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Fisiologia e Inmunologia, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain.
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Haspula D, Clark MA. Cannabinoid Receptors: An Update on Cell Signaling, Pathophysiological Roles and Therapeutic Opportunities in Neurological, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7693. [PMID: 33080916 PMCID: PMC7590033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of the human cannabinoid receptors and their roles in health and disease, has been one of the most significant biochemical and pharmacological advancements to have occurred in the past few decades. In spite of the major strides made in furthering endocannabinoid research, therapeutic exploitation of the endocannabinoid system has often been a challenging task. An impaired endocannabinoid tone often manifests as changes in expression and/or functions of type 1 and/or type 2 cannabinoid receptors. It becomes important to understand how alterations in cannabinoid receptor cellular signaling can lead to disruptions in major physiological and biological functions, as they are often associated with the pathogenesis of several neurological, cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. This review focusses mostly on the pathophysiological roles of type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors, and it attempts to integrate both cellular and physiological functions of the cannabinoid receptors. Apart from an updated review of pre-clinical and clinical studies, the adequacy/inadequacy of cannabinoid-based therapeutics in various pathological conditions is also highlighted. Finally, alternative strategies to modulate endocannabinoid tone, and future directions are also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanush Haspula
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Michelle A. Clark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
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18
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Gotfried J, Naftali T, Schey R. Role of Cannabis and Its Derivatives in Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disease. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:62-80. [PMID: 32333910 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Medical and recreational cannabis use has increased dramatically over the last decade, resulting from mainstream cultural acceptance and legalization in several countries worldwide. Cannabis and its derivatives affect many gastrointestinal processes via the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS influences gastrointestinal homeostasis through anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-secretory effects. Some gastrointestinal disorders might therefore be treated with cannabinoids. Despite numerous studies in cell lines and animals, few human studies have evaluated the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids. Cannabis' schedule 1 drug status has limited its availability in research; cannabis has been legalized only recently, in some states, for medicinal and/or recreational use. Cannabinoids can alleviate chemotherapy-induced nausea and emesis and chronic pain. Studies have demonstrated the important roles of the ECS in metabolism, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the anti-inflammatory effects of cannabis have been investigated in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Despite its potential benefits, undesired or even detrimental effects of cannabis can limit its use. Side effects such as cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome affect some users. We review the ECS and the effects of cannabis and its derivatives on gastrointestinal and hepatic function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gotfried
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Timna Naftali
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meir Medical Center, affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ron Schey
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida.
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Murphy T, Le Foll B. Targeting the Endocannabinoid CB1 Receptor to Treat Body Weight Disorders: A Preclinical and Clinical Review of the Therapeutic Potential of Past and Present CB1 Drugs. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060855. [PMID: 32512776 PMCID: PMC7356944 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity rates are increasing worldwide and there is a need for novel therapeutic treatment options. The endocannabinoid system has been linked to homeostatic processes, including metabolism, food intake, and the regulation of body weight. Rimonabant, an inverse agonist for the cannabinoid CB1 receptor, was effective at producing weight loss in obese subjects. However, due to adverse psychiatric side effects, rimonabant was removed from the market. More recently, we reported an inverse relationship between cannabis use and BMI, which has now been duplicated by several groups. As those results may appear contradictory, we review here preclinical and clinical studies that have studied the impact on body weight of various cannabinoid CB1 drugs. Notably, we will review the impact of CB1 inverse agonists, agonists, partial agonists, and neutral antagonists. Those findings clearly point out the cannabinoid CB1 as a potential effective target for the treatment of obesity. Recent preclinical studies suggest that ligands targeting the CB1 may retain the therapeutic potential of rimonabant without the negative side effect profile. Such approaches should be tested in clinical trials for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Murphy
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Acute Care Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Brain and Therapeutics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-535-8501
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Quarta C, Cota D. Anti-obesity therapy with peripheral CB1 blockers: from promise to safe(?) practice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:2179-2193. [PMID: 32317751 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological blockers of the cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1) have been considered for a long time as the holy grail of obesity pharmacotherapy. These agents were hastily released in the clinical setting, due to their clear-cut therapeutic efficacy. However, the first generation of these drugs, which were able to target both the brain and peripheral tissues, had serious neuropsychiatric effects, leading authorities to ban their clinical use. New peripherally restricted CB1 blockers, characterized by low brain penetrance, have been developed over the past 10 years. In preclinical studies, these molecules seem to overcome the neuropsychiatric negative effects previously observed with brain-penetrant CB1 inhibitors, while retaining or even outperforming their efficacy. The mechanisms of action of these peripherally restricted compounds are only beginning to emerge, and a balanced discussion of the risk/benefits ratio associated to their possible clinical use is urgently needed, in order to avoid repeating past mistakes. Here, we will critically discuss the advantages and the possible hidden threats associated with the use of peripheral CB1 blockers for the pharmacotherapy of obesity and its associated metabolic complications. We will address whether this novel pharmacological approach might 'compete' with current pharmacotherapies for obesity and diabetes, while also conceptualizing future CB1-based pharmacological trends that may significantly lower the risk/benefits ratio associated with the use of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Quarta
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Daniela Cota
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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21
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The therapeutic potential of second and third generation CB1R antagonists. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Baptista LC, Sun Y, Carter CS, Buford TW. Crosstalk Between the Gut Microbiome and Bioactive Lipids: Therapeutic Targets in Cognitive Frailty. Front Nutr 2020; 7:17. [PMID: 32219095 PMCID: PMC7078157 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive frailty is a geriatric condition defined by the coexistence of cognitive impairment and physical frailty. This "composite" aging phenotype is associated with a higher risk of several adverse health-related outcomes, including dementia. In the last decade, cognitive frailty has gained increased attention from the scientific community that has focused on understanding the clinical impact and the physiological and pathological mechanisms of development and on identifying preventive and/or rehabilitative therapeutic interventions. The emergence of gut microbiome in neural signaling increased the interest in targeting the gut-brain axis as a modulation strategy. Multiple studies on gastroenteric, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases support the existence of a wide bidirectional communication network of signaling mediators, e.g., bioactive lipids, that can modulate inflammation, gut permeability, microbiota composition, and the gut-brain axis. This crosstalk between the gut-brain axis, microbiome, and bioactive lipids may emerge as the basis of a promising therapeutic strategy to counteract cognitive frailty. In this review, we summarize the evidence in the literature regarding the link between the gut microbiome, brain, and several families of bioactive lipids. In addition, we also explore the applicability of several bioactive lipid members as a potential routes for therapeutic interventions to combat cognitive frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana C. Baptista
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States,Integrative Center for Aging Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Yi Sun
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States,Integrative Center for Aging Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Christy S. Carter
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States,Integrative Center for Aging Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States,*Correspondence: Christy S. Carter
| | - Thomas W. Buford
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States,Integrative Center for Aging Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States,Thomas W. Buford ; Twitter: @twbuford
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23
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Nguyen T, Thomas BF, Zhang Y. Overcoming the Psychiatric Side Effects of the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Antagonists: Current Approaches for Therapeutics Development. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1418-1435. [PMID: 31284863 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190708164841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor (CB1R) is involved in a variety of physiological pathways and has long been considered a golden target for therapeutic manipulation. A large body of evidence in both animal and human studies suggests that CB1R antagonism is highly effective for the treatment of obesity, metabolic disorders and drug addiction. However, the first-in-class CB1R antagonist/inverse agonist, rimonabant, though demonstrating effectiveness for obesity treatment and smoking cessation, displays serious psychiatric side effects, including anxiety, depression and even suicidal ideation, resulting in its eventual withdrawal from the European market. Several strategies are currently being pursued to circumvent the mechanisms leading to these side effects by developing neutral antagonists, peripherally restricted ligands, and allosteric modulators. In this review, we describe the progress in the development of therapeutics targeting the CB1R in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Nguyen
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Brian F Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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24
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Amato G, Wiethe R, Manke A, Vasukuttan V, Snyder R, Runyon S, Maitra R. Functionalized 6-(piperidin-1-yl)-8,9-diphenyl purines as inverse agonists of the CB1 receptor - SAR efforts towards selectivity and peripheralization. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3632-3649. [PMID: 31301950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists of type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1) may be useful in treating diabetes, hepatic disorders, and fibrosis. Otenabant (1) is a potent and selective CB1 inverse agonist that was under investigation as an anti-obesity agent, but its development was halted once adverse effects associated with another marketed inverse agonist rimonabant (2) became known. Non-tissue selective antagonists of CB1 that have high levels of brain penetration produce adverse effects in a small subset of patients including anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation. Currently, efforts are underway to produce compounds that have limited brain penetration. In this report, novel analogs of 1 are explored to develop and test strategies for peripheralization. The piperidine of 1 is studied as a linker, which is functionalized with alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups using a connector in the form of an amine, amide, sulfonamide, sulfamide, carbamate, oxime, amidine, or guanidine. We also report more polar replacements for the 4-chlorophenyl group in the 9-position of the purine core, which improve calculated physical properties of the molecules. These studies resulted in compounds such as 75 that are potent inverse agonists of hCB1 with exceptional selectivity for hCB1 over hCB2. SAR studies revealed ways to adjust physical properties to limit brain exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Amato
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Robert Wiethe
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Amruta Manke
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Rodney Snyder
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Scott Runyon
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA.
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25
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Amato G, Manke A, Wiethe R, Vasukuttan V, Snyder R, Yueh YL, Decker A, Runyon S, Maitra R. Functionalized 6-(Piperidin-1-yl)-8,9-Diphenyl Purines as Peripherally Restricted Inverse Agonists of the CB1 Receptor. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6330-6345. [PMID: 31185168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Peripherally restricted CB1 receptor antagonists may be useful in treating metabolic syndrome, diabetes, liver diseases, and gastrointestinal disorders. Clinical development of the centrally acting CB1 inverse agonist otenabant (1) was halted due to its potential of producing adverse effects. SAR studies of 1 are reported herein with the objective of producing peripherally restricted analogues. Crystal structures of hCB1 and docking studies with 1 indicate that the piperidine group could be functionalized at the 4-position to access a binding pocket that can accommodate both polar and nonpolar groups. The piperidine is studied as a linker, functionalized with alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups using a urea connector. Orally bioavailable and peripherally selective compounds have been produced that are potent inverse agonists of hCB1 with exceptional selectivity for hCB1 over hCB2. Compound 38 blocked alcohol-induced liver steatosis in mice and has good ADME properties for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Amato
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Amruta Manke
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Robert Wiethe
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Rodney Snyder
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Yun Lan Yueh
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Ann Decker
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Scott Runyon
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
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26
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Amato G, Manke A, Wiethe R, Vasukuttan V, Snyder R, Yueh YL, Decker A, Runyon S, Maitra R. Functionalized 6-(Piperidin-1-yl)-8,9-Diphenyl Purines as Peripherally Restricted Inverse Agonists of the CB1 Receptor. J Med Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00727 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.025 10.1038/s41598-018-20078-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George Amato
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Amruta Manke
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Robert Wiethe
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Rodney Snyder
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Yun Lan Yueh
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Ann Decker
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Scott Runyon
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
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27
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Cannabis: From a Plant That Modulates Feeding Behaviors toward Developing Selective Inhibitors of the Peripheral Endocannabinoid System for the Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050275. [PMID: 31096702 PMCID: PMC6563239 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the role of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in regulating energy and metabolic homeostasis. Endocannabinoids, via activating the cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1R), are commonly known as mediators of the thrifty phenotype hypothesis due to their activity in the central nervous system, which in turn regulates food intake and underlies the development of metabolic syndrome. Indeed, these findings led to the clinical testing of globally acting CB1R blockers for obesity and various metabolic complications. However, their therapeutic potential was halted due to centrally mediated adverse effects. Recent observations that highlighted the key role of the peripheral eCB system in metabolic regulation led to the preclinical development of various novel compounds that block CB1R only in peripheral organs with very limited brain penetration and without causing behavioral side effects. These unique molecules, which effectively ameliorate obesity, type II diabetes, fatty liver, insulin resistance, and chronic kidney disease in several animal models, are likely to be further developed in the clinic and may revive the therapeutic potential of blocking CB1R once again.
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28
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Amato G, Khan NS, Maitra R. A patent update on cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonists (2015-2018). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:261-269. [PMID: 30889997 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1597851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The endocannabinoid system is an important regulator of various physiological processes. Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that attenuation of the endocannabinoid system via antagonism of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) is an excellent strategy to treat obesity, metabolic syndrome and associated disorders. However, centrally acting antagonists of CB1 also produce adverse effects like depression and anxiety. Current efforts are geared towards discovery and optimization of antagonists and modulators of CB1 that have limited brain penetration. AREAS COVERED Several recent publications and patent applications support the development of peripherally acting CB1 receptor antagonists and modulators. In this review, recent patents and applications (2015-2018) are summarized and discussed. EXPERT OPINION Approximately 30 new inventions have been reported since 2015, along with 3 recent commercial deals, highlighting the importance of this class of therapeutics. Taken together, peripherally acting CB1 receptor antagonists and modulators are an emerging class of drugs for metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and other important disorders where this receptor has been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Amato
- a Center for Drug Discovery , RTI International , RTP , NC , USA
| | - Nayaab S Khan
- a Center for Drug Discovery , RTI International , RTP , NC , USA
| | - Rangan Maitra
- a Center for Drug Discovery , RTI International , RTP , NC , USA
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29
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Micale V, Drago F, Noerregaard PK, Elling CE, Wotjak CT. The Cannabinoid CB1 Antagonist TM38837 With Limited Penetrance to the Brain Shows Reduced Fear-Promoting Effects in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:207. [PMID: 30949045 PMCID: PMC6435594 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rimonabant was the first selective CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist introduced into clinical practice to treat obesity and metabolic-related disorders. It was withdrawn from market due to the notably increased rates of psychiatric side effects. We have evaluated TM38837, a novel, largely peripherally restricted CB1 antagonist, in terms of fear-promoting consequences of systemic vs. intracerebral injections. Different groups of male C57BL/6 N mice underwent auditory fear conditioning, followed by re-exposure to the tone. Mice were treated per os (p.o.) with TM38837 (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg), rimonabant (10 mg/kg; a brain penetrating CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist which served as a positive control), or vehicle, 2 h prior the tone presentation. Only the high dose of TM38837 (100 mg/kg) induced a significant increase in freezing behavior, similar to that induced by rimonabant (10 mg/kg) (p < 0.001). If injected into the brain both TM38837 (10 or 30 μg/mouse) and rimonabant (1 or 10 μg/mouse) caused a sustained fear response to the tone, which was more pronounced after rimonabant treatment. Taken together, TM38837 was at least one order of magnitude less effective in promoting fear responses than rimonabant. Given the equipotency of the two CB1 antagonists with regard to weight loss and metabolic syndrome-like symptoms in rodent obesity models, our results point to a critical dose range in which TM3887 might be beneficial for indications such as obesity and metabolic disorders with limited risk of fear-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Micale
- Research Group "Neuronal Plasticity", Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,National Institute Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Research Group "Neuronal Plasticity", Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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30
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Turna J, Syan SK, Frey BN, Rush B, Costello MJ, Weiss M, MacKillop J. Cannabidiol as a Novel Candidate Alcohol Use Disorder Pharmacotherapy: A Systematic Review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:550-563. [PMID: 30698831 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial interest in the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid found in plants of the genus Cannabis. The goal of the current systematic review was to characterize the existing literature on this topic and to evaluate the credibility of CBD as a candidate pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Using a comprehensive search strategy, 303 unique potential articles were identified and 12 ultimately met criteria for inclusion (8 using rodent models, 3 using healthy adult volunteers, and 1 using cell culture). In both rodent and cell culture models, CBD was found to exert a neuroprotective effect against adverse alcohol consequences on the hippocampus. In rodent models, CBD was found to attenuate alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity, specifically, alcohol-induced steatosis. Finally, findings from preclinical rodent models also indicate that CBD attenuates cue-elicited and stress-elicited alcohol seeking, alcohol self-administration, withdrawal-induced convulsions, and impulsive discounting of delayed rewards. In human studies, CBD was well tolerated and did not interact with the subjective effects of alcohol. Collectively, given its favorable effects on alcohol-related harms and addiction phenotypes in preclinical models, CBD appears to have promise as a candidate AUD pharmacotherapy. This is further bolstered by the absence of abuse liability and its general tolerability. A clear limitation to the literature is the paucity of human investigations. Human preclinical and clinical studies are needed to determine whether these positive effects in model systems substantively translate into clinically relevant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Turna
- Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabrina K Syan
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behavior, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benicio N Frey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Mood Disorders Program and Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Rush
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mark Weiss
- Addiction Medicine Service, Homewood Health Centre, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - James MacKillop
- Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behavior, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Pepper I, Vinik A, Lattanzio F, McPheat W, Dobrian A. Countering the Modern Metabolic Disease Rampage With Ancestral Endocannabinoid System Alignment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:311. [PMID: 31156558 PMCID: PMC6533883 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When primitive vertebrates evolved from ancestral members of the animal kingdom and acquired complex locomotive and neurological toolsets, a constant supply of energy became necessary for their continued survival. To help fulfill this need, the endocannabinoid (eCB) system transformed drastically with the addition of the cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) to its gene repertoire. This established an eCB/CB1R signaling mechanism responsible for governing the whole organism's energy balance, with its activation triggering a shift toward energy intake and storage in the brain and the peripheral organs (i.e., liver and adipose). Although this function was of primal importance for humans during their pre-historic existence as hunter-gatherers, it became expendable following the successive lifestyle shifts of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions. Modernization of the world has further increased food availability and decreased energy expenditure, thus shifting the eCB/CB1R system into a state of hyperactive deregulated signaling that contributes to the 21st century metabolic disease pandemic. Studies from the literature supporting this perspective come from a variety of disciplines, including biochemistry, human medicine, evolutionary/comparative biology, anthropology, and developmental biology. Consideration of both biological and cultural evolution justifies the design of improved pharmacological treatments for obesity and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) that focus on peripheral CB1R antagonism. Blockade of peripheral CB1Rs, which universally promote energy conservation across the vertebrate lineage, represents an evolutionary medicine strategy for clinical management of present-day metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Pepper
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ian Pepper
| | - Aaron Vinik
- Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Frank Lattanzio
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - William McPheat
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Anca Dobrian
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
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32
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Boggs DL, Cortes-Briones JA, Surti T, Luddy C, Ranganathan M, Cahill JD, Sewell AR, D'Souza DC, Skosnik PD. The dose-dependent psychomotor effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9-THC) in humans. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:1308-1318. [PMID: 30255720 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118799953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binding studies have demonstrated that levels of the cannabinoid receptor type-1 are highest in the basal ganglia and cerebellum, two areas critical for motor control. However, no studies have systematically examined the dose-related effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the primary cannabinoid receptor type-1 partial agonist in cannabis, on broad domains of psychomotor function in humans. AIMS Therefore, three domains of psychomotor function were assessed in former cannabis users (cannabis abstinent for a minimum of three months; n=23) in a three test-day, within-subject, double-blind, randomized, cross-over, and counterbalanced study during which they received intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (placebo, 0.015 mg/kg, and 0.03 mg/kg). METHODS Gross motor function was assessed via the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Motor Screening Task, fine motor control via the Lafayette Instrument Grooved Pegboard task, and motor timing via a Paced Finger-Tapping Task. In addition, the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Rapid Visual Processing Task was utilized to determine whether delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced motor deficits were confounded by disruptions in sustained attention. RESULTS/OUTCOMES Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol resulted in robust dose-dependent deficits in fine motor control (Grooved Pegboard Task) and motor timing (Paced Finger-Tapping Task), while gross motor performance (Motor Screening Task) and sustained attention (Rapid Visual Processing Task) were unimpaired. Interestingly, despite the observed dose-dependent increases in motor impairment and blood levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, subjects reported similar levels of intoxication in the two drug conditions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data suggest that while several domains of motor function are disrupted by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, subjective feelings of intoxication are dissociable from cannabinoid-induced psychomotor effects. Results are discussed in terms of the potential neural mechanisms of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in motor structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Boggs
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jose A Cortes-Briones
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Toral Surti
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christina Luddy
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mohini Ranganathan
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - John D Cahill
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew R Sewell
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Deepak C D'Souza
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick D Skosnik
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.,2 Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
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33
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The role of fatty acids and their endocannabinoid-like derivatives in the molecular regulation of appetite. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:45-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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34
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Chang CP, Huang HL, Huang JK, Hung MS, Wu CH, Song JS, Lee CJ, Yu CS, Shia KS. Fluorine-18 isotope labeling for positron emission tomography imaging. Direct evidence for DBPR211 as a peripherally restricted CB1 inverse agonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:216-223. [PMID: 30528163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The [18F] isotope-labelled CB1 inverse agonist 3 was elaborated and synthesized for positron emission tomography scanning studies. After immediate purification and calibration with its unlabeled counterpart, compound 3 was intravenously injected in mice and revealed that its distribution percentage in brain over 90-min scans among five region of interests, including brain, liver, heart, thigh muscle and kidney was lower than 1%, thus providing direct evidence to justify itself as a peripherally restricted CB1 antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ping Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ho-Lien Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jing-Kai Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Shiu Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Huang Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Jui Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Shan Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan, ROC.
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35
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Zhang YM, Greco MN, Macielag MJ, Teleha CA, DesJarlais RL, Tang Y, Ho G, Hou C, Chen C, Zhao S, Kauffman J, Camacho R, Qi J, Murray W, Demarest K, Leonard J. 6-Benzhydryl-4-amino-quinolin-2-ones as Potent Cannabinoid Type 1 (CB 1) Receptor Inverse Agonists and Chemical Modifications for Peripheral Selectivity. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10276-10298. [PMID: 30339387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 6-benzhydryl-4-amino-quinolin-2-ones was discovered as cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) inverse agonists based on the high-throughput screening hit, compound 1a. Structure-activity relationships were studied to improve in vitro/in vivo pharmacology and restrict distribution to the peripheral circulation. We adopted several strategies such as increasing topological polar surface area, incorporating discrete polyethylene glycol side chains, and targeting P-glycoprotein (P-gp) to minimize access to the brain. Compound 6a is a P-gp substrate and a potent and highly selective CB1R inverse agonist, demonstrating excellent in vivo metabolic stability and a low brain to plasma ratio. However, brain receptor occupancy studies showed that compound 6a may accumulate in brain with repeat dosing. This was evidenced by compound 6a inhibiting food intake and inducing weight loss in diet-induced obese mice. Thus, a strategy based on P-gp efflux may not be adequate for peripheral restriction of the disclosed quinolinone series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Mei Zhang
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Michael N Greco
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Mark J Macielag
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Christopher A Teleha
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Renee L DesJarlais
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Yuting Tang
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - George Ho
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Cuifen Hou
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Cailin Chen
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Shuyuan Zhao
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Jack Kauffman
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Raul Camacho
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Jenson Qi
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - William Murray
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - Keith Demarest
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
| | - James Leonard
- Janssen Research & Development , 1400 McKean Road , Spring House , Pennsylvania 19477-0776 , United States
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36
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Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of functionalized 6-piperazin-1-yl-purines as cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4518-4531. [PMID: 30077609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists of peripheral type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1) may have utility in the treatment of obesity, liver disease, metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemias. We have targeted analogues of the purine inverse agonist otenabant (1) for this purpose. The non-tissue selective CB1 antagonist rimonabant (2) was approved as a weight-loss agent in Europe but produced centrally mediated adverse effects in some patients including dysphoria and suicidal ideation leading to its withdrawal. Efforts are now underway to produce compounds with limited brain exposure. While many structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of 2 have been reported, along with peripheralized compounds, 1 remains relatively less studied. In this report, we pursued analogues of 1 in which the 4-aminopiperidine group was switched to piperazine group to enable a better understanding of SAR to eventually produce compounds with limited brain penetration. To access a binding pocket and modulate physical properties, the piperazine was functionalized with alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups using a variety of connectors, including amides, sulfonamides, carbamates and ureas. These studies resulted in compounds that are potent antagonists of hCB1 with high selectivity for hCB1 over hCB2. The SAR obtained led to the discovery of 65 (Ki = 4 nM, >1,000-fold selective for hCB1 over hCB2), an orally bioavailable aryl urea with reduced brain penetration, and provides direction for discovering peripherally restricted compounds with good in vitro and in vivo properties.
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37
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Amato GS, Manke A, Harris DL, Wiethe RW, Vasukuttan V, Snyder RW, Lefever TW, Cortes R, Zhang Y, Wang S, Runyon SP, Maitra R. Blocking Alcoholic Steatosis in Mice with a Peripherally Restricted Purine Antagonist of the Type 1 Cannabinoid Receptor. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4370-4385. [PMID: 29688015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) antagonists have demonstrated promise for the treatment of obesity, liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemias. However, the inhibition of CB1 receptors in the central nervous system can produce adverse effects, including depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Efforts are now underway to produce peripherally restricted CB1 antagonists to circumvent CNS-associated undesirable effects. In this study, a series of analogues were explored in which the 4-aminopiperidine group of compound 2 was replaced with aryl- and heteroaryl-substituted piperazine groups both with and without a spacer. This resulted in mildly basic, potent antagonists of human CB1 (hCB1). The 2-chlorobenzyl piperazine, 25, was found to be potent ( Ki = 8 nM); to be >1000-fold selective for hCB1 over hCB2; to have no hERG liability; and to possess favorable ADME properties including high oral absorption and negligible CNS penetration. Compound 25 was tested in a mouse model of alcohol-induced liver steatosis and found to be efficacious. Taken together, 25 represents an exciting lead compound for further clinical development or refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Amato
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Amruta Manke
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Danni L Harris
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Robert W Wiethe
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Vineetha Vasukuttan
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Rodney W Snyder
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Timothy W Lefever
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Ricardo Cortes
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Shaobin Wang
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Discovery Science and Technology , RTI International , 3040 Cornwallis Road , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
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38
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Ma H, Zhang G, Mou C, Fu X, Chen Y. Peripheral CB1 Receptor Neutral Antagonist, AM6545, Ameliorates Hypometabolic Obesity and Improves Adipokine Secretion in Monosodium Glutamate Induced Obese Mice. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:156. [PMID: 29615900 PMCID: PMC5869198 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of peripheral cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) blockade by AM6545 in the monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced hypometabolic and hypothalamic obesity was observed, and the impact on intraperitoneal adipose tissue and adipokines was investigated. The MSG mice is characterized by excessive abdominal obesity, and combined with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. 3-Week AM6545 treatment dose-dependently decreased the body weight, intraperitoneal fat mass, and rectified the accompanied dyslipidemia include elevated serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, free fatty acids, and lowered LDLc level. Glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia were also alleviated. But AM6545 didn’t affect the food-intake consistently through the experiment. In line with the reduction on fat mass, the size of adipocyte was reduced markedly. Most interestingly, AM6545 showed significant improvement on levels of circulating adipokines including lowering leptin, asprosin and TNFα, and increasing HMW adiponectin. Correspondingly, dysregulated gene expression of lipogenesis, lipolysis, and adipokines in the adipose tissue were nearly recovered to normal level after AM6545 treatment. Additionally, western blot analysis revealed that AM6545 corrected the elevated CB1R and PPARγ protein expression, while increased the key energy uncoupling protein UCP1 expression in adipose tissue. Taken together, the current study indicates that AM6545 induced a comprehensive metabolic improvement in the MSG mice including counteracting the hypometabolic and hypothalamic obesity, and improving the accompanied dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. One key underlying mechanism is related to ameliorate on the metabolic deregulation of adipose tissue, the synthesis and secretion of adipokines were thus rectified, and finally the catabolism was increased and the anabolism was reduced in intraperitoneal adipose tissue. Findings from this study will provide the valuable information about peripheral CB1R antagonist in managing hypometabolic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guina Zhang
- Linyi City 120 Emergency Command Center, Linyi, China
| | | | - Xiujuan Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yadan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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39
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Peripheral modulation of the endocannabinoid system in metabolic disease. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:592-604. [PMID: 29331500 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been identified in metabolic disease. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is abundantly expressed in the brain but also expressed in the periphery. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is more abundant in the periphery, including the immune cells. In obesity, global antagonism of overexpressed CB1 reduces bodyweight but leads to centrally mediated adverse psychological outcomes. Emerging research in isolated cultured cells or tissues has demonstrated that targeting the endocannabinoid system in the periphery alleviates the pathologies associated with metabolic disease. Further, peripheral specific cannabinoid ligands can reverse aspects of the metabolic phenotype. This Keynote review will focus on current research on the functionality of peripheral modulation of the ECS for the treatment of obesity.
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40
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Xia L, de Vries H, Yang X, Lenselink EB, Kyrizaki A, Barth F, Louvel J, Dreyer MK, van der Es D, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH. Kinetics of human cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor antagonists: Structure-kinetics relationships (SKR) and implications for insurmountable antagonism. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 151:166-179. [PMID: 29102677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
While equilibrium binding affinities and in vitro functional antagonism of CB1 receptor antagonists have been studied in detail, little is known on the kinetics of their receptor interaction. In this study, we therefore conducted kinetic assays for nine 1-(4,5-diarylthiophene-2-carbonyl)-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxamide derivatives and included the CB1 antagonist rimonabant as a comparison. For this we newly developed a dual-point competition association assay with [3H]CP55940 as the radioligand. This assay yielded Kinetic Rate Index (KRI) values from which structure-kinetics relationships (SKR) of hCB1 receptor antagonists could be established. The fast dissociating antagonist 6 had a similar receptor residence time (RT) as rimonabant, i.e. 19 and 14 min, respectively, while the slowest dissociating antagonist (9) had a very long RT of 2222 min, i.e. pseudo-irreversible dissociation kinetics. In functional assays, 9 displayed insurmountable antagonism, while the effects of the shortest RT antagonist 6 and rimonabant were surmountable. Taken together, this study shows that hCB1 receptor antagonists can have very divergent RTs, which are not correlated to their equilibrium affinities. Furthermore, their RTs appear to define their mode of functional antagonism, i.e. surmountable vs. insurmountable. Finally, based on the recently resolved hCB1 receptor crystal structure, we propose that the differences in RT can be explained by a different binding mode of antagonist 9 from short RT antagonists that is able to displace unfavorable water molecules. Taken together, these findings are of importance for future design and evaluation of potent and safe hCB1 receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizi Xia
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Henk de Vries
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Xue Yang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Eelke B Lenselink
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Athina Kyrizaki
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Francis Barth
- Sanofi-Aventis Research and Development, 371, Rue du Professeur Blayac, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 04, France
| | - Julien Louvel
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias K Dreyer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daan van der Es
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
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41
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Chen W, Shui F, Liu C, Zhou X, Li W, Zheng Z, Fu W, Wang L. Novel Peripherally Restricted Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Selective Antagonist TXX-522 with Prominent Weight-Loss Efficacy in Diet Induced Obese Mice. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:707. [PMID: 29051736 PMCID: PMC5633609 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical development of the first generation of globally active cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) antagonists was suspended because of their adverse neuropsychiatric effects. Selective blockade of peripheral CB1Rs has the potential to provide a viable strategy for the treatment of severe obesity while avoiding these central nervous system side effects. In the current study, a novel compound (TXX-522) was rationally designed based on the parent nucleus of a classical CB1R-selective antagonist/inverse agonist, rimonabant (SR141716A). Docking assays indicate that TXX-522 was bound with the CB1R in a mode similar to that of SR141716A. TXX-522 showed good binding, CB1R-selectivity (over the CB2R), and functional antagonist activities in a range of in vitro molecular and cellular assays. In vivo analysis of the steady state distribution of TXX-522 in the rat brain and blood tissues and the assay of its functional effects on CB1R activity collectively showed that TXX-522 showed minimal brain penetration. Moreover, the in vivo pharmacodynamic study further revealed that TXX-522 had good oral bioavailability and a potent anti-obesity effect, and ameliorated insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. No impact on food intake was observed in this model, confirming the limited brain penetration of this compound. Thus, the current study indicates that TXX-522 is a novel and potent peripherally acting selective CB1R antagonist with the potential to control obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchun Shui
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinbo Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibing Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
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42
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Richey JM, Woolcott O. Re-visiting the Endocannabinoid System and Its Therapeutic Potential in Obesity and Associated Diseases. Curr Diab Rep 2017; 17:99. [PMID: 28913816 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-017-0924-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the review was to revisit the possibility of the endocannabinoid system being a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity by focusing on the peripheral roles in regulating appetite and energy metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Previous studies with the global cannabinoid receptor blocker rimonabant, which has both central and peripheral properties, showed that this drug has beneficial effects on cardiometabolic function but severe adverse psychiatric side effects. Consequently, focus has shifted to peripherally restricted cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor blockers as possible therapeutic agents that mitigate or eliminate the untoward effects in the central nervous system. Targeting the endocannabinoid system using novel peripheral CB1 receptor blockers with negligible penetrance across the blood-brain barrier may prove to be effective therapy for obesity and its co-morbidities. Perhaps the future of blockers targeting CB1 receptors will be tissue-specific neutral antagonists (e.g., skeletal muscle specific to treat peripheral insulin resistance, adipocyte-specific to treat fat excess, liver-specific to treat fatty liver and hepatic insulin resistance).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M Richey
- USC Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 2250 Alcazar Street, Suite 213, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Orison Woolcott
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Thalians E103, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
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43
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Romero-Zerbo SY, Ruz-Maldonado I, Espinosa-Jiménez V, Rafacho A, Gómez-Conde AI, Sánchez-Salido L, Cobo-Vuilleumier N, Gauthier BR, Tinahones FJ, Persaud SJ, Bermúdez-Silva FJ. The cannabinoid ligand LH-21 reduces anxiety and improves glucose handling in diet-induced obese pre-diabetic mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3946. [PMID: 28638091 PMCID: PMC5479807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03292-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
LH-21 is a triazol derivative that has been described as a low-permeant neutral CB1 antagonist, though its pharmacology is still unclear. It has been associated with anti-obesity actions in obese rats. However, its role in preventing type 2 diabetes (T2D) onset have not been studied yet. Given CB1 receptors remain as potential pharmacological targets to fight against obesity and T2D, we wanted to explore the metabolic impact of this compound in an animal model of obesity and pre-diabetes as well as the lack of relevant actions in related central processes such as anxiety. C57BL/6J mice were rendered obese and pre-diabetic by feeding a high-fat diet for 15 weeks and then treated with LH-21 or vehicle for two weeks. Food intake, body weight and glucose handling were assessed, together with other relevant parameters. Behavioural performance was evaluated by the open field test and the elevated plus maze. LH-21 did not affect food intake nor body weight but it improved glucose handling, displaying tissue-specific beneficial actions. Unexpectedly, LH-21 induced anxiolysis and reverted obesity-induced anxiety, apparently through GPR55 receptor. These results suggest that LH-21 can be a new candidate to fight against diabetes onset. Indeed, this compound shows potential in counteracting obesity-related anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Y Romero-Zerbo
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentros de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Málaga, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Ruz-Maldonado
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentros de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Málaga, Spain
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Vanesa Espinosa-Jiménez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentros de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alex Rafacho
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana I Gómez-Conde
- Bioimaging facility, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lourdes Sánchez-Salido
- Bioimaging facility, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Nadia Cobo-Vuilleumier
- Stem Cells Department, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Seville, Spain
| | - Benoit R Gauthier
- Stem Cells Department, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentros de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Málaga, Spain
| | - Shanta J Persaud
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Francisco J Bermúdez-Silva
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentros de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Málaga, Spain.
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Murray RM, Englund A, Abi-Dargham A, Lewis DA, Di Forti M, Davies C, Sherif M, McGuire P, D'Souza DC. Cannabis-associated psychosis: Neural substrate and clinical impact. Neuropharmacology 2017. [PMID: 28634109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prospective epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated that cannabis use is associated with an increased subsequent risk of both psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia-like psychoses. Early onset of use, daily use of high-potency cannabis, and synthetic cannabinoids carry the greatest risk. The risk-increasing effects are not explained by shared genetic predisposition between schizophrenia and cannabis use. Experimental studies in healthy humans show that cannabis and its active ingredient, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), can produce transient, dose-dependent, psychotic symptoms, as well as an array of psychosis-relevant behavioral, cognitive and psychophysiological effects; the psychotogenic effects can be ameliorated by cannabidiol (CBD). Findings from structural imaging studies in cannabis users have been inconsistent but functional MRI studies have linked the psychotomimetic and cognitive effects of THC to activation in brain regions implicated in psychosis. Human PET studies have shown that acute administration of THC weakly releases dopamine in the striatum but that chronic users are characterised by low striatal dopamine. We are beginning to understand how cannabis use impacts on the endocannabinoid system but there is much still to learn about the biological mechanisms underlying how cannabis increases risk of psychosis. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "A New Dawn in Cannabinoid Neurobiology".
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK.
| | - A Englund
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - A Abi-Dargham
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - D A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - M Di Forti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - C Davies
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - M Sherif
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, CT, USA
| | - P McGuire
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - D C D'Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, CT, USA
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45
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Iyer MR, Cinar R, Coffey NJ, Chorvat RJ, Kunos G. Synthesis of S-2-((S)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N'-((4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-4-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carboximidamido)-3-(methyl-d 3 )butanamide-d 5 , octadeuterated JD5037. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:460-465. [PMID: 28545167 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
JD5037 (1) is a potent and selective, peripherally acting inverse agonist of the cannabinoid (CB1 R) receptor. Peripheral CB1 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists have great potential in the treatment of metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes, obesity, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. We report the synthesis of octadeuterated [2 H8 ]-JD5037 (S, S) (8) along with its (S, R) diastereomer (13) from commercially available L-valine-d8 starting material. The [2 H8 ]-JD5037 compound will be used to quantitate unlabeled JD5037 during clinical ADME studies and will be used as an LC-MS/MS bioanalytical standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malliga R Iyer
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nathan J Coffey
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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Zhu B, Matthews JM, Xia M, Black S, Chen C, Hou C, Liang Y, Tang Y, Macielag MJ. Tetrahydropyrazolo[4,3- c ]pyridine derivatives as potent and peripherally selective cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5597-5601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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47
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Tetrahydroindazole derivatives as potent and peripherally selective cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5346-5349. [PMID: 27671496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of potent and receptor-selective cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor inverse agonists has been discovered. Peripheral selectivity of the compounds was assessed by a mouse tissue distribution study, in which the concentrations of a test compound in both plasma and brain were measured. A number of peripherally selective compounds have been identified through this process. Compound 2p was further evaluated in a 3-week efficacy study in the diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model. Beneficial effects on plasma glucose were observed from the compound-treated mice.
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48
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Dean C, Hillard CJ, Seagard JL, Hopp FA, Hogan QH. Components of the cannabinoid system in the dorsal periaqueductal gray are related to resting heart rate. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R254-62. [PMID: 27280429 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00154.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to examine whether variations in endocannabinoid signaling in the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) are associated with baseline autonomic nerve activity, heart rate, and blood pressure. Blood pressure was recorded telemetrically in rats, and heart rate and power spectral analysis of heart rate variability were determined. Natural variations from animal to animal provided a range of baseline values for analysis. Transcript levels of endocannabinoid signaling components in the dPAG were analyzed, and endocannabinoid content and catabolic enzyme activity were measured. Higher baseline heart rate was associated with increased anandamide content and with decreased activity of the anandamide-hydrolyzing enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and it was negatively correlated with transcript levels of both FAAH and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), a catabolic enzyme for 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Autonomic tone and heart rate, but not blood pressure, were correlated to levels of FAAH mRNA. In accordance with these data, exogenous anandamide in the dPAG of anesthetized rats increased heart rate. These data indicate that in the dPAG, anandamide, a FAAH-regulated lipid, contributes to regulation of baseline heart rate through influences on autonomic outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caron Dean
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Jeanne L Seagard
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Francis A Hopp
- Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Quinn H Hogan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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49
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Sherif M, Radhakrishnan R, D'Souza DC, Ranganathan M. Human Laboratory Studies on Cannabinoids and Psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:526-38. [PMID: 26970363 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Some of the most compelling evidence supporting an association between cannabinoid agonists and psychosis comes from controlled laboratory studies in humans. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover laboratory studies demonstrate that cannabinoid agonists, including phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids, produce a wide range of positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms and psychophysiologic deficits in healthy human subjects that resemble the phenomenology of schizophrenia. These effects are time locked to drug administration, are dose related, and are transient and rarely necessitate intervention. The magnitude of effects is similar to the effects of ketamine but qualitatively distinct from other psychotomimetic drugs, including ketamine, amphetamine, and salvinorin A. Cannabinoid agonists have also been shown to transiently exacerbate symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia in laboratory studies. Patients with schizophrenia are more vulnerable than healthy control subjects to the acute behavioral and cognitive effects of cannabinoid agonists and experience transient exacerbation of symptoms despite treatment with antipsychotic medications. Furthermore, laboratory studies have failed to demonstrate any "beneficial" effects of cannabinoid agonists in individuals with schizophrenia-challenging the cannabis self-medication hypothesis. Emerging evidence suggests that polymorphisms of several genes related to dopamine metabolism (e.g., COMT, DAT1, and AKT1) may moderate the effects of cannabinoid agonists in laboratory studies. Cannabinoid agonists induce dopamine release, although the magnitude of release does not appear to be commensurate to the magnitude and spectrum of their acute psychotomimetic effects. Interactions between the endocannabinoid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate systems and their individual and interactive effects on neural oscillations provide a plausible mechanism underlying the psychotomimetic effects of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sherif
- Schizophrenia and Neuropharmacology Research Group, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rajiv Radhakrishnan
- Schizophrenia and Neuropharmacology Research Group, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Deepak Cyril D'Souza
- Schizophrenia and Neuropharmacology Research Group, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mohini Ranganathan
- Schizophrenia and Neuropharmacology Research Group, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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50
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Cani PD, Plovier H, Van Hul M, Geurts L, Delzenne NM, Druart C, Everard A. Endocannabinoids--at the crossroads between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016; 12:133-43. [PMID: 26678807 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various metabolic disorders are associated with changes in inflammatory tone. Among the latest advances in the metabolism field, the discovery that gut microorganisms have a major role in host metabolism has revealed the possibility of a plethora of associations between gut bacteria and numerous diseases. However, to date, few mechanisms have been clearly established. Accumulating evidence indicates that the endocannabinoid system and related bioactive lipids strongly contribute to several physiological processes and are a characteristic of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and inflammation. In this Review, we briefly define the gut microbiota as well as the endocannabinoid system and associated bioactive lipids. We discuss existing literature regarding interactions between gut microorganisms and the endocannabinoid system, focusing specifically on the triad of adipose tissue, gut bacteria and the endocannabinoid system in the context of obesity and the development of fat mass. We highlight gut-barrier function by discussing the role of specific factors considered to be putative 'gate keepers' or 'gate openers', and their role in the gut microbiota-endocannabinoid system axis. Finally, we briefly discuss data related to the different pharmacological strategies currently used to target the endocannabinoid system, in the context of cardiometabolic disorders and intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Cani
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Hubert Plovier
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Lucie Geurts
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Céline Druart
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
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