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Woolley ELE, Hogan K, House AK. Levopositioned caudal vena cava and circumcaval left ureter with subsequent hydronephrosis and hydroureter in a dog. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1562. [PMID: 39042576 PMCID: PMC11265525 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The presentation and investigation of a levopositioned caudal vena cava, a rare congenital vascular abnormality seen mainly in Bernese Mountain Dogs, which resulted in ureteral compression, hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Surgical transection, transposition and anastomosis were performed to reposition the circumcaval ureter. A 19-month-old male neutered Bernese Mountain Dog was presented with a 13-month history of vague signs including intermittent abdominal pain, inappetence and diarrhoea, which were poorly responsive to medical management. Abdominal ultrasound revealed left-sided hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Further investigation included abdominal computed tomography and pre- and post-intravenous iodinated contrast, which revealed a levopositioned caudal vena cava with associated ureteral displacement to a circumcaval position, resulting in ureteral compression and proximal dilation affecting both the proximal ureter and the left kidney. The patient was also found to have concomitant gall bladder agenesis. Surgery was performed to transect, transpose and anastomose the ureter in a normal anatomical position, and the patient made an excellent clinical recovery. All gastrointestinal signs resolved within 2 weeks of surgery and remained resolved 12 months later. Follow-up ultrasound and pyelography were performed at 4-month post-surgery, revealing a mild improvement in the hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Although rare, circumcaval ureter should be considered a differential in dogs presenting with hydroureter and hydronephrosis, especially Bernese Mountain Dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn Hogan
- Peninsula Vet Emergency & Referral HospitalMorningtonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Arthur K. House
- Peninsula Vet Emergency & Referral HospitalMorningtonVictoriaAustralia
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Zhang B, Fu M, Zhang D, Jin Y, Liu G. Antegrade CT pyelography of right retrocaval ureter causing ureteral stenosis and ureterohydronephrosis in an exotic shorthair cat: A case report. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1013230. [PMID: 36686175 PMCID: PMC9845871 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1013230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrocaval ureter is a rarely reported congenital malformation of the caudal vena cava in veterinary medicine. In this report, a 2-year-old exotic shorthair cat weighing 3.4 kg was presented for depression and loss of appetite. Laboratory findings was unremarkable. Abdominal radiography revealed right renomegaly, and ultrasonography suggested right ureterohydronephrosis. Right retrocaval ureter was recognized by computed tomography. An antegrade pyelography was performed to identify the localization of obstruction and whether obstruction was complete or partial. Complete right ureteral stenosis was confirmed through right antegrade pyelography on computed tomography. The cat underwent right nephroureteroectomy and recovered well after surgery. This is the first report of successful diagnosis and treatment of retrocaval ureter in a cat with significant clinical and imaging signs, using ultrasonographically guided percutaneous antegrade pyelography and multimodal imaging such as radiography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,Medical Imaging Department, China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhu Fu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,Medical Imaging Department, China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,Medical Imaging Department, China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Jin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,Medical Imaging Department, China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China,Yipeng Jin ✉
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,Medical Imaging Department, China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Gang Liu ✉
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Bernhard C, Linsart A, Mentré V. Circumcaval ureter in two ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). J Exot Pet Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lee SK, Hyeong S, Kim S, Jeon CY, Lim KS, Bae Jin Y, Choi J. Comparison of static-fluid or excretory magnetic resonance urography with computed tomography urography for visualization of nondilated renal pelvises and ureters in healthy Beagles. Am J Vet Res 2021; 83:229-238. [PMID: 34936574 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.03.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the usefulness of magnetic resonance urography (MRU) for the visualization of nondilated renal pelvises and ureters in dogs and to compare our findings for MRU versus CT urography (CTU). ANIMALS 9 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES Dogs underwent CTU, static-fluid MRU, and excretory MRU, with ≥ 7 days between procedures. Contrast medium was administered IV during CTU and excretory MRU, whereas urine in the urinary tract was an intrinsic contrast medium for static-fluid MRU. For each procedure, furosemide (1 mg/kg, IV) was administered, and reconstructed dorsal plane images were acquired 3 minutes (n = 2) and 7 minutes (2) later. Images were scored for visualization of those structures and for image quality, diameters of renal pelvises and ureters were measured, and results were compared across imaging techniques. RESULTS Excretory MRU and CTU allowed good visualization of the renal pelvises and ureters, whereas static-fluid MRU provided lower visualization of the ureters. Distention of the renal pelvises and ureters was good in excretory MRU and CTU. Distention of the ureters in static-fluid MRU was insufficient compared with that in CTU and excretory MRU. Distinct artifacts were not observed in CTU and excretory MRU images. Static-fluid MRU images had several mild motion artifacts. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our findings indicated that excretory MRU with furosemide administration was useful for visualizing nondilated renal pelvises and ureters of dogs in the present study. When performing MRU for the evaluation of dogs without urinary tract dilation, excretory MRU may be more suitable than static-fluid MRU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kwon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seongjae Hyeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chang-Yeop Jeon
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Seob Lim
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center (FARRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yeung Bae Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Jihye Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Schwarz T, Simpson M, Saunders J, Bommer N. Obstructed left retrocaval ureter in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schwarz
- Hospital for Small AnimalsThe University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesRoslinUK
| | - Matthew Simpson
- Hospital for Small AnimalsThe University of Edinburgh Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesRoslinUK
| | - Jimmy Saunders
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic AnimalsUniversity of GhentFaculty of Veterinary MedicineMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Nick Bommer
- Internal MedicineVeterinary SpecialistsScotlandUK
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Ryu C, Choi S, Choi H, Lee Y, Lee K. CT variants of the caudal vena cava in 121 small breed dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:680-688. [PMID: 31509893 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography is increasingly used as a treatment planning method in canine patients with diseases of the retroperitoneum, however, published information on normal variations in the caudal vena cava (CVC) are currently lacking. The objectives of this retrospective descriptive study were to characterize CVC variants using CT angiography in a sample of small breed dogs and localize the CVC bifurcations for each variant. Inclusion criteria were small breed dogs (weight ≤ 15) that underwent contrast-enhanced CT scans of the CVC, abdominal aorta, and CVC tributaries. A total of 121 small breed dogs were sampled. Four right-sided and one left-sided CVC variations were identified: normal (88/121, 72.7%), caudal-partial split (17/121, 14.0%), partial duplication (8/121, 6.6%), complete duplication (7/121, 5.8%), and left-sidedness (1/121, 0.8%). The mean lumbar vertebral levels of the CVC bifurcation were L6.39 ± 0.41, L5.70 ± 0.35, L4.39 ± 0.42, L2.74 ± 0.38, and L6.4 in the normal, caudal-partial split, partial duplication, complete duplication, and left-sidedness types, respectively. The location of the CVC bifurcation, the relationship between the aortic trifurcation and the CVC bifurcation, and the location of the bilateral deep circumflex iliac veins with respect to the CVC bifurcation were significantly different among the right-sided types (P ≤ .001). Bilateral deep circumflex iliac veins joined to the ipsilateral common iliac veins and the CVC in the caudal-partial split and duplication types, respectively. The results of this study indicated that canine CVC variants may be frequent and should be considered during surgery or diagnostic imaging of the retroperitoneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyoung Ryu
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Choi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hojung Choi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Youngwon Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kija Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Specchi S, d'Anjou MA. Diagnostic imaging for the assessment of acquired abdominal vascular diseases in small animals: A pictorial review. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:613-632. [PMID: 31243852 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in interventional radiology and surgical techniques now allow complex abdominal diseases to be more successfully treated in small animals. Abdominal vascular alterations, acquired as individual process or as complication of other lesions such as neoplasia, can be life-threatening or at least greatly limit curative interventions of underlying diseases. Computed tomography (CT) and high-definition ultrasonography are now readily available in veterinary referral centers. Yet, there is little information currently available on the use of these modalities for the diagnosis and characterization of these vascular alterations. The purpose of this article is to review the CT and ultrasonographic findings of acquired vascular diseases in the abdomen of dogs and cats, using both the veterinary and human medicine literature as references, and highlighting essential concepts through figures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swan Specchi
- Ospedale Veterinario i Portoni Rossi, Bologna, 40069, Italy.,Animages, Longueuil, Quebec, J4G 2L2, Canada
| | - Marc-André d'Anjou
- Ospedale Veterinario i Portoni Rossi, Bologna, 40069, Italy.,Animages, Longueuil, Quebec, J4G 2L2, Canada
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Albernaz V, Tasqueti U, Meyer F, Miara L, Fabris I, Quitzan J. Type II retrocaval ureter causing hydronephrosis in a cat: case report. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Retrocaval ureter (RU) is an abnormal embryonic development of the caudal vena cava (CVC) that leads the ureter to be entrapped dorsal to the CVC. In most cases there is no clinical impact; however, it can cause hydronephrosis. We report a rare case of type II symptomatic retrocaval ureter in a feline treated with nephroureterectomy. A 4-year-old, intact male, mixed breed cat was submitted to abdominal ultrasound and severe right hydronephrosis was diagnosed, with no signs of obstruction. We performed an exploratory celiotomy, in which a displacement of the right ureter dorsal to the CVC was observed. The animal was treated with ureteronephrectomy and recovered well. No intraluminal cause was found, and a urethral catheter could be easily inserted across the ureter length. The real clinical relevance of the RU is unknown, since it is a common find in post-mortem examination without kidney impact and, when significant, is often associated to other causes of ureteral obstructions, such as calculi and strictures. Additionally, in humans, type II RU seldom develops obstruction and hydronephrosis. In our case, due to absence of other causes of obstruction, probably mechanical compression of the CVC against the psoas muscle caused the hydronephrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - F. Meyer
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Brazil
| | - L.C. Miara
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Brazil
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Pey P, Marcon O, Drigo M, Specchi S, Bertolini G. MULTIDETECTOR-ROW COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESUMED PREURETERAL VENA CAVA IN CATS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 56:359-66. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pascaline Pey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal; 3200 rue Sicotte; J2S 2M2 Saint-Hyacinthe Canada
| | - Oriana Marcon
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic; Via Sorio 114/c 35141 Padua Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute; Universita degli Studi di Padova; Italy
| | - Swan Specchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal; 3200 rue Sicotte; J2S 2M2 Saint-Hyacinthe Canada
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Bélanger R, Shmon CL, Gilbert PJ, Linn KA. Prevalence of circumcaval ureters and double caudal vena cava in cats. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:91-5. [PMID: 24370251 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.1.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of circumcaval ureters and other caudal vena cava variations in cats and determine whether circumcaval ureters were associated with macroscopic evidence of ureteral obstruction. SAMPLE 301 domestic cat cadavers obtained from an animal shelter. PROCEDURES All cat cadavers were examined, and anatomic variations of the ureters and caudal vena cava were recorded. In cadavers with a circumcaval ureter, kidney length, width, and height were measured, and the ureters were examined macroscopically to determine whether there was gross evidence of ureteral obstruction in cats with circumcaval ureters. RESULTS At least 1 circumcaval ureter was present in 106 of the 301 (35.2%) cats, with a right circumcaval ureter identified in 92 (30.6%) cats, a left circumcaval ureter identified in 4 (1.3%), and bilateral circumcaval ureters identified in 10 (3.3%). Twenty-one (7.0%) cats had a double caudal vena cava, including 2 cats in which the double caudal vena cava was the only anatomic abnormality identified. No sex predilection for anatomic abnormalities was found. Mean right kidney length was significantly greater than mean left kidney length in cats with a right circumcaval ureter. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Circumcaval ureter was present in approximately a third of cats in this study. Variation in the development of the caudal vena cava is the proposed cause. The clinical relevance of this variation is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régine Bélanger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4B5, Canada
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Muthusami P, Ramesh A. Appearances of the circumcaval ureter on excretory urography and MR urography: A single-center case series. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2013; 23:81-5. [PMID: 23986621 PMCID: PMC3737622 DOI: 10.4103/0971-3026.113621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To describe Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU) appearances of the circumcaval ureter, a rare congenital cause of hydronephrosis. Materials and Methods: Seven cases of circumcaval ureter, suspected on intravenous urography (IVU), underwent subsequent static MRU using heavily T2-weighted sequences. Results: The various appearances of circumcaval ureter on IVU and MRU were studied and compared. The circumcaval portion of the ureter was especially well seen on axial MRU sections, though this portion was routinely not visualized on IVU. In one case with a ureteric calculus, MRU also depicted a circumcaval course of the ureter, thus providing a complete diagnosis. In yet another case, where a circumcaval ureter was suspected on IVU, MRU proved the actual cause of ureteric obstruction to be a crossing vessel. Conclusion: Static MRU using heavily T2-weighted coronal and axial sequences can make or exclude the diagnosis of circumcaval ureter unequivocally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Muthusami
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Jawharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
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