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Deane AS, Muchlinski MN, Organ JM, Vereecke E, Bistrekova V, Hays L, Butterfield T. The comparative and functional anatomy of the forelimb muscle architecture of Humboldt's woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38938152 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Humboldt's woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagortricha) is a ceboid primate that more frequently engages in plantigrade quadrupedalism (~89%) but is, like most other members of the subfamily Atelinae, capable of suspensory postures and "tail assisted" brachiation. That taxon's decreased reliance on suspension is reflected in the skeletal anatomy of the upper limb which is less derived relative to more frequently suspensory atelines (Ateles, Brachyteles) but is in many ways (i.e., phalangeal curvature, enlarged joint surfaces, elongated diaphyses) intermediate between highly suspensory and quadrupedal anthropoids. Although it has been suggested that muscle may have morphogenetic primacy with respect to bone this has not been explicitly tested. The present study employs analyses of Lagothrix upper limb muscle fiber length, relative physiological cross-sectional area and relative muscle mass to test whether muscular adaptations for suspensory postures and locomotion in Lagothrix precede adaptive refinements in the skeletal tissues or appear more gradually in conjunction with related skeletal adaptations. Results demonstrate that Lagothrix upper limb musculature is most like committed quadrupeds but that limited aspects of the relative distribution of segmental muscle mass may approach suspensory hylobatids consistent with only a limited adaptive response in musculature prior to bone. Results specific to the shoulder were inconclusive owing to under-representation of quadrupedal shoulder musculature and future work should be focused more specifically on the adaptive and functional morphology of the muscular anatomy and microstructure of the scapulothoracic joint complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Deane
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Jason M Organ
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Evie Vereecke
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vanya Bistrekova
- ICTA, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lindsey Hays
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Timothy Butterfield
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Kentucky College of Health Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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2
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Dickinson E, Young MW, Granatosky MC. Beakiation: how a novel parrot gait expands the locomotor repertoire of living birds. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231397. [PMID: 38298389 PMCID: PMC10827422 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Occupation of arboreal habitats poses myriad locomotor challenges, driving both anatomical and behavioural innovations across various tetrapod lineages. Here, we report and biomechanically assess a novel, beak-driven locomotor mode-'beakiation'-by which parrots advance along the underside of narrow arboreal substrates. Using high-speed videography and kinetic analyses, we describe the limb loading patterns and pendular mechanics of beakiation, and compare the biomechanical characteristics of this gait with other suspensory behaviours (namely, forelimb-driven brachiation and inverted quadrupedal walking). We report that the parrot beak experiences comparable force magnitudes (approx. 150% body weight in the normal plane; approx. 50% body weight in the fore-aft plane) to the forelimbs of brachiating primates. Parrot beakiation is also characterized by longer-than-expected pendular periods, similar to observations of gibbon brachiation. However, in terms of mechanical energy recovery, beakiation is typified by lower levels of energetic recovery than brachiating specialists: a product of its slower, more careful nature. The observation of this novel behaviour-which adds to a growing base of literature regarding beak-assisted locomotor strategies in birds-highlights the extraordinary behavioural plasticity of birds, the functional versatility of the avian beak, and the difficulties in reconstructing an animal's locomotor repertoire from morphological characteristics alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melody W. Young
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael C. Granatosky
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, NY, USA
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3
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MacLean KFE, Langenderfer JE, Dickerson CR. A comparative probabilistic analysis of human and chimpanzee rotator cuff functional capacity. J Anat 2023; 243:431-447. [PMID: 37186281 PMCID: PMC10439372 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational musculoskeletal modeling represents a valuable approach to examining biological systems in physical anthropology. Probabilistic modeling builds on computational musculoskeletal models by associating mathematical distributions of specific musculoskeletal features within known ranges of biological variability with functional outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine if overlap in rotator cuff muscle force predictions would occur between species during the performance of an evolutionarily relevant horizontal bimanual arm suspension task. This necessitated creating novel probabilistic models of the human and chimpanzee glenohumeral joint through augmentation of previously published deterministic models. Glenohumeral musculoskeletal features of anthropological interest were probabilistically modeled to produce distributions of predicted human and chimpanzee rotator cuff muscle force that were representative of the specific anatomical manipulations. Musculoskeletal features modeled probabilistically included rotator cuff origins and deltoid insertion, glenoid inclination, and joint stability. Predicted human rotator cuff muscle force distributions were mostly limited to alternating between infraspinatus and teres minor, with both 100% and 0% muscle force predicted for both muscles. The chimpanzee model predicted low-to-moderate muscle force across all rotator cuff muscles. Rotator cuff muscle force predictions were most sensitive to changes of muscle origins and insertions. Results indicate that functional rotator cuff overlap is unlikely between chimpanzees and humans without greater modifications of the glenohumeral musculoskeletal phenotypes. The results also highlight the low efficacy of the human upper extremity in overhead, weight-bearing tasks, and propensity for rotator cuff injury.
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Bi X, Zhou L, Zhang JJ, Feng S, Hu M, Cooper DN, Lin J, Li J, Wu DD, Zhang G. Lineage-specific accelerated sequences underlying primate evolution. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadc9507. [PMID: 37262186 PMCID: PMC10413682 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying phenotypic innovation is a key goal of comparative genomic studies. Here, we investigated the evolutionary landscape of lineage-specific accelerated regions (LinARs) across 49 primate species. Genomic comparison with dense taxa sampling of primate species significantly improved LinAR detection accuracy and revealed many novel human LinARs associated with brain development or disease. Our study also yielded detailed maps of LinARs in other primate lineages that may have influenced lineage-specific phenotypic innovation and adaptation. Functional experimentation identified gibbon LinARs, which could have participated in the developmental regulation of their unique limb structures, whereas some LinARs in the Colobinae were associated with metabolite detoxification which may have been adaptive in relation to their leaf-eating diet. Overall, our study broadens knowledge of the functional roles of LinARs in primate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Bi
- Centre for Evolutionary & Organismal Biology, and Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Long Zhou
- Centre for Evolutionary & Organismal Biology, and Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jin-Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Shaohong Feng
- Centre for Evolutionary & Organismal Biology, and Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Mei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - David N. Cooper
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jiangwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jiali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming 650223, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- Centre for Evolutionary & Organismal Biology, and Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Dickinson E, Hartstone-Rose A. Behavioral correlates of fascicular organization: The confluence of muscle architectural anatomy and function. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023. [PMID: 36880440 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Muscle is a complex tissue that has been studied on numerous hierarchical levels: from gross descriptions of muscle organization to cellular analyses of fiber profiles. In the middle of this space between organismal and cellular biology lies muscle architecture, the level at which functional correlations between a muscle's internal fiber organization and contractile abilities are explored. In this review, we summarize this relationship, detail recent advances in our understanding of this form-function paradigm, and highlight the role played by The Anatomical Record in advancing our understanding of functional morphology within muscle over the past two decades. In so doing, we honor the legacy of Editor-in-Chief Kurt Albertine, whose stewardship of the journal from 2006 through 2020 oversaw the flourishing of myological research, including numerous special issues dedicated to exploring the behavioral correlates of myology across diverse taxa. This legacy has seen the The Anatomical Record establish itself as a preeminent source of myological research, and a true leader within the field of comparative anatomy and functional morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Monroy-Cendales MJ, Vélez-García JF, Castañeda-Serrano RD, Miglino MA. Gross anatomical description of the extrinsic and intrinsic scapular and brachial muscles of Sapajus apella (Linnaeus, 1758). J Med Primatol 2023; 52:3-16. [PMID: 36156802 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The robust brown capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella) is a South American primate with preferences for arboreal locomotion, which requires specific thoracic limb muscle adaptations. The present investigation studied the gross anatomy of the extrinsic and intrinsic scapular and brachial muscles. METHODS Gross dissections were performed in both thoracic limbs of four formaldehyde-fixed specimens. RESULTS Three rhomboideus muscles were present (capitis, cervicis, and thoracis). The trapezius muscle was divided into two parts (cervicis and thoracis). The pectoralis abdominalis and omotransversarius muscles were present. The anconeus muscle was found as an individual muscle or fused to the caput mediale of the triceps brachii muscle. The brachialis muscle had among one and two heads. The anconeus epitrochlearis was absent. CONCLUSION These muscles of Sapajus apella are adapted for arboreal locomotion and some terrestrial habits, since these have many similarities with other primates with a similar locomotor patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Monroy-Cendales
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Programa de pós-graduação em Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.,Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Juan Fernando Vélez-García
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Programa de pós-graduação em Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Román David Castañeda-Serrano
- Departamento de Producción Pecuaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Maria Angélica Miglino
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Programa de pós-graduação em Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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7
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de Diego M, Casado A, Gómez M, Ciurana N, Rodríguez P, Avià Y, Cuesta-Torralvo E, García N, San José I, Barbosa M, de Paz F, Pastor JF, Potau JM. Elbow Extensor Muscles in Humans and Chimpanzees: Adaptations to Different Uses of the Upper Extremity in Hominoid Primates. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12212987. [PMID: 36359111 PMCID: PMC9655010 DOI: 10.3390/ani12212987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chimpanzees and humans are both species of hominoid primates that are closely related phylogenetically. One of the key differences between these two species is their use of their upper extremities. Humans use this limb mainly in manipulative tasks, while chimpanzees also use it during locomotion. In this study, we have analyzed the muscle architecture and the expression of the myosin heavy chain isoforms in the two elbow extensor muscles, the triceps brachii and the anconeus, in humans and chimpanzees, in order to find differences that could be related to the different uses of the upper extremities in these species. We have found that the triceps brachii of chimpanzees is more prepared for strength and power as an adaptation to locomotion, while the same muscle in humans is more prepared for speed and resistance to fatigue as an adaptation to manipulative activities. Our results increase the knowledge we have of the musculoskeletal system of chimpanzees and can be applied in various fields, such as comparative anatomy, evolutionary anatomy or anthropology. Abstract The anatomical and functional characteristics of the elbow extensor muscles (triceps brachii and anconeus) have not been widely studied in non-human hominoid primates, despite their great functional importance. In the present study, we have analyzed the muscle architecture and the expression of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms in the elbow extensors in humans and chimpanzees. Our main objective was to identify differences in these muscles that could be related to the different uses of the upper extremity in the two species. In five humans and five chimpanzees, we have analyzed muscle mass (MM), muscle fascicle length (MFL), and the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA). In addition, we have assessed the expression of the MHC isoforms by RT-PCR. We have found high MM and PCSA values and higher expression of the MHC-IIx isoform in the triceps brachii of chimpanzees, while in humans, the triceps brachii has high MFL values and a higher expression of the MHC-I and MHC-IIa isoforms. In contrast, there were no significant differences between humans and chimpanzees in any of the values for the anconeus. These findings could be related to the participation of the triceps brachii in the locomotion of chimpanzees and to the use of the upper extremity in manipulative functions in humans. The results obtained in the anconeus support its primary function as a stabilizer of the elbow joint in the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina de Diego
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aroa Casado
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Faculty of Geography and History, University of Barcelona (UB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Ciurana
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrícia Rodríguez
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yasmina Avià
- Institut d’Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Faculty of Geography and History, University of Barcelona (UB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Cuesta-Torralvo
- Institut d’Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Faculty of Geography and History, University of Barcelona (UB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natividad García
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Isabel San José
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Barbosa
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Félix de Paz
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Pastor
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Potau
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Faculty of Geography and History, University of Barcelona (UB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9-3402-1906
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8
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Charles J, Kissane R, Hoehfurtner T, Bates KT. From fibre to function: are we accurately representing muscle architecture and performance? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1640-1676. [PMID: 35388613 PMCID: PMC9540431 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The size and arrangement of fibres play a determinate role in the kinetic and energetic performance of muscles. Extrapolations between fibre architecture and performance underpin our understanding of how muscles function and how they are adapted to power specific motions within and across species. Here we provide a synopsis of how this 'fibre to function' paradigm has been applied to understand muscle design, performance and adaptation in animals. Our review highlights the widespread application of the fibre to function paradigm across a diverse breadth of biological disciplines but also reveals a potential and highly prevalent limitation running through past studies. Specifically, we find that quantification of muscle architectural properties is almost universally based on an extremely small number of fibre measurements. Despite the volume of research into muscle properties, across a diverse breadth of research disciplines, the fundamental assumption that a small proportion of fibre measurements can accurately represent the architectural properties of a muscle has never been quantitatively tested. Subsequently, we use a combination of medical imaging, statistical analysis, and physics-based computer simulation to address this issue for the first time. By combining diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and deterministic fibre tractography we generated a large number of fibre measurements (>3000) rapidly for individual human lower limb muscles. Through statistical subsampling simulations of these measurements, we demonstrate that analysing a small number of fibres (n < 25) typically used in previous studies may lead to extremely large errors in the characterisation of overall muscle architectural properties such as mean fibre length and physiological cross-sectional area. Through dynamic musculoskeletal simulations of human walking and jumping, we demonstrate that recovered errors in fibre architecture characterisation have significant implications for quantitative predictions of in-vivo dynamics and muscle fibre function within a species. Furthermore, by applying data-subsampling simulations to comparisons of muscle function in humans and chimpanzees, we demonstrate that error magnitudes significantly impact both qualitative and quantitative assessment of muscle specialisation, potentially generating highly erroneous conclusions about the absolute and relative adaption of muscles across species and evolutionary transitions. Our findings have profound implications for how a broad diversity of research fields quantify muscle architecture and interpret muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Charles
- Structure and Motion Lab, Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHawkshead LaneHatfieldHertfordshireAL9 7TAU.K.
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolThe William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby StreetLiverpoolL7 8TXU.K.
| | - Roger Kissane
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolThe William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby StreetLiverpoolL7 8TXU.K.
| | - Tatjana Hoehfurtner
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Lincoln, Joseph Banks LaboratoriesGreen LaneLincolnLN6 7DLU.K.
| | - Karl T. Bates
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolThe William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby StreetLiverpoolL7 8TXU.K.
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9
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Casado A, Cuesta-Torralvo E, Pastor JF, De Diego M, Gómez M, Ciurana N, Potau JM. 3D geometric morphometric analysis of the distal radius insertion sites of the palmar radiocarpal ligaments indicates a relationship between wrist anatomy and unique locomotor behavior in hylobatids. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 178:647-654. [PMID: 36790696 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to explore the anatomical differences in the insertion sites of the palmar radiocarpal ligaments between hylobatids and other hominoids that may be related to their different locomotor behaviors. MATERIALS AND METHODS The morphology of the insertion sites of the palmar radiocarpal ligaments was analyzed with three-dimensional geometric morphometrics (3D GM) in the distal radial epiphysis of 44 hylobatids, 25 Pan, 31 Gorilla and 15 Pongo. RESULTS Relative to other hominoids, hylobatid insertion sites of the palmar radiocarpal ligaments were relatively larger and the insertion site of the short radiolunate ligament had a palmar orientation. DISCUSSION Larger palmar radiocarpal ligaments in hylobatids can help stabilize the wrist during the radial and ulnar displacement that occurs in ricochetal brachiation, the characteristic locomotor behavior of hylobatids, and compensate for the large traction loads on the wrist during extended-elbow vertical climbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroa Casado
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Faculty of Geography and History, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Cuesta-Torralvo
- Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Faculty of Geography and History, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marina De Diego
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Ciurana
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Potau
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Faculty of Geography and History, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Gómez M, Casado A, de Diego M, Pastor JF, Potau JM. Anatomical and molecular analyses of the deltoid muscle in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and modern humans (Homo sapiens): Similarities and differences due to the uses of the upper extremity. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23390. [PMID: 35561001 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the deltoid muscles of Pan troglodytes and Homo sapiens, we have analyzed the muscle architecture and the expression of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms. Our aim was to identify differences between the two species that could be related to their different uses of the upper limb. The deltoid muscle of six adult Pan troglodytes and six adult Homo sapiens were dissected. The muscle fascicle length (MFL) and the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of each muscle were calculated in absolute and normalized values. The expression pattern of the MHC-I, MHC-IIa and MHC-IIx isoforms was analyzed in the same muscles by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Only the acromial deltoid (AD) presented significant architectural differences between the two species, with higher MFL values in humans and higher PCSA values in chimpanzees. No significant differences in the expression pattern of the MHC isoforms were identified. The higher PCSA values in the AD of Pan troglodytes indicate a greater capacity of force generation in chimpanzees than in humans, which may be related to a greater use of the upper limb in locomotion, specifically in arboreal locomotion like vertical climbing. The functional differences between chimpanzees and humans in the deltoid muscle are more related to muscle architecture than to a differential expression of MHC isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Gómez
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Specializations, Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aroa Casado
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Specializations, Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Faculty of Geography and History, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina de Diego
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Specializations, Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Josep Maria Potau
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Specializations, Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Faculty of Geography and History, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Dickinson E, Boettcher ML, Smith MR, Worden NA, Swindell SR, Seelye JS, Pastor F, Hartstone‐Rose A. Myological variation in the forearm anatomy of Callitrichidae and Lemuridae. J Anat 2021; 239:669-681. [PMID: 34018180 PMCID: PMC8349451 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The anatomy of the primate forearm is frequently investigated in terms of locomotor mode, substrate use, and manual dexterity. Such studies typically rely upon broad, interspecific samples for which one or two representative taxa are used to characterize the anatomy of their genus or family. To interpret variation between distantly related taxa, however, it is necessary to contextualize these differences by quantifying variation at lower hierarchical levels, that is, more fine-grained representation within specific genera or families. In this study, we present a focused evaluation of the variation in muscle organization, integration, and architecture within two speciose primate families: the Callitrichidae and Lemuridae. We demonstrate that, within each lineage, several muscle functional groups exhibit substantial variation in muscle organization. Most notably, the digital extensors appear highly variable (particularly among callitrichids), with many unique configurations represented. In terms of architectural variables, both families are more conservative, with the exception of the genus Callimico-for which an increase is observed in forearm muscle mass and strength. We suggest this reflects the increased use of vertical climbing and trunk-to-trunk leaping within this genus relative to the more typically fine-branch substrate use of the other callitrichids. Overall, these data emphasize the underappreciated variation in forearm myology and suggest that overly generalized typification of a taxon's anatomy may conceal significant intraspecific and intrageneric variation therein. Thus, considerations of adaptation within the forearm musculature should endeavor to consider the full range of anatomical variation when making comparisons between multiple taxa within an evolutionary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Marissa L. Boettcher
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
| | - Madison R. Smith
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Nikole A. Worden
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Sidney R. Swindell
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Jason S. Seelye
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Francisco Pastor
- Departamento de Anatomia y RadiologiaUniversidad de ValladolidMuseo AnatomicoValladolidSpain
| | - Adam Hartstone‐Rose
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
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12
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Vanhoof MJM, Galletta L, De Groote I, Vereecke EE. Functional signals and covariation in triquetrum and hamate shape of extant primates using 3D geometric morphometrics. J Morphol 2021; 282:1382-1401. [PMID: 34219278 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we want to investigate the covariation in the shape of two carpal bones, the triquetrum and hamate, and the possible association with locomotor behavior in a broad range of primate taxa. We applied 3D Geometric Morphometrics on a large data set comprising 309 anthropoid primates of 12 different genera. Principal component analyses were performed on the covariance matrix of 18 (triquetrum) and 23 (hamate) Procrustes-aligned surface landmarks. A two-block partial least square analysis was done to test the covariance between triquetrum and hamate shape, without relying on the predictive models implicit in regression analyses. The results show that the carpal shape of quadrupedal anthropoids, which mainly use their wrist under compressive conditions, differs from that of suspensory primates as their wrist is possibly subjected to tensile and torsional forces. Within the hominids, differences in shape also distinguish more terrestrial from more arboreal species. Even within the great apes, we are able to capture shape differences between species of the same genus. In combination with behavioral and biomechanical studies, the results of this research can be used to establish form-function relationships of the primate hand which will aid the functional interpretation of primate fossil remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J M Vanhoof
- Department of Development & Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Galletta
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Pounds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Isabelle De Groote
- Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Paleoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Evie E Vereecke
- Department of Development & Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
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13
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Architectural properties of the musculoskeletal system in the shoulder of two callitrichid primate species derived from virtual dissection. Primates 2021; 62:827-843. [PMID: 34181123 PMCID: PMC8410736 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Callitrichidae are small, arboreal New World primates that utilize a variety of locomotor behaviors including trunk-to-trunk leaping (TTL) and horizontal locomotion which involve differential functional demands. Little is known about the relationship between the preferred locomotor behavior and musculoskeletal architecture of these primates. In this study, we compared the musculoskeletal architecture of selected shoulder muscles in two cadavers each of the trunk-to-trunk leaper Cebuella pygmaea and the mainly pronograde quadrupedally moving Saguinus imperator subgrisescens. Contrast-enhanced microfocus computed tomography (µCT) was used to virtually dissect the cadavers, produce muscle maps, and create 3D reconstructions for an image-based analysis of the muscles. Muscle lengths, muscle volumes, and osteological muscle moment arms were measured, and the anatomical cross-sectional areas (ACSA) were calculated. We expected the muscles of the forelimb of S. imperator to be larger in volume and to be relatively shorter with a larger ACSA due to a higher demand for powerful extension in the forelimbs of this horizontally locomoting species. For C. pygmaea, we expected relatively larger moment arms for the triceps brachii, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis, as larger moment arms present an advantage for extensive vertical clinging on the trunk. The muscles of S. imperator were relatively larger in volume than in C. pygmaea and had a relatively larger ACSA. Thus, the shoulder muscles of S. imperator were suited to generate relatively larger forces than those of C. pygmaea. Contrary to our expectations, there were only slight differences between species in regard to muscle lengths and moment arms, which suggests that these properties are not dependent on the preferred locomotor mode. The study of this limited dataset demonstrates that some but not all properties of the musculoskeletal architecture reflect the preferred locomotor behavior in the two species of Callitrichidae examined.
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14
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Warburton NM, Prideaux GJ. The skeleton of Congruus kitcheneri, a semiarboreal kangaroo from the Pleistocene of southern Australia. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:202216. [PMID: 33959368 PMCID: PMC8074921 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The macropodine kangaroo, Wallabia kitcheneri, was first described in 1989 from a Pleistocene deposit within Mammoth Cave, southwestern Australia, on the basis of a few partial dentaries and maxilla fragments. Here, we recognize W. kitcheneri within the Pleistocene assemblages of the Thylacoleo Caves, south-central Australia, where it is represented by several cranial specimens and two near-complete skeletons, a probable male and female. We reallocate this species to the hitherto monotypic genus Congruus. Congruus kitcheneri differs from all other macropodid species by having a highly unusual pocket within the wall of the nasal cavity. It is distinguished from C. congruus by having a longer, narrower rostrum, a taller occiput and a deeper jugal. Congruus is closest to Protemnodon in overall cranial morphology but is smaller and less robust. In most postcranial attributes, Congruus also resembles Protemnodon, including general limb robustness and the atypical ratio of 14 thoracic to five lumbar vertebrae. It is distinguished by the high mobility of its glenohumeral joints, the development of muscle attachment sites for strong adduction and mobility of the forelimb, and large, robust manual and pedal digits with strongly recurved distal phalanges. These adaptations resemble those of tree-kangaroos more than ground-dwelling macropodines. We interpret this to imply that C. kitcheneri was semiarboreal, with a propensity to climb and move slowly through trees. This is the first evidence for the secondary adoption of a climbing habit within crown macropodines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M. Warburton
- Centre for Climate-Impacted Terrestrial Ecosystems, Harry Butler Research Institute, Murdoch University, Australia
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Western Australian Museum, Kew Street, Welshpool, WA, Australia
| | - Gavin J. Prideaux
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia
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15
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Vanhoof MJM, van Leeuwen T, Galletta L, Vereecke EE. The forearm and hand musculature of semi-terrestrial rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and arboreal gibbons (fam.Hylobatidae). Part II. Quantitative analysis. J Anat 2021; 238:321-337. [PMID: 33011967 PMCID: PMC7812139 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates have a highly diverse locomotor repertoire defined by an equally diverse hand use. Based on how primates use their hands during locomotion, we can distinguish between terrestrial and arboreal taxa. The 'arboreal' hand is likely adapted towards high wrist mobility and grasping, whereas the 'terrestrial' hand will show adaptations to loading. While the morphology of the forearm and hand bones have been studied extensively, functional adaptations in the forearm and hand musculature to locomotor behaviour have been documented only scarcely. In this paper, we investigate the forelimb musculature of the highly arboreal gibbons (including Hylobates lar,Hylobates pileatus,Nomascus leucogenys,Nomascus concolor and Symphalangus syndactylus) and compare this with the musculature of the semi-terrestrial rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Anatomical data from previous dissections on knuckle-walking bonobos (Pan paniscus) and bipedal humans (Homo sapiens) are also included to further integrate the analyses in the scope of catarrhine hand adaptation. This study indicates that the overall configuration of the arm and hand musculature of these primates is very similar but there are some apparent differences in relative size which can be linked to differences in forelimb function and which might be related to their specific locomotor behaviour. In macaques, there is a large development of wrist deviators, wrist and digital flexors, and m. triceps brachii, as these muscles are important during the different phases of palmi- and digitigrade quadrupedal walking to stabilize the wrist and elbow. In addition, their m. flexor carpi ulnaris is the most important contributor to the total force-generating capacity of the wrist flexors and deviators, and is needed to counteract the adducting torque at the elbow joint during quadrupedal walking. Gibbons show a relatively high force-generating capacity in their forearm rotators, wrist and digital flexors, which are important muscles in brachiation to actively regulate forward movement of the body. The results also stress the importance of the digital flexors in bonobos, during climbing and clambering, and in humans, which is likely linked to our advanced manipulation skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J. M. Vanhoof
- Muscles & MovementBiomedical Sciences GroupKU Leuven Campus KulakKortrijkBelgium
| | - Timo van Leeuwen
- Muscles & MovementBiomedical Sciences GroupKU Leuven Campus KulakKortrijkBelgium
| | - Lorenzo Galletta
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityWaurn PoundsVictoriaAustralia
| | - Evie E. Vereecke
- Muscles & MovementBiomedical Sciences GroupKU Leuven Campus KulakKortrijkBelgium
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16
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Perdomo-Cárdenas V, Patiño-Holguín C, Vélez-García JF. Evolutionary and terminological analysis of the flexor digitorum superficialis, interflexorii and palmaris longus muscles in kinkajou (Potos flavus) and crab-eating racoon (Procyon cancrivorus). Anat Histol Embryol 2021; 50:520-533. [PMID: 33462842 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinkajou (Potos flavus) and crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) are carnivores belonging to the family Procyonidae, but both species are characterized by different types of locomotion. Differences can be found in the adaptations that these two species present in the forearm muscles, such as the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), palmaris longus (PL) and interflexorii (IF), which have been described confusingly in previous studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe these muscles in both species together with their innervations to carry out an evolutionary and terminological analysis among carnivorans. Both thoracic limbs were dissected from five P. flavus and three P. cancrivorus that had died of natural causes in Wildlife Care Centers. Two PL muscles (m. palmaris longus lateralis, PLL, and m. palmaris longus medialis, PLM) were found in P. flavus, and the IF were the only superficial flexors of the digits, whereas P. cancrivorus presented the IF and two bellies homologous to the two PLs of P. flavus, where the homologous belly of the PLM sent tendons to digits II-IV. Therefore, it was considered as the FDS due to its similarity to other carnivorans, and the lateral belly is the only PL present in P. cancrivorus. The topology, attachments and innervation of these muscles in P. flavus and P. cancrivorus allowed homologies to be established, hypothesizing their evolutionary derivation from the FDS. It also allowed the differences among PL, FDS and IF muscles to be described, concluding that most carnivorans do not have a PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Perdomo-Cárdenas
- Research group of Medicine and Surgery in Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Catalina Patiño-Holguín
- Research group in Veterinary Sciences (CIENVET), Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.,Hospital Veterinario Monarca, Toluca, México
| | - Juan Fernando Vélez-García
- Research group of Medicine and Surgery in Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia.,Programa de Doutorado em Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Facultade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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17
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Nadell JA, Elton S, Kovarovic K. Ontogenetic and morphological variation in primate long bones reflects signals of size and behavior. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 174:327-351. [PMID: 33368154 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many primates change their locomotor behavior as they mature from infancy to adulthood. Here we investigate how long bone cross-sectional geometry in Pan, Gorilla, Pongo, Hylobatidae, and Macaca varies in shape and form over ontogeny, including whether specific diaphyseal cross sections exhibit signals of periosteal adaptation or canalization. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diaphyseal cross sections were analyzed in an ontogenetic series across infant, juvenile, and adult subgroups. Three-dimensional laser-scanned long bone models were sectioned at midshaft (50% of biomechanical length) and distally (20%) along the humerus and femur. Traditional axis ratios acted as indices of cross-sectional circularity, while geometric morphometric techniques were used to study cross-sectional allometry and ontogenetic trajectory. RESULTS The humeral midshaft is a strong indicator of posture and locomotor profile in the sample across development, while the mid-femur appears more reflective of shifts in size. By comparison, the distal diaphyses of both limb elements are more ontogenetically constrained, where periosteal shape is largely static across development relative to size, irrespective of a given taxon's behavior or ecology. DISCUSSION Primate limb shape is not only highly variable between taxa over development, but at discrete humeral and femoral diaphyseal locations. Overall, periosteal shape of the humeral and femoral midshaft cross sections closely reflects ontogenetic transitions in behavior and size, respectively, while distal shape in both bones appears more genetically constrained across intraspecific development, regardless of posture or size. These findings support prior research on tradeoffs between function and safety along the limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Nadell
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Elton
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Kris Kovarovic
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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18
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MacLean KFE, Dickerson CR. Development of a comparative chimpanzee musculoskeletal glenohumeral model: implications for human function. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb225987. [PMID: 33071220 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.225987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Modern human shoulder function is affected by the evolutionary adaptations that have occurred to ensure survival and prosperity of the species. Robust examination of behavioral shoulder performance and injury risk can be holistically improved through an interdisciplinary approach that integrates anthropology and biomechanics. Coordination of these fields can allow different perspectives to contribute to a more complete interpretation of biomechanics of the modern human shoulder. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel biomechanical and comparative chimpanzee glenohumeral model, designed to parallel an existing human glenohumeral model, and compare predicted musculoskeletal outputs between the two models. The chimpanzee glenohumeral model consists of three modules - an external torque module, a musculoskeletal geometric module and an internal muscle force prediction module. Together, these modules use postural kinematics, subject-specific anthropometrics, a novel shoulder rhythm, glenohumeral stability ratios, hand forces, musculoskeletal geometry and an optimization routine to estimate joint reaction forces and moments, subacromial space dimensions, and muscle and tissue forces. Using static postural data of a horizontal bimanual suspension task, predicted muscle forces and subacromial space were compared between chimpanzees and humans. Compared with chimpanzees, the human model predicted a 2 mm narrower subacromial space, deltoid muscle forces that were often double those of chimpanzees and a strong reliance on infraspinatus and teres minor (60-100% maximal force) over other rotator cuff muscles. These results agree with previous work on inter-species differences that inform basic human rotator cuff function and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F E MacLean
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, 6260 South Street, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Clark R Dickerson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
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19
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Orkin JD, Kuderna LFK, Marques-Bonet T. The Diversity of Primates: From Biomedicine to Conservation Genomics. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2020; 9:103-124. [PMID: 33197208 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-061220-023138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Until now, the field of primate genomics has focused on two major themes: understanding human evolution and advancing biomedical research. We propose that it is now time for a third theme to receive attention: conservation genomics. As a result of anthropogenic effects, the majority of primate species have become threatened with extinction. A more robust primate conservation genomics will allow for genetically informed population management. Thanks to a steady decline in the cost of sequencing, it has now become feasible to sequence whole primate genomes at the population level. Furthermore, technological advances in noninvasive genomic methods have made it possible to acquire genome-scale data from noninvasive biomaterials. Here, we review recent advances in the analysis of primate diversity, with a focus on genomic data sets across the radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Orkin
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, Pompeu Fabra University and Spanish National Research Council, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; , ,
| | - Lukas F K Kuderna
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, Pompeu Fabra University and Spanish National Research Council, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; , ,
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, Pompeu Fabra University and Spanish National Research Council, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; , , .,Sequencing Unit, National Genomic Analysis Center, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Emura K, Hirasaki E, Arakawa T. Muscle-tendon arrangement and innervation pattern of the m. flexor digitorum superficialis in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) and spider monkey (Ateles sp.). J Anat 2020; 237:907-915. [PMID: 32584452 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The muscle-tendon arrangement of the m. flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) varies among different primate groups. Recent developmental investigations revealed that the primordium of FDS emerges in the hand region first and relocates to the forearm later. The relationship between the diverse muscle-tendon arrangement and the characteristic developmental process of FDS is important for understanding the evolutionary changes of the FDS. Moreover, the innervation pattern cannot go unremarked when discussing the muscle homology and evolution. We examined the muscle-tendon arrangement and intramuscular nerve distribution of the FDS in three genera of Platyrrhini: three common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), two squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and two spider monkeys (Ateles sp.). We observed that the FDS consisted of multiple muscle bellies. The origin of the muscle bellies to digits II and V varied, whereas muscle bellies to digits III and IV consistently originated from the medial epicondyle. The muscle-tendon arrangement of the FDS differed among the three genera owing to the different origins of muscle bellies to digits II and V. In all the examined specimens, the muscle bellies to digits II and/or III were innervated by the direct nerve branches from the median nerve. However, the muscle bellies to digits IV and V never received direct nerve branches from the median nerve. Nerve branches within the belly to digit III extended into the belly to digit IV, and one nerve branch within the belly to digit IV extended into the belly to digit V. These consistent nerve distribution patterns suggest that different patterns of FDS muscle-tendon arrangement have changed from that of a common ancestral condition. It is plausible that the diverse origins of muscle bellies in the FDS are attributable to the difference in the destination for the relocation of the muscle bellies during developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Emura
- Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Japan
| | - Eishi Hirasaki
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Arakawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
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21
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Vanhoof MJM, van Leeuwen T, Vereecke EE. The forearm and hand musculature of semi-terrestrial rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and arboreal gibbons (Fam. Hylobatidae). Part I. Description and comparison of the muscle configuration. J Anat 2020; 237:774-790. [PMID: 32511764 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Primates live in very diverse environments and, as a consequence, show an equally diverse locomotor behaviour. During locomotion, the primate hand interacts with the superstrate and/or substrate and will therefore probably show adaptive signals linked with this locomotor behaviour. Whereas the morphology of the forearm and hand bones have been studied extensively, the functional adaptations in the hand musculature have been documented only scarcely. To evaluate whether there are potential adaptations in forelimb musculature to locomotor behaviour, we investigated the forearm and hand musculature of the highly arboreal gibbons (including Hylobates lar, Hylobates pileatus, Nomascus leucogenys, Nomascus concolor, Symphalangus syndactylus) and compared this with the musculature of the semi-terrestrial rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) by performing complete and detailed dissections on a sample of 15 unembalmed specimens. We found that the overall configuration of the upper arm and hand musculature is highly comparable between arboreal gibbons and semi-terrestrial macaques, and follows the general primate condition. Most of the identified differences in muscle configuration are located in the forearm. In macaques, a prominent m. epitrochleoanconeus is present, which potentially helps to extend the forearm and/or stabilize the elbow joint during quadrupedal walking. The m. flexor carpi radialis shows a more radial insertion in gibbons, which might be advantageous during brachiation, as it can aid radial deviation. The fingers of macaques are controlled in pairs by the m. extensor digiti secondi et tertii proprius and the m. extensor digiti quarti et quinti proprius-a similar organization can also be found in their flexors-which might aid in efficient positioning of the hand and fingers on uneven substrates during quadrupedal walking. In contrast, extension of the little finger in gibbons is controlled by a separate m. extensor digiti minimi, whereas digits 2 to 4 are extended by the m. extensor digitorum brevis, suggesting that simultaneous extension of digits 2-4 in gibbons might be important when reaching or grasping an overhead support during brachiation. In conclusion, the overall configuration of the forelimb and hand musculature is very similar in gibbons and macaques, with some peculiarities which can be linked to differences in forelimb function and which might be related to the specific locomotor behaviour of each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J M Vanhoof
- Dept. of Development & Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Timo van Leeuwen
- Dept. of Development & Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Evie E Vereecke
- Dept. of Development & Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
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22
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Martin ML, Travouillon KJ, Fleming PA, Warburton NM. Review of the methods used for calculating physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) for ecological questions. J Morphol 2020; 281:778-789. [PMID: 32374505 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review examines literature that used physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) as a representative measure of an individual muscle's maximal isometric force production. PCSA is used to understand the muscle architecture and how a trade-off between muscle force and muscle contractile velocity reflect adaptations of the musculoskeletal system as a reflection of functional demands. Over the decades, methods have been developed to measure muscle volume, fascicle lengths, and pennation angle to calculate PCSA. The advantages and limitations of these methods (especially the inclusion/elimination of pennation angle) are discussed frequently; however, these method descriptions are scattered throughout the literature. Here, we reviewed and summarised the different approaches to collecting and recording muscle architectural properties to subsequently calculate PCSA. By critically discussing the advantages and limitations of each methodology, we aim to provide readers with an overview of repeatable methods to assess muscle architecture. This review may serve as a guide to facilitate readers searching for the appropriate techniques to calculate PCSA and measure muscle architecture to be applied in ecomorphology research. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Discuss the theories behind PCSA in a synthesised review to inform researchers about PCSA methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg L Martin
- Environmental and Conservational Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Kenny J Travouillon
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Australia
| | - Patricia A Fleming
- Environmental and Conservational Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Natalie M Warburton
- Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
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23
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de Diego M, Casado A, Gómez M, Martín J, Pastor JF, Potau JM. Structural and molecular analysis of elbow flexor muscles in modern humans and common chimpanzees. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-020-00482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Gómez M, Casado A, De Diego M, Arias-Martorell J, Pastor JF, Potau JM. Quantitative shape analysis of the deltoid tuberosity of modern humans (Homo sapiens) and common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Ann Anat 2020; 230:151505. [PMID: 32173565 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify anatomical differences in the deltoid tuberosity of Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes, potentially relating to the different uses of the forelimb in these two phylogenetically related species. BASIC PROCEDURES We have used three-dimensional geometric morphometrics (3D GM) to analyze the deltoid tuberosity of scanned humeri from 30 H. sapiens and 27 P. troglodytes. We also used the 3D scans of the humeri to calculate the surface area of the deltoid tuberosity. Finally, we dissected the deltoid muscles of three H. sapiens and three P. troglodytes to determine the relative mass and the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of each part of the muscle. MAIN FINDINGS The 3D GM analysis of the deltoid tuberosity identified an anteroposterior enlargement of the P. troglodytes tuberosity, with a lateral displacement of the middle segment, whereas in H. sapiens, there was a distal displacement of the middle segment. Muscle architecture analysis indicated higher normalized values of the PCSA of the clavicular and acromial deltoid in P. troglodytes. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS The anatomical features observed in our P. troglodytes specimens serve to strengthen the three parts of the deltoid muscle. This fact can be related to the use of the forelimb in locomotion, both arboreal and knuckle-walking, in this species. Humans use the forelimb mainly in manipulative tasks, so they do not develop - as do chimpanzees - the anatomical features that increase the deltoid force. Our findings have shown that the different uses of the forelimb in modern humans and common chimpanzees can affect both muscle architecture and bone morphology, either jointly or separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Gómez
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, C/Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aroa Casado
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, C/Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina De Diego
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, C/Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Arias-Martorell
- Animal Postcranial Evolution (APE) Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Juan Francisco Pastor
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, University of Valladolid, C/Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Potau
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, C/Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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25
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Monroy‐Cendales MJ, Vélez‐García JF, Castañeda‐Herrera FE. Gross anatomy of the shoulder and arm intrinsic muscles in the white‐footed tamarin (
Saguinus leucopus
– Günther, 1876): Inter‐ and intraspecific anatomical variations. J Med Primatol 2020; 49:123-135. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María José Monroy‐Cendales
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina y Cirugía de Pequeños Animales Departamento de Sanidad Animal Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad del Tolima Barrio Santa Helena Parte Alta Ibagué Colombia
| | - Juan Fernando Vélez‐García
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina y Cirugía de Pequeños Animales Departamento de Sanidad Animal Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad del Tolima Barrio Santa Helena Parte Alta Ibagué Colombia
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26
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Dickinson E, Kolli S, Schwenk A, Davis CE, Hartstone‐Rose A. DiceCT Analysis of the Extreme Gouging Adaptations Within the Masticatory Apparatus of the Aye‐Aye (
Daubentonia madagascariensis
). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:282-294. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Shruti Kolli
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Alysa Schwenk
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Cassidy E. Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Adam Hartstone‐Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
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27
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Nyakatura JA, Baumgarten R, Baum D, Stark H, Youlatos D. Muscle internal structure revealed by contrast-enhanced μCT and fibre recognition: The hindlimb extensors of an arboreal and a fossorial squirrel. Mamm Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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MacLaren JA, McHorse BK. Comparative forelimb myology and muscular architecture of a juvenile Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus). J Anat 2019; 236:85-97. [PMID: 31515803 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of preserved soft tissues in the fossil record is frequently a hindrance for palaeontologists wishing to investigate morphological shifts in key skeletal systems, such as the limbs. Understanding the soft tissue composition of modern species can aid in understanding changes in musculoskeletal features through evolution, including those pertaining to locomotion. Establishing anatomical differences in soft tissues utilising an extant phylogenetic bracket can, in turn, assist in interpreting morphological changes in hard tissues and modelling musculoskeletal movements during evolutionary transitions (e.g. digit reduction in perissodactyls). Perissodactyls (horses, rhinoceroses, tapirs and their relatives) are known to have originated with a four-toed (tetradactyl) forelimb condition. Equids proceeded to reduce all but their central digit, resulting in monodactyly, whereas tapirs retained the ancestral tetradactyl state. The modern Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus) has been shown to exhibit fully functional tetradactyly in its forelimb, more so than any other tapir, and represents an ideal case-study for muscular arrangement and architectural comparison with the highly derived monodactyl Equus. Here, we present the first quantification of muscular architecture of a tetradactyl perissodactyl (T. indicus), and compare it to measurements from modern monodactyl caballine horse (Equus ferus caballus). Each muscle of the tapir forelimb was dissected out from a cadaver and measured for architectural properties: muscle-tendon unit (MTU) length, MTU mass, muscle mass, pennation angle, and resting fibre length. Comparative parameters [physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), muscle volume, and % muscle mass] were then calculated from the raw measurements. In the shoulder region, the infraspinatus of T. indicus exhibits dual origination sites on either side of the deflected scapular spine. Within ungulates, this condition has only been previously reported in suids. Differences in relative contribution to limb muscle mass between T. indicus and Equus highlight forelimb muscles that affect mobility in the lateral and medial digits (e.g. extensor digitorum lateralis). These muscles were likely reduced in equids during their evolutionary transition from tetradactyl forest-dwellers to monodactyl, open-habitat specialists. Patterns of PCSA across the forelimb were similar between T. indicus and Equus, with the notable exceptions of the biceps brachii and flexor carpi ulnaris, which were much larger in Equus. The differences observed in PCSA between the tapir and horse forelimb muscles highlight muscles that are essential for maintaining stability in the monodactyl limb while moving at high speeds. This quantitative dataset of muscle architecture in a functionally tetradactyl perissodactyl is a pivotal first step towards reconstructing the locomotor capabilities of extinct, four-toed ancestors of modern perissodactyls, and providing further insights into the equid locomotor transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A MacLaren
- Functional Morphology Lab, Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium.,Evolution and Diversity Dynamics Lab, Department of Geology, Université Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Brianna K McHorse
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Concord Field Station, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Bedford, MA, USA
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29
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Dickinson E, Basham C, Rana A, Hartstone‐Rose A. Visualization and Quantification of Digitally Dissected Muscle Fascicles in the Masticatory Muscles of
Callithrix jacchus
Using Nondestructive DiceCT. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1891-1900. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Colin Basham
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee
| | | | - Adam Hartstone‐Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
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30
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Martin ML, Warburton NM, Travouillon KJ, Fleming PA. Mechanical similarity across ontogeny of digging muscles in an Australian marsupial (Isoodon fusciventer
). J Morphol 2019; 280:423-435. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meg L. Martin
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - Natalie M. Warburton
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - Kenny J. Travouillon
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology; Western Australian Museum; Welshpool Western Australia Australia
| | - Patricia A. Fleming
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
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31
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Arias‐Martorell J. The morphology and evolutionary history of the glenohumeral joint of hominoids: A review. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:703-722. [PMID: 30680150 PMCID: PMC6342098 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The glenohumeral joint, the most mobile joint in the body of hominoids, is involved in the locomotion of all extant primates apart from humans. Over the last few decades, our knowledge of how variation in its morphological characteristics relates to different locomotor behaviors within extant primates has greatly improved, including features of the proximal humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula, as well as the muscles that function to move the joint (the rotator cuff muscles). The glenohumeral joint is a region with a strong morphofunctional signal, and hence, its study can shed light on the locomotor behaviors of crucial ancestral nodes in the evolutionary history of hominoids (e.g., the last common ancestor between humans and chimpanzees). Hominoids, in particular, are distinct in showing round and relatively big proximal humeri with lowered tubercles and flattened and oval glenoid cavities, morphology suited to engage in a wide range of motions, which enables the use of locomotor behaviors such as suspension. The comparison with extant taxa has enabled more informed functional interpretations of morphology in extinct primates, including hominoids, from the Early Miocene through to the emergence of hominins. Here, I review our current understanding of glenohumeral joint functional morphology and its evolution throughout the Miocene and Pleistocene, as well as highlighting the areas where a deeper study of this joint is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Arias‐Martorell
- Animal Postcranial Evolution LabSkeletal Biology Research CentreSchool of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
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32
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Bates KT, Falkingham PL. The importance of muscle architecture in biomechanical reconstructions of extinct animals: a case study using Tyrannosaurus rex. J Anat 2018; 233:625-635. [PMID: 30129185 PMCID: PMC6183000 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional reconstructions of extinct animals represent a crucial step towards understanding palaeocological interactions, selective pressures and macroevolutionary patterns in the fossil record. In recent years, computational approaches have revolutionised the field of 'evolutionary biomechanics' and have, in general, resulted in convergence of quantitative estimates of performance on increasingly narrow ranges for well studied taxa. Studies of body mass and locomotor performance of Tyrannosaurus rex - arguably the most intensively studied extinct animal - typify this pattern, with numerous independent studies predicting similar body masses and maximum locomotor speeds for this animal. In stark contrast to this trend, recent estimates of maximum bite force in T. rex vary considerably (> 50%) despite use of similar quantitative methodologies. Herein we demonstrate that the mechanistic causes of these disparate predictions are indicative of important and underappreciated limiting factors in biomechanical reconstructions of extinct organisms. Detailed comparison of previous models of T. rex bite force reveals that estimations of muscle fibre lengths and architecture are the principal source of disagreement between studies, and therefore that these parameters represents the greatest source of uncertainty in these reconstructions, and potentially therefore extinct animals generally. To address the issue of fibre length and architecture estimation in extinct animals we present data tabulated from the literature of muscle architecture from over 1100 muscles measured in extant terrestrial animals. Application of this dataset in a reanalysis of T. rex bite force emphasises the need for more data on jaw musculature from living carnivorous animals, alongside increased sophistication of modelling approaches. In the latter respect we predict that implementing limits on skeletal loading into musculoskeletal models will narrow predictions for T. rex bite force by excluding higher-end estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl T. Bates
- Department of Musculoskeletal BiologyInstitute of Aging and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Peter L. Falkingham
- School of Natural Sciences and PsychologyLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
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33
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de Souza Junior P, Santos LMRPD, Viotto-Souza W, de Carvalho NDC, Souza EC, Kasper CB, Abidu-Figueiredo M, Santos ALQ. Functional myology of the thoracic limb in Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus): a descriptive and comparative analysis. J Anat 2018; 233:783-806. [PMID: 30318591 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of the muscles of the thoracic limb were evaluated in 22 specimens of Lycalopex gymnocercus. Descriptive and comparative analyses showed similarity with other canids in terms of topography and tendon insertions. Differences with the domestic dog were observed in the pectoralis profundus, triceps brachii and interflexorii muscles. Intraspecific variations were observed in the rhomboideus capitis, serratus ventralis cervicis, extensor carpi radialis, extensor digiti I and II, lumbricales, flexor digiti I brevis, abductor digiti I brevis, and flexor digiti V muscles. The analyses of muscle architecture carried out in nine specimens showed that there was no difference in muscle percentage mass in the thoracic limb of males and females, but a young specimen showed significant lower percentage mass. The triceps brachii caput longus muscle showed the greatest mass, the subscapularis muscle showed the greatest physiological cross-sectional area value, and the extrinsic muscles, in general, presented the longest fascicles and higher architectural indexes. Muscle architecture data were compatible with those of a thoracic limb adapted to fast cursorial locomotion that prioritizes movements in a sagittal plane instead of rotation or adduction/abduction. There was a high association between functional percentage mass of the muscles in the thoracic limb and phylogeny in the Carnivora order. It may be inferred that carnivoran muscle mass is largely determined by phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo de Souza Junior
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Wild Animals Teaching and Research (LAPAS), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Viotto-Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Wild Animals Teaching and Research (LAPAS), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Natan da Cruz de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Regional University of Campaign (URCAMP), Alegrete, RS, Brazil
| | - Erick Candiota Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Benhur Kasper
- Birds and Mammals Laboratory (LABIMAVE), Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Abidu-Figueiredo
- Department of Animal and Human Anatomy, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Quagliatto Santos
- Laboratory of Wild Animals Teaching and Research (LAPAS), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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34
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Marchi D, Hartstone-Rose A. Functional Morphology and Behavioral Correlates to Postcranial Musculature. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:419-423. [PMID: 29418117 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this the second issue of a two-volume set of the Anatomical Record on the relationship between muscle functional morphology and behavior, the focus is on the postcranial musculature. Traditionally, when talking of the postcranium we think of the skeletal parts that primarily provide the lever system necessary for body movements. However, without the force produced by muscle, the postcranial skeleton could not perform these or most other tasks. In this special issue, our colleagues present ten papers that focus on postcranial muscle morphology and function from different perspectives. They include papers on forelimb and hindlimb muscle functional morphology of vertebrates, including lizards, bats, primates, a carnivoran and a rodent, and involved in different substrate use (arboreal, terrestrial, and flying) and locomotion behavior (quadrupedal, leaper, and suspensory) along with a historical overview to help bookend the contextualization of the issues. The picture that these papers provide is one of great liveliness in the field of muscle functional morphology where both young students and affirmed professors continue to contribute with both traditional approaches and new techniques to further our knowledge of muscle morphology and its relationship with animal behavior. Anat Rec, 301:419-423, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Marchi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, Pisa 50126, Italy.,Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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35
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Florkiewicz B, Skollar G, Reichard UH. Facial expressions and pair bonds in hylobatids. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:108-123. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Florkiewicz
- Department of Anthropology; Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Carbondale Illinois
- Department of Anthropology; University of California Los Angeles; California
- Gibbon Conservation Center; Santa Clarita California
| | | | - Ulrich H. Reichard
- Department of Anthropology; Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Carbondale Illinois
- Center for Ecology; Southern Illinois University Carbondale; Carbondale Illinois
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36
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37
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Potau JM, Casado A, de Diego M, Ciurana N, Arias-Martorell J, Bello-Hellegouarch G, Barbosa M, de Paz FJ, Pastor JF, Pérez-Pérez A. Structural and molecular study of the supraspinatus muscle of modern humans (Homo sapiens) and common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:934-940. [PMID: 29681126 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the muscle architecture and the expression pattern of the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms in the supraspinatus of Pan troglodytes and Homo sapiens in order to identify differences related to their different types of locomotion. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have analyzed nine supraspinatus muscles of Pan troglodytes and ten of Homo sapiens. For each sample, we have recorded the muscle fascicle length (MFL), the pennation angle, and the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA). In the same samples, by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we have assessed the percentages of expression of the MyHC-I, MyHC-IIa, and MyHC-IIx isoforms. RESULTS The mean MFL of the supraspinatus was longer (p = 0.001) and the PCSA was lower (p < 0.001) in Homo sapiens than in Pan troglodytes. Although the percentage of expression of MyHC-IIa was lower in Homo sapiens than in Pan troglodytes (p = 0.035), the combination of MyHC-IIa and MyHC-IIx was expressed at a similar percentage in the two species. DISCUSSION The longer MFL in the human supraspinatus is associated with a faster contractile velocity, which reflects the primary function of the upper limbs in Homo sapiens-the precise manipulation of objects-an adaptation to bipedal locomotion. In contrast, the larger PCSA in Pan troglodytes is related to the important role of the supraspinatus in stabilizing the glenohumeral joint during the support phase of knuckle-walking. These functional differences of the supraspinatus in the two species are not reflected in differences in the expression of the MyHC isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Potau
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - A Casado
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - M de Diego
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - N Ciurana
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - J Arias-Martorell
- Animal Postcranial Evolution (APE) Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom
| | - G Bello-Hellegouarch
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 3900, Brazil
| | - M Barbosa
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain
| | - F J de Paz
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain
| | - J F Pastor
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain
| | - A Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Section of Zoology and Biological Anthropology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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38
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Meyer MR, Woodward C, Tims A, Bastir M. Neck function in early hominins and suspensory primates: Insights from the uncinate process. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:613-637. [PMID: 29492962 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Uncinate processes are protuberances on the cranial surface of subaxial cervical vertebrae that assist in stabilizing and guiding spinal motion. Shallow uncinate processes reduce cervical stability but confer an increased range of motion in clinical studies. Here we assess uncinate processes among extant primates and model cervical kinematics in early fossil hominins. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compare six fossil hominin vertebrae with 48 Homo sapiens and 99 nonhuman primates across 20 genera. We quantify uncinate morphology via geometric morphometric methods to understand how uncinate process shape relates to allometry, taxonomy, and mode of locomotion. RESULTS Across primates, allometry explains roughly 50% of shape variation, as small, narrow vertebrae feature the relatively tallest, most pronounced uncinate processes, whereas larger, wider vertebrae typically feature reduced uncinates. Taxonomy only weakly explains the residual variation, however, the association between Uncinate Shape and mode of locomotion is robust, as bipeds and suspensory primates occupy opposite extremes of the morphological continuum and are distinguished from arboreal generalists. Like humans, Australopithecus afarensis and Homo erectus exhibit shallow uncinate processes, whereas A. sediba resembles more arboreal taxa, but not fully suspensory primates. DISCUSSION Suspensory primates exhibit the most pronounced uncinates, likely to maintain visual field stabilization. East African hominins exhibit reduced uncinate processes compared with African apes and A. sediba, likely signaling different degrees of neck motility and modes of locomotion. Although soft tissues constrain neck flexibility beyond limits suggested by osteology alone, this study may assist in modeling cervical kinematics and positional behaviors in extinct taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Meyer
- Department of Anthropology, Chaffey College, Rancho Cucamonga, California 91737
| | - Charles Woodward
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Amy Tims
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid 28006, Spain
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39
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Böhmer C, Fabre AC, Herbin M, Peigné S, Herrel A. Anatomical Basis of Differences in Locomotor Behavior in Martens: AComparison of the Forelimb Musculature Between Two Sympatric Species ofMartes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:449-472. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Böhmer
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Marc Herbin
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Stéphane Peigné
- UMR 7207 CR 2P, MNHN/CNRS/UPMC, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP38; 8 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
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Dickinson E, Stark H, Kupczik K. Non-Destructive Determination of Muscle Architectural Variables Through the Use of DiceCT. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:363-377. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
| | - Heiko Stark
- Institute of Systematic Zoology and Evolutionary Biology with Phyletic Museum; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
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Patel BA, Romanu JT, Carlson KJ. Subchondral Bone Radiodensity Patterns in the Glenoid Fossa of Ape and Human Scapulae. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 301:776-785. [PMID: 29281860 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Regions of denser subchondral bone deep to a joint's articular surface indicate locations where the joint experiences relatively higher or more frequent compressive trans-articular forces than less dense regions. Human clinically focused studies have hypothesized that regional variation of acquired with computed tomography osteoabsorptiomety (CT-OAM), in the scapular glenoid fossa (GF) is specifically related to forces arising from everyday rotator cuff muscle function. We test this hypothesis by investigating the relationship between rotator cuff function and GF HiRD subchondral bone patterns in a broader comparative context. CT-OAM was used on scapulae of chimpanzees, gibbons and humans to visualize HiRD subchondral bone patterns and assess regional (anterior-posterior; superior-inferior) differences in HiRD concentrations within each group. Like patterns observed in humans, ape GFs show HiRD concentrations in anterior, posterior and superior regions. Gibbons exhibit significantly larger concentrations anteriorly, probably serving as a skeletal correlate of increased subscapularis activity during humeral internal rotation during arm-swinging locomotion. Chimpanzees exhibit relatively larger areas posteriorly (though not statistically significant), conceivably serving as a correlate of increased infraspinatus activity during humeral external rotation and retraction during knuckle-walking. All groups show relatively larger HiRD areas superiorly, likely correlating with forceful humeral abduction (rather than adduction) during routine upper limb use across behaviors. Subchondral bone HiRD patterns in the GF appear to correspond with normal and unbalanced rotator cuff activity and force production not only in humans, but also in other primates, thereby corroborating their value in human clinical studies and functional morphology research. Anat Rec, 301:776-785, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biren A Patel
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Joshua T Romanu
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Kristian J Carlson
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
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Druelle F, Berthet M. Segmental morphometrics of the southern yellow-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae): the case study of f. REVUE DE PRIMATOLOGIE 2017. [DOI: 10.4000/primatologie.2767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Ibáñez-Gimeno P, Manyosa J, Galtés I, Jordana X, Moyà-Solà S, Malgosa A. Forearm pronation efficiency in A.L. 288-1 (Australopithecus afarensis) and MH2 (Australopithecus sediba): Insights into their locomotor and manipulative habits. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 164:788-800. [PMID: 28949001 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The locomotor and manipulative abilities of australopithecines are highly debated in the paleoanthropological context. Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus sediba likely engaged in arboreal locomotion and, especially the latter, in certain activities implying manipulation. Nevertheless, their degree of arboreality and the relevance of their manipulative skills remain unclear. Here we calculate the pronation efficiency of the forearm (Erot ) in these taxa to explore their arboreal and manipulative capabilities using a biomechanical approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three-dimensional humeral images and upper limb measurements of A.L. 288-1 (Au. afarensis) and MH2 (Au. sediba) were used to calculate Erot using a previously described biomechanical model. RESULTS Maximal Erot in elbow flexion occurs in a rather supinated position of the forearm in Au. afarensis, similarly to Pan troglodytes. In elbow extension, maximal Erot in this fossil taxon occurs in the same forearm position as in Pongo spp. In Au. sediba the forearm positions where Erot is maximal are largely coincident with those for Hylobatidae. CONCLUSIONS The pattern in Au. afarensis suggests relevant arboreal capabilities, which would include vertical climbing, although it is suggestive of poorer manipulative skills than in modern humans. The similarity between Au. sediba and Hylobatidae is difficult to interpret, but the differences between Au. sediba and Au. afarensis suggest that the capacity to rotate the forearm followed different evolutionary processes in these australopithecine species. Although functional inferences from the upper limb are complex, the observed differences between both taxa point to the existence of two distinct anatomical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Ibáñez-Gimeno
- Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain.,PAVE Research Group, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DX, United Kingdom.,McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3ER, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Manyosa
- Unitat de Biofísica, Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, and Centre d'Estudis en Biofísica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Ignasi Galtés
- Unitat d'Antropologia Forense, Institut de Medicina Legal de Catalunya, Ciutat de la Justícia, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 111, Edifici G, Barcelona, Catalonia 08075, Spain.,Unitat de Medicina Legal i Forense, Departament de Psiquiatria i de Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Xavier Jordana
- Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain.,Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Salvador Moyà-Solà
- ICREA at Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Assumpció Malgosa
- Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain
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Model-Based Design and Evaluation of a Brachiating Monkey Robot with an Active Waist. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7090947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bailey KE, Lad SE, Pampush JD. Functional morphology of the douc langur (Pygathrixspp.) scapula. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie E. Bailey
- Department of Anthropology; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas
| | - Susan E. Lad
- Department of Anthropology; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida
| | - James D. Pampush
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham North Carolina
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Elton S, Jansson AU, Meloro C, Louys J, Plummer T, Bishop LC. Exploring morphological generality in the Old World monkey postcranium using an ecomorphological framework. J Anat 2016; 228:534-60. [PMID: 26791626 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all primates are ecologically dependent on trees, but they are nonetheless found in an enormous range of habitats, from highly xeric environments to dense rainforest. Most primates have a relatively 'generalised' skeleton, enabling locomotor flexibility and facilitating other crucial functions, such as manual foraging and grooming. This paper explores the associations between habitat, locomotion and morphology in the forelimbs of cercopithecids (Old World monkeys), contextualising their skeletal ecomorphological patterns with those of other mammals, and complementing functional morphological analyses with phylogenetic comparative techniques. The ecomorphological signals present in the generalised primate postcranium, and how an ancestral arboreal 'bauplan' might be modified to incorporate terrestriality or exploit distinct arboreal substrates, are investigated. Analysis of ecomorphological variation in guenons indicates that terrestrial Chlorocebus species retain core elements of a general guenon form, with modifications for terrestriality that vary by species. Adaptation to different modes of arboreality has also occurred in Cercopithecus. The considerable morphological similarity in the guenons sampled emphasises the importance of generality in the primate postcranium - much forelimb variation appears to have emerged stochastically, with a smaller number of traits having a strong functional signal. Analysis of a broader sample of cercopithecids and comparison with felids, suids and bovids indicates that although the cercopithecid humerus has functional morphological signals that enable specimens to be assigned with a reasonable degree of certainty to habitat groups, there is considerable overlap in the specimens assigned to each habitat group. This probably reflects ecological dependence on trees, even in predominantly terrestrial species, as well as the multiple functions of the forelimb and, in some cases, wide geographic distributions that promote intraspecific variation. The use of phylogenetic correction reduced the discriminatory power of the models, indicating that, like allometry, phylogeny contains important ecomorphological information, and should not necessarily be factored out of analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Elton
- Department of Anthropology, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | | | - Carlo Meloro
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Julien Louys
- Department of Archaeology and Natural History, School of Culture, History and Languages, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Thomas Plummer
- Department of Anthropology, Queens College, CUNY and NYCEP, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Laura C Bishop
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Nowak MG, Reichard UH. Locomotion and Posture in Ancestral Hominoids Prior to the Split of Hylobatids. DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMATOLOGY: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-5614-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Püschel TA, Sellers WI. Standing on the shoulders of apes: Analyzing the form and function of the hominoid scapula using geometric morphometrics and finite element analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:325-41. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Püschel
- Computational and Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - William I. Sellers
- Computational and Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
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