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Cecere JG, Caprioli M, Carnevali C, Colombo G, Dalle-Donne I, Mancuso E, Milzani A, Parolini M, Portanova A, Saino N, Serra L, Rubolini D. Dietary flavonoids advance timing of moult but do not affect redox status of juvenile blackbirds (Turdus merula). J Exp Biol 2016; 219:3155-3162. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.141424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are the most abundant plant polyphenols, widely occurring in fruits and berries, and show a strong antioxidant activity in vitro. Studies of avian species feeding on berries suggest that dietary flavonoids have health-promoting effects and may enhance the expression of melanin-based plumage traits. These effects are likely mediated by the antioxidant activity of flavonoids. However, the effect of dietary flavonoids on oxidative status has never been investigated in any bird species. We analysed the effects of dietary flavonoids on blood non-enzymatic antioxidants and protein oxidative damage of juvenile European blackbirds (Turdus merula). In addition, we analysed the effects of the flavonoid-enriched diet on body condition and on timing of moult from juvenile to adult plumage. Dietary flavonoids did not significantly affect the redox status but significantly advanced the onset of moult, hastening plumage development. Moulting birds showed higher protein oxidative damage compared to those that had not yet started moulting. The probability to initiate moult after 40 days of dietary treatment was higher for birds with low circulating levels of oxidizing agents and high glutathione concentration. The metabolization of flavonoids could have altered their redox potential, resulting in not net effects on redox status. However, flavonoid consumption before and during moult may contribute to enhance plumage development. Moreover, our findings suggest that moulting feathers may result in redox imbalance. Given their effect on moult and growth of melanin-rich feathers, fruit flavonoids may have contributed to the evolution of plant fruiting time in relation to fruit consumption preferences by birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo G. Cecere
- ISPRA – Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, Via Cà Fornacetta 9, I-40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Manuela Caprioli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Carnevali
- ISPRA – Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, Via Cà Fornacetta 9, I-40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Mancuso
- ISPRA – Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, Via Cà Fornacetta 9, I-40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Parolini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antea Portanova
- ISPRA – Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, Via Cà Fornacetta 9, I-40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Nicola Saino
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Serra
- ISPRA – Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, Via Cà Fornacetta 9, I-40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Diego Rubolini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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Hellström AR, Sundström E, Gunnarsson U, Bed’Hom B, Tixier-Boichard M, Honaker CF, Sahlqvist AS, Jensen P, Kämpe O, Siegel PB, Kerje S, Andersson L. Sex-linked barring in chickens is controlled by the CDKN2A /B tumour suppressor locus. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 23:521-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Catoni C, Peters A, Schaefer HM. Dietary flavonoids enhance conspicuousness of a melanin-based trait in male blackcaps but not of the female homologous trait or of sexually monochromatic traits. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:1649-57. [PMID: 19555443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Signalling theory predicts that signals should fulfil three fundamental requirements: high detectability, discriminability and, most importantly, reliability. Melanins are the most common pigments in animals. Correlations between genotypic and phenotypic qualities of the sender and size and morph of melanin-based traits are known, but it is contentious whether melanin-based colouration may signal any quality. We examined the effect of supplementing blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) with flavonoids, potent plant antioxidants, on plumage colouration. We demonstrate that melanin-based colour can fulfil all requirements of signals of phenotypic condition. As predicted by sexual selection theory, flavonoid supplementation influenced only the sexually dichromatic black cap of males, whereas the female homologous trait and the sexually monochromatic back colouration remained unaffected. Using avian vision models we show that birds can estimate male flavonoid intake from colouration of males' black cap. Because flavonoid ingestion can increase immune responsiveness in blackcaps, melanin head colouration may signal environmentally determined immune condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Catoni
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Galván I, Møller AP. Different roles of natural and sexual selection on senescence of plumage colour in the barn swallow. Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Black beak tip coloration as a signal of phenotypic quality in a migratory seabird. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-007-0388-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fowler DM, Koulov AV, Balch WE, Kelly JW. Functional amyloid--from bacteria to humans. Trends Biochem Sci 2007; 32:217-24. [PMID: 17412596 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 811] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid--a fibrillar, cross beta-sheet quaternary structure--was first discovered in the context of human disease and tissue damage, and was thought to always be detrimental to the host. Recent studies have identified amyloid fibers in bacteria, fungi, insects, invertebrates and humans that are functional. For example, human Pmel17 has important roles in the biosynthesis of the pigment melanin, and the factor XII protein of the hemostatic system is activated by amyloid. Functional amyloidogenesis in these systems requires tight regulation to avoid toxicity. A greater understanding of the diverse physiological applications of this fold has the potential to provide a fresh perspective for the treatment of amyloid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Fowler
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Roy S. Melanin, melanogenesis, and vitiligo. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2007; 88:131-85. [PMID: 17302180 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-49389-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shyamali Roy
- Institute of Natural Products, 8, J. N. Roy Lane, Kolkata 700006, India.
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Gauthier Y, Cario Andre M, Taïeb A. A critical appraisal of vitiligo etiologic theories. Is melanocyte loss a melanocytorrhagy? PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 2003; 16:322-32. [PMID: 12859615 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Common generalized vitiligo is an acquired depigmenting disorder characterized by a chronic and progressive loss of melanocytes from the epidermis and follicular reservoir. However, the mechanism of melanocyte disappearance has never been clearly understood, and the intervention of cellular and humoral autoimmune phenomena as primary events remains unproven. In this review, is discussed the data supporting the major theories of vitiligo, namely melanocyte destruction (autoimmune, neural and impaired redox status) and melanocyte inhibition or defective adhesion. Based on recent morphologic findings in vivo supporting a chronic detachment and transepidermal loss of melanocytes in common generalized vitiligo, a new theory is suggested proposing melanocytorrhagy as the primary defect underlying melanocyte loss, integrating most of the possible triggering/precipitating/enhancing effects of other known factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvon Gauthier
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital St André, CHU de Bordeaux et Inserm E 0217, Université V Segalen Bordeaux, Bordeaux cédex, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie M. Jawor
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio 45469-2320, USA
| | - Randall Breitwisch
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio 45469-2320, USA
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Faraco CD, Vaz SA, Pástor MV, Erickson CA. Hyperpigmentation in the Silkie fowl correlates with abnormal migration of fate-restricted melanoblasts and loss of environmental barrier molecules. Dev Dyn 2001; 220:212-25. [PMID: 11241830 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0177(20010301)220:3<212::aid-dvdy1105>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In most homeothermic vertebrates, pigment cells are confined to the skin. Recent studies show that the fate-restricted melanoblast (pigment cell precursor) is the only neural crest lineage that can exploit the dorsolateral path between the ectoderm and somite into the dermis, thereby excluding neurons and glial cells from the skin. This does not explain why melanoblasts do not generally migrate ventrally into the region where neurons and glial cell derivatives of the neural crest differentiate, or why melanoblasts do not escape from the dorsolateral path once they have arrived at this destination. To answer these questions we have studied melanogenesis in the Silkie fowl, which is a naturally occurring chicken mutant in which pigment cells occupy most connective tissues, thereby giving them a dramatic blue-black cast. By using markers for neural crest cells (HNK-1) and melanoblasts (Smyth line serum), we have documented the development of the Silkie pigment pattern. The initial dispersal of melanoblasts is the same in the Silkie fowl as in Lightbrown Leghorn (LBL), White Leghorn (WLH), and quail embryos. However, by stage 22, when all ventral neural crest cell migration has ceased in the WLH, melanoblasts in the Silkie embryo continue to migrate between the neural tube and somites to occupy the sclerotome. This late ventral migration was confirmed by filling the lumen of the neural tube with DiI at stage 19 and observing the embryos at stage 26. No DiI-labeled cells were observed in the sclerotome of LBL embryos, whereas in the Silkie embryos DiI-filled cells were found as far ventral as the mesentery. In addition to this extensive ventral migration, we also observed considerable migration of melanoblasts from the distal end of the dorsolateral space into the somatic mesoderm (the future parietal peritoneum), and into the more medioventral regions where they accumulated around the dorsal aorta and the kidney. The ability of melanoblasts in the Silkie embryos to migrate ventrally along the neural tube and medially from the dorsolateral space is correlated with a lack of peanut agglutinin (PNA) -binding barrier tissues, which are present in the LBL embryo. The abnormal pattern of melanoblast migration in the Silkie embryo is further exaggerated by the fact that the melanoblasts continue to divide, as evidenced by BrdU incorporation (but the rate of incorporation is not greater than seen in the LBL). Results from heterospecific grafting studies and cell cultures of WLH and Silkie neural crest cells support the notion that the Silkie phenotype is brought about by an environmental difference rather than a neural crest-specific defect. We conclude that melanoblasts are normally constrained to migrate only in the dorsolateral path, and once in that path they generally do not escape it. We further conclude that the barriers that normally restrain melanoblast migration in the chicken are not present in the Silkie fowl. We are now actively investigating the nature of this barrier molecule to complete our understanding of melanoblast migration and patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Faraco
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Shiojiri N, Niwa T, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Nakamura A. Chemical analysis of melanin pigments in feather germs of Japanese quail Bh (black at hatch) mutants. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 1999; 12:259-65. [PMID: 10454294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1999.tb00759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bh (black at hatch) is a mutation of Japanese quails which causes darkening or lightening of the plumage in heterozygotes or homozygotes, respectively. We chemically analyzed melanin pigments in feather germs of Bh mutant embryos and in feathers of adult animals. Dark brown dorsal feathers of wild-type adult animals had white barrings, but heterozygous ones lacked clear barrings. The feathers of wild-type and heterozygote animals contained both eumelanins and pheomelanins, the latter being more pheomelanic. On the dorsal skin of 10-day old wild-type embryos, longitudinal stripes from black and yellow rows of feather germs developed; two or three longitudinal rows of black feather germs and then two or three rows of yellow feather germs next to the short central feather germs. Heterozygous embryos appeared black in plumage pigmentation, due to the presence of 'gray' feather germs in rows of dorsal feather germs that corresponded to yellow rows in wild-type embryos. Homozygous dorsal feather germs did not develop the black and yellow longitudinal stripes, but were brown. Chemical analysis showed that embryos of each genotype contained both eumelanins and pheomelanins in the feather germs; however, the eumelanin content in homozygous feather germs was very low. These results suggest that the Bh mutation causes pheomelanic changes in feathers of quails.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shiojiri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Japan.
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Abstract
The destruction of melanocytes is the cause of depigmented maculae that clinically represent the disease vitiligo. Although the cause is unknown, various theories such as the autoimmune, autocytotoxic, and neural hypotheses have been proposed. Extensive research has provided numerous answers regarding the pathogenesis, histopathologic evidence, and treatment of vitiligo. This discussion of vitiligo summarizes the varied clinical presentations of the disease, theories attempting to explain the mechanism of melanocyte destruction, histopathologic findings, and different treatment modalities currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Kovacs
- Department of Dermatology, Barnes Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- J Castanet
- Department of Dermatology, Archet II Hospital, University of Nice, France
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Bowers RR, Biboso A, Chavez O. The role of alpha-MSH, its agonists, and C-AMP in in vitro avian melanocytes. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 1997; 10:41-5. [PMID: 9170161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1997.tb00464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the effect of alpha-MSH and other melanogenic stimulators on avian melanocytes. Tissue cultures of Barred Plymouth Rock regenerating feather melanocytes were established and the culture medium contained selected concentrations of alpha-MSH and other melanogenic stimulators in Ham's F-10 medium supplemented with antibiotics and 10% new born calf serum. Cultures were maintained at 37 degrees C in 95% air/5% CO2. No increase in melanogenesis over control levels due to the addition of 10(-5) M Forskolin, 10(-4) M IBMX, 10(-3) M c-GMP, and 10(-3) M db-c-AMP was observed in the cultures on days 5 and 7. However, 2.5 (optimum), 5, and 10 micrograms/ml alpha-MSH and 10(-3) M 8-bromo-c-AMP significantly increased melanogenesis over control levels on days 5 and 7. The stimulation of melanogenesis was detectable by a significantly increased number of melanocytes containing numerous stage IV melanosomes. No increase in melanocyte cell number was observed in any of the experimental cultures. The addition of 1, 2 (optimum), or 3 mM calcium did enhance the increased pigmentation effect of 2.5 micrograms/ml alpha-MSH. Two very convincing experiments showed that c-AMP was the second messenger for alpha-MSH in these birds. First, the c-AMP inhibitor, 10(-3) M Rp-c-AMPS, completely inhibited the stimulatory effect of alpha-MSH in these in vitro melanocytes. Second, direct measurements of c-AMP levels in feather tissue showed a significant increase in c-AMP levels 10.min after alpha-MSH treatment. Controls received no alpha-MSH. The results showed that these avian melanocytes have alpha-MSH receptors and were able to respond to the hormone. C-AMP was the second messenger in this system. Apparently db-c-AMP was not able to enter these mature, highly-differentiated cells and c-AMP agonists, Forskolin and IBMX, were also either unable to enter these older cells or, if they did enter the cells, were unable to stimulate c-AMP production. Evidently the more lipophilic 8-bromo-c-AMP was able to enter these cells and stimulate melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Bowers
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, California State University, Los Angeles 90032, USA.
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Chakraborty DP, Roy S, Chakraborty AK. Vitiligo, psoralen, and melanogenesis: some observations and understanding. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 1996; 9:107-16. [PMID: 8888309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1996.tb00098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the etiology of vitiligo is still unknown, we searched for some abnormal biochemical parameters, if any, in subjects with vitiligo. Higher urinary excretion of indole metabolites in vitiliginous patients have been noted, in association with higher dioxygenase, superoxide dismutase, and tyrosine aminotransferase activity in their serum. Similar results have also been found in an animal model, Bufo melanostictus, during induced tyrosinase inhibition. Treatment with psoralen can reverse the parameters, except tyrosine aminotransferase, to a normal level. Although psoralens are not the magic bullet for the therapy of vitiligo, they are still being used as a chemotherapeutic agent against vitiligo on a major scale to date. Tryptophan was found to participate in the pathway of melanogenesis, as a precursor as well as a positive regulator of tyrosinase. Its behavior in this regard is much more similar to the conventional substrates tyrosine and dopa (dihydroxyphenylalanine). In consideration of combined participation of tyrosine and tryptophan in the synthesis of melanin and its breakdown, the possible influence of different enzymatic reactions, like mono-oxygenase, dioxygenase, and deamination, has been suggested.
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