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Buduneli N, Scott DA. Tobacco-induced suppression of the vascular response to dental plaque. Mol Oral Microbiol 2018; 33:271-282. [PMID: 29768735 PMCID: PMC8246627 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking presents oral health professionals with a clinical and research conundrum: reduced periodontal vascular responsiveness to the oral biofilm accompanied by increased susceptibility to destructive periodontal diseases. This presents a significant problem, hampering diagnosis and complicating treatment planning. The aim of this review is to summarize contemporary hypotheses that help to explain mechanistically the phenomenon of a suppressed bleeding response to dysbiotic plaque in the periodontia of smokers. The influence of smoke exposure on angiogenesis, innate cell function, the production of inflammatory mediators including cytokines and proteases, tobacco-bacteria interactions, and potential genetic predisposition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Sato N, Ono K, Honda E, Haga K, Yokota M, Inenaga K. Pilocarpine-induced Salivation and Thirst in Conscious Rats. J Dent Res 2016; 85:64-8. [PMID: 16373683 DOI: 10.1177/154405910608500111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The muscarinic receptor agonist pilocarpine is widely used as a sialogogue. It has been well-established that it also induces water intake in animals. However, the mechanisms underlying the relationships between these events are unknown. To address this problem, we examined water intake and parotid salivary secretion in conscious rats. Intraperitoneally injected pilocarpine increased both water intake and salivary secretion. Intracerebroventricularly injected pilocarpine also induced water intake, but not salivary secretion. Intracerebroventricularly applied atropine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, suppressed the water intake produced by pilocarpine applied intraperitoneally and intracerebroventricularly. However, it did not affect the salivary secretion induced by pilocarpine applied peripherally. We conclude that peripherally applied pilocarpine affects the parotid glands and the thirst center in the central nervous system, while it may induce salivary secretion mainly via peripheral responses, but water intake mainly via the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sato
- Department of Biosciences, Kyushu Dental College, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakitaku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
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Pandey V, Salam SA, Moda A, Agarwal P, Nath S, Pulikkotil SJ. Effect of the use of snuff on the levels of interleukin-1 β and interleukin-8 in the gingival crevicular fluid of periodontitis patients. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2015; 12:461-8. [PMID: 26604961 PMCID: PMC4630711 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.166222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Use of smokeless tobacco in the form of moist snuff placed in the oral cavity is popular in rural India. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to determine the effect of snuff on periodontitis by assessing interleukin (IL)-1 β and IL-8 levels in gingival crevicular fluid. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 subjects were selected for this study. 40 subjects presented with periodontitis, which included 20 snuff users (SP) and 20 nonsnuff users (NS). 20 periodontally healthy patients formed the controls (healthy control: HC). The clinical parameters recorded were gingival index (GI), plaque index, calculus index, bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), recession (RC), and clinical attachment level (CAL). The IL-1 β and IL-8 levels were assessed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Quantikine®). Analysis of variance (ANOVA), post-hoc Tukey's, Kruskal-Walli's ANOVA and Mann-Whitney test was used for comparison among groups and P > 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: No significant difference was seen in levels of IL-1 β and IL-8 between SP and NS groups (P = 0.16, 0.97). However, both the periodontitis groups (SP and NS) had increased IL-β levels when compared to HC group (P = 0.01, 0.001). The snuff users showed significant increase in GI, BOP, RC, and CAL when compared with NS (P = 0.002, 0.001, 0.012, 0.002) whereas NS group had significant increase in PD (P = 0.003). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, use of snuff does not affect the host inflammatory response associated with periodontitis and leads to RC and increased CAL due to local irritant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra Pandey
- Department of Periodontology, Vananchal Dental College, and Hospital, Farathiya, Garhwa, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sharib Abdus Salam
- Department of Periodontology, Vananchal Dental College, and Hospital, Farathiya, Garhwa, Jharkhand, India
| | - Aman Moda
- Department of Pedodontics, Goenka Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Preeti Agarwal
- Department of Periodontics, Triveni Institute of Dental Sciences, Hospital and Research Centre, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sonia Nath
- Department of Periodontology, Vananchal Dental College, and Hospital, Farathiya, Garhwa, Jharkhand, India
| | - Shaju Jacob Pulikkotil
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Peng P, Wang Z, Jiang T, Chu S, Wang S, Xiao D. Brain-volume changes in young and middle-aged smokers: a DARTEL-based voxel-based morphometry study. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2015; 11:621-631. [PMID: 26404024 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- Department of Radiology; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Zhenchang Wang
- Department of Radiology; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Radiology; Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Shuilian Chu
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Shuangkun Wang
- Department of Radiology; Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Tobacco Medicine and Tobacco Cessation Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; Beijing China
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Miyahara N, Ono K, Hitomi S, Hirase M, Inenaga K. Dopamine modulates neuronal excitability pre- and post-synaptically in the rat subfornical organ. Brain Res 2012; 1447:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Ono K, Hirase M, Kai A, Inenaga K. Effect of central nicotinic activation on drinking behavior. Neuroreport 2008; 19:845-9. [PMID: 18463499 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3282ff6380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular injections of angiotensin II (ANG) and nicotine activate the subfornical organ (SFO), an essential central nucleus for ANG-induced drinking. Nicotine has been, however, reported to induce little drinking behavior. To clarify this paradox, we investigated effects of nicotine and ANG on activity of SFO neurons and drinking behavior. In extracellular recordings many SFO neurons (57%) were excited by the both drugs. The nicotine-induced excitation was transient, whereas the ANG-induced was long-lasting. After intracerebroventricular injection of nicotine, the latency to drinking was dose-dependently shortened, but the drinking volumes were much smaller than those by ANG. These suggest that central nicotinic activation contributes to induction of drinking behavior while drinking volume is small because effects of nicotine on neurons are short-lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ono
- Departments of aBiosciences bControl of Physical Function, Kyushu Dental College, Manazuru, Kokurakitaku, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Abstract
Central injection of hypocretins/orexins in rats induces water intake. As the subfornical organ (SFO) plays an important role in drinking behavior, hypocretins may excite SFO neurons. In this study, effects of hypocretins on SFO neurons were investigated electrophysiologically in slice preparations. In extracellular recordings, hypocretin-1 excited SFO neurons, but hypocretin-2 did not or it was little. After the block of synaptic inputs, the excitatory responses to hypocretin-1 remained, but some disappeared. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, hypocretin-1 reduced the frequencies of miniature inhibitory presynaptic currents with inward currents occasionally in SFO neurons, but hypocretin-2 did not. These results suggest that hypocretin-1 excites SFO neurons via the activation of hcrtR1 on premembranes and postmembranes.
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Gallinat J, Meisenzahl E, Jacobsen LK, Kalus P, Bierbrauer J, Kienast T, Witthaus H, Leopold K, Seifert F, Schubert F, Staedtgen M. Smoking and structural brain deficits: a volumetric MR investigation. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 24:1744-50. [PMID: 17004938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence from animal studies indicates brain-damaging properties of nicotine exposure. Investigations in humans found a wide range of functional cerebral effects of nicotine and cigarette smoking, but studies focusing on brain damage are sparse. In 22 smokers and 23 never-smokers possible differences of the cerebral structures were investigated using magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based morphometry. Significantly smaller grey matter volume and lower grey matter density (P = 0.05, corrected) were observed in the frontal regions (anterior cingulate, prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex), the occipital lobe and the temporal lobe including parahippocampal gyrus, in smokers than in never-smokers. Group differences of either grey matter volume or grey matter density were also found in the thalamus, cerebellum and substantia nigra, among other regions. Smokers did not show greater volumes than never-smokers in any cerebral region. Magnitude of lifetime exposure to tobacco smoke (pack-years) was inversely correlated with volume of frontal and temporal lobes and cerebellum (P = 0.001, uncorrected). The data indicate structural deficits of several cortical and subcortical regions in smokers relative to never-smokers. The topographic profile of the group differences show some similarities to brain networks known to mediate drug reinforcement, attention and working memory processing. The present findings may explain in part the frequently reported cognitive dysfunctions in chronic cigarette consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Gallinat
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine, St Hedwig Krankenhaus, Turmstrasse 21, 10559 Berlin, Germany.
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Sato N, Ono K, Haga K, Yokota M, Inenaga K. Effects of cevimeline on salivation and thirst in conscious rats. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 52:26-9. [PMID: 17049480 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intraperitoneal injection of a sialogogue, pilocarpine, at high concentrations induces salivation via peripheral pathways and thirst sensation via central pathways. In this study, we report that the effects of another sialagogue, cevimeline, on salivation and water intake in conscious rats differ from those of pilocarpine. DESIGN We investigated that effects of peripherally and centrally injected cevimeline on parotid saliva flow rate and water intake in conscious rats. The results were compared with those of pilocarpine. RESULTS The intraperitoneal injection of cevimeline induced salivation from the parotid gland, but not water intake. In contrast, the intracerebroventricular injection of cevimeline induced water intake without salivation. The concentration of cevimeline needed to induce salivation by intraperitoneal injection was several 10 times that of pilocarpine, but that needed to induce water intake by intracerebroventricular injection was over a 1000 times greater. CONCLUSIONS The finding that intraperitoneally injected cevimeline induces salivation without inducing water intake, suggests that the effects on the thirst center in the brain are weaker than those of pilocarpine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Sato
- Department of Biosciences, Kyushu Dental College, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Fukuoka 803-8580, Japan
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Pimentel SP, Sallum AW, Saldanha JB, Casati MZ, Nociti FH, Sallum EA. Enamel matrix derivative versus guided tissue regeneration in the presence of nicotine: a histomorphometric study in dogs. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33:900-7. [PMID: 16970622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2006.00989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The goal of this histometric study was to compare the healing process of dehiscence-type defects treated by enamel matrix derivative (EMD) or guided tissue regeneration (GTR) under the effect of nicotine in the dog model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight mongrel dogs were used. Buccal osseous dehiscences were surgically created on the mesial roots of the mandibular third and fourth pre-molars. The defects were exposed to plaque accumulation for 3 months. After this period, the defects were randomly assigned to one of the treatments: open flap debridement (OFD), EMD or GTR with a resorbable membrane. During 4 months, the dogs received subcutaneous administration of nicotine (2 mg/kg twice a day with a 12 h interval between the applications). After this period, the animals were killed and the blocks were processed. The histometric parameters evaluated included gingival recession, epithelial length, connective tissue adaptation, new cementum and new bone. RESULTS A superior length of new cementum was observed in the sites treated by EMD in comparison with OFD (p< or =0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed between GTR and the other groups. CONCLUSIONS In the presence of nicotine, EMD may promote more new cementum formation than OFD while GTR failed to provide a significant difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Peres Pimentel
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry at Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Limeira 901, Areião, São Paulo, Brazil
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