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de Hoz L, McAlpine D. Noises on-How the Brain Deals with Acoustic Noise. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:501. [PMID: 39056695 PMCID: PMC11274191 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
What is noise? When does a sound form part of the acoustic background and when might it come to our attention as part of the foreground? Our brain seems to filter out irrelevant sounds in a seemingly effortless process, but how this is achieved remains opaque and, to date, unparalleled by any algorithm. In this review, we discuss how noise can be both background and foreground, depending on what a listener/brain is trying to achieve. We do so by addressing questions concerning the brain's potential bias to interpret certain sounds as part of the background, the extent to which the interpretation of sounds depends on the context in which they are heard, as well as their ethological relevance, task-dependence, and a listener's overall mental state. We explore these questions with specific regard to the implicit, or statistical, learning of sounds and the role of feedback loops between cortical and subcortical auditory structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia de Hoz
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - David McAlpine
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University Hearing, Australian Hearing Hub, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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2
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Calvache C, Rincón-Pinilla MP, Cantor-Cutiva LC. Work-Related Vocal Challenges of Online Teaching: A Study of Female College Professors. J Voice 2023:S0892-1997(23)00133-9. [PMID: 37532614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND College professors are at an elevated risk of developing voice disorders due to increased vocal demands associated with their working conditions, including high background noise levels, long reverberation times, prolonged voice use duration, and large class sizes. However, the impact of online classes on vocal health among college professors remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This longitudinal study aimed to characterize voice changes associated with online teaching among female Colombian college professors. METHODS Thirteen female college professors teaching online classes completed an online survey that included questions about voice functioning, working conditions, the Spanish translation of the Vocal Fatigue Index (VFI), and the Spanish translation of the Voice-Related Quality of Life. Instrumental measurements were also performed, including environmental background noise levels, hearing screening, and voice recordings before and after a synchronous online class. RESULTS This study found a decreased fundamental frequency in connected speech (reading) associated with the number of students per class, the number of classes per week, and background noise levels measured with a sound level meter. L1L0 was statistically smaller among experienced teachers with higher background noise levels compared with less-experienced colleagues in quieter classes. 1558kHz was statistically associated with the average number of students, whereas HNR was slightly higher for professors with more students and more classes per week. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that online teaching has important implications for voice production among participating teachers. This study highlights the importance of considering working conditions during online classes when designing workplace prevention programs for college professors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Calvache
- Department Communication Sciences and Disorders, Corporación Universitaria Iberoamericana, Bogotá Colombia; Vocology Research, Vocology Center, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | | | - Lady Catherine Cantor-Cutiva
- Vocology Research, Vocology Center, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
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Löschner J, Pomberger T, Hage SR. Marmoset monkeys use different avoidance strategies to cope with ambient noise during vocal behavior. iScience 2023; 26:106219. [PMID: 36915693 PMCID: PMC10006620 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple strategies have evolved to compensate for masking noise, leading to changes in call features. One call adjustment is the Lombard effect, an increase in call amplitude in response to noise. Another strategy involves call production in periods where noise is absent. While mechanisms underlying vocal adjustments have been well studied, mechanisms underlying noise avoidance strategies remain largely unclear. We systematically perturbed ongoing phee calls of marmosets to investigate noise avoidance strategies. Marmosets canceled their calls after noise onset and produced longer calls after noise-phases ended. Additionally, the number of uttered syllables decreased during noise perturbation. This behavior persisted beyond the noise-phase. Using machine learning techniques, we found that a fraction of single phees were initially planned as double phees and became interrupted after the first syllable. Our findings indicate that marmosets use different noise avoidance strategies and suggest vocal flexibility at different complexity levels in the marmoset brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Löschner
- Neurobiology of Social Communication, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Hearing Research Center, University of Tübingen, Medical Center, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Pomberger
- Neurobiology of Social Communication, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Hearing Research Center, University of Tübingen, Medical Center, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate School of Neural & Behavioural Sciences - International Max Planck Research School, University of Tübingen, Österberg-Str. 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steffen R Hage
- Neurobiology of Social Communication, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Hearing Research Center, University of Tübingen, Medical Center, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Rodríguez-Ferreiro M, Durán-Bouza M, Marrero-Aguiar V. Design and Development of a Spanish Hearing Test for Speech in Noise (PAHRE). Audiol Res 2022; 13:32-48. [PMID: 36648925 PMCID: PMC9844292 DOI: 10.3390/audiolres13010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few hearing tests in Spanish that assess speech discrimination in noise in the adult population that take into account the Lombard effect. This study presents the design and development of a Spanish hearing test for speech in noise (Prueba Auditiva de Habla en Ruido en Español (PAHRE) in Spanish). The pattern of the Quick Speech in Noise test was followed when drafting sentences with five key words each grouped in lists of six sentences. It was necessary to take into account the differences between English and Spanish. METHODS A total of 61 people (24 men and 37 women) with an average age of 46.9 (range 18-84 years) participated in the study. The work was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, a list of Spanish sentences was drafted and subjected to a familiarity test based on the semantic and syntactic characteristics of the sentences; as a result, a list of sentences was selected for the final test. In the second phase, the selected sentences were recorded with and without the Lombard effect, the equivalence between both lists was analysed, and the test was applied to a first reference population. RESULTS The results obtained allow us to affirm that it is representative of the Spanish spoken in its variety in peninsular Spain. CONCLUSIONS In addition, these results point to the usefulness of the PAHRE test in assessing speech in noise by maintaining a fixed speech intensity while varying the intensity of the multi-speaker background noise. The incorporation of the Lombard effect in the test shows discrimination differences with the same signal-to-noise ratio compared to the test without the Lombard effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Montserrat Durán-Bouza
- Psychology Department, University of A Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-654262068
| | - Victoria Marrero-Aguiar
- Spanish Language and General Linguistics Department, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Girola E, Dunlop RA, Noad MJ. Singing in a noisy ocean: vocal plasticity in male humpback whales. BIOACOUSTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2022.2122560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Girola
- Cetacean Ecology and Acoustics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - R. A. Dunlop
- Cetacean Ecology and Acoustics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - M. J. Noad
- Cetacean Ecology and Acoustics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
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Castro C, Prado P, Espinoza VM, Testart A, Marfull D, Manriquez R, Stepp CE, Mehta DD, Hillman RE, Zañartu M. Lombard Effect in Individuals With Nonphonotraumatic Vocal Hyperfunction: Impact on Acoustic, Aerodynamic, and Vocal Fold Vibratory Parameters. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2022; 65:2881-2895. [PMID: 35930680 PMCID: PMC9913286 DOI: 10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This exploratory study aims to investigate variations in voice production in the presence of background noise (Lombard effect) in individuals with nonphonotraumatic vocal hyperfunction (NPVH) and individuals with typical voices using acoustic, aerodynamic, and vocal fold vibratory measures of phonatory function. METHOD Nineteen participants with NPVH and 19 participants with typical voices produced simple vocal tasks in three sequential background conditions: baseline (in quiet), Lombard (in noise), and recovery (5 min after removing the noise). The Lombard condition consisted of speech-shaped noise at 80 dB SPL through audiometric headphones. Acoustic measures from a microphone, glottal aerodynamic parameters estimated from the oral airflow measured with a circumferentially vented pneumotachograph mask, and vocal fold vibratory parameters from high-speed videoendoscopy were analyzed. RESULTS During the Lombard condition, both groups exhibited a decrease in open quotient and increases in sound pressure level, peak-to-peak glottal airflow, maximum flow declination rate, and subglottal pressure. During the recovery condition, the acoustic and aerodynamic measures of individuals with typical voices returned to those of the baseline condition; however, recovery measures for individuals with NPVH did not return to baseline values. CONCLUSIONS As expected, individuals with NPVH and participants with typical voices exhibited a Lombard effect in the presence of elevated background noise levels. During the recovery condition, individuals with NPVH did not return to their baseline state, pointing to a persistence of the Lombard effect after noise removal. This behavior could be related to disruptions in laryngeal motor control and may play a role in the etiology of NPVH. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.20415600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Castro
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
| | - Pavel Prado
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alba Testart
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Daphne Marfull
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Manriquez
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Cara E. Stepp
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, MA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, MA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Boston University, MA
| | - Daryush D. Mehta
- Center for Laryngeal Surgery & Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA
| | - Robert E. Hillman
- Center for Laryngeal Surgery & Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA
| | - Matías Zañartu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
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Maiditsch IP, Ladich F. Effects of noise on acoustic and visual signalling in the Croaking Gourami: differences in adaptation strategies in fish. BIOACOUSTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2022.2086174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Friedrich Ladich
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Saba JN, Hansen JHL. The effects of Lombard perturbation on speech intelligibility in noise for normal hearing and cochlear implant listeners. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 151:1007. [PMID: 35232065 PMCID: PMC8849642 DOI: 10.1121/10.0009377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural compensation of speech production in challenging listening environments is referred to as the Lombard effect (LE). The resulting acoustic differences between neutral and Lombard speech have been shown to provide intelligibility benefits for normal hearing (NH) and cochlear implant (CI) listeners alike. Motivated by this outcome, three LE perturbation approaches consisting of pitch, duration, formant, intensity, and spectral contour modifications were designed specifically for CI listeners to combat speech-in-noise performance deficits. Experiment 1 analyzed the effects of loudness, quality, and distortion of approaches on speech intelligibility with and without formant-shifting. Significant improvements of +9.4% were observed in CI listeners without the formant-shifting approach at +5 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) large-crowd-noise (LCN) when loudness was controlled, however, performance was found to be significantly lower for NH listeners. Experiment 2 evaluated the non-formant-shifting approach with additional spectral contour and high pass filtering to reduce spectral smearing and decrease distortion observed in Experiment 1. This resulted in significant intelligibility benefits of +30.2% for NH and +21.2% for CI listeners at 0 and +5 dB SNR LCN, respectively. These results suggest that LE perturbation may be useful as front-end speech modification approaches to improve intelligibility for CI users in noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana N Saba
- Center for Robust Speech Systems-Cochlear Implant Processing Lab, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - John H L Hansen
- Center for Robust Speech Systems-Cochlear Implant Processing Lab, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
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Jones B, Tufano S, Daniels R, Mulsow J, Ridgway S. Non-stereotyped amplitude modulation across signature whistle contours. Behav Processes 2021; 194:104561. [PMID: 34838900 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bottlenose dolphin signature whistles are characterized by distinctive frequency modulation over time. The stable frequency contours of these whistles broadcast individual identity information. Little is known however, about whether or not the amplitude contour is also stereotyped. Here, we examined the relative amplitude-time contour of signature whistle emissions from eight bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program (MMP) in San Diego, CA. The results suggested that unlike the stable frequency-time contour, the amplitude-time contour of signature whistles were largely non-stereotyped, characterized by large variability across multiple whistle emissions. Relative amplitude was negatively related to log peak frequency, with more energy focused in the lower frequency bands. This trend was consistent over all eight dolphins despite having quite different signature whistle contours. This relationship led to the amplitude contours being slightly more stereotyped within than between dolphins. We propose that amplitude across signature whistle emissions may serve as an avenue for encoding additional communicative information. We encourage future studies to incorporate analyses of amplitude contours in addition to frequency contours of signature whistles in order to begin to understand what role it may play in the dolphin communication system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Jones
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Dr, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92106, USA.
| | - Samantha Tufano
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Dr, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Risa Daniels
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Dr, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Jason Mulsow
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Dr, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Sam Ridgway
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Dr, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
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Acoustic Sensing Analytics Applied to Speech in Reverberation Conditions. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21186320. [PMID: 34577527 PMCID: PMC8473356 DOI: 10.3390/s21186320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper aims to discuss a case study of sensing analytics and technology in acoustics when applied to reverberation conditions. Reverberation is one of the issues that makes speech in indoor spaces challenging to understand. This problem is particularly critical in large spaces with few absorbing or diffusing surfaces. One of the natural remedies to improve speech intelligibility in such conditions may be achieved through speaking slowly. It is possible to use algorithms that reduce the rate of speech (RoS) in real time. Therefore, the study aims to find recommended values of RoS in the context of STI (speech transmission index) in different acoustic environments. In the experiments, speech intelligibility for six impulse responses recorded in spaces with different STIs is investigated using a sentence test (for the Polish language). Fifteen subjects with normal hearing participated in these tests. The results of the analytical analysis enabled us to propose a curve specifying the maximum RoS values translating into understandable speech under given acoustic conditions. This curve can be used in speech processing control technology as well as compressive reverse acoustic sensing.
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Srivastava P, Shetty P, Shetty S, Upadya M, Nandan A. Impact of Noise in Operating Theater: A Surgeon's and Anesthesiologist's Perspective. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2021; 13:S711-S715. [PMID: 34447187 PMCID: PMC8375903 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_656_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Noise is often considered as an undesirable sound. Excess noise is a health threat that deteriorates one's concentration and communication. Noise in the operating theater can be disturbing, impairs communication, and can lead to stress. The aim of this survey was to assimilate information about the perspective of surgeons and anesthesiologists regarding noise in the operating theater and whether it affects their work atmosphere. Methods A questionnaire consisting of 15 closed-ended questions excluding one open-ended question was given to surgeons from various specialties and anesthesiologists. The subjective response were analyzed and documented. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics. Association was found out using Chi-square test. Results We collected a total of 290 responses, of which 87.6% (n = 254) considered noise to increase the stress level and deteriorates the quality of teamwork (83.8%, n = 243). Noise affects communication among the staff (86.2%, n = 250) and decreases their concentration level (85.5%, n = 248) which could be harmful in view of the patient's safety. 87.9% (n = 255) of the participants were in favor of limiting the number of people in the operating theater. Nonetheless, 73% (n = 211) considered music has a calming effect and were in favor of music in the operating theater. Conclusion Noise in the operating theater can have distressing effects on surgeons, jeopardizing the patient's safety. However, a flip side to this is that music is considered to have a calming and soothing effect decreasing the anxiety and stress levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritika Srivastava
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Premalatha Shetty
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sameep Shetty
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhusudan Upadya
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Aditya Nandan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Fu VX, Oomens P, Merkus N, Jeekel J. The Perception and Attitude Toward Noise and Music in the Operating Room: A Systematic Review. J Surg Res 2021; 263:193-206. [PMID: 33677147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental noise pollution is regarded as a general stressor. Noise levels frequently exceed recommended noise levels by the World Health Organization in hospitals, especially in the operation room. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effects of noise pollution on patient outcome and performance by operation room staff. In addition, the perception and attitude toward playing music in the operation room, which can increase noise levels, were assessed as well. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic literature search of the databases Embase, Medline Ovid, and Cochrane from date of database inception until October 16th, 2020 using the exhaustive literature search method was performed. Prospective studies evaluating the effect of noise on the patient, surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses, and other operation room staff, or perception and attitude toward playing music in the operation room, were included. This systematic review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (ID: 208282). RESULTS The literature search generated 4758 articles, and 22 prospective studies (3507 participants) were included. Three of the four studies that investigated the effect of noise on patient outcome reported a significant reduction of complication rate in surgical patients, when noise levels were lower. Six studies assessed the effect of noise in the operation room on the staff (1383 participants). Over half of the surveyed staff found noise levels to be a disturbing stressor and negatively impact performance. Although music increased decibel levels in the operation room, most surveyed staff was positively predisposed toward playing music during surgery, believing it to improve both individual and team performance. In general, music was not considered to be distracting or impairing communication. CONCLUSIONS Higher noise levels seem to have a negative effect on patient outcome and adversely affect performance by members in the operation room. Further research is needed to assess whether this knowledge can benefit patient outcome and surgical performance. Notably, attitude of surgical team members toward music during surgery is generally regarded favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor X Fu
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Pim Oomens
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niek Merkus
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes Jeekel
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Villegas J, Perkins J, Wilson I. Effects of task and language nativeness on the Lombard effect and on its onset and offset timing. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 149:1855. [PMID: 33765802 DOI: 10.1121/10.0003772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the differences in speech sound pressure levels (here, called speech loudness) of Lombard speech (i.e., speech produced in the presence of an energetic masker) associated with different tasks and language nativeness. Vocalizations were produced by native speakers of Japanese with normal hearing and limited English proficiency while performing four tasks: dialog, a competitive game (both communicative), soliloquy, and text passage reading (noncommunicative). Relative to the native language (L1), larger loudness increments were observed in the game and text reading when performed in the second language (L2). Communicative tasks yielded louder vocalizations and larger increments of speech loudness than did noncommunicative tasks regardless of the spoken language. The period in which speakers increased their loudness after the onset of the masker was about fourfold longer than the time in which they decreased their loudness after the offset of the masker. Results suggest that when relying on acoustic signals, speakers use similar vocalization strategies in L1 and L2, and these depend on the complexity of the task, the need for accurate pronunciation, and the presence of a listener. Results also suggest that speakers use different strategies depending on the onset or offset of an energetic masker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Villegas
- Computer Arts Laboratory, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Fukushima, 965-8580, Japan
| | - Jeremy Perkins
- CLR Phonetics Laboratory, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Fukushima, 965-8580, Japan
| | - Ian Wilson
- CLR Phonetics Laboratory, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Fukushima, 965-8580, Japan
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Neural Correlates of Vocal Auditory Feedback Processing: Unique Insights from Electrocorticography Recordings in a Human Cochlear Implant User. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0181-20.2020. [PMID: 33419861 PMCID: PMC7877459 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0181-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in understanding cortical processing and the function of top-down and bottom-up human neural circuits that control speech production. Research efforts to investigate these circuits are aided by analysis of spectro-temporal response characteristics of neural activity recorded by electrocorticography (ECoG). Further, cortical processing may be altered in the case of hearing-impaired cochlear implant (CI) users, as electric excitation of the auditory nerve creates a markedly different neural code for speech compared with that of the functionally intact hearing system. Studies of cortical activity in CI users typically record scalp potentials and are hampered by stimulus artifact contamination and by spatiotemporal filtering imposed by the skull. We present a unique case of a CI user who required direct recordings from the cortical surface using subdural electrodes implanted for epilepsy assessment. Using experimental conditions where the subject vocalized in the presence (CIs ON) or absence (CIs OFF) of auditory feedback, or listened to playback of self-vocalizations without production, we observed ECoG activity primarily in γ (32–70 Hz) and high γ (70–150 Hz) bands at focal regions on the lateral surface of the superior temporal gyrus (STG). High γ band responses differed in their amplitudes across conditions and cortical sites, possibly reflecting different rates of stimulus presentation and differing levels of neural adaptation. STG γ responses to playback and vocalization with auditory feedback were not different from responses to vocalization without feedback, indicating this activity reflects not only auditory, but also attentional, efference-copy, and sensorimotor processing during speech production.
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Allison LH, Sandage MJ, Weaver AJ. Vocal Dose for Rhythm-Based Indoor Cycling Instructors: With and Without Amplification. J Voice 2020; 34:963.e23-963.e31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lu M, Zhang G, Luo J. Echolocating bats exhibit differential amplitude compensation for noise interference at a sub-call level. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb225284. [PMID: 32843365 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.225284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Flexible vocal production control enables sound communication in both favorable and unfavorable conditions. The Lombard effect, which describes a rise in call amplitude with increasing ambient noise, is a widely exploited strategy by vertebrates to cope with interfering noise. In humans, the Lombard effect influences the lexical stress through differential amplitude modulation at a sub-call syllable level, which so far has not been documented in animals. Here, we bridge this knowledge gap with two species of Hipposideros bats, which produce echolocation calls consisting of two functionally well-defined units: the constant-frequency (CF) and frequency-modulated (FM) components. We show that ambient noise induced a strong, but differential, Lombard effect in the CF and FM components of the echolocation calls. We further report that the differential amplitude compensation occurred only in the spectrally overlapping noise conditions, suggesting a functional role in releasing masking. Lastly, we show that both species of bats exhibited a robust Lombard effect in the spectrally non-overlapping noise conditions, which contrasts sharply with the existing evidence. Our data highlight echolocating bats as a potential mammalian model for understanding vocal production control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Lu
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Lab of Genetic Regulation & Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Lab of Genetic Regulation & Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jinhong Luo
- School of Life Sciences and Hubei Key Lab of Genetic Regulation & Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
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17
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Ergonomic Impact of Multi-rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Noise in Warehouse Environments. J INTELL ROBOT SYST 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10846-020-01238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Vocal Function Differences Before and After Sorority Recruitment. J Voice 2020; 36:212-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Reilly KJ. Vowel and Sibilant Production in Noise: Effects of Noise Frequency and Phonological Similarity. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:1002-1017. [PMID: 32293944 PMCID: PMC7242990 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated vowel and sibilant productions in noise to determine whether responses to noise (a) are sensitive to the spectral characteristics of the noise signal and (b) are modulated by the contribution of vowel or sibilant contrasts to word discrimination. Method Vowel and sibilant productions were elicited during serial recall of three-word sequences that were produced in quiet or during exposure to speaker-specific noise signals. These signals either masked a speaker's productions of the sibilants /s/ and /ʃ/ or their productions of the vowels /a/ and /æ/. The contribution of the vowel and sibilant contrasts to word discrimination in a sequence was manipulated by varying the number of times that the target sibilant and vowel pairs occurred in the same word position in each sequence. Results Spectral noise effects were observed for both sibilants and vowels: Responses to noise were larger and/or involved to more acoustic features when the noise signal masked the acoustic characteristics of that phoneme class. Word discrimination effects were limited and consisted of only small increases in vowel duration. Interaction effects between noise and similarity indicated that the phonological similarity of sequences containing both sibilants and/or both vowels influenced articulation in ways not related to speech clarity. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that sensorimotor control of speech exhibits some sensitivity to noise spectral characteristics. However, productions of sibilants and vowels were not sensitive to their importance in discriminating the words in a sequence. In addition, phonological similarity effects were observed that likely reflected processing demands related to the recall and sequencing of high-similarity words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Reilly
- Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
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20
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Thery D, Boccara V, Katz BFG. Auralization uses in acoustical design: A survey study of acoustical consultants. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 145:3446. [PMID: 31255096 DOI: 10.1121/1.5110711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While auralization technology is used in a variety of fields, particularly in architectural acoustics, there is a lack of data on the auralization tools used and actual practices. In this perspective, this work presents the results of a survey study on auralization uses in the acoustical design and consulting community, targeting acoustical consultants. The objectives are (1) to identify the tools and methods used by acousticians to create auralizations as well as effective uses so as to understand the benefits and changes provided by this technology, and (2) to highlight the difficulties and limitations linked to the use of auralizations in concrete projects. Based on the theory of acceptability and use of technology, the study was conducted from a mix of quantitative and qualitative data collection approaches, combining a questionnaire answered by 74 respondents with semi-directed interviews with nine practitioners. Results highlight the main uses of auralizations, the diversity of projects in which auralizations are applied, and how auralizations are currently used in real-world situations. The benefits of using this technology, inherent weaknesses in the tools, and practical difficulties are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thery
- Paris-Saclay Université, LIMSI-CNRS, UPR 3251, F-91400 Orsay, France
| | - Vincent Boccara
- Paris-Saclay Université, LIMSI-CNRS, UPR 3251, F-91400 Orsay, France
| | - Brian F G Katz
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, UMR 7190, F-75005 Paris, France
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Luo J, Hage SR, Moss CF. The Lombard Effect: From Acoustics to Neural Mechanisms. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:938-949. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Pittman AL, Daliri A, Meadows L. Vocal Biomarkers of Mild-to-Moderate Hearing Loss in Children and Adults: Voiceless Sibilants. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2018; 61:2814-2826. [PMID: 30458528 DOI: 10.1044/2018_jslhr-h-17-0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine if an objective measure of speech production could serve as a vocal biomarker for the effects of high-frequency hearing loss on speech perception. It was hypothesized that production of voiceless sibilants is governed sufficiently by auditory feedback that high-frequency hearing loss results in subtle but significant shifts in the spectral characteristics of these sibilants. METHOD Sibilant production was examined in individuals with mild to moderately severe congenital (22 children; 8-17 years old) and acquired (23 adults; 55-80 years old) hearing losses. Measures of hearing level (pure-tone average thresholds at 4 and 8 kHz), speech perception (detection of nonsense words within sentences), and speech production (spectral center of gravity [COG] for /s/ and /ʃ/) were obtained in unaided and aided conditions. RESULTS For both children and adults, detection of nonsense words increased significantly as hearing thresholds improved. Spectral COG for /ʃ/ was unaffected by hearing loss in both listening conditions, whereas the spectral COG for /s/ significantly decreased as high-frequency hearing loss increased. The distance in spectral COG between /s/ and /ʃ/ decreased significantly with increasing hearing level. COG distance significantly predicted nonsense-word detection in children but not in adults. CONCLUSIONS At least one aspect of speech production (voiceless sibilants) is measurably affected by high-frequency hearing loss and is related to speech perception in children. Speech production did not predict speech perception in adults, suggesting a more complex relationship between auditory feedback and feedforward mechanisms with age. Even so, these results suggest that this vocal biomarker may be useful for identifying the presence of high-frequency hearing loss in adults and children and for predicting the impact of hearing loss in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Pittman
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe
| | - Ayoub Daliri
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe
| | - Lauren Meadows
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe
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Ruch H, Zürcher Y, Burkart JM. The function and mechanism of vocal accommodation in humans and other primates. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:996-1013. [PMID: 29111610 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study of non-human animals, in particular primates, can provide essential insights into language evolution. A critical element of language is vocal production learning, i.e. learning how to produce calls. In contrast to other lineages such as songbirds, vocal production learning of completely new signals is strikingly rare in non-human primates. An increasing body of research, however, suggests that various species of non-human primates engage in vocal accommodation and adjust the structure of their calls in response to environmental noise or conspecific vocalizations. To date it is unclear what role vocal accommodation may have played in language evolution, in particular because it summarizes a variety of heterogeneous phenomena which are potentially achieved by different mechanisms. In contrast to non-human primates, accommodation research in humans has a long tradition in psychology and linguistics. Based on theoretical models from these research traditions, we provide a new framework which allows comparing instances of accommodation across species, and studying them according to their underlying mechanism and ultimate biological function. We found that at the mechanistic level, many cases of accommodation can be explained with an automatic perception-production link, but some instances arguably require higher levels of vocal control. Functionally, both human and non-human primates use social accommodation to signal social closeness or social distance to a partner or social group. Together, this indicates that not only some vocal control, but also the communicative function of vocal accommodation to signal social closeness and distance must have evolved prior to the emergence of language, rather than being the result of it. Vocal accommodation as found in other primates has thus endowed our ancestors with pre-adaptations that may have paved the way for language evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Ruch
- University Research Priority Program Language and Space, University of Zurich, 8032, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Zürcher
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Judith M Burkart
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
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Shiba S, Okanoya K, Tachibana RO. Effects of background noise on acoustic characteristics of Bengalese finch songs. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:4039. [PMID: 28040000 DOI: 10.1121/1.4968577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Online regulation of vocalization in response to auditory feedback is one of the essential issues for vocal communication. One such audio-vocal interaction is the Lombard effect, an involuntary increase in vocal amplitude in response to the presence of background noise. Along with vocal amplitude, other acoustic characteristics, including fundamental frequency (F0), also change in some species. Bengalese finches (Lonchura striata var. domestica) are a suitable model for comparative, ethological, and neuroscientific studies on audio-vocal interaction because they require real-time auditory feedback of their own songs to maintain normal singing. Here, the changes in amplitude and F0 with a focus on the distinct song elements (i.e., notes) of Bengalese finches under noise presentation are demonstrated. To accurately analyze these acoustic characteristics, two different bandpass-filtered noises at two levels of sound intensity were used. The results confirmed that the Lombard effect occurs at the note level of Bengalese finch song. Further, individually specific modes of changes in F0 are shown. These behavioral changes suggested the vocal control mechanisms on which the auditory feedback is based have a predictable effect on amplitude, but complex spectral effects on individual note production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Shiba
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okanoya
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Ryosuke O Tachibana
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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25
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Schopf C, Schmidt S, Zimmermann E. Moderate evidence for a Lombard effect in a phylogenetically basal primate. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2328. [PMID: 27602292 PMCID: PMC4991872 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
When exposed to enhanced background noise, humans avoid signal masking by increasing the amplitude of the voice, a phenomenon termed the Lombard effect. This auditory feedback-mediated voice control has also been found in monkeys, bats, cetaceans, fish and some frogs and birds. We studied the Lombard effect for the first time in a phylogenetically basal primate, the grey mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus. When background noise was increased, mouse lemurs were able to raise the amplitude of the voice, comparable to monkeys, but they did not show this effect consistently across context/individuals. The Lombard effect, even if representing a generic vocal communication system property of mammals, may thus be affected by more complex mechanisms. The present findings emphasize an effect of context, and individual, and the need for further standardized approaches to disentangle the multiple system properties of mammalian vocal communication, important for understanding the evolution of the unique human faculty of speech and language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schopf
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation , Hannover , Germany
| | - Sabine Schmidt
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation , Hannover , Germany
| | - Elke Zimmermann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation , Hannover , Germany
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Rantala LM, Hakala S, Holmqvist S, Sala E. Classroom Noise and Teachers' Voice Production. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2015; 58:1397-1406. [PMID: 26089145 DOI: 10.1044/2015_jslhr-s-14-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to research the associations between noise (ambient and activity noise) and objective metrics of teachers' voices in real working environments (i.e., classrooms). METHOD Thirty-two female and 8 male teachers from 14 elementary schools were randomly selected for the study. Ambient noise was measured during breaks in unoccupied classrooms and, likewise, the noise caused by pupils' activity during lessons. Voice samples were recorded before and after a working day. Voice variables measured were sound pressure level (voice SPL), fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, and the tilt of the sound spectrum slope (alpha ratio). RESULTS The ambient noise correlated most often with the fundamental frequency of men and voice SPL, whereas activity noise correlated with the alpha ratio and perturbation values. Teachers working in louder ambient noise spoke more loudly before work than those working in lower noise levels. Voice variables generally changed less during work among teachers working in loud activity noise than among those working in lower noise levels. CONCLUSIONS Ambient and activity noises affect teachers' voice use. Under loud ambient noise teachers seem to speak habitually loudly, and under loud activity noise teachers' ability to react to loading deteriorates.
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Hotchkin CF, Parks SE, Weiss DJ. Noise-Induced Frequency Modifications of Tamarin Vocalizations: Implications for Noise Compensation in Nonhuman Primates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130211. [PMID: 26107515 PMCID: PMC4479599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research suggests that nonhuman primates have limited flexibility in the frequency content of their vocalizations, particularly when compared to human speech. Consistent with this notion, several nonhuman primate species have demonstrated noise-induced changes in call amplitude and duration, with no evidence of changes to spectral content. This experiment used broad- and narrow-band noise playbacks to investigate the vocal control of two call types produced by cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus Oedipus). In 'combination long calls' (CLCs), peak fundamental frequency and the distribution of energy between low and high frequency harmonics (spectral tilt) changed in response to increased noise amplitude and bandwidth. In chirps, peak and maximum components of the fundamental frequency increased with increasing noise level, with no changes to spectral tilt. Other modifications included the Lombard effect and increases in chirp duration. These results provide the first evidence for noise-induced frequency changes in nonhuman primate vocalizations and suggest that future investigations of vocal plasticity in primates should include spectral parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara F. Hotchkin
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Parks
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Weiss
- Department of Psychology and Program in Linguistics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
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