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Wu Y, Jiang H, Hu Y, Dai H, Zhao Q, Zheng Y, Liu W, Rui H, Liu B. B cell dysregulation and depletion therapy in primary membranous nephropathy: Prospects and potential challenges. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 140:112769. [PMID: 39098228 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
B cells are crucial to the humoral immune response, originating in the bone marrow and maturing in the spleen and lymph nodes. They primarily function to protect against a wide range of infections through the secretion of antibodies. The role of B cells in primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) has gained significant attention, especially following the discovery of various autoantibodies that target podocyte antigens and the observed positive outcomes from B cell depletion therapy. Increasing evidence points to the presence of abnormal B cell subsets and functions in MN. B cells have varied roles during the different stages of disease onset, progression, and relapse. Initially, B cells facilitate self-antigen presentation, activate effector T cells, and initiate cellular immunity. Subsequently, the disruption of both central and peripheral immune tolerance results in the emergence of autoreactive B cells, with strong germinal center responses as a major source of MN autoantibodies. Additionally, critical B cell subsets, including Bregs, memory B cells, and plasma cells, play roles in the immune dysregulation observed in MN, assisting in predicting disease recurrence and guiding management strategies for MN. This review offers a detailed overview of research advancements on B cells and elucidates their pathological roles in MN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Wu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China; Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hanxue Jiang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Yuehong Hu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China; Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Haoran Dai
- Shunyi Branch, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100310, China
| | - Qihan Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China; Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongliang Rui
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China; Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100010, China.
| | - Baoli Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China; Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Lv J, Ibrahim YS, Yumashev A, Hjazi A, Faraz A, Alnajar MJ, Qasim MT, Ghildiyal P, Hussein Zwamel A, Fakri Mustafa Y. A comprehensive immunobiology review of IBD: With a specific glance to Th22 lymphocytes development, biology, function, and role in IBD. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 137:112486. [PMID: 38901239 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The two primary forms of inflammatory disorders of the small intestine andcolon that make up inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). While ulcerative colitis primarily affects the colon and the rectum, CD affects the small and large intestines, as well as the esophagus,mouth, anus, andstomach. Although the etiology of IBD is not completely clear, and there are many unknowns about it, the development, progression, and recurrence of IBD are significantly influenced by the activity of immune system cells, particularly lymphocytes, given that the disease is primarily caused by the immune system stimulation and activation against gastrointestinal (GI) tract components due to the inflammation caused by environmental factors such as viral or bacterial infections, etc. in genetically predisposed individuals. Maintaining homeostasis and the integrity of the mucosal barrier are critical in stopping the development of IBD. Specific immune system cells and the quantity of secretory mucus and microbiome are vital in maintaining this stability. Th22 cells are helper T lymphocyte subtypes that are particularly important for maintaining the integrity and equilibrium of the mucosal barrier. This review discusses the most recent research on these cells' biology, function, and evolution and their involvement in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lv
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China
| | - Yousif Saleh Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Fallujah, Fallujah, Iraq
| | - Alexey Yumashev
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali Faraz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Maytham T Qasim
- College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar 64001, Iraq
| | - Pallavi Ghildiyal
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Ahmed Hussein Zwamel
- Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University of Aldiwaniyah, Aldiwaniyah, Iraq; Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
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Tan Z, Yang C, Lin PH, Ramadan S, Yang W, Rashidi Z, Lang S, Shafieichaharberoud F, Gao J, Pan X, Soloff N, Wu X, Bolin S, Pyeon D, Huang X. Inducing Long Lasting B Cell and T Cell Immunity Against Multiple Variants of SARS-CoV-2 Through Mutant Bacteriophage Qβ-Receptor Binding Domain Conjugate. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302755. [PMID: 38733291 PMCID: PMC11305917 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
More than 3 years into the global pandemic, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a significant threat to public health. Immunities acquired from infection or current vaccines fail to provide long term protection against subsequent infections, mainly due to their fast-waning nature and the emergence of variants of concerns (VOCs) such as Omicron. To overcome these limitations, SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD)-based epitopes are investigated as conjugates with a powerful carrier, the mutant bacteriophage Qβ (mQβ). The epitope design is critical to eliciting potent antibody responses with the full length RBD being superior to peptide and glycopeptide antigens. The full length RBD conjugated with mQβ activates both humoral and cellular immune systems in vivo, inducing broad spectrum, persistent, and comprehensive immune responses effective against multiple VOCs including Delta and Omicron variants, rendering it a promising vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Canchai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Po-Han Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sherif Ramadan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
| | - Weizhun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Zahra Rashidi
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shuyao Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Fatemeh Shafieichaharberoud
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jia Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Xingling Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Nachy Soloff
- Hatzalah of Michigan, 13650 Oak Park Blvd., Oak Park, MI, 48237, USA
| | - Xuanjun Wu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Steven Bolin
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Dohun Pyeon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Qiu GH, Yu B, Ma M. G protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling of immunomodulation in tumor progression. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23829. [PMID: 39017658 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400458r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essential contributors to tumor growth and metastasis due to their roles in immune cell regulation. Therefore, GPCRs are potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the roles of GPCRs and their signaling pathways in tumor progression from an immunocellular perspective. Additionally, we focus on the roles of GPCRs in regulating immune checkpoint proteins involved in immune evasion. Finally, we review the progress of clinical trials of GPCR-targeted drugs for cancer treatment, which may be combined with immunotherapy to improve treatment efficacy. This expanded understanding of the role of GPCRs may shed light on the mechanisms underlying tumor progression and provide a novel perspective on cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hong Qiu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Mei Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
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Pazoki A, Dadfar S, Shadab A, Haghmorad D, Oksenych V. Soluble CD40 Ligand as a Promising Biomarker in Cancer Diagnosis. Cells 2024; 13:1267. [PMID: 39120299 PMCID: PMC11311304 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a significant challenge in medicine due to its complexity and heterogeneity. Biomarkers have emerged as vital tools for cancer research and clinical practice, facilitating early detection, prognosis assessment, and treatment monitoring. Among these, CD40 ligand (CD40L) has gained attention for its role in immune response modulation. Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) has shown promise as a potential biomarker in cancer diagnosis and progression, reflecting interactions between immune cells and the tumor microenvironment. This review explores the intricate relationship between sCD40L and cancer, highlighting its diagnostic and prognostic potential. It discusses biomarker discovery, emphasizing the need for reliable markers in oncology, and elucidates the roles of CD40L in inflammatory responses and interactions with tumor cells. Additionally, it examines sCD40L as a biomarker, detailing its significance across various cancer types and clinical applications. Moreover, the review focuses on therapeutic interventions targeting CD40L in malignancies, providing insights into cellular and gene therapy approaches and recombinant protein-based strategies. The clinical effectiveness of CD40L-targeted therapy is evaluated, underscoring the need for further research to unlock the full potential of this signaling pathway in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Pazoki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
| | - Sepehr Dadfar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
| | - Alireza Shadab
- Department of Health Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14496-14535, Iran
| | - Dariush Haghmorad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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Bao X, Lin X, Xie M, Yao J, Song J, Ma X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Han W, Liang Y, Hu H, Xu L, Xue X. Mature tertiary lymphoid structures: important contributors to anti-tumor immune efficacy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1413067. [PMID: 39026670 PMCID: PMC11254644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1413067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) represent the ectopic aggregations of immune cells arising during chronic inflammation or tumor progression. In cancer, TLS are often associated with beneficial clinical outcomes in patients undergoing immunotherapy, underscoring their prognostic and predictive significance. Mature TLS, characterized by germinal centers and areas of T-cell and B-cell aggregation, are considered primary locations for activating and maintaining both humoral and cellular anti-tumor immune effects. Despite their recognized importance, the mechanisms driving the formation of mature TLS in cancer and their influence on the immune response within tumors remain insufficiently understood. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively explore the structural composition, development mechanisms, maturity impact factors, immunological function, and innovative therapeutic strategies of mature TLS within the tumor microenvironment. The research summarized herein offers novel insights and considerations for therapeutic approaches to promote TLS generation and maturation in patients with cancer, representing a promising avenue for future cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Bao
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xuwen Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Song
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xidong Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yinguang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenya Han
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yiran Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongling Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Respiratory Endoscopy, The Public Health Clinical Center Affiliated of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinying Xue
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Elsner RA, Smita S, Shlomchik MJ. IL-12 induces a B cell-intrinsic IL-12/IFNγ feed-forward loop promoting extrafollicular B cell responses. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1283-1295. [PMID: 38862796 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
While some infections elicit germinal centers, others produce only extrafollicular responses. The mechanisms controlling these dichotomous fates are poorly understood. We identify IL-12 as a cytokine switch, acting directly on B cells to promote extrafollicular and suppress germinal center responses. IL-12 initiates a B cell-intrinsic feed-forward loop between IL-12 and IFNγ, amplifying IFNγ production, which promotes proliferation and plasmablast differentiation from mouse and human B cells, in synergy with IL-12. IL-12 sustains the expression of a portion of IFNγ-inducible genes. Together, they also induce unique gene changes, reflecting both IFNγ amplification and cooperative effects between both cytokines. In vivo, cells lacking both IL-12 and IFNγ receptors are more impaired in plasmablast production than those lacking either receptor alone. Further, B cell-derived IL-12 enhances both plasmablast responses and T helper 1 cell commitment. Thus, B cell-derived IL-12, acting on T and B cells, determines the immune response mode, with implications for vaccines, pathogen protection and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Shuchi Smita
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Prakash S, Kumbhojkar N, Gottlieb AP, Park KS, Kapate N, Mitragotri S. Polymer Micropatches as B-Cell Engagers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:28184-28192. [PMID: 38770711 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
B cells, despite their several unique functionalities, remain largely untapped for use as an adoptive cell therapy and are limited to in vitro use for antibody production. B cells can be easily sourced, they possess excellent lymphoid-homing capabilities, and they can act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), offering an alternative to dendritic cells (DCs), which have shown limited efficacy in the clinical setting. Soluble factors such as IL-4 and anti-CD40 antibody can enhance the activation, survival, and antigen-presenting capabilities of B cells; however, it is difficult to attain sufficiently high concentrations of these biologics to stimulate B cells in vivo. Micropatches as Cell Engagers (MACE) are polymeric microparticles, surface functionalized with anti-CD40 and anti-IgM, which can attach to B cells and simultaneously engage multiple B-cell receptors (BCR) and CD40 receptors. Stimulation of these receptors through MACE, unlike free antibodies, enhanced the display of costimulatory molecules on the B-cell surface, increased B-cell viability, and improved antigen presentation by B cells to T cells in vitro. B-cell activation by MACE further synergized with soluble IL-4 and anti-CD40. MACE also elicited T-cell chemokine secretion by B cells. Upon intravenous adoptive transfer, MACE-bound B cells homed to the spleen and lymph nodes, key sites for antigen presentation to T cells. Adoptive transfer of MACE-B cells pulsed with the CD4+ and CD8+ epitopes of ovalbumin significantly delayed tumor progression in a murine subcutaneous EG7-OVA tumor model, demonstrating the functional benefit conferred to B cells by MACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Prakash
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ninad Kumbhojkar
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alexander P Gottlieb
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kyung-Soo Park
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Neha Kapate
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Noor AAM, Nor AKCM, Redzwan NM. The immunological understanding on germinal center B cells in psoriasis. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31266. [PMID: 38578060 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The development of psoriasis is mainly driven by the dysregulation of T cells within the skin, marking a primary involvement of these cells in the pathogenesis. Although B cells are integral components of the immune system, their role in the initiation and progression of psoriasis is not as pivotal as that of T cells. The paradox of B cell suggests that, while it is crucial for adaptive immunity, B cells may contribute to the exacerbation of psoriasis. Numerous ideas proposed that there are potential relationships between psoriasis and B cells especially within germinal centers (GCs). Recent research projected that B cells might be triggered by autoantigens which then induced molecular mimicry to alter B cells activity within GC and generate autoantibodies and pro-inflammatory cytokines, form ectopic GC, and dysregulate the proliferation of keratinocytes. Hence, in this review, we gathered potential evidence indicating the participation of B cells in psoriasis within the context of GC, aiming to enhance our comprehension and advance treatment strategies for psoriasis thus inviting many new researchers to investigate this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Akmal Mohd Noor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abdah Karimah Che Md Nor
- Central Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Norhanani Mohd Redzwan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Sun J, Feng Q, Xu Y, Liu P, Wu Y. Analysis of prognostic value of lactate metabolism-related genes in ovarian cancer based on bioinformatics. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:110. [PMID: 38778371 PMCID: PMC11110319 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have provided evidence supporting the functional role and mechanism of lactate in suppressing anticancer immunity. However, there is no systematic analysis of lactate metabolism-related genes (LMRGs) and ovarian cancer (OV) prognosis. RESULTS Six genes (CCL18, CCND1, MXRA5, NRBP2, OLFML2B and THY1) were selected as prognostic genes and a prognostic model was utilized. Kaplan-Meier (K-M) and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses were further performed and indicated that the prognostic model was effective. Subsequently, the neoplasm_cancer_status and RiskScore were determined as independent prognostic factors, and a nomogram was established with relatively accurate forecasting ability. Additionally, 2 types of immune cells (Central memory CD8 T cell and Immature B cell), 4 types of immune functions (APC co inhibition, DCs, Tfh and Th1 cells), 9 immune checkpoints (BTLA, CTLA4, IDO1, LAG3, VTCN1, CXCL10, CXCL9, IFNG, CD27) and tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) scores were significantly different between risk groups. The expression of 6 genes were verified by quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) and the expression of 6 genes were higher in the high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) samples. CONCLUSION A prognostic model related to lactate metabolism was established for OV based on six genes (CCL18, CCND1, MXRA5, NRBP2, OLFML2B and THY1) that could provide new insights into therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Sun
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100006, China
- Department of Gynecology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Qinmei Feng
- Department of Gynecology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yumei Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100006, China.
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Mandal G, Pradhan S. B cell responses and antibody-based therapeutic perspectives in human cancers. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e2056. [PMID: 38522010 PMCID: PMC10961090 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immuno-oncology has been focused on T cell-centric approaches until the field recently started appreciating the importance of tumor-reactive antibody production by tumor-infiltrating plasma B cells, and the necessity of developing novel therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of different cancers. RECENT FINDINGS B lymphocytes often infiltrate solid tumors and the extent of B cell infiltration normally correlates with stronger T cell responses while generating humoral responses against malignant progression by producing tumor antigens-reactive antibodies that bind and coat the tumor cells and promote cytotoxic effector mechanisms, reiterating the fact that the adaptive immune system works by coordinated humoral and cellular immune responses. Isotypes, magnitude, and the effector functions of antibodies produced by the B cells within the tumor environment differ among cancer types. Interestingly, apart from binding with specific tumor antigens, antibodies produced by tumor-infiltrating B cells could bind to some non-specific receptors, peculiarly expressed by cancer cells. Antibody-based immunotherapies have revolutionized the modalities of cancer treatment across the world but are still limited against hematological malignancies and a few types of solid tumor cancers with a restricted number of targets, which necessitates the expansion of the field to have newer effective targeted antibody therapeutics. CONCLUSION Here, we discuss about recent understanding of the protective spontaneous antitumor humoral responses in human cancers, with an emphasis on the advancement and future perspectives of antibody-based immunotherapies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Mandal
- Division of Cancer BiologyDBT‐Institute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia
| | - Suchismita Pradhan
- Division of Cancer BiologyDBT‐Institute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarIndia
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12
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Guo S, Mohan GS, Wang B, Li T, Daver N, Zhao Y, Reville PK, Hao D, Abbas HA. Paired single-B-cell transcriptomics and receptor sequencing reveal activation states and clonal signatures that characterize B cells in acute myeloid leukemia. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008318. [PMID: 38418394 PMCID: PMC10910691 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with a dismal prognosis. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) to induce antitumor activity in AML patients has yielded mixed results. Despite the pivotal role of B cells in antitumor immunity, a comprehensive assessment of B lymphocytes within AML's immunological microenvironment along with their interaction with ICB remains rather constrained. METHODS We performed an extensive analysis that involved paired single-cell RNA and B-cell receptor (BCR) sequencing on 52 bone marrow aspirate samples. These samples included 6 from healthy bone marrow donors (normal), 24 from newly diagnosed AML patients (NewlyDx), and 22 from 8 relapsed or refractory AML patients (RelRef), who underwent assessment both before and after azacitidine/nivolumab treatment. RESULTS We delineated nine distinct subtypes of B cell lineage in the bone marrow. AML patients exhibited reduced nascent B cell subgroups but increased differentiated B cells compared with healthy controls. The limited diversity of BCR profiles and extensive somatic hypermutation indicated antigen-driven affinity maturation within the tumor microenvironment of RelRef patients. We established a strong connection between the activation or stress status of naïve and memory B cells, as indicated by AP-1 activity, and their differentiation state. Remarkably, atypical memory B cells functioned as specialized antigen-presenting cells closely interacting with AML malignant cells, correlating with AML stemness and worse clinical outcomes. In the AML microenvironment, plasma cells demonstrated advanced differentiation and heightened activity. Notably, the clinical response to ICB was associated with B cell clonal expansion and plasma cell function. CONCLUSIONS Our findings establish a comprehensive framework for profiling the phenotypic diversity of the B cell lineage in AML patients, while also assessing the implications of immunotherapy. This will serve as a valuable guide for future inquiries into AML treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Gopi S Mohan
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bofei Wang
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tianhao Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Naval Daver
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuting Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Patrick K Reville
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dapeng Hao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hussein A Abbas
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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13
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Küççüktürk S, Karaselek MA, Duran T, Reisli İ. Evaluation of transcription factors and cytokine expressions of T-cell subsets in CD19 deficiency and their possible relationship with autoimmune disease. APMIS 2024; 132:122-129. [PMID: 38095318 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
CD19 deficiency is a rare, predominantly antibody deficiency, and there are few studies showing that it can be seen in autoimmune diseases. The aim of study was evaluated to transcription factor and cytokine expressions of helper T (Th)-cell subsets in CD19 deficiency and the possible mechanism role of this factor expression in autoimmune disease. Transcription factor and cytokine expressions of Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. In the study, in the patient/control comparison, transcription factor and cytokine expressions of Th1 (T-bet, STAT1, and STAT4) were found to be significantly downregulated, but IFN-γ was significantly upregulated in patients. Th2 factor GATA3, STAT6, IL-4, and IL-5 were significantly downregulated. For Th17, RORγt was downregulated while IL-22 was upregulated. In the heterozygous/control comparison, there was no significant change in gene expressions other than IL-5. T-bet, STAT1, GATA3, IL-4, RORγt, FoxP3, and TGF-β were significantly downregulated in the patient/heterozygous comparison. It was revealed for the first time that the expression of the transcription factors and cytokines in CD19 deficiency. These findings might be showing the predominance of Th1 factors and suppressed Treg factors which could be related with autoimmunity in CD19 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Küççüktürk
- Department of Medical Biology, Medicine Faculty, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Karaselek
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Medicine Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Duran
- Department of Medical Genetic, Medicine Faculty, KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey
| | - İsmail Reisli
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Medicine Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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14
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Zhuang L, Yang L, Li L, Ye Z, Gong W. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: immune response, biomarkers, and therapeutic intervention. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e419. [PMID: 38188605 PMCID: PMC10771061 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Although tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease, the progression of the disease following Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection is closely associated with the host's immune response. In this review, a comprehensive analysis of TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment was conducted from an immunological perspective. First, we delved into the host's immune response mechanisms against MTB infection as well as the immune evasion mechanisms of the bacteria. Addressing the challenges currently faced in TB diagnosis and treatment, we also emphasized the importance of protein, genetic, and immunological biomarkers, aiming to provide new insights for early and personalized diagnosis and treatment of TB. Building upon this foundation, we further discussed intervention strategies involving chemical and immunological treatments for the increasingly critical issue of drug-resistant TB and other forms of TB. Finally, we summarized TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment challenges and put forward future perspectives. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the immunological aspects of TB and offer new directions toward achieving the WHO's goal of eradicating TB by 2035.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhuang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and TreatmentSenior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
- Senior Department of TuberculosisHebei North UniversityZhangjiakouHebeiChina
| | - Ling Yang
- Senior Department of TuberculosisHebei North UniversityZhangjiakouHebeiChina
| | - Linsheng Li
- Senior Department of TuberculosisHebei North UniversityZhangjiakouHebeiChina
| | - Zhaoyang Ye
- Senior Department of TuberculosisHebei North UniversityZhangjiakouHebeiChina
| | - Wenping Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and TreatmentSenior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
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15
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Miquel CH, Abbas F, Cenac C, Foret-Lucas C, Guo C, Ducatez M, Joly E, Hou B, Guéry JC. B cell-intrinsic TLR7 signaling is required for neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 and pathogen-like COVID-19 vaccines. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350437. [PMID: 37438976 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) triggers antiviral immune responses through its capacity to recognize single-stranded RNA. TLR7 loss-of-function mutants are associated with life-threatening pneumonia in severe COVID-19 patients. Whereas TLR7-driven innate induction of type I IFN appears central to control SARS-CoV2 virus spreading during the first days of infection, the impact of TLR7-deficiency on adaptive B-cell immunity is less clear. In the present study, we examined the role of TLR7 in the adaptive B cells response to various pathogen-like antigens (PLAs). We used inactivated SARS-CoV2 and a PLA-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate designed to mimic SARS-CoV2 with encapsulated bacterial ssRNA as TLR7 ligands and conjugated with the RBD of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein. Upon repeated immunization with inactivated SARS-CoV2 or PLA COVID-19 vaccine, we show that Tlr7-deficiency abolished the germinal center (GC)-dependent production of RBD-specific class-switched IgG2b and IgG2c, and neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV2. We also provide evidence for a non-redundant role for B-cell-intrinsic TLR7 in the promotion of RBD-specific IgG2b/IgG2c and memory B cells. Together, these data demonstrate that the GC reaction and class-switch recombination to the Myd88-dependent IgG2b/IgG2c in response to SARS-CoV2 or PLAs is strictly dependent on cell-intrinsic activation of TLR7 in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Henry Miquel
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Arthritis R&D, Neuilly-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Flora Abbas
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Cenac
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Charlotte Foret-Lucas
- Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Chang Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mariette Ducatez
- Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), UMR1225, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Joly
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS), University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Baidong Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jean-Charles Guéry
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (INFINITY), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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16
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Du H, Si G, Si J, Song X, Si F. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed malignant ductal cell heterogeneity and prognosis signatures in pancreatic cancer. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2023; 47:102200. [PMID: 37643692 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2023.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PAC) remains one of the most lethal malignant neoplasms, which is diagnosed at an advanced stage and thus lose the chance for curative resection. Here, we further probed PAC with a comprehensive multi-omics approach. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we provided an integrated analysis of ductal cell subpopulations over the Leiden algorithm to identify two mian subcluster: S100A6 + cells and FXYD2 + cells. The gene set enrichment analysis results show that the two subtypes focused on different pathways related to tumor development. Furthermore, we integrated bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing datasets to generate and validate the prognostic signatures of the overall survival (OS) in PAC patients and S100A6 + cells were significantly enriched in high-risk groups which had a poor prognosis. Collectively, this research expands our understanding of ductal cell and provides a new reliable prognosis signature in PAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Du
- Traditional Chinese Medicine (Zhong Jing) school, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Prescription Signaling, Henan International Joint Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Prescription Signaling, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Gao Si
- Department of Orthopedic, The Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiqing Si
- Henan Hospital of TCM, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xuejie Song
- Traditional Chinese Medicine (Zhong Jing) school, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Prescription Signaling, Henan International Joint Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Prescription Signaling, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Fuchun Si
- Traditional Chinese Medicine (Zhong Jing) school, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Prescription Signaling, Henan International Joint Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Prescription Signaling, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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17
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Xiang Y, Liu L, Hou Y, Du S, Xu S, Zhou H, Shao L, Li G, Yu T, Liu Q, Xue M, Yang J, Peng J, Hou M, Shi Y. The mTORC1 pathway participate in hyper-function of B cells in immune thrombocytopenia. Ann Hematol 2023; 102:2317-2327. [PMID: 37421506 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
B cell hyper-function plays an important role in the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), but the molecular mechanisms underlying such changes remain unclear. We sought to identify regulators of B cell dysfunction in ITP patients through transcriptome sequencing and the use of inhibitors. B cells were isolated from PBMC of 25 ITP patients for B cell function test and transcriptome sequencing. For the potential regulatory factors identified by transcriptome sequencing, the corresponding protein inhibitors were used to explore the regulatory effect of the regulatory factors on B cell dysfunction in vitro. In this study, increased antibody production, enhanced terminal differentiation and highly expressed costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 were found in B cells of patients with ITP. In addition, RNA sequencing revealed highly activated mTOR pathway in these pathogenic B cells, indicating that the mTOR pathway may be involved in B cell hyper-function. Furthermore, mTOR inhibitors rapamycin or Torin1 effectively blocked the activation of mTORC1 in B cells, resulting in reduce antibody secretion, impaired differentiation of B cells into plasmablasts and downregulation of costimulatory molecules. Interestingly, as an unspecific inhibitor of mTORC2 besides mTORC1, Torin1 did not show a stronger capacity to modulate B cell function than rapamycin, suggesting that the regulation of B cells by Torin1 may depend on blockade of mTORC1 rather than mTORC2 pathway. These results indicated that the activation of mTORC1 pathway is involved in B cell dysfunction in patients with ITP, and inhibition of mTORC1 pathway might be a potential therapeutic approach for ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Xiang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao) of Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunohematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao) of Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shenghong Du
- Department of Hematology, Taian Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Shuqian Xu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hai Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Linlin Shao
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guosheng Li
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tianshu Yu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meijuan Xue
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Junhui Yang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunohematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Hou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunohematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center in Hematological Diseases, Jinan, China
- Leading Research Group of Scientific Innovation, Department of Science and Technology of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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18
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Nualart DP, Dann F, Oyarzún-Salazar R, Morera FJ, Vargas-Chacoff L. Immune Transcriptional Response in Head Kidney Primary Cell Cultures Isolated from the Three Most Important Species in Chilean Salmonids Aquaculture. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:924. [PMID: 37508355 PMCID: PMC10376545 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Fish cell culture is a common in vitro tool for studies in different fields such as virology, toxicology, pathology and immunology of fish. Fish cell cultures are a promising help to study how to diagnose and control relevant viral and intracellular bacterial infections in aquaculture. They can also be used for developing vaccines and immunostimulants, especially with the ethical demand aiming to reduce and replace the number of fish used in research. This study aimed to isolate head kidney primary cell cultures from three Chilean salmonids: Salmo salar, Oncorhynchus kisutch, and Oncorhynchus mykiss, and characterize the response to bacterial and viral stimuli by evaluating various markers of the innate and adaptive immune response. Specifically, the primary cell cultures of the head kidney from the three salmonids studied were cultured and exposed to two substances that mimic molecular patterns of different pathogens, i.e., Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (bacterial) and Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (POLY I:C). Subsequently, we determined the mRNA expression profiles of the TLR-1, TLR-8, IgM, TLR-5, and MHC II genes. Head kidney primary cell cultures from the three species grown in vitro responded differently to POLY I:C and LPS. This is the first study to demonstrate and characterize the expression of immune genes in head kidney primary cell culture isolated from three salmonid species. It also indicates their potential role in developing immune responses as defense response agents and targets of immunoregulatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P Nualart
- Fish Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Marine and Limnological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Ph.D. Program in Aquaculture Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Francisco Dann
- Fish Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Marine and Limnological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Ricardo Oyarzún-Salazar
- Laboratorio Institucional, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Francisco J Morera
- Applied Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Integrative Biology Group, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Fish Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Marine and Limnological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Integrative Biology Group, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
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19
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Wang V, Liu Z, Martinek J, Zhou J, Boruchov H, Ray K, Palucka K, Chuang J. Computational immune synapse analysis reveals T-cell interactions in distinct tumor microenvironments. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2968528. [PMID: 37398220 PMCID: PMC10312981 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2968528/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) and the cellular interactions within it can be critical to tumor progression and treatment response. Although technologies to generate multiplex images of the TME are advancing, the many ways in which TME imaging data can be mined to elucidate cellular interactions are only beginning to be realized. Here, we present a novel approach for multipronged computational immune synapse analysis (CISA) that reveals T-cell synaptic interactions from multiplex images. CISA enables automated discovery and quantification of immune synapse interactions based on the localization of proteins on cell membranes. We first demonstrate the ability of CISA to detect T-cell:APC (antigen presenting cell) synaptic interactions in two independent human melanoma imaging mass cytometry (IMC) tissue microarray datasets. We then generate melanoma histocytometry whole slide images and verify that CISA can detect similar interactions across data modalities. Interestingly, CISA histoctyometry analysis also reveals that T-cell:macrophage synapse formation is associated with T-cell proliferation. We next show the generality of CISA by extending it to breast cancer IMC images, finding that CISA quantifications of T-cell:B-cell synapses are predictive of improved patient survival. Our work demonstrates the biological and clinical significance of spatially resolving cell-cell synaptic interactions in the TME and provides a robust method to do so across imaging modalities and cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zichao Liu
- 1The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine
| | | | - Jie Zhou
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine
| | | | - Kelly Ray
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine
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20
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Liu Q, Deng Y, Liu X, Zheng Y, Li Q, Cai G, Feng Z, Chen X. Transcriptomic analysis of B cells suggests that CD70 and LY9 may be novel features in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15684. [PMID: 37144201 PMCID: PMC10151360 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of B-cell subsets is critical in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There is a great diversity of B-lineage cells, and their features and functions in SLE need to be clarified. In this study, we analyzed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and bulk transcriptomic data of isolated B-cell subsets from patients with SLE and healthy controls (HCs). We preformed scRNA-seq analysis focused on the diversity of B-cell subsets and identified a subset of antigen-presenting B cells in SLE patients that highly expressed ITGAX. A list of marker genes of each B-cell subset in patients with SLE was also identified. Comparison of bulk transcriptomic data of isolated B-cell subpopulations between SLE patients and HCs revealed the upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for each B-cell subpopulation in SLE. Common genes identified using these two methods were considered to be upregulated marker genes of B cells in SLE. The scRNA-seq data of SLE patients and HCs revealed that CD70 and LY9 were overexpressed in B cells vs. other cell types from SLE patients, and this pattern was validated by RT‒qPCR. Because CD70 is the cellular ligand of CD27, previous studies on CD70 have focused mainly on T cells from SLE patients. LY9 appears to have different functions in mice and humans: its expression is decreased in lupus-prone mice but is increased in T cells and some B-cell subpopulations in SLE patients. Here, we describe the overexpression of two costimulatory molecules, CD70 and LY9, which may be a novel feature of B cells in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Yiyao Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, 83, Zhongshan Road, Nanming District, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Qinggang Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Guangyan Cai
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhe Feng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin, 300020, China
- Corresponding author.
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21
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Yang C, Li D, Ko CN, Wang K, Wang H. Active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine for enhancing the effect of tumor immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1133050. [PMID: 36969211 PMCID: PMC10036358 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that uses our own immune system to fight cancer. Studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has antitumor activity and can enhance host immunity. This article briefly describes the immunomodulatory and escape mechanisms in tumors, as well as highlights and summarizes the antitumor immunomodulatory activities of some representative active ingredients of TCM. Finally, this article puts forward some opinions on the future research and clinical application of TCM, aiming to promote the clinical applications of TCM in tumor immunotherapy and to provide new ideas for the research of tumor immunotherapy using TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Innovation & Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chung-Nga Ko
- C-MER Dennis Lam and Partners Eye Center, Hong Kong International Eye Care Group, Hong Kong, China
- *Correspondence: Chung-Nga Ko, ; Kai Wang, ; Haiyong Wang,
| | - Kai Wang
- Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chung-Nga Ko, ; Kai Wang, ; Haiyong Wang,
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Chung-Nga Ko, ; Kai Wang, ; Haiyong Wang,
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22
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Lam BM, Verrill C. Clinical Significance of Tumour-Infiltrating B Lymphocytes (TIL-Bs) in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Literature Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041164. [PMID: 36831506 PMCID: PMC9953777 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although T lymphocytes have been considered the major players in the tumour microenvironment to induce tumour regression and contribute to anti-tumour immunity, much less is known about the role of tumour-infiltrating B lymphocytes (TIL-Bs) in solid malignancies, particularly in breast cancer, which has been regarded as heterogeneous and much less immunogenic compared to other common tumours like melanoma, colorectal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Such paucity of research could translate to limited opportunities for this most common type of cancer in the UK to join the immunotherapy efforts in this era of precision medicine. Here, we provide a systematic literature review assessing the clinical significance of TIL-Bs in breast cancer. Articles published between January 2000 and April 2022 were retrieved via an electronic search of two databases (PubMed and Embase) and screened against pre-specified eligibility criteria. The majority of studies reported favourable prognostic and predictive roles of TIL-Bs, indicating that they could have a profound impact on the clinical outcome of breast cancer. Further studies are, however, needed to better define the functional role of B cell subpopulations and to discover ways to harness this intrinsic mechanism in the fight against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Lam
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Clare Verrill
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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23
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Ma C, Liu H, Yang S, Li H, Liao X, Kang Y. The emerging roles and therapeutic potential of B cells in sepsis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1034667. [PMID: 36425582 PMCID: PMC9679374 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1034667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome caused by anomalous host response to infection. The pathogenesis of sepsis is complex, and immune dysfunction is the central link in its occurrence and development. The sepsis immune response is not a local and transient process but a complex and continuous process involving all major cell types of innate and adaptive immunity. B cells are traditionally studied for their ability to produce antibodies in the context of mediating humoral immunity. However, over the past few years, B cells have been increasingly recognized as key modulators of adaptive and innate immunity, and they can participate in immune responses by presenting antigens, producing cytokines, and modulating other immune cells. Recently, increasing evidence links B-cell dysfunction to mechanisms of immune derangement in sepsis, which has drawn attention to the powerful properties of this unique immune cell type in sepsis. Here, we reviewed the dynamic alterations of B cells and their novel roles in animal models and patients with sepsis, and provided new perspectives for therapeutic strategies targeting B cells in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong Ma
- Center of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanrui Liu
- Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Center of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelian Liao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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24
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Zhuang J, Zhao Z, Zhang C, Song X, Lu C, Tian X, Jiang H. Case report: Successful outcome of treatment using rituximab in an adult patient with refractory minimal change disease and β-thalassemia complicating autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1059740. [PMID: 36405580 PMCID: PMC9669371 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1059740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimal change disease (MCD) is one of the common causes of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS), accounting for 10-20% of INS in adults. Glucocorticoids are the most commonly used and effective drugs in the treatment of MCD, but there is still a proportion of adult patients with MCD who are characterized by glucocorticoid resistance, glucocorticoid dependence, and frequent relapse, which are defined as refractory nephrotic syndrome. Glucocorticoid combination with immunosuppressants is frequently used in patients with refractory nephrotic syndrome, and patients concerned about adverse effects caused by long-term high-dose glucocorticoid therapy. Recent studies have suggested that Rituximab (RTX), a chimeric monoclonal antibody targeted against the pan-B-cell marker CD20, combined with a small or medium dose of glucocorticoid has a beneficial effect with less adverse effects on adult patients with refractory MCD. β-thalassemia is an inherited hemoglobulin disorder caused by the mutation of genes that encode β-globin and results in ineffective erythropoiesis. We here report a case of an adult patient with refractory MCD complicated with β-thalassemia minor accompanied by autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). MCD relapsed several times despite treatment using glucocorticoid combined with or without different immunosuppressive agent regimens. The β-thalassemia minor was caused by heterozygosity for a 4-base deletion mutation [codons 41/42 (-TTCT) BETA0] of the β-globin gene. After the administration of RTX, MCD achieved clinical complete remission, and the anemia due to mild β-thalassemia recovered to normal as well. The disease situation remained stable during 36 months of follow-up. These findings suggest that RTX may contribute to the improvement of refractory MCD and anemia in β-thalassemia minor accompanied by AIHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhuang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Changrong Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Xue Song
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Chen Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuefei Tian
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Hong Jiang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
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25
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Liu J, Guan F. B cell phenotype, activity, and function in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Res 2022:10.1038/s41390-022-02336-w. [PMID: 36316536 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02336-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is the most frequent glomerular disease in childhood. However, its underlying etiology mechanism lacks thorough understanding. Previous studies have described INS as a T cell functional disorder resulting in increased plasma lymphocyte-derived permeability factors. In children with frequent relapses of nephrotic syndrome, the mechanism underlying the therapeutic efficacy of CD20 monoclonal antibodies in depleting B cells may provide additional evidence in exploring the critical role of B lymphocytes in INS pathogenesis. Previous studies have proposed that RTX bound to CD20 through antibody-dependent and complement-dependent cytotoxicity and led to lytic clearance of B cells. Additionally, RTX exerted an effect by blocking the interaction between B and T cells or regulating homeostasis and functions of T cell subsets. Recent studies on the development, differentiation, and activation of B-lymphocytes in glomerular diseases have suggested that the B-lymphocytes participate in the INS pathogenesis through interaction with T cells, secretion of antibodies, or production of cytokines. In this study, we aimed to provide a detailed description of the current knowledge on the development, differentiation, activity, functions, and related regulating factors of B cells involved in INS. Thus, further understanding of the immunopathogenesis of INS may offer some opportunities in precisely targeting B cells during therapeutic interventions. IMPACT: The topic "B cells play a role in glomerular disease" is a novel point, which is not completely described previously. We described interactions between T and B cells and immunoglobulin, IgG, IgM, IgE, etc. as well in glomerular disease. The research of regulatory factors associated with B cell's function, like BAFF, is a hot topic in other diseases; however, it is rare in glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 221002, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengjun Guan
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 221002, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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26
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Rastogi I, Jeon D, Moseman JE, Muralidhar A, Potluri HK, McNeel DG. Role of B cells as antigen presenting cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954936. [PMID: 36159874 PMCID: PMC9493130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells have been long studied for their role and function in the humoral immune system. Apart from generating antibodies and an antibody-mediated memory response against pathogens, B cells are also capable of generating cell-mediated immunity. It has been demonstrated by several groups that B cells can activate antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells, and can have regulatory and cytotoxic effects. The function of B cells as professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) to activate T cells has been largely understudied. This, however, requires attention as several recent reports have demonstrated the importance of B cells within the tumor microenvironment, and B cells are increasingly being evaluated as cellular therapies. Antigen presentation through B cells can be through antigen-specific (B cell receptor (BCR) dependent) or antigen non-specific (BCR independent) mechanisms and can be modulated by a variety of intrinsic and external factors. This review will discuss the pathways and mechanisms by which B cells present antigens, and how B cells differ from other professional APCs.
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27
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Fonseca Peixoto R, Ewerton Maia Rodrigues C, Henrique de Sousa Palmeira P, Cézar Comberlang Queiroz Davis Dos Santos F, Keesen de Souza Lima T, de Sousa Braz A. Immune hallmarks of rheumatoid arthritis management: A brief review. Cytokine 2022; 158:156007. [PMID: 35985174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to examine current evidence on immunomodulation mediated by conventional drugs and the use of novel biological agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Currently, treatment is focused on maximizing quality of life through sustained clinical remission and/or attenuating disease activity. To do so, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, especially methotrexate, are used alone or in combination with other drugs, including leflunomide, biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (tsDMARDs). The most recent strategies modulate the immune response of the individual RA patient using tsDMARDs such as JAK inhibitors and bDMARDs such as ig-CTLA-4, anti- IL6R, anti-TNF-α and anti-CD20. To better understand current immunopharmacological interventions, we also looked at documented mechanisms of RA-mediated immunomodulation, highlighting perspectives potentially boosting RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rephany Fonseca Peixoto
- Laboratory of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ewerton Maia Rodrigues
- Post‑Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Fortaleza (Unifor), Fortaleza, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Henrique de Sousa Palmeira
- Laboratory of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58051-900, Brazil
| | | | - Tatjana Keesen de Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58051-900, Brazil
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28
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Rossi A, Belmonte B, Carnevale S, Liotti A, De Rosa V, Jaillon S, Piconese S, Tripodo C. Stromal and Immune Cell Dynamics in Tumor Associated Tertiary Lymphoid Structures and Anti-Tumor Immune Responses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:933113. [PMID: 35874810 PMCID: PMC9304551 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.933113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid organs that have been observed in chronic inflammatory conditions including cancer, where they are thought to exert a positive effect on prognosis. Both immune and non-immune cells participate in the genesis of TLS by establishing complex cross-talks requiring both soluble factors and cell-to-cell contact. Several immune cell types, including T follicular helper cells (Tfh), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and myeloid cells, may accumulate in TLS, possibly promoting or inhibiting their development. In this manuscript, we propose to review the available evidence regarding specific aspects of the TLS formation in solid cancers, including 1) the role of stromal cell composition and architecture in the recruitment of specific immune subpopulations and the formation of immune cell aggregates; 2) the contribution of the myeloid compartment (macrophages and neutrophils) to the development of antibody responses and the TLS formation; 3) the immunological and metabolic mechanisms dictating recruitment, expansion and plasticity of Tregs into T follicular regulatory cells, which are potentially sensitive to immunotherapeutic strategies directed to costimulatory receptors or checkpoint molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rossi
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Belmonte
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Antonietta Liotti
- Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Sebastien Jaillon
- RCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Unità di Neuroimmunologia, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Silvia Piconese,
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Histopathology Unit, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, Italy
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29
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Laumont CM, Banville AC, Gilardi M, Hollern DP, Nelson BH. Tumour-infiltrating B cells: immunological mechanisms, clinical impact and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:414-430. [PMID: 35393541 PMCID: PMC9678336 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although immunotherapy research to date has focused largely on T cells, there is mounting evidence that tumour-infiltrating B cells and plasma cells (collectively referred to as tumour-infiltrating B lymphocytes (TIL-Bs)) have a crucial, synergistic role in tumour control. In many cancers, TIL-Bs have demonstrated strong predictive and prognostic significance in the context of both standard treatments and immune checkpoint blockade, offering the prospect of new therapeutic opportunities that leverage their unique immunological properties. Drawing insights from autoimmunity, we review the molecular phenotypes, architectural contexts, antigen specificities, effector mechanisms and regulatory pathways relevant to TIL-Bs in human cancer. Although the field is young, the emerging picture is that TIL-Bs promote antitumour immunity through their unique mode of antigen presentation to T cells; their role in assembling and perpetuating immunologically 'hot' tumour microenvironments involving T cells, myeloid cells and natural killer cells; and their potential to combat immune editing and tumour heterogeneity through the easing of self-tolerance mechanisms. We end by discussing the most promising approaches to enhance TIL-B responses in concert with other immune cell subsets to extend the reach, potency and durability of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline M Laumont
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Allyson C Banville
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mara Gilardi
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P Hollern
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brad H Nelson
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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30
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Ansari A, Sachan S, Jit BP, Sharma A, Coshic P, Sette A, Weiskopf D, Gupta N. An efficient immunoassay for the B cell help function of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD4 + T cells. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100224. [PMID: 35571764 PMCID: PMC9085463 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The B cell "help" function of CD4+ T cells is an important mechanism of adaptive immunity. Here, we describe improved antigen-specific T-B cocultures for quantitative measurement of T cell-dependent B cell responses, with as few as ∼90 T cells. Utilizing M. tuberculosis (Mtb), we show that early priming and activation of CD4+ T cells is important for productive interaction between T and B cells and that similar effects are achieved by supplementing cocultures with monocytes. We find that monocytes promote survivability of B cells via BAFF and stem cell growth factor (SCGF)/C-type lectin domain family 11 member A (CLEC11A), but this alone does not fully recapitulate the effects of monocyte supplementation. Importantly, we demonstrate improved activation and immunological output of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific memory CD4+ T-B cell cocultures with the inclusion of monocytes. This method may therefore provide a more sensitive assay to evaluate the B cell help quality of memory CD4+ T cells, for example, after vaccination or natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asgar Ansari
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shilpa Sachan
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Bimal Prasad Jit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Poonam Coshic
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nimesh Gupta
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
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31
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Valeff NJ, Ventimiglia MS, Dibo M, Markert UR, Jensen F. Splenic B1 B Cells Acquire a Proliferative and Anti-Inflamatory Profile During Pregnancy in Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873493. [PMID: 35572585 PMCID: PMC9095819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are a heterogeneous cell population with differential ontogeny, anatomical location, and functions. B1 B cells are a distinct subpopulation characterized by their unique capacity of self-renewal, the production of large quantities of IL-10, and the ability to secrete protective, anti-inflammatory natural antibodies (NAbs), presumably upon down-regulation of CD1d expression. Although natural antibodies are thought to be protective, due to their polyreactivity, their participation in certain autoimmune diseases has been suggested. In the context of pregnancy, the role of B1 B cells has been discussed controversially. While in human pregnancies B1 B cells and natural/polyreactive antibodies they produce are involved in the development of preeclampsia, in mice they promote healthy gestation and fetal protection. In this work, we aimed to functionally characterize the splenic B1 B cell population during pregnancy in mice. Functional enrichment analysis using only up-regulated transcripts from a transcriptomic profile performed on total splenic B cells from pregnant compared to non-pregnant mice showed augmented cell cycle and DNA replication pathways. Proliferation studies by flow cytometry showed augmented Ki-67 proliferation marker expression and percentages of B1 B cells. Furthermore, B1 B cells produced higher levels of IL-10 and lower levels of TNF-α leading to an increased IL-10/TNF-α ratio and showing an immunoregulatory phenotype. Finally, we observed lower expression of CD1d on B1 B cells, suggesting a higher capacity to produce NAbs in the context of pregnancy. In summary, our results showed not only an expanded and proliferative splenic B1 B cell population during pregnancy but also the acquisition of immunomodulatory capacities suggesting its critical role in the intricate process of pregnancy tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalin J Valeff
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de la Reproducción, CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María S Ventimiglia
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de la Reproducción, CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Dibo
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de la Reproducción, CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Udo R Markert
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Federico Jensen
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de la Reproducción, CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro Integrativo de Biología Y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
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32
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Meza Cerda MI, Gray R, Thomson PC, Butcher L, Simpson K, Cameron A, Marcus AD, Higgins DP. Developing Immune Profiles of Endangered Australian Sea Lion ( Neophoca cinerea) Pups Within the Context of Endemic Hookworm ( Uncinaria sanguinis) Infection. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:824584. [PMID: 35529837 PMCID: PMC9069138 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.824584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a top predator, the endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) is a sentinel of ecosystem change, where population trends can reflect broader shifts in the marine environment. The population of this endemic pinniped was historically diminished by commercial sealing, and recovery has been slowed by fishery interactions, disease and, potentially, pollutants. Hookworm infects 100% of neonatal pups and has been identified as a contributor to population decline. Here, a multivariable approach using traditional serological and novel molecular tools such as qPCR and ddPCR was used to examine immune phenotypes of developing Australian sea lion pups infected with the endemic hookworm (Uncinaria sanguinis) from two South Australian colonies. Results show changing immunophenotypes throughout the patent period of infection represented by pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6), IgG and acute-phase proteins. Although cytokines may prove useful as markers of resistance, in this study, IL-6 is determined to be an early biomarker of inflammation in Australian sea lion pups, excluding the alternative hypothesis. Additionally, immunological differences between animals from high- and low-intensity hookworm seasons, as well as ivermectin-treated animals, indicate hookworm infection modulation of the host immune response, as evidenced by a lower IL-6 mRNA expression in the non-treated groups. This study of the Australian sea lion is an example of an ecoimmunological approach to disease investigation, which can be applied to evaluate the impact of environmental and anthropogenic factors on susceptibility to infectious diseases in free-ranging species
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Ignacia Meza Cerda
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachael Gray
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter C Thomson
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Loreena Butcher
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kelly Simpson
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Abby Cameron
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alan D Marcus
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Damien P Higgins
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ye T, Zhang X, Dong Y, Liu J, Zhang W, Wu F, Bo H, Shao H, Zhang R, Shen H. Chemokine CCL17 Affects Local Immune Infiltration Characteristics and Early Prognosis Value of Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:816927. [PMID: 35321241 PMCID: PMC8936957 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.816927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CCL17 is an important chemokine that plays a vital immunomodulatory role in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Analysis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) data in Kaplan–Meier plotter databases found that the overall survival of patients in the CCL17 high-expression group was higher than that of the low-expression group, especially for patients with early (stages I and II) LUAD, which has a more positive prognostic value. Expression of CCL17 in LUAD was positively correlated with the proportion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, immunostimulators, and major histocompatibility complexes using the TISIDB databases. Based on the RNA-seq and clinical data of 491 LUAD patients obtained from the TCGA database, 1,455 differential genes were found between the CCL17 high- and low-expression groups. Using WGCNA analysis confirmed that the expression of differential genes in the blue module is negatively correlated with poor survival and clinical stages of LUAD patients, and CCL17 and CCR4 genes belong to the hub genes in the blue module. Further analysis by the ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithm found that the naive B cells and CD8+ T cells in the CCL17 high-expression group have a higher distribution ratio in the early LUAD patients, and the high immune score has a positive relationship with the overall survival rate. Using somatic mutation data of TCGA-LUAD, we found that 1) the tumor mutation burden values of the CCL17 high-expression group were significantly lower than those of the CCL17 low-expression group and 2) the expression levels of CCL17 and the tumor mutation burden values were negatively correlated. Transwell chemotaxis and cytotoxicity assays confirmed that CCL17 contributes to the migration of CCR4-positive lymphocytes into the H1993 LUAD TME and enhances the specific lysis of LUAD cells. In summary, high expression of CCL17 in the LUAD TME promotes local immune cell infiltration and antitumor immune response, which may contribute to the better survival and prognosis of patients with early LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Candidate Drug Research, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yongjian Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Candidate Drug Research, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Candidate Drug Research, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Candidate Drug Research, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fenglin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Candidate Drug Research, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaben Bo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Candidate Drug Research, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Shao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Candidate Drug Research, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Candidate Drug Research, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Candidate Drug Research, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Han Shen,
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Roth GA, Picece VCTM, Ou BS, Luo W, Pulendran B, Appel EA. Designing spatial and temporal control of vaccine responses. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:174-195. [PMID: 34603749 PMCID: PMC8477997 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-021-00372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are the key technology to combat existing and emerging infectious diseases. However, increasing the potency, quality and durability of the vaccine response remains a challenge. As our knowledge of the immune system deepens, it becomes clear that vaccine components must be in the right place at the right time to orchestrate a potent and durable response. Material platforms, such as nanoparticles, hydrogels and microneedles, can be engineered to spatially and temporally control the interactions of vaccine components with immune cells. Materials-based vaccination strategies can augment the immune response by improving innate immune cell activation, creating local inflammatory niches, targeting lymph node delivery and controlling the time frame of vaccine delivery, with the goal of inducing enhanced memory immunity to protect against future infections. In this Review, we highlight the biological mechanisms underlying strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and explore materials design strategies to manipulate and control these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillie A. Roth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Vittoria C. T. M. Picece
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ben S. Ou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Paediatrics — Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
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35
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Wang MY, Zhu WW, Zhang JY, Yu M, Zhai RD, Liu LK. Tertiary lymphoid structures in oral lichen planus and oral epithelial dysplasia with lichenoid features: A comparative study. Oral Dis 2021; 29:154-164. [PMID: 34897887 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) provide sites for antigen presentation and activation of lymphocytes, promoting their infiltration; thus, enhancing specific immune responses. The aim of this comparative cross-sectional study was to reveal the characteristics and influence of TLSs in oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) with lichenoid features. METHODS Clinical information and samples of 51 OLP and 19 OED with lichenoid features were collected. Immunohistochemistry was performed, and the structures where CD20+ B cells and CD3+ T cells aggregated with peripheral lymph node addressin positive (PNAd+) vessels were defined as TLSs. The results and clinical information were analysed. RESULT TLS were found in 44 (86.3%) patients with OLP and 19 (100%) patients with OED. The TLS score was higher in OED group (p = 0.023), accompanied by an increased number of PNAd+ vessels. The TLS was significantly correlated with PNAd+ vessels (p = 0.027), CD20+ B (p < 0.001) and CD208+ dendritic cells (p = 0.001). Foxp3+ Treg cells but not CD8+ T cells infiltrated more severely in OED (p = 0.003) and increased when TLS score was high (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the widespread development of TLSs in the OLP and OED. The presence of TLSs showed a close relationship with dysplasia and may increase malignant potency by over-inducing Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Basic Science of Stomatology, the affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Wen Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Basic Science of Stomatology, the affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Basic Science of Stomatology, the affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Periodontology, the affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Run-Dong Zhai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Basic Science of Stomatology, the affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lai-Kui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Basic Science of Stomatology, the affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
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36
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Guo C, Peng Y, Lin L, Pan X, Fang M, Zhao Y, Bao K, Li R, Han J, Chen J, Song TZ, Feng XL, Zhou Y, Zhao G, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Zhu P, Hang H, Zhang L, Hua Z, Deng H, Hou B. A pathogen-like antigen-based vaccine confers immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primates. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100448. [PMID: 34723223 PMCID: PMC8536523 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Activation of nucleic acid sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in B cells is involved in antiviral responses by promoting B cell activation and germinal center responses. In order to take advantage of this natural pathway for vaccine development, synthetic pathogen-like antigens (PLAs) constructed of multivalent antigens with encapsulated TLR ligands can be used to activate B cell antigen receptors and TLRs in a synergistic manner. Here we report a PLA-based coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine candidate designed by combining a phage-derived virus-like particle carrying bacterial RNA as TLR ligands with the receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) S protein as the target antigen. This PLA-based vaccine candidate induces robust neutralizing antibodies in both mice and non-human primates (NHPs). Using a NHP infection model, we demonstrate that the viral clearance is accelerated in vaccinated animals. In addition, the PLA-based vaccine induces a T helper 1 (Th1)-oriented response and a durable memory, supporting its potential for further clinical development. AP205-RBD elicits neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and macaques AP205-RBD induces Th1-oriented immune response and durable memory Vaccination of AP205-RBD accelerates viral clearance in infected macaques
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanan Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lin Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Mengqi Fang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Keyan Bao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Runhan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianbao Han
- National High-level Bio-safety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
| | - Jiaorong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Song
- National High-level Bio-safety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
| | - Xiao-Li Feng
- National High-level Bio-safety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
| | - Yahong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gan Zhao
- Advaccine Biopharmaceuticals (Suzhou), Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Leike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yongtang Zheng
- National High-level Bio-safety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiying Hang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Key Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhaolin Hua
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baidong Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Rogers GL, Cannon PM. Genome edited B cells: a new frontier in immune cell therapies. Mol Ther 2021; 29:3192-3204. [PMID: 34563675 PMCID: PMC8571172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies based on reprogrammed adaptive immune cells have great potential as "living drugs." As first demonstrated clinically for engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, the ability of such cells to undergo clonal expansion in response to an antigen promotes both self-renewal and self-regulation in vivo. B cells also have the potential to be developed as immune cell therapies, but engineering their specificity and functionality is more challenging than for T cells. In part, this is due to the complexity of the immunoglobulin (Ig) locus, as well as the requirement for regulated expression of both cell surface B cell receptor and secreted antibody isoforms, in order to fully recapitulate the features of natural antibody production. Recent advances in genome editing are now allowing reprogramming of B cells by site-specific engineering of the Ig locus with preformed antibodies. In this review, we discuss the potential of engineered B cells as a cell therapy, the challenges involved in editing the Ig locus and the advances that are making this possible, and envision future directions for this emerging field of immune cell engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Rogers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Paula M Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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38
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de Mol J, Kuiper J, Tsiantoulas D, Foks AC. The Dynamics of B Cell Aging in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733566. [PMID: 34675924 PMCID: PMC8524000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is considered to be an important risk factor for several inflammatory diseases. B cells play a major role in chronic inflammatory diseases by antibody secretion, antigen presentation and T cell regulation. Different B cell subsets have been implicated in infections and multiple autoimmune diseases. Since aging decreases B cell numbers, affects B cell subsets and impairs antibody responses, the aged B cell is expected to have major impacts on the development and progression of these diseases. In this review, we summarize the role of B cells in health and disease settings, such as atherosclerotic disease. Furthermore, we provide an overview of age-related changes in B cell development and function with respect to their impact in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill de Mol
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Amanda C Foks
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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39
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Nogueira Almeida L, Clauder AK, Meng L, Ehlers M, Arce S, Manz RA. MHC haplotype and B cell autoimmunity: Correlation with pathogenic IgG autoantibody subclasses and Fc glycosylation patterns. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:197-203. [PMID: 34609741 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many genes that are associated with the development of certain autoimmune disorders, but the MHC haplotypes still represent the most prevalent genetic risk factor for many autoimmune diseases. The mechanisms by which MHC-associated genetic susceptibility translates into B cell autoimmunity and the development of autoimmune diseases are complex. There is increasing evidence that the MHC haplotype modulates autoreactive B cell responses in multiple ways. Instead of merely inhibiting the production of IgG autoantibodies and mediating complete immunological tolerance, the non-permitting MHC haplotypes seem to facilitate the production of IgG autoantibodies exhibiting Fc glycosylation patterns that are associated with reduced pathogenicity and a protective cytokine profile of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Here, we discuss mechanisms linking MHC haplotypes to the production of pathogenic IgG autoantibodies, which could be relevant for the development of improved diagnosis, particularly in the context of individual medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann-Katrin Clauder
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lingzhang Meng
- Center for Systemic Inflammation Research (CSIR), School of Preclinical Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise City (Bose), Guangxi Zhuang, Autonomous Region, China
| | - Marc Ehlers
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute for Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sergio Arce
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Rudolf Armin Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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40
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Shevyrev D, Tereshchenko V, Kozlov V. Immune Equilibrium Depends on the Interaction Between Recognition and Presentation Landscapes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:706136. [PMID: 34394106 PMCID: PMC8362327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.706136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we described the structure and organization of antigen-recognizing repertoires of B and T cells from the standpoint of modern immunology. We summarized the latest advances in bioinformatics analysis of sequencing data from T and B cell repertoires and also presented contemporary ideas about the mechanisms of clonal diversity formation at different stages of organism development. At the same time, we focused on the importance of the allelic variants of the HLA genes and spectra of presented antigens for the formation of T-cell receptors (TCR) landscapes. The main idea of this review is that immune equilibrium and proper functioning of immunity are highly dependent on the interaction between the recognition and the presentation landscapes of antigens. Certain changes in these landscapes can occur during life, which can affect the protective function of adaptive immunity. We described some mechanisms associated with these changes, for example, the conversion of effector cells into regulatory cells and vice versa due to the trans-differentiation or bystander effect, changes in the clonal organization of the general TCR repertoire due to homeostatic proliferation or aging, and the background for the altered presentation of some antigens due to SNP mutations of MHC, or the alteration of the presenting antigens due to post-translational modifications. The authors suggest that such alterations can lead to an increase in the risk of the development of oncological and autoimmune diseases and influence the sensitivity of the organism to different infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Shevyrev
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunopathology, Research Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valeriy Tereshchenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kozlov
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunopathology, Research Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
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41
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Wei Y, Huang CX, Xiao X, Chen DP, Shan H, He H, Kuang DM. B cell heterogeneity, plasticity, and functional diversity in cancer microenvironments. Oncogene 2021; 40:4737-4745. [PMID: 34188249 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
B cells constitute a major component of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes. However, the influence of these cells on malignancy is currently under debate, reflecting the heterogeneity of B cell subsets in tumors. With recent advances, it becomes apparent that this debate includes not only the evaluation of B cells themselves, but also the underlying immune microenvironment network, which scripts the highly heterogeneous B cell populations in tumors and directs the roles of those sub-populations in disease progression and clinical treatment. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the heterogeneous subset composition of B cells in both human and mouse tumor models and their different impacts on disease progression. We further describe the multidimensional interplays between B cells and other immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, which account for the regulation of B cell differentiation and function in situ. We also assess the potential influences of distinct sub-tumor locations on B cell function in primary tumors during development and those under immunotherapy treatment. Illuminating the heterogeneous nature of B cell subset composition, generation, localization, and related immune network in tumor is of immense significance for comprehensively understanding B cell response in tumor and designing more efficacious cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wei
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Xiang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Cancer Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Dong-Ping Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shan
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Huanhuan He
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Dong-Ming Kuang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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42
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Valeff N, Muzzio DO, Matzner F, Dibo M, Golchert J, Homuth G, Abba MC, Zygmunt M, Jensen F. B cells acquire a unique and differential transcriptomic profile during pregnancy. Genomics 2021; 113:2614-2622. [PMID: 34118379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy alters B cell development and function. B cell activation is initiated by antigens binding to the BCR leading to B cell survival, proliferation, antigen presentation and antibody production. We performed a genome-wide transcriptome profiling of splenic B cells from pregnant (P) and non-pregnant (NP) mice and identified 1136 genes exhibiting differential expression in B cells from P mice (625 up- and 511 down-regulated) compared to NP animals. In silico analysis showed that B cell activation through BCR seems to be lowered during pregnancy. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed these data. Additionally, B cells from pregnant women stimulated in vitro through BCR produced lower levels of inflammatory cytokines compared to non-pregnant women. Our results suggest that B cells acquire a state of hypo-responsiveness during gestation, probably as part of the maternal immune strategy for fetal tolerance but also open new avenues to understand why pregnant women are at highest risk for infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalin Valeff
- Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET), Medical Faculty, Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damian O Muzzio
- Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Franziska Matzner
- Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcos Dibo
- Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET), Medical Faculty, Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Janine Golchert
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin C Abba
- Basic and Applied Immunological Research Center (CINIBA), School of Medical Science, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marek Zygmunt
- Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Federico Jensen
- Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET), Medical Faculty, Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro Integrativo de Biología Y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, 8307993 Santiago, Chile.
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43
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Chakraborty A, Ravi SP, Shamiya Y, Cui C, Paul A. Harnessing the physicochemical properties of DNA as a multifunctional biomaterial for biomedical and other applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7779-7819. [PMID: 34036968 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01387k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The biological purpose of DNA is to store, replicate, and convey genetic information in cells. Progress in molecular genetics have led to its widespread applications in gene editing, gene therapy, and forensic science. However, in addition to its role as a genetic material, DNA has also emerged as a nongenetic, generic material for diverse biomedical applications. DNA is essentially a natural biopolymer that can be precisely programed by simple chemical modifications to construct materials with desired mechanical, biological, and structural properties. This review critically deciphers the chemical tools and strategies that are currently being employed to harness the nongenetic functions of DNA. Here, the primary product of interest has been crosslinked, hydrated polymers, or hydrogels. State-of-the-art applications of macroscopic, DNA-based hydrogels in the fields of environment, electrochemistry, biologics delivery, and regenerative therapy have been extensively reviewed. Additionally, the review encompasses the status of DNA as a clinically and commercially viable material and provides insight into future possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishik Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Shruthi Polla Ravi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Yasmeen Shamiya
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Caroline Cui
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Arghya Paul
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada. and School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada and Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
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44
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Paijens ST, Vledder A, de Bruyn M, Nijman HW. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the immunotherapy era. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:842-859. [PMID: 33139907 PMCID: PMC8115290 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of cancer immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has refocused attention on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) across cancer types. The outcome of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in cancer patients has been linked to the quality and magnitude of T cell, NK cell, and more recently, B cell responses within the tumor microenvironment. State-of-the-art single-cell analysis of TIL gene expression profiles and clonality has revealed a remarkable degree of cellular heterogeneity and distinct patterns of immune activation and exhaustion. Many of these states are conserved across tumor types, in line with the broad responses observed clinically. Despite this homology, not all cancer types with similar TIL landscapes respond similarly to immunotherapy, highlighting the complexity of the underlying tumor-immune interactions. This observation is further confounded by the strong prognostic benefit of TILs observed for tumor types that have so far respond poorly to immunotherapy. Thus, while a holistic view of lymphocyte infiltration and dysfunction on a single-cell level is emerging, the search for response and prognostic biomarkers is just beginning. Within this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of TIL biology, their prognostic benefit, and their predictive value for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterre T Paijens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annegé Vledder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco de Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W Nijman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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45
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Bednarczyk M, Medina-Montano C, Fittler FJ, Stege H, Roskamp M, Kuske M, Langer C, Vahldieck M, Montermann E, Tubbe I, Röhrig N, Dzionek A, Grabbe S, Bros M. Complement-Opsonized Nano-Carriers Are Bound by Dendritic Cells (DC) via Complement Receptor (CR)3, and by B Cell Subpopulations via CR-1/2, and Affect the Activation of DC and B-1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2869. [PMID: 33799879 PMCID: PMC8001596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of nanocarriers (NC) for biomedical applications has gained large interest due to their potential to co-deliver drugs in a cell-type-targeting manner. However, depending on their surface characteristics, NC accumulate serum factors, termed protein corona, which may affect their cellular binding. We have previously shown that NC coated with carbohydrates to enable biocompatibility triggered the lectin-dependent complement pathway, resulting in enhanced binding to B cells via complement receptor (CR)1/2. Here we show that such NC also engaged all types of splenic leukocytes known to express CR3 at a high rate when NC were pre-incubated with native mouse serum resulting in complement opsonization. By focusing on dendritic cells (DC) as an important antigen-presenting cell type, we show that CR3 was essential for binding/uptake of complement-opsonized NC, whereas CR4, which in mouse is specifically expressed by DC, played no role. Further, a minor B cell subpopulation (B-1), which is important for first-line pathogen responses, and co-expressed CR1/2 and CR3, in general, engaged NC to a much higher extent than normal B cells. Here, we identified CR-1/2 as necessary for binding of complement-opsonized NC, whereas CR3 was dispensable. Interestingly, the binding of complement-opsonized NC to both DC and B-1 cells affected the expression of activation markers. Our findings may have important implications for the design of nano-vaccines against infectious diseases, which codeliver pathogen-specific protein antigen and adjuvant, aimed to induce a broad adaptive cellular and humoral immune response by inducing cytotoxic T lymphocytes that kill infected cells and pathogen-neutralizing antibodies, respectively. Decoration of nano-vaccines either with carbohydrates to trigger complement activation in vivo or with active complement may result in concomitant targeting of DC and B cells and thereby may strongly enhance the extent of dual cellular/humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bednarczyk
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Carolina Medina-Montano
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Frederic Julien Fittler
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Henner Stege
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Meike Roskamp
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; (M.R.); (C.L.); (M.V.); (A.D.)
| | - Michael Kuske
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Christian Langer
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; (M.R.); (C.L.); (M.V.); (A.D.)
| | - Marco Vahldieck
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; (M.R.); (C.L.); (M.V.); (A.D.)
| | - Evelyn Montermann
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Ingrid Tubbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Nadine Röhrig
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Andrzej Dzionek
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; (M.R.); (C.L.); (M.V.); (A.D.)
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (C.M.-M.); (F.J.F.); (H.S.); (M.K.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (N.R.); (S.G.)
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46
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Tackling cancer cell dormancy: Insights from immune models, and transplantation. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 78:5-16. [PMID: 33582171 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disseminated non-dividing (dormant) cancer cells as well as those in equilibrium with the immune response remain the major challenge for successful treatment of cancer. The equilibrium between disseminated dormant cancer cells and the immune system is reminiscent of states that can occur during infection or allogeneic tissue and cell transplantation. We discuss here the major competing models of how the immune system achieves a self nonself discrimination (pathogen/danger patterns, quorum, and coinhibition/tuning models), and suggest that taking advantage of a combination of the proposed mechanisms in each model may lead to increased efficacy in tackling cancer cell dormancy.
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47
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Lalle G, Twardowski J, Grinberg-Bleyer Y. NF-κB in Cancer Immunity: Friend or Foe? Cells 2021; 10:355. [PMID: 33572260 PMCID: PMC7914614 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of immunotherapies has definitely proven the tight relationship between malignant and immune cells, its impact on cancer outcome and its therapeutic potential. In this context, it is undoubtedly critical to decipher the transcriptional regulation of these complex interactions. Following early observations demonstrating the roles of NF-κB in cancer initiation and progression, a series of studies converge to establish NF-κB as a master regulator of immune responses to cancer. Importantly, NF-κB is a family of transcriptional activators and repressors that can act at different stages of cancer immunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the selective cell-intrinsic contributions of NF-κB to the distinct cell types that compose the tumor immune environment. We also propose a new view of NF-κB targeting drugs as a new class of immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yenkel Grinberg-Bleyer
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (G.L.); (J.T.)
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48
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Cotchett KR, Dittel BN, Obeidat AZ. Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Anti-CD20 B Cells Depleting Drugs in Multiple Sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 49:102787. [PMID: 33516134 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab and ublituximab are disease modifying therapies (DMT) currently used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) or are in advanced stages of clinical trials. These monoclonal antibodies deplete B cells by targeting the cell surface protein CD20. This review highlights the similarities and major differences between the four agents. We summarize data from various clinical trials of each of these therapeutics and discuss their efficacy and safety. Additional considerations regarding the route of administration and cost are presented. Among the four therapeutics, only ocrelizumab is approved for primary progressive (PP) MS. Infusion/injection related reactions (IRRs) are the most common adverse events associated with all four therapeutics. In phase III trials of ocrelizumab and ofatumumab, the incidence of IRRs was lower with ofatumumab. Ofatumumab is unique among the four therapeutics due to its availability as a subcutaneous injection (SQ). Although SQ administration may be appealing for some patients it may raise concerns regarding medication compliance among physicians. Phase II trials studying ublituximab for the treatment of RMS yielded promising results. Phase III trials are currently comparing the efficacy of ublituximab to teriflunomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Cotchett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Bonnie N Dittel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Ahmed Z Obeidat
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
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49
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Dobson GP, Biros E, Letson HL, Morris JL. Living in a Hostile World: Inflammation, New Drug Development, and Coronavirus. Front Immunol 2021; 11:610131. [PMID: 33552070 PMCID: PMC7862725 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.610131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a brief history of the immune response and show that Metchnikoff's theory of inflammation and phagocytotic defense was largely ignored in the 20th century. For decades, the immune response was believed to be triggered centrally, until Lafferty and Cunningham proposed the initiating signal came from the tissues. This shift opened the way for Janeway's pattern recognition receptor theory, and Matzinger's danger model. All models failed to appreciate that without inflammation, there can be no immune response. The situation changed in the 1990s when cytokine biology was rapidly advancing, and the immune system's role expanded from host defense, to the maintenance of host health. An inflammatory environment, produced by immune cells themselves, was now recognized as mandatory for their attack, removal and repair functions after an infection or injury. We explore the cellular programs of the immune response, and the role played by cytokines and other mediators to tailor the right response, at the right time. Normally, the immune response is robust, self-limiting and restorative. However, when the antigen load or trauma exceeds the body's internal tolerances, as witnessed in some COVID-19 patients, excessive inflammation can lead to increased sympathetic outflows, cardiac dysfunction, coagulopathy, endothelial and metabolic dysfunction, multiple organ failure and death. Currently, there are few drug therapies to reduce excessive inflammation and immune dysfunction. We have been developing an intravenous (IV) fluid therapy comprising adenosine, lidocaine and Mg2+ (ALM) that confers a survival advantage by preventing excessive inflammation initiated by sepsis, endotoxemia and sterile trauma. The multi-pronged protection appears to be unique and may provide a tool to examine the intersection points in the immune response to infection or injury, and possible ways to prevent secondary tissue damage, such as that reported in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey P. Dobson
- Heart, Trauma and Sepsis Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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50
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Li Z, Cai S, Sun Y, Li L, Ding S, Wang X. When STING Meets Viruses: Sensing, Trafficking and Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2064. [PMID: 33133062 PMCID: PMC7550420 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To effectively defend against microbial pathogens, the host cells mount antiviral innate immune responses by producing interferons (IFNs), and hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Upon recognition of cytoplasmic viral or bacterial DNAs and abnormal endogenous DNAs, the DNA sensor cGAS synthesizes 2',3'-cGAMP that induces STING (stimulator of interferon genes) undergoing conformational changes, cellular trafficking, and the activation of downstream factors. Therefore, STING plays a pivotal role in preventing microbial pathogen infection by sensing DNAs during pathogen invasion. This review is dedicated to the recent advances in the dynamic regulations of STING activation, intracellular trafficking, and post-translational modifications (PTMs) by the host and microbial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohe Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Siqi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yutong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening and Evaluation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening and Evaluation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
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