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Tripp TR, Caswell AM, Aboodarda SJ, MacInnis MJ. The Effect of Duration on Performance and Perceived Fatigability During Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise in Young, Healthy Males and Females. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14692. [PMID: 38982705 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Few studies have explored the kinetics of performance and perceived fatigability during high-intensity interval training, despite its popularity. We aimed to characterize the kinetics of fatigability and recovery during an 8 × 4-min HIIT protocol, hypothesizing that most muscle function impairment would occur during the initial four intervals. Fifteen healthy males and females (mean ± standard deviation; age = 26 ± 5 years, V̇O2max = 46.8 ± 6.1 mL·kg-1·min-1) completed eight, 4-min intervals at 105% of critical power with 3 min of rest. Maximal voluntary knee extension contractions (MVCs) coupled with electrical nerve stimulation were performed at baseline and after the first, fourth, and eighth intervals. MVC, potentiated twitch force (Pt), and Db10:100 ratio all declined throughout HIIT (p < 0.05). MVC sharply declined after interval 1 (-15 ± 9% relative to baseline; p < 0.05) and had only further declined after interval 8 (-26 ± 11%; p < 0.05), but not interval 4 (-19 ± 13%; p > 0.05). Pt and Db10:100 also sharply declined after interval 1 (Pt: -18 ± 13%, Db10:100: -14 ± 20%; p < 0.05) and further declined after interval 4 (Pt: -35 ± 19%, Db10:100: -30 ± 20%; p < 0.05) but not interval 8 (Pt: -41 ± 19%; Db10:100: -32 ± 18%; p > 0.05). Voluntary activation did not significantly change across the HIIT protocol (p > 0.05). Evoked force recovery was significantly blunted as more intervals were completed: after interval 1, Pt recovered by 7 ± 11% compared to -6 ± 7% recovery after interval 8 (p < 0.05). Ratings of perceived effort, fatigue, and leg pain rose throughout the session (p < 0.05 for each) and were greater (effort and fatigue) for females (p < 0.05). Otherwise, males and females exhibited similar performance fatigability kinetics, with contractile function declines blunted in response to additional intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Tripp
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Allison M Caswell
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Jalal Aboodarda
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Martin J MacInnis
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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McClean ZJ, Zhang J, Khaledi N, Yacoub M, Aboodarda SJ. Intermittent blood flow occlusion modulates neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory determinants of exercise tolerance during cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2295-2306. [PMID: 37278835 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Constant blood flow occlusion (BFO) superimposed on aerobic exercise can impair muscle function and exercise tolerance; however, no study has investigated the effect of intermittent BFO on the associated responses. Fourteen participants (n = 7 females) were recruited to compare neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory responses to shorter (5:15s, occlusion-to-release) and longer (10:30s) BFO applied during cycling to task failure. METHODS In randomized order, participants cycled to task failure (task failure 1) at 70% of peak power output with (i) shorter BFO, (ii) longer BFO, and (iii) no BFO (Control). Upon task failure in the BFO conditions, BFO was removed, and participants continued cycling until a second task failure (task failure 2). Maximum voluntary isometric knee contractions (MVC) and femoral nerve stimuli were performed along with perceptual measures at baseline, task failure 1, and task failure 2. Cardiorespiratory measures were recorded continuously across the exercises. RESULTS Task failure 1 was longer in Control than 5:15s and 10:30s (P < 0.001), with no differences between the BFO conditions. At task failure 1, 10:30s elicited a greater decline in twitch force compared to 5:15s and Control (P < 0.001). At task failure 2, twitch force remained lower in 10:30s than Control (P = 0.002). Low-frequency fatigue developed to a greater extent in 10:30s compared to Control and 5:15s (P < 0.047). Dyspnea and Fatigue were greater for Control than 5:15s and 10:30s at the end of task failure 1 (P < 0.002). CONCLUSION Exercise tolerance during BFO is primarily dictated by the decline in muscle contractility and accelerated development of effort and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary John McClean
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jenny Zhang
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Neda Khaledi
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matthew Yacoub
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Saied Jalal Aboodarda
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Korzeniewski B. V̇O 2 (non-)linear increase in ramp-incremental exercise vs. V̇O 2 slow component in constant-power exercise: Underlying mechanisms. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023; 311:104023. [PMID: 36731708 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2023.104023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A computer model of the skeletal muscle bioenergetic system involving the Pi double-threshold mechanism of muscle fatigue was used to study the V̇O2 (non-)linear increase in time in ramp-incremental exercise as compared to the V̇O2 slow component in constant-power exercise. The Pi double-threshold mechanism applies to both constant-power and ramp-incremental exercise. The additional ATP usage is initiated at a significantly higher ATP usage activity (power output), determining the moderate/heavy exercise border, in ramp-incremental, than in constant-power exercise. A significantly lowered additional ATP usage activity or elevated glycolysis stimulation at the highest power outputs in ramp-incremental exercise in relation to constant-power exercise can additionally explain the much smaller (or zero) V̇O2 non-linearity in ramp-incremental exercise, than V̇O2 slow component in constant-power exercise. The V̇O2 (non-)linearity in ramp-incremental exercise and V̇O2 slow component in constant-power exercise is a derivative of a balance between the additional ATP usage and ATP production by anaerobic glycolysis.
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McClean Z, Iannetta D, Macinnis M, Aboodarda SJ. Shorter High-Intensity Cycling Intervals Reduce Performance and Perceived Fatigability at Work-Matched but Not Task Failure. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:690-699. [PMID: 36729921 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The intensity, duration, and distribution of work and recovery phases during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) modulate metabolic perturbations during exercise and subsequently influence the development of performance fatigability and exercise tolerance. This study aimed to characterize neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory responses to work-to-rest ratio-matched HIIT protocols differing in work and rest interval duration. METHODS Twelve healthy individuals (six women) first completed a ramp incremental test to determine 90% of peak power output, and then in three randomized visits, they completed three cycling protocols to task failure at 90% of peak power output: (i) 3- to 3-min work-to-passive rest ratio HIIT (HIIT 3min ), (ii) 1- to 1-min work-to-passive rest ratio HIIT (HIIT 1min ), and (iii) constant load (CL). Interpolated twitch technique, including maximal voluntary isometric knee extensions and femoral nerve electrical stimuli, was performed at baseline, every 6 min of work, and task failure. Perceptual and cardiorespiratory responses were recorded every 3 min and continuously across the exercises, respectively. RESULTS The work completed during HIIT 1min (8447 ± 5124 kJ) was considerably greater than HIIT 3min (1930 ± 712 kJ) and CL (1076 ± 356) ( P < 0.001). At work-matched, HIIT 1min resulted in a lesser decline in maximal voluntary contraction and twitch force compared with HIIT 3min and CL ( P < 0.001). Perceived effort, pain, and dyspnea were least in HIIT 1min and HIIT 3min compared with CL ( P < 0.001). At task failure, HIIT 1min resulted in less voluntary activation than HIIT 3min ( P = 0.010) and CL ( P = 0.043), and engendered less twitch force decline than CL ( P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the mitigated physiological and perceptual responses during shorter work periods (HIIT 1min ) enhance exercise tolerance in comparison to longer work intervals at the same intensity (HIIT 3min , CL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary McClean
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, CANADA
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Festa RR, Monsalves-Álvarez M, Cancino J, Jannas-Vela S. Prescription of High-intensity Aerobic Interval Training Based on Oxygen Uptake Kinetics. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:159-168. [PMID: 35995143 DOI: 10.1055/a-1929-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endurance training results in diverse adaptations that lead to increased performance and health benefits. A commonly measured training response is the analysis of oxygen uptake kinetics, representing the demand of a determined load (speed/work) on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic systems, providing useful information for the prescription of constant load or interval-type aerobic exercise. There is evidence that during high-intensity aerobic exercise some interventions prescribe brief interval times (<1-min), which may lead to a dissociation between the load prescribed and the oxygen uptake demanded, potentially affecting training outcomes. Therefore, this review explored the time to achieve a close association between the speed/work prescribed and the oxygen uptake demanded after the onset of high-intensity aerobic exercise. The evidence assessed revealed that at least 80% of the oxygen uptake amplitude is reached when phase II of oxygen uptake kinetics is completed (1 to 2 minutes after the onset of exercise, depending on the training status). We propose that the minimum work-time during high-intensity aerobic interval training sessions should be at least 1 minute for athletes and 2 minutes for non-athletes. This suggestion could be used by coaches, physical trainers, clinicians and sports or health scientists for the prescription of high-intensity aerobic interval training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Ricardo Festa
- Laboratorio de Fisiología del Ejercicio y Metabolismo, Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jorge Cancino
- Laboratorio de Fisiología del Ejercicio y Metabolismo, Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
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Che K, Yang Y, Zhang J, Feng L, Xie Y, Li Q, Qiu J. Oral pyruvate prevents high-intensity interval exercise-induced metabolic acidosis in rats by promoting lactate dehydrogenase reaction. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1096986. [PMID: 37090767 PMCID: PMC10117856 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1096986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is no denying the clinical benefits of exogenous pyruvate in the treatment of pathological metabolic acidosis. However, whether it can prevent exercise physiological metabolic acidosis, delay the occurrence of exercise fatigue, and improve the beneficial effects of exercise and its internal mechanism remain unclear. Methods We randomly divided 24 male SD rats into 3 groups: one group was a control without exercise (CC, n = 8), and the other two groups were supplemented with 616 mg/kg/day pyruvate (EP, n = 8) or distilled water of equal volume (EC, n = 8). These groups completed acute high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) after 7 days of supplementation. The acid metabolism variables were measured immediately after exercise including blood pH (pHe), base excess (BE), HCO3 -, blood lactic acid and skeletal muscle pH (pHi). The redox state was determined by measuring the oxidized coenzyme I/reduced coenzyme I (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD+]/reduced NAD+ [NADH]) ratio and lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio. In addition, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) were determined by ELISA. Results Pyruvate supplementation significantly reversed the decrease of pHe, BE, HCO3 - and pHi values after HIIE (p < 0.001), while significantly increased the activities of LDHA (p = 0.048), HK (p = 0.006), and PFK (p = 0.047). Compared with the CC, the NAD+/NADH (p = 0.008) ratio and the activities of LDHA (p = 0.002), HK (p < 0.001), PFK (p < 0.001), and PK (p = 0.006) were significantly improved in EP group. Discussion This study provides compelling evidence that oral pyruvate attenuates HIIE-induced intracellular and extracellular acidification, possibly due to increased activity of LDHA, which promotes the absorption of H+ in the LDH reaction. The beneficial effects of improving the redox state and glycolysis rate were also shown. Our results suggest that pyruvate can be used as an oral nutritional supplement to buffer HIIE induced metabolic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Che
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xie
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinlong Li
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Junqiang Qiu
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Sports Nutrition Engineering Research Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Junqiang Qiu,
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ZHANG JENNY, KHASSETARASH ARASH, MILLET GUILLAUMEY, ABOODARDA SAIEDJ. Neuromuscular Fatigability Associated with Different Pacing Strategies During an Ultra-Endurance Pull-Up Task: A Case Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2022; 15:1514-1527. [PMID: 36618336 PMCID: PMC9797014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
While neuromuscular fatigability has been previously characterized after running and cycling, no study has investigated an ultra-endurance upper body task. In preparation for a world record attempt, three pacing strategies to perform 1980 pull-ups in 6 hrs were compared during independent sessions: fast pace, long recovery (FL), fast pace, multiple short recoveries (FMS), and slow pace, no recovery (SN). Elbow flexion maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force, grip strength, peripheral fatigue, and biceps brachii electromyography were quantified every 330 pull-ups and during recovery, alongside heart rate, perceived effort, and arm muscle pain. In all conditions, MVC force decreased rapidly within the first set of 330 pull-ups, with the greatest depression observed in FL (-29.1%) and more gradual declines in FMS (-18.6%) and SN (-8.6%). Similarly, FL displayed the greatest decline in potentiated single twitch (FL: -75.0%; FMS: -53.9%; SN: -41.8%) and high-frequency doublet forces (FL: -63.3%; FMS: -29.2%; SN: -41.8%) following the first set, as well as higher heart rate, effort, and pain throughout the task. Following 24 hrs, MVC force recovered slowest in FL and grip strength recovered fastest in SN. Therefore, for the world record attempt, a strategy with a continuous workload at slower pace should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- JENNY ZHANG
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, CANADA
| | - ARASH KHASSETARASH
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, CANADA
| | - GUILLAUME Y. MILLET
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, FRANCE
| | - SAIED J. ABOODARDA
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, CANADA
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Bar‐Yoseph R, Radom‐Aizik S, Coronato N, Moradinasab N, Barstow TJ, Stehli A, Brown D, Cooper DM. Heart rate and gas exchange dynamic responses to multiple brief exercise bouts (MBEB) in early- and late-pubertal boys and girls. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15397. [PMID: 35923083 PMCID: PMC9349595 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural patterns of physical activity in youth are characterized by brief periods of exercise of varying intensity interspersed with rest. To better understand systemic physiologic response mechanisms in children and adolescents, we examined five responses [heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), oxygen uptake (V̇O2 ), carbon dioxide production (V̇CO2 ), and minute ventilation (V̇E), measured breath-by-breath] to multiple brief exercise bouts (MBEB). Two groups of healthy participants (early pubertal: 17 female, 20 male; late-pubertal: 23 female, 21 male) performed five consecutive 2-min bouts of constant work rate cycle-ergometer exercise interspersed with 1-min of rest during separate sessions of low- or high-intensity (~40% or 80% peak work, respectively). For each 2-min on-transient and 1-min off-transient we calculated the average value of each cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) variable (Y̅). There were significant MBEB changes in 67 of 80 on- and off-transients. Y̅ increased bout-to-bout for all CPET variables, and the magnitude of increase was greater in the high-intensity exercise. We measured the metabolic cost of MBEB, scaled to work performed, for the entire 15 min and found significantly higher V̇O2 , V̇CO2 , and V̇E costs in the early-pubertal participants for both low- and high-intensity MBEB. To reduce breath-by-breath variability in estimation of CPET variable kinetics, we time-interpolated (second-by-second), superimposed, and averaged responses. Reasonable estimates of τ (<20% coefficient of variation) were found only for on-transients of HR and V̇O2 . There was a remarkable reduction in τHR following the first exercise bout in all groups. Natural patterns of physical activity shape cardiorespiratory responses in healthy children and adolescents. Protocols that measure the effect of a previous bout on the kinetics of subsequent bouts may aid in the clinical utility of CPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Bar‐Yoseph
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research CenterUniversity of California at IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Pediatric Pulmonary DivisionRuth Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care CenterHaifaIsrael
| | - Shlomit Radom‐Aizik
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research CenterUniversity of California at IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicholas Coronato
- University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
- United States Military AcademyWest PointNew YorkUSA
| | | | | | - Annamarie Stehli
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research CenterUniversity of California at IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Don Brown
- University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Dan M. Cooper
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research CenterUniversity of California at IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, and Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
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Bogdanis GC, Mastorakos G, Tsirigkakis S, Stavrinou PS, Kabasakalis A, Mantzou A, Mougios V. Bout duration in high-intensity interval exercise modifies hematologic, metabolic and antioxidant responses. J Exerc Sci Fit 2022; 20:216-223. [PMID: 35510255 PMCID: PMC9035712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study compared hematologic, metabolic and antioxidant responses between three high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) trials of different bout duration and a continuous exercise trial (CON), all with equal average intensity, total work, and duration. Methods Eleven healthy young males performed four trials involving 20 min of cycling, either continuously (49% of power at VO2max, PPO), or intermittently with 48 10-s bouts (HIIE10), 16 30-s bouts (HIIE30) or 8 60-s bouts (HIIE60) at 100% PPO, with a 1:1.5 work-to-recovery ratio at 15% PPO. Venous blood was obtained before, immediately after, and 1 h post-exercise to evaluate hematologic, metabolic and antioxidant responses. Blood lactate concentration was measured in capillary blood during exercise, while urine lactate was measured before and 1 h post-exercise. Results Post-exercise leukocyte count (mean ± SD; 9.7 ± 2.8 k μL-1), uric acid concentration (0.35 ± 0.10 mmol L-1), glucose concentration (6.56 ± 1.44 mmol L-1), and plasma volume change (-13.5 ± 4.4%) were greater in HIIE60 compared to all other trials (p < 0.05). One-hour post-exercise, lymphocytes decreased below pre-exercise values in all HIIE trials, and uric acid increased in the HIIE60 trial (p < 0.05). Urine lactate concentration 1 h post-exercise increased compared to pre-exercise only in HIIE60 (19-fold, p < 0.001), and this was related with the higher blood lactate concentration during exercise in that trial. Conclusions These findings highlight the importance of bout duration, given that shorter bouts of HIIE (30 s or 10 s) induce lower blood cell perturbations, metabolic stress, and antioxidant responses compared to the commonly used 1-min bouts, despite equal total work, duration, and work-to-recovery ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of P.E. and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Mastorakos
- Unit of Metabolism and Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport, Department of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Athanasios Kabasakalis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aimilia Mantzou
- Unit of Clinical and Translational Research in Endocrinology, First Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Mougios
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Tsirigkakis S, Koutedakis Y, Mastorakos G, Stavrinou PS, Mougios V, Bogdanis GC. Physiological, perceptual and affective responses to high-intensity interval training using two work-matched programs with different bout duration in obese males. J Exerc Sci Fit 2022; 20:199-205. [PMID: 35510254 PMCID: PMC9035702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study compared physiological, perceptual, and affective responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) between two work-matched programs with different bout durations in obese males. Methods Sixteen low-to-moderately active obese men completed an eight-week cycling program of supervised HIIT (3 days/week) using either short bouts [48 × 10 s at 100% of peak power output (PPO) with 15 s of recovery (HIIT10)] or long bouts [8 × 60 s at 100% PPO with 90 s of recovery (HIIT60)]. Workload was progressively adjusted, to maintain high intensity (100% PPO), throughout training. Blood lactate (BLa), heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and feeling scale ratings (pleasure/displeasure) were measured in each HIIT session. Results Average HR decreased in the last 2 weeks of training in both groups by 2.2 ± 1.8% of peak HR (p < 0.001). Training resulted in a reduction in BLa during exercise by 28 ± 19% (p < 0.001) from the 10th min onward only in HIIT10. Similarly, during the last weeks of training, RPE decreased (by 1.0 ± 1.1 units, p < 0.05) and feeling scale ratings were improved only in HIIT10, while RPE remained unchanged and feeling scale ratings deteriorated in HIIT60 (from 3.0 ± 1.1 to 2.1 ± 0.9 units, p < 0.001). No differences in post-exercise enjoyment were found. Conclusion Both HIIT formats induced similar HR adaptations, but improvement of BLa, perceptual and affective responses occurred only when bout duration was shorter. Our findings suggest that, in low-to-moderately active obese men, HIIT may be more effective in improving metabolic, perceptual, and affective responses when shorter, rather than longer, bouts of exercise are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Tsirigkakis
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Yiannis Koutedakis
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - George Mastorakos
- Unit of Metabolism and Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport, Aretaieion Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vassilis Mougios
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237, Athens, Greece
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11
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Bogdanis GC, Stavrinou PS, Tsirigkakis S, Mougios V, Astorino TA, Mastorakos G. Attenuated Metabolic and Cardiorespiratory Responses to Isoenergetic High-Intensity Interval Exercise of Short Versus Long Bouts. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1199-1209. [PMID: 35234217 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the metabolic, cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses to three isoenergetic high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) protocols of different bout duration and an isoenergetic continuous exercise protocol. METHODS Eleven healthy males (age, 28 ± 6 yr) performed four 20-min cycling trials of equal mean power output 1 wk apart. Participants cycled either continuously (CON) or intermittently with 10 s (HIIE10), 30 s (HIIE30), or 60 s (HIIE60) bouts at intensities corresponding to 49% (CON) or 100% of power at peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak). Recovery intervals during the HIIE trials were 15, 45, and 90 s, respectively. RESULTS Average V̇O2 was similar in the HIIE trials (2.29 ± 0.42, 2.20 ± 0.43, and 2.12 ± 0.45 L·min-1, for HIIE10, HIIE30, and HIIE60, respectively), whereas in CON (2.02 ± 0.38 L·min-1), it was lower than HIIE10 (P = 0.002) and HIIE30 (P = 0.043). Average pulmonary ventilation (VE) was higher in HIIE60 compared with HIIE10, HIIE30, and CON (75.8 ± 21.8 L·min-1 vs 64.1 ± 14.5 L·min-1, 64.1 ± 16.2 L·min-1, and 54.0 ± 12.5 L·min-1, respectively, P < 0.001). The peak values and oscillations of V̇O2 and VE in HIIE60 were higher compared with all other trials (P < 0.001). Blood lactate concentration was higher in HIIE60 compared with HIIE10, HIIE30, and CON from the fifth minute onward, reaching 12.5 ± 3.5, 7.2 ± 2.1, 7.9 ± 2.9, and 4.9 ± 1.6 mmol·L-1, respectively, at the end of exercise (P < 0.001). RPE was higher and affective responses were lower in HIIE60 compared with all other trials toward the end of exercise (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the importance of bout duration in HIIE, since shorter bouts resulted in attenuated metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses, lower RPE and feelings of displeasure compared with a longer bout, despite equal total work, duration, and work-to-recovery ratio. These results may have implications for the prescription of HIIE in various populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of P.E. and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GREECE
| | | | | | - Vassilis Mougios
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GREECE
| | - Todd A Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, San Marcos, CA
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12
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Validity of the Training-Load Concept. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:507-514. [PMID: 35247874 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Training load (TL) is a widely used concept in training prescription and monitoring and is also recognized as as an important tool for avoiding athlete injury, illness, and overtraining. With the widespread adoption of wearable devices, TL metrics are used increasingly by researchers and practitioners worldwide. Conceptually, TL was proposed as a means to quantify a dose of training and used to predict its resulting training effect. However, TL has never been validated as a measure of training dose, and there is a risk that fundamental problems related to its calculation are preventing advances in training prescription and monitoring. Specifically, we highlight recent studies from our research groups where we compare the acute performance decrement measured following a session with its TL metrics. These studies suggest that most TL metrics are not consistent with their notional training dose and that the exercise duration confounds their calculation. These studies also show that total work done is not an appropriate way to compare training interventions that differ in duration and intensity. We encourage scientists and practitioners to critically evaluate the validity of current TL metrics and suggest that new TL metrics need to be developed.
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13
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Goulding RP, Rossiter HB, Marwood S, Ferguson C. Bioenergetic Mechanisms Linking V˙O2 Kinetics and Exercise Tolerance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:274-283. [PMID: 34547760 PMCID: PMC8528340 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that the V˙O2 time constant (τV˙O2) determines exercise tolerance by defining the power output associated with a "critical threshold" of intramuscular metabolite accumulation (e.g., inorganic phosphate), above which muscle fatigue and work inefficiency are apparent. Thereafter, the V˙O2 "slow component" and its consequences (increased pulmonary, circulatory, and neuromuscular demands) determine performance limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richie P. Goulding
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe Design University, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Myology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry B. Rossiter
- Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Division of Respiratory & Critical Care Physiology & Medicine, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance CA, 90254, USA
| | - Simon Marwood
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, L16 9JD, UK
| | - Carrie Ferguson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS 2 9JT, UK
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14
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Akberdin IR, Kiselev IN, Pintus SS, Sharipov RN, Vertyshev AY, Vinogradova OL, Popov DV, Kolpakov FA. A Modular Mathematical Model of Exercise-Induced Changes in Metabolism, Signaling, and Gene Expression in Human Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10353. [PMID: 34638694 PMCID: PMC8508736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the principal contributor to exercise-induced changes in human metabolism. Strikingly, although it has been demonstrated that a lot of metabolites accumulating in blood and human skeletal muscle during an exercise activate different signaling pathways and induce the expression of many genes in working muscle fibres, the systematic understanding of signaling-metabolic pathway interrelations with downstream genetic regulation in the skeletal muscle is still elusive. Herein, a physiologically based computational model of skeletal muscle comprising energy metabolism, Ca2+, and AMPK (AMP-dependent protein kinase) signaling pathways and the expression regulation of genes with early and delayed responses was developed based on a modular modeling approach and included 171 differential equations and more than 640 parameters. The integrated modular model validated on diverse including original experimental data and different exercise modes provides a comprehensive in silico platform in order to decipher and track cause-effect relationships between metabolic, signaling, and gene expression levels in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya R. Akberdin
- Department of Computational Biology, Scientific Center for Information Technologies and Artificial Intelligence, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (I.N.K.); (S.S.P.); (R.N.S.); (F.A.K.)
- BIOSOFT.RU, LLC, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ilya N. Kiselev
- Department of Computational Biology, Scientific Center for Information Technologies and Artificial Intelligence, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (I.N.K.); (S.S.P.); (R.N.S.); (F.A.K.)
- BIOSOFT.RU, LLC, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, 633010 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey S. Pintus
- Department of Computational Biology, Scientific Center for Information Technologies and Artificial Intelligence, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (I.N.K.); (S.S.P.); (R.N.S.); (F.A.K.)
- BIOSOFT.RU, LLC, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, 633010 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ruslan N. Sharipov
- Department of Computational Biology, Scientific Center for Information Technologies and Artificial Intelligence, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (I.N.K.); (S.S.P.); (R.N.S.); (F.A.K.)
- BIOSOFT.RU, LLC, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, 633010 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Olga L. Vinogradova
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 123007 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Daniil V. Popov
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 123007 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Fedor A. Kolpakov
- Department of Computational Biology, Scientific Center for Information Technologies and Artificial Intelligence, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (I.N.K.); (S.S.P.); (R.N.S.); (F.A.K.)
- BIOSOFT.RU, LLC, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, 633010 Novosibirsk, Russia
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15
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Næss S, Sollie O, Gløersen ØN, Losnegard T. Exercise Intensity and Pacing Pattern During a Cross-Country Olympic Mountain Bike Race. Front Physiol 2021; 12:702415. [PMID: 34349670 PMCID: PMC8326908 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.702415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To examine the power profiles and pacing patterns in relation to critical power (CP) and maximal aerobic power (MAP) output during a cross-country Olympic (XCO) mountain bike race. Methods: Five male and two female national competitive XCO cyclists completed a UCI Cat. 1 XCO race. The races were 19 km and 23 km and contained five (female) and six (male) laps, respectively. Power output (PO) during the race was measured with the cyclists’ personal power meters. On two laboratory tests using their own bikes and power meters, CP and work capacity above CP (W') were calculated using three time trials of 12, 7, and 3 min, while MAP was established based on a 3-step submaximal test and the maximal oxygen uptake from the 7-min time trial. Results: Mean PO over the race duration (96 ± 7 min) corresponded to 76 ± 9% of CP and 63 ± 4% of MAP. 40 ± 8% of race time was spent with PO > CP, and the mean duration and magnitude of the bouts >CP was ~8 s and ~120% of CP. From the first to last lap, time >CP and accumulated W' per lap decreased with 9 ± 6% and 45 ± 17%, respectively. For single >CP bouts, mean magnitude and mean W' expended decreased by 25 ± 8% and 38 ± 15% from the first to the last lap, respectively. Number and duration of bouts did not change significantly between laps. Conclusion: The highly variable pacing pattern in XCO implies the need for rapid changes in metabolic power output, as a result of numerous separate short-lived >CP actions which decrease in magnitude in later laps, but with little lap-to-lap variation in number and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffan Næss
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ove Sollie
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Thomas Losnegard
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Evaluating the Accuracy of Using Fixed Ranges of METs to Categorize Exertional Intensity in a Heterogeneous Group of Healthy Individuals: Implications for Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Health Outcomes. Sports Med 2021; 51:2411-2421. [PMID: 33900580 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate quantification of exertional intensity remains elusive. OBJECTIVE To compare, in a large and heterogeneous cohort of healthy females and males, the commonly used intensity classification system (i.e., light, moderate, vigorous, near-maximal) based on fixed ranges of metabolic equivalents (METs) to an individualized schema based on the exercise intensity domains (i.e., moderate, heavy, severe). METHODS A heterogenous sample of 565 individuals (females 165; males 400; age range 18-83 years old) were included in the study. Individuals performed a ramp-incremental exercise test from which gas exchange threshold (GET), respiratory compensation point (RCP) and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) were determined to build the exercise intensity domain schema (moderate = METs ≤ GET; heavy = METs > GET but ≤ RCP; severe = METs > RCP) for each individual. Pearson's chi-square tests over contingency tables were used to evaluate frequency distribution within intensity domains at each MET value. A multi-level regression model was performed to identify predictors of the amplitude of the exercise intensity domains. RESULTS A critical discrepancy existed between the confines of the exercise intensity domains and the commonly used fixed MET classification system. Overall, the upper limit of the moderate-intensity domain ranged between 2 and 13 METs and of the heavy-intensity domain between 3 and 18 METs, whereas the severe-intensity domain included METs from 4 onward. CONCLUSIONS Findings show that the common practice of assigning fixed values of METs to relative categories of intensity risks misclassifications of the physiological stress imposed by exercise and physical activity. These misclassifications can lead to erroneous interpretations of the dose-response relationship of exercise and physical activity.
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17
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Gløersen Ø, Gilgien M, Dysthe DK, Malthe-Sørenssen A, Losnegard T. Oxygen Demand, Uptake, and Deficits in Elite Cross-Country Skiers during a 15-km Race. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:983-992. [PMID: 31738350 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to quantify the repeated oxygen deficits attained during intermittent endurance exercise by measuring oxygen consumption (V˙O2) and oxygen demand (V˙O2) throughout a simulated roller ski race. METHODS Eight male elite cross-country skiers (V˙O2peak, 77.4 ± 4.4 mL·kg⋅min) raced a 13.5-km roller ski time trial on a World Cup course. On two additional days, athletes completed (i) six submaximal loads (~5 min) and ~4-min maximal trial to establish athlete-specific estimates of skiing economy, V˙O2peak, and maximal ΣO2 (MAOD); and (ii) a simulation of the time trial on a roller skiing treadmill. During the simulation, external work rate (Pprop) and skiing speed (v) were adjusted to match the Pprop and v measured during the time trial, and pulmonary V˙O2 was measured breath by breath. V˙O2 and ΣO2 were calculated using an athlete-specific model for skiing economy throughout the treadmill simulation. RESULTS During the treadmill simulation, V˙O2 was on average 0.77 V˙O2peak, and active V˙O2 (i.e., excluding the time in simulated downhill) was on average 1.01 V˙O2peak. The athletes repeatedly attained substantial oxygen deficits in individual uphill sections of the treadmill simulation, but the deficits were typically small compared with their MAOD (average 14%, range ~0%-50%). However, the ΣO2 summed over all periods of active propulsion was on average 3.8 MAOD. CONCLUSION Athletes repeatedly attain substantial oxygen deficits in the uphill segments of a distance cross-country ski race. Furthermore, the total accumulated oxygen deficit of all these segments is several times higher than the athletes' MAOD. This suggests that the rapid recovery of the energy stores represented by the oxygen deficit is necessary during downhill sections, and that this might be an important determinant of distance skiing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Losnegard
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY
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18
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Korzeniewski B, Rossiter HB. Exceeding a "critical" muscle P i: implications for [Formula: see text] and metabolite slow components, muscle fatigue and the power-duration relationship. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1609-1619. [PMID: 32435984 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The consequences of the assumption that the additional ATP usage, underlying the slow component of oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) and metabolite on-kinetics, starts when cytosolic inorganic phosphate (Pi) exceeds a certain "critical" Pi concentration, and muscle work terminates because of fatigue when Pi exceeds a certain, higher, "peak" Pi concentration are investigated. METHODS A previously developed computer model of the myocyte bioenergetic system is used. RESULTS Simulated time courses of muscle [Formula: see text], cytosolic ADP, pH, PCr and Pi at various ATP usage activities agreed well with experimental data. Computer simulations resulted in a hyperbolic power-duration relationship, with critical power (CP) as an asymptote. CP was increased, and phase II [Formula: see text] on-kinetics was accelerated, by progressive increase in oxygen tension (hyperoxia). CONCLUSIONS Pi is a major factor responsible for the slow component of the [Formula: see text] and metabolite on-kinetics, fatigue-related muscle work termination and hyperbolic power-duration relationship. The successful generation of experimental system properties suggests that the additional ATP usage, underlying the slow component, indeed starts when cytosolic Pi exceeds a "critical" Pi concentration, and muscle work terminates when Pi exceeds a "peak" Pi concentration. The contribution of other factors, such as cytosolic acidification, or glycogen depletion and central fatigue should not be excluded. Thus, a detailed quantitative unifying mechanism underlying various phenomena related to skeletal muscle fatigue and exercise tolerance is offered that was absent in the literature. This mechanism is driven by reciprocal stimulation of Pi increase and additional ATP usage when "critical" Pi is exceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry B Rossiter
- Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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19
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Myrkos A, Smilios I, Zafeiridis A, Iliopoulos S, Kokkinou EM, Douda H, Tokmakidis SP. Effects of Work and Recovery Duration and Their Ratio on Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Responses During Aerobic Interval Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2169-2175. [PMID: 32379235 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Myrkos, A, Smilios, I, Zafeiridis, A, Iliopoulos, S, Kokkinou, EM, Douda, H, and Tokmakidis, SP. Effects of work and recovery duration and their ratio on cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses during aerobic interval exercise. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study examined the effect of work and recovery durations and of work-to-rest ratio (WRR) on total exercise time and oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max), on exercise time above 80, 90, and 95% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and HRmax, and on blood lactate concentrations during aerobic interval exercise. Twelve men (22.1 ± 1 year) executed, until exhaustion, 4 interval protocols at an intensity corresponding to 100% of maximal aerobic velocity. Two protocols were performed with work bout duration of 120 seconds and recovery durations of 120 (WRR: 1:1) or 60 seconds (WRR: 2:1), and 2 protocols with work bout duration of 60 seconds and recovery durations of 60 (WRR: 1:1) or 30 seconds (WRR: 2:1). When compared at equal exercise time, total V[Combining Dot Above]O2 and exercise time at V[Combining Dot Above]O2 above 80, 90, and 95% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max were longer (p < 0.05) in 120:120, 120:60 and 60:30 vs. the 60:60 protocol. When analyzed for total exercise time (until exhaustion), total V[Combining Dot Above]O2 was higher (p < 0.01) in the 60:60 compared with all other protocols, and in the 120:120 compared with 120:60. Exercise time >95% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and HRmax was higher (p < 0.05) in the 120:120 vs. the 60:60 protocol; there were no differences among protocols for exercise time >90% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and HRmax. Blood lactate was lower (p < 0.05) in the 60:60 compared with all other protocols and in the 60:30 vs. the 120:60. In conclusion, when interval exercise protocols are executed at similar effort (until exhaustion), work and recovery durations do not, in general, affect exercise time at high oxygen consumption and HR rates. However, as work duration decreases, a higher work-to-recovery ratio (e.g., 2:1) should be used to achieve and maintain high (>95% of maximum) cardiorespiratory stimulus. Longer work bouts and higher work-to-recovery ratio seem to activate anaerobic glycolysis to a greater extent, as suggested by greater blood lactate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides Myrkos
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Ilias Smilios
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Andreas Zafeiridis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, Serres, Greece
| | - Stilianos Iliopoulos
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Eleni M Kokkinou
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Helen Douda
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Savvas P Tokmakidis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
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20
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Maurus P, Asmussen MJ, Cigoja S, Nigg SR, Nigg BM. The Submaximal Lateral Shuffle Test: A reliability and sensitivity analysis. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2066-2074. [PMID: 31164055 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1620988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lateral ankle stability and how it changes in different footwear has been investigated for years. Research, however, has shown a lack of reliability or sensitivity of available methodologies. This study aimed to evaluate the test-retest reliability and sensitivity of a novel lateral stability protocol, the Submaximal Lateral Shuffle Test (SLST). We recruited 11 and 40 participants to assess reliability and sensitivity of the SLST, respectively. Participants performed the SLST in footwear that differed in collar height and upper stiffness. ICC values showed good to excellent reliability in peak ankle angles and moments, ground reaction forces, impulses, stance time, and performance time. Significantly lower peak inversion and adduction angles and lower medio-lateral push off peak forces were found in the high cut shoes compared to the low cut shoes. The medio-lateral landing peak force showed lower forces in the high cut shoes. The smallest worthwhile change indicated meaningful differences in 70.0-82.5% of participants for inversion, adduction, medio-lateral landing peak, and push off peak forces. These results, however, were not systematic such that there was not a consistent direction of the difference for all participants. In conclusion, the SLST is a promising protocol to further investigate lateral stability in footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Maurus
- a Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology , The University of Calgary , Calgary , Canada.,b Institute of Sports and Sports Science , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Michael J Asmussen
- a Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology , The University of Calgary , Calgary , Canada
| | - Sasa Cigoja
- a Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology , The University of Calgary , Calgary , Canada
| | - Sandro R Nigg
- a Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology , The University of Calgary , Calgary , Canada
| | - Benno M Nigg
- a Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology , The University of Calgary , Calgary , Canada
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Losnegard T. Energy system contribution during competitive cross-country skiing. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1675-1690. [PMID: 31076890 PMCID: PMC6647095 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Energy system contribution during cross-country (XC) skiing races is dependent on several factors, including the race duration, track profile, and sub-techniques applied, and their subsequent effects on the use of the upper and lower body. This review provides a scientific synopsis of the interactions of energy system contributions from a physiological, technical, and tactical perspective. On average, the aerobic proportion of the total energy expended during XC skiing competitions is comparable to the values for other sports with similar racing times. However, during both sprint (≤ 1.8 km) and distance races (≥ 10 and 15 km, women and men, respectively) a high aerobic turnover interacts with subsequent periods of very high work rates at ~ 120 to 160% of VO2peak during the uphill sections of the race. The repeated intensity fluctuations are possible due to the nature of skiing, which involves intermittent downhills where skiers can recover. Thus, the combination of high and sustained aerobic energy turnover and repeated work rates above VO2peak, interspersed with short recovery periods, distinguishes XC skiing from most other endurance sports. The substantially increased average speed in races over recent decades, frequent competitions in mass starts and sprints, and the greater importance of short periods at high speeds in various sub-techniques, have demanded changes in the physiological, technical, and tactical abilities needed to achieve world-class level within the specific disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Losnegard
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, Post box 4014, 0806, Oslo, Norway.
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22
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Jones AM, Burnley M, Black MI, Poole DC, Vanhatalo A. The maximal metabolic steady state: redefining the 'gold standard'. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14098. [PMID: 31124324 PMCID: PMC6533178 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) and the critical power (CP) are two widely used indices of the highest oxidative metabolic rate that can be sustained during continuous exercise and are often considered to be synonymous. However, while perhaps having similarities in principle, methodological differences in the assessment of these parameters typically result in MLSS occurring at a somewhat lower power output or running speed and exercise at CP being sustainable for no more than approximately 20-30 min. This has led to the view that CP overestimates the 'actual' maximal metabolic steady state and that MLSS should be considered the 'gold standard' metric for the evaluation of endurance exercise capacity. In this article we will present evidence consistent with the contrary conclusion: i.e., that (1) as presently defined, MLSS naturally underestimates the actual maximal metabolic steady state; and (2) CP alone represents the boundary between discrete exercise intensity domains within which the dynamic cardiorespiratory and muscle metabolic responses to exercise differ profoundly. While both MLSS and CP may have relevance for athletic training and performance, we urge that the distinction between the two concepts/metrics be better appreciated and that comparisons between MLSS and CP, undertaken in the mistaken belief that they are theoretically synonymous, is discontinued. CP represents the genuine boundary separating exercise in which physiological homeostasis can be maintained from exercise in which it cannot, and should be considered the gold standard when the goal is to determine the maximal metabolic steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Jones
- Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of ExeterSt. Luke's CampusExeterUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark Burnley
- School of Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of KentMedwayUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew I. Black
- Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of ExeterSt. Luke's CampusExeterUnited Kingdom
| | - David C. Poole
- Department of KinesiologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKansas
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of ExeterSt. Luke's CampusExeterUnited Kingdom
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Farias-Junior LF, Macêdo GAD, Browne RAV, Freire YA, Oliveira-Dantas FF, Schwade D, Mortatti AL, Santos TM, Costa EC. Physiological and Psychological Responses during Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training Sessions with Different Work-Recovery Durations. J Sports Sci Med 2019; 18:181-190. [PMID: 30787666 PMCID: PMC6370955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We compared physiological and psychological responses between low-volume high-intensity interval training (LV-HIIT) sessions with different work-recovery durations. Ten adult males performed two LV-HIIT sessions in a randomized, counter-balanced order. Specifically, 60/60 s LV-HIIT and 30/30 s LV-HIIT. Oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide output (VCO2), ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), perceived exertion (RPE), and affect were assessed. During intervals, the VO2 (3.25 ± 0.57 vs. 2.83 ± 0.50 L/min), VCO2 (3.15 ± 0.61 vs. 2.93 ± 0.58 L/min), VE (108.59 ± 27.39 vs. 94.28 ± 24.98 L/min), and RPE (15.9 ± 1.5 vs. 13.9 ± 1.5) were higher (ps ≤ 0.01), while RER (0.98 ± 0.05 vs. 1.03 ± 0.03) and affect (-0.8 ± 1.4 vs. 1.1 ± 2.0) were lower (ps ≤ 0.007) in the 60/60 s LV-HIIT. During recovery periods, VO2 (1.85 ± 0.27 vs. 2.38 ± 0.46 L/min), VCO2 (2.15 ± 0.35 vs. 2.44 ± 0.45 L/min), and affect (0.6 ± 1.7 vs. 1.7 ± 1.8) were lower (ps ≤ 0.02), while RER (1.20 ± 0.05 vs. 1.03 ± 0.05; p < 0.001) was higher in the 60/60 s LV-HIIT. Shorter LV-HIIT (30 s) elicits lower physiological response and attenuated negative affect than longer LV-HIIT (60 s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Farias-Junior
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Alberto Vieira Browne
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Yuri Alberto Freire
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Filipe Fernandes Oliveira-Dantas
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Daniel Schwade
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Luis Mortatti
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Tony Meireles Santos
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Caldas Costa
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Korzeniewski B. Muscle V˙O2-power output nonlinearity in constant-power, step-incremental, and ramp-incremental exercise: magnitude and underlying mechanisms. Physiol Rep 2018. [PMCID: PMC6234149 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A computer model of the skeletal muscle bioenergetic system was used to simulate time courses of muscle oxygen consumption (V˙O2), cytosolic metabolite (ADP, PCr, Pi, and ATP) concentrations, and pH during whole‐body constant‐power exercise (CPE) (6 min), step‐incremental exercise (SIE) (30 W/3 min), and slow (10 W/min), medium (30 W/min), and fast (50 W/min) ramp‐incremental exercise (RIE). Different ESA (each‐step activation) of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) intensity‐ATP usage activity relationships, representing different muscle fibers recruitment patterns, gave best agreement with experimental data for CPE, and for SIE and RIE. It was assumed that the muscle V˙O2‐power output (PO) nonlinearity is related to a time‐ and PO‐dependent increase in the additional ATP usage underlying the slow component of the V˙O2 on‐kinetics minus the increase in ATP supply by anaerobic glycolysis leading to a decrease in V˙O2. The muscle V˙O2‐PO relationship deviated upward (+) or downward (−) from linearity above critical power (CP), and the nonlinearity equaled +16% (CPE),+12% (SIE), +8% (slow RIE), +1% (moderate RIE), and −2% (fast RIE) at the end of exercise, in agreement with experimental data. During SIE and RIE, changes in PCr and Pi accelerated moderately above CP, while changes in ADP and pH accelerated significantly with time and PO. It is postulated that the intensity of the additional ATP usage minus ATP supply by anaerobic glycolysis determines the size of the muscle V˙O2‐PO nonlinearity. It is proposed that the extent of the additional ATP usage is proportional to the time integral of PO ‐ CP above CP.
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Poole DC. Escaping Virgil's underworld: dissociating Aeneas's task from his toil. J Physiol 2017; 595:6591-6592. [PMID: 28925045 DOI: 10.1113/jp275065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David C Poole
- Departments of Kinesiology and Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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