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Buffey K, Davis JW, Kram S, Lukas C, O'Connor JC, Hunter SE. Comment on "Degradation of the Polymeric Brominated Flame Retardant "Polymeric FR" by Heat and UV Exposure". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11056-11057. [PMID: 31486638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Buffey
- DuPont de Nemours Inc. , Midland , Michigan 48674 , United States
| | - John W Davis
- Dow Chemical Company , Midland , Michigan 48674 , United States
| | - Shari Kram
- DuPont de Nemours Inc. , Midland , Michigan 48674 , United States
| | - Christine Lukas
- Dow Chemical Company UK Limited , Birch Vale, High Peak , SK22 1BR , United Kingdom
| | - John C O'Connor
- DuPont de Nemours Inc. , Wilmington , Delaware 19805 , United States
| | - Shawn E Hunter
- DuPont de Nemours Inc. , Midland , Michigan 48674 , United States
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Lubbers RJM, Dilokpimol A, Visser J, Mäkelä MR, Hildén KS, de Vries RP. A comparison between the homocyclic aromatic metabolic pathways from plant-derived compounds by bacteria and fungi. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107396. [PMID: 31075306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic compounds derived from lignin are of great interest for renewable biotechnical applications. They can serve in many industries e.g. as biochemical building blocks for bioplastics or biofuels, or as antioxidants, flavor agents or food preservatives. In nature, lignin is degraded by microorganisms, which results in the release of homocyclic aromatic compounds. Homocyclic aromatic compounds can also be linked to polysaccharides, tannins and even found freely in plant biomass. As these compounds are often toxic to microbes already at low concentrations, they need to be degraded or converted to less toxic forms. Prior to ring cleavage, the plant- and lignin-derived aromatic compounds are converted to seven central ring-fission intermediates, i.e. catechol, protocatechuic acid, hydroxyquinol, hydroquinone, gentisic acid, gallic acid and pyrogallol through complex aromatic metabolic pathways and used as energy source in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Over the decades, bacterial aromatic metabolism has been described in great detail. However, the studies on fungal aromatic pathways are scattered over different pathways and species, complicating a comprehensive view of fungal aromatic metabolism. In this review, we depicted the similarities and differences of the reported aromatic metabolic pathways in fungi and bacteria. Although both microorganisms share the main conversion routes, many alternative pathways are observed in fungi. Understanding the microbial aromatic metabolic pathways could lead to metabolic engineering for strain improvement and promote valorization of lignin and related aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie J M Lubbers
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Jaap Visser
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Miia R Mäkelä
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kristiina S Hildén
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland.
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Satinover SJ, Elkasabi Y, Nuñez A, Rodriguez M, Borole AP. Microbial electrolysis using aqueous fractions derived from Tail-Gas Recycle Pyrolysis of willow and guayule. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 274:302-312. [PMID: 30529336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated microbial electrolysis of two aqueous phase waste products derived from guayule and willow generated from Tail Gas Recycle Pyrolysis (TGRP). The highest average current density achieved was 5.0 ± 0.7 A/m2 and 1.8 ± 0.2 A/m2 for willow and guayule respectively. Average hydrogen productivity was 5.0 ± 1.0 L/L-day from willow and 1.5 ± 0.2 L/L-day for guayule. Willow also generated higher coulombic efficiency, anode conversion efficiency, and hydrogen recovery than guayule at most organic loading conditions. Compounds investigated exceeded 80% degradation, which included organic acids, sugar derivatives, and phenolics. Mass spectrometric analysis demonstrated the accumulation of a long chain amine not present in either substrate before treatment, and the persistence of several peptide residues resulting from the TGRP process. New biorefineries may one day capitalize on this otherwise discarded byproduct of TGRP, further improving the potential applications and value of microbial electrolysis towards energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Satinover
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, United States
| | | | | | | | - Abhijeet P Borole
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, United States; Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, United States.
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The degradation of coniferyl alcohol and the complementary production of chlorogenic acids in the growth culture of Streptomyces albogriseolus KF977548 isolated from decaying wood residues. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Suriya J, Bharathiraja S, Manivasagan P, Kim SK. Enzymes From Rare Actinobacterial Strains. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2016; 79:67-98. [PMID: 27770864 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Actinobacteria constitute rich sources of novel biocatalysts and novel natural products for medical and industrial utilization. Although actinobacteria are potential source of economically important enzymes, the isolation and culturing are somewhat tough because of its extreme habitats. But now-a-days, the rate of discovery of novel compounds producing actinomycetes from soil, freshwater, and marine ecosystem has increased much through the developed culturing and genetic engineering techniques. Actinobacteria are well-known source of their bioactive compounds and they are the promising source of broad range of industrially important enzymes. The bacteria have the capability to degrade a range of pesticides, hydrocarbons, aromatic, and aliphatic compounds (Sambasiva Rao, Tripathy, Mahalaxmi, & Prakasham, 2012). Most of the enzymes are mainly derived from microorganisms because of their easy of growth, minimal nutritional requirements, and low-cost for downstream processing. The focus of this review is about the new, commercially useful enzymes from rare actinobacterial strains. Industrial requirements are now fulfilled by the novel actinobacterial enzymes which assist the effective production. Oxidative enzymes, lignocellulolytic enzymes, extremozymes, and clinically useful enzymes are often utilized in many industrial processes because of their ability to catalyze numerous reactions. Novel, extremophilic, oxidative, lignocellulolytic, and industrially important enzymes from rare Actinobacterial population are discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Suriya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Bharathiraja
- CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Porto Novo, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Manivasagan
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - S-K Kim
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Specialized Graduate School Science & Technology Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Wojcieszyńska D, Domaradzka D, Hupert-Kocurek K, Guzik U. Bacterial degradation of naproxen--undisclosed pollutant in the environment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 145:157-61. [PMID: 25026371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The presence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the environment is an emerging problem due to their potential influence on human health and biocenosis. This is the first report on the biotransformation of naproxen, a polycyclic NSAID, by a bacterial strain. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 transformed naproxen within 35 days with about 28% degradation efficiency. Under cometabolic conditions with glucose or phenol as a carbon source degradation efficiency was 78% and 40%, respectively. Moreover, in the presence of naproxen phenol monooxygenase, naphthalene dioxygenase, hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase and gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase were induced. This suggests that degradation of naproxen occurs by its hydroxylation to 5,7,8-trihydroxynaproxen, an intermediate that can be cleaved by hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase. The cleavage product is probably further oxidatively cleaved by gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase. The obtained results provide the basis for the use of cometabolic systems in the bioremediation of polycyclic NSAID-contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Wojcieszyńska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Dorota Domaradzka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Hupert-Kocurek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Urszula Guzik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
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Wojcieszyńska D, Guzik U, Greń I, Perkosz M, Hupert-Kocurek K. Induction of aromatic ring: cleavage dioxygenases in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain KB2 in cometabolic systems. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 27:805-811. [PMID: 21475727 PMCID: PMC3056134 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 is known to produce different enzymes of dioxygenase family. The aim of our studies was to determine activity of these enzymes after induction by benzoic acids in cometabolic systems with nitrophenols. We have shown that under cometabolic conditions KB2 strain degraded 0.25-0.4 mM of nitrophenols after 14 days of incubation. Simultaneously degradation of 3 mM of growth substrate during 1-3 days was observed depending on substrate as well as cometabolite used. From cometabolic systems with nitrophenols as cometabolites and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate as a growth substrate, dioxygenases with the highest activity of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase were isolated. Activity of catechol 1,2- dioxygenase and protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase was not observed. Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase was active only in cultures with 4-nitrophenol. Ability of KB2 strain to induce and synthesize various dioxygenases depending on substrate present in medium makes this strain useful in bioremediation of sites contaminated with different aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Wojcieszyńska
- Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Department of Biochemistry, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
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Antai SP, Crawford DL. Degradation of softwood, hardwood, and grass lignocelluloses by two streptomyces strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 42:378-80. [PMID: 16345837 PMCID: PMC244017 DOI: 10.1128/aem.42.2.378-380.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two Streptomyces strains, S. viridosporus T7A and S. setonii 75Vi2, were grown on softwood, hardwood, and grass lignocelluloses, and lignocellulose decomposition was followed by monitoring substrate weight loss, lignin loss, and carbohydrate loss over time. Results showed that both Streptomyces strains substantially degraded both the lignin and the carbohydrate components of each lignocellulose; however, these actinomycetes were more efficient decomposers of grass lignocelluloses than of hardwood or softwood lignocelluloses. In particular, these Streptomyces strains were more efficient decomposers of grass lignins than of hardwood or softwood lignins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Antai
- Department of Bacteriology and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843
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Paris DF, Wolfe NL, Steen WC, Baughman GL. Effect of phenol molecular structure on bacterial transformation rate constants in pond and river samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 45:1153-5. [PMID: 16346236 PMCID: PMC242425 DOI: 10.1128/aem.45.3.1153-1155.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial transformation rate constants for a series of phenols were correlated with a property of the substituents, van der Waal's radius. Transformation products were the corresponding catechols, with the exception of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, the product of p-acetylphenol. A different product suggested a different pathway; p-acetylphenol, therefore, was deleted from the data base.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Paris
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30613
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Bugos RC, Sutherland JB, Adler JH. Phenolic Compound Utilization by the Soft Rot Fungus Lecythophora hoffmannii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 54:1882-5. [PMID: 16347701 PMCID: PMC202766 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.7.1882-1885.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine phenolic compounds were metabolized by the soft rot fungus Lecythophora hoffmannii via protocatechuic acid and subsequently cleaved by protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase as determined by oxygen uptake, substrate depletion, and ring cleavage analysis. Catechol was metabolized by catechol 1,2-dioxygenase. Fungal utilization of these aromatic compounds may be important in the metabolism of wood decay products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Bugos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, and Department of Bacteriology and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843
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Pometto AL, Crawford DL. Effects of pH on Lignin and Cellulose Degradation by Streptomyces viridosporus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 52:246-50. [PMID: 16347124 PMCID: PMC203510 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.2.246-250.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose degradation by Streptomyces viridosporus results in the oxidative depolymerization of lignin and the production of a water-soluble lignin polymer, acid-precipitable polymeric lignin (APPL). The effects of the culture pH on lignin and cellulose metabolism and APPL production by S. viridosporus are reported. Dry, ground, hot-water-extracted corn (Zea mays) lignocellulose was autoclaved in 1-liter reagent bottles (5 g per bottle) and inoculated with 50-ml volumes of S. viridosporus cells suspended in buffers of specific pH (pH 6.0 to 9.2 at 0.4 pH unit intervals). Four replicates of inoculated cultures and of uninoculated controls at each pH were incubated as solid-state fermentations at 37 degrees C. After 6 weeks of incubation the percent loss of lignocellulose, lignin, and carbohydrate and the amount of APPL produced were determined for each replicate. Optimal lignocellulose degradation, as shown by substrate weight loss, was observed in the pH range of 8.4 to 8.8. Only minor differences were seen in the Klason lignin, carbohydrate, protein, and ash contents of the APPLS produced by cultures at each pH. The effects of pH on the degradation of a spruce (Picea pungens) [C-lignin]lignocellulose and a Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) [C-glucan]-lignocellulose were also determined at pH values between 6.5 and 9.5 (0.5 pH unit intervals). The incubations were carried out for 3 weeks at 37 degrees C with bubbler-tube cultures. The percentage of initial C recovered as CO(2), C-labeled water-soluble products, and [C]APPL was then determined. The mineralization of lignin and cellulose to CO(2) was optimal at pHs 6.5 and 7.0, respectively. However, the optimum for lignin and cellulose solubilization was pH 8.5, which correlated with the pH 8.5 optimum for APPL production. Overall, the data show that, whereas lignin mineralization is optimal at neutral to slightly acidic pHs, lignocellulose degradation with lignin solubilization and APPL production is promoted by alkaline pHs. These findings indicate that lignin-solubilizing actinomycetes may play an important role in the metabolism of lignin in neutral to alkaline soils in which ligninolytic fungi are not highly competitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Pometto
- Department of Bacteriology and Biochemistry, Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843
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Enhanced biotransformation of mononitrophenols by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 in the presence of aromatic compounds of plant origin. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sietmann R, Uebe R, Böer E, Bode R, Kunze G, Schauer F. Novel metabolic routes during the oxidation of hydroxylated aromatic acids by the yeast Arxula adeninivorans. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:789-799. [PMID: 19702859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To complete our study on tannin degradation via gallic acid by the biotechnologically interesting yeast Arxula adeninivorans as well as to characterize new degradation pathways of hydroxylated aromatic acids. METHODS AND RESULTS With glucose-grown cells of A. adeninivorans, transformation experiments with hydroxylated derivatives of benzoic acid were carried out. The 12 metabolites were analysed and identified by high performance liquid chromatography and GC/MS. The yeast is able to transform the derivatives by oxidative and nonoxidative decarboxylation as well as by methoxylation. The products of nonoxidative decarboxylation of protocatechuate and gallic acid are substrates for further ring fission. CONCLUSION Whereas other organisms use only one route of transformation, A. adeninivorans is able to carry out three different pathways (oxidative, nonoxidative decarboxylation and methoxylation) on one hydroxylated aromatic acid. The determination of the KM-values for protocatechuate and gallic acid in crude extracts of cells of A. adeninivorans cultivated with protocatechuate and gallic acid, respectively, suggests that the decarboxylation of protocatechuate and gallic acid may be catalysed by the same enzyme. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This transformation pathway of protocatechuate and gallic acid via nonoxidative decarboxylation up to ring fission is novel and has not been described so far. This is also the first report of nonoxidative decarboxylation of gallic acid by a eukaryotic micro-organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sietmann
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - R Uebe
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - E Böer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - R Bode
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - G Kunze
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - F Schauer
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Ghosh S, Sachan A, Sen SK, Mitra A. Microbial transformation of ferulic acid to vanillic acid by Streptomyces sannanensis MTCC 6637. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 34:131-8. [PMID: 17043806 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-006-0177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces sannanensis MTCC 6637 was examined for its potentiality to transform ferulic acid into its corresponding hydroxybenzoate-derivatives. Cultures of S. sannanensis when grown on minimal medium containing ferulic acid as sole carbon source, vanillic acid accumulation was observed in the medium as the major biotransformed product along with transient formation of vanillin. A maximum amount of 400 mg/l vanillic acid accumulation was observed, when cultures were grown on 5 mM ferulic acid at 28 degrees C. This accumulation of vanillic acid was found to be stable in the culture media for a long period of time, thus facilitating its recovery. Purification of vanillic acid was achieved by gel filtration chromatography using Sephadex LH-20 matrix. Catabolic route of ferulic acid biotransformation by S. sannanensis has also been demonstrated. The metabolic inhibitor experiment [by supplementation of 3,4 methylenedioxy-cinnamic acid (MDCA), a metabolic inhibitor of phenylpropanoid enzyme 4-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA ligase (4-CL) along with ferulic acid] suggested that biotransformation of ferulic acid into vanillic acid mainly proceeds via CoA-dependent route. In vitro conversions of ferulic acid to vanillin, vanillic acid and vanillin to vanillic acid were also demonstrated with cell extract of S. sannanensis. Further degradation of vanillic acid to other intermediates such as, protocatechuic acid and guaiacol was not observed, which was also confirmed in vitro with cell extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwati Ghosh
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
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Purification and characterization of a novel catechol 1,2-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa with benzoic acid as a carbon source. Process Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Arora A, Nain L, Gupta JK. Solid-state fermentation of wood residues by Streptomyces griseus B1, a soil isolate, and solubilization of lignins. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-004-3827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dillon RJ, Vennard CT, Charnley AK. A note: gut bacteria produce components of a locust cohesion pheromone. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 92:759-63. [PMID: 11966918 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Faecal pellets from germ-free locusts were used as culture media to determine the ability of locust gut bacteria to synthesize phenolic components of the locust cohesion pheromone. METHODS AND RESULTS Inoculation of germ-free faecal pellets with Pantoea agglomerans, a species commonly isolated from locusts, resulted in the release of large amounts of guaiacol and small amounts of phenol, both of which are components of the locust cohesion pheromone. Two other locust-derived species, Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae, also produced guaiacol from germ-free faecal pellets, but the opportunistic locust pathogen, Serratia marcescens, did not. The most likely precursor for guaiacol is the plant-derived vanillic acid, which is present in large amounts in the faeces of both conventional and germ-free locusts. CONCLUSIONS These observations are consistent with previous ones, that locust gut bacteria are responsible for the production of components of the locust cohesion pheromone. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These findings illustrate how an insect can adapt to make use of a common bacterial metabolite produced by one or more of its indigenous gut bacterial species. This observation has implications for our appreciation of insect gut microbiota interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dillon
- Microbial Pathogenicity Group, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK.
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Shimoni E, Baasov T, Ravid U, Shoham Y. The trans-anethole degradation pathway in an Arthrobacter sp. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:11866-72. [PMID: 11805095 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109593200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A bacterial strain (TA13) capable of utilizing t-anethole as the sole carbon source was isolated from soil. The strain was identified as Arthrobacter aurescens based on its 16 S rRNA gene sequence. Key steps of the degradation pathway of t-anethole were identified by the use of t-anethole-blocked mutants and specific inducible enzymatic activities. In addition to t-anethole, strain TA13 is capable of utilizing anisic acid, anisaldehyde, and anisic alcohol as the sole carbon source. t-Anethole-blocked mutants were obtained following mutagenesis and penicillin enrichment. Some of these blocked mutants, accumulated in the presence of t-anethole quantitative amounts of t-anethole-diol, anisic acid, and 4,6-dicarboxy-2-pyrone and traces of anisic alcohol and anisaldehyde. Enzymatic activities induced by t-anethole included: 4-methoxybenzoate O-demethylase, p-hydroxybenzoate 3-hydroxylase, and protocatechuate-4,5-dioxygenase. These findings indicate that t-anethole is metabolized to protocatechuic acid through t-anethole-diol, anisaldehyde, anisic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. The protocatechuic acid is then cleaved by protocatechuate-4,5-dioxygenase to yield 2-hydroxy-4-carboxy muconate-semialdehyde. Results from inducible uptake ability and enzymatic assays indicate that at least three regulatory units are involved in the t-anethole degradation pathway. These findings provide new routes for environmental friendly production processes of valuable aromatic chemicals via bioconversion of phenylpropenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Shimoni
- Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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19
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20
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Iwagami SG, Yang K, Davies J. Characterization of the protocatechuic acid catabolic gene cluster from Streptomyces sp. strain 2065. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:1499-508. [PMID: 10742233 PMCID: PMC92014 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.4.1499-1508.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.3) catalyzes the ring cleavage step in the catabolism of aromatic compounds through the protocatechuate branch of the beta-ketoadipate pathway. A protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase was purified from Streptomyces sp. strain 2065 grown in p-hydroxybenzoate, and the N-terminal sequences of the beta- and alpha-subunits were obtained. PCR amplification was used for the cloning of the corresponding genes, and DNA sequencing of the flanking regions showed that the pcaGH genes belonged to a 6. 5-kb protocatechuate catabolic gene cluster; at least seven genes in the order pcaIJFHGBL appear to be transcribed unidirectionally. Analysis of the cluster revealed the presence of a pcaL homologue which encodes a fused gamma-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase/beta-ketoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase previously identified in the pca gene cluster from Rhodococcus opacus 1CP. The pcaIJ genes encoded proteins with a striking similarity to succinyl-coenzyme A (CoA):3-oxoacid CoA transferases of eukaryotes and contained an indel which is strikingly similar between high-G+C gram-positive bacteria and eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Iwagami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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21
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Chow KT, Pope MK, Davies J. Characterization of a vanillic acid non-oxidative decarboxylation gene cluster from Streptomyces sp. D7. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1999; 145 ( Pt 9):2393-2403. [PMID: 10517592 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-145-9-2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The genetics of non-oxidative decarboxylation of aromatic acids are poorly understood in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Although such reactions have been observed in numerous micro-organisms acting on a variety of substrates, the genes encoding enzymes responsible for these processes have not, to our knowledge, been reported in the literature. Here, the isolation of a streptomycete from soil (Streptomyces sp. D7) which efficiently converts 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (vanillic acid) to 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol) is described. Protein two-dimensional gel analysis revealed that several proteins were synthesized in response to vanillic acid. One of these was characterized by partial amino-terminal sequencing, leading to the cloning of a gene cluster from a genomic DNA lambda phage library, consisting of three ORFs, vdcB (602 bp), vdcC (1424 bp) and vdcD (239 bp). Protein sequence comparisons suggest that the product of vdcB (201 aa) is similar to phenylacrylate decarboxylase of yeast; the putative products of vdcC (475 aa) and vdcD (80 aa) are similar to hypothetical proteins of unknown function from various micro-organisms, and are found in a similar cluster in Bacillus subtilis. Northern blot analysis revealed the synthesis of a 2.5 kb mRNA transcript in vanillic-acid-induced cells, suggesting that the cluster is under the control of a single inducible promoter. Expression of the entire vdc gene cluster in Streptomyces lividans 1326 as a heterologous host resulted in that strain acquiring the ability to decarboxylate vanillic acid to guaiacol non-oxidatively. Both Streptomyces sp. strain D7 and recombinant S. lividans 1326 expressing the vdc gene cluster do not, however, decarboxylate structurally similar aromatic acids, suggesting that the system is specific for vanillic acid. This catabolic system may be useful as a component for pathway engineering research focused towards the production of valuable chemicals from forestry and agricultural by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 300-6174 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z31
| | - Margaret K Pope
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 300-6174 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z31
| | - Julian Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 300-6174 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z31
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22
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Dissimilarities in trans-di(4-methoxybenzoato-O)-bis(1,3-diaminopropane-N,N′)M(II) (M = Cu, Ni) complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(97)05532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Pospíšil S, Přikrylová V, Němeček J, Spížek J. Oxidation and amidation of salicylate by Streptomyces species. Can J Microbiol 1996; 42:867-9. [DOI: 10.1139/m96-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seven streptomycete strains were tested for biotransformation of salicylate. The products were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and three types of conversion were found. Streptomyces cinnamonensis and Streptomyces spectabilis formed gentisate and salicylamide concurrently. Streptomyces rimosus transformed salicylate to salicylamide. Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces avermitilis produced only gentisate. Time course studies of salicylate conversion by thin-layer chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography showed that salicylamide was accumulated in the culture broth, whereas gentisate was further metabolized.Key words: salicylate, gentisate, salicylamide, biotransformation, Streptomyces spp.
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24
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Suemori A, Nakajima K, Kurane R, Nakamura Y. Degradation of aromatic amino acids by Rhodococcus erythropolis. Lett Appl Microbiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1995.tb01006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Assimilation of benzoate byRhodotorula rubra, Rhodotorula glutinis andRhodosporidium toruloides, as affected by glucose or xylose. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1995; 11:240-1. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00704660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/25/1994] [Accepted: 11/02/1994] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Muncnerová D, Augustin J. Effect of carbon source on the accumulation of cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome c in the yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides. Lett Appl Microbiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1995.tb01296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Paszczynski A, Pasti-Grigsby MB, Goszczynski S, Crawford RL, Crawford DL. Mineralization of sulfonated azo dyes and sulfanilic acid by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Streptomyces chromofuscus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:3598-604. [PMID: 1482182 PMCID: PMC183150 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.11.3598-3604.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Five 14C-radiolabeled azo dyes and sulfanilic acid were synthesized and used to examine the relationship between dye substitution patterns and biodegradability (mineralization to CO2) by a white-rot fungus and an actinomycete. 4-Amino-[U-14C]benzenesulfonic acid and 4-(3-sulfo-4-aminophenylazo)-[U-14C]benzenesulfonic acid were used as representative compounds having sulfo groups or both sulfo and azo groups. Such compounds are not known to be present in the biosphere as natural products. The introduction of lignin-like fragments into the molecules of 4-amino-[U-14C]benzenesulfonic acid and 4-(3-sulfo-4-aminophenylazo)-[U-14C]benzenesulfonic acid by coupling reactions with guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) resulted in the formation of the dyes 4-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylazo)-[U-14C]benzenesulfonic acid and 4-(2-sulfo-3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxy-azobenzene-4-azo)-[U-14C]benzenesulf oni c acid, respectively. The synthesis of acid azo dyes 4-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylazo)-[U-14C]benzenesulfonic acid and 4-(4-hydroxy-1-naphthylazo)-[U-14C]benzenesulfonic acid also allowed the abilities of these microorganisms to mineralize these commercially important compounds to be evaluated. Phanerochaete chrysosporium mineralized all of the sulfonated azo dyes, and the substitution pattern did not significantly influence the susceptibility of the dyes to degradation. In contrast, Streptomyces chromofuscus was unable to mineralize aromatics with sulfo groups and both sulfo and azo groups. However, it mediated the mineralization of modified dyes containing lignin-like substitution patterns. This work showed that lignocellulolytic fungi and bacteria can be used for the biodegradation of anionic azo dyes, which thus far have been considered among the xenobiotic compounds most resistant to biodegradation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paszczynski
- Department of Bacteriology and Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, University of Idaho, Moscow 83843
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28
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Lobos JH, Leib TK, Su TM. Biodegradation of bisphenol A and other bisphenols by a gram-negative aerobic bacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:1823-31. [PMID: 1622258 PMCID: PMC195690 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.6.1823-1831.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel bacterium designated strain MV1 was isolated from a sludge enrichment taken from the wastewater treatment plant at a plastics manufacturing facility and shown to degrade 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol or bisphenol A). Strain MV1 is a gram-negative, aerobic bacillus that grows on bisphenol A as a sole source of carbon and energy. Total carbon analysis for bisphenol A degradation demonstrated that 60% of the carbon was mineralized to CO2, 20% was associated with the bacterial cells, and 20% was converted to soluble organic compounds. Metabolic intermediates detected in the culture medium during growth on bisphenol A were identified as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxyacetophenone, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol, and 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol. Most of the bisphenol A degraded by strain MV1 is cleaved in some way to form 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxyacetophenone, which are subsequently mineralized or assimilated into cell carbon. In addition, about 20% of the bisphenol A is hydroxylated to form 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol, which is slowly biotransformed to 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol. Cells that were grown on bisphenol A degraded a variety of bisphenol alkanes, hydroxylated benzoic acids, and hydroxylated acetophenones during resting-cell assays. Transmission electron microscopy of cells grown on bisphenol A revealed lipid storage granules and intracytoplasmic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Lobos
- General Electric Corporate Research and Development, Schenectady, New York 12301-0008
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29
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Paszczynski A, Pasti M, Goszczynski S, Crawford D, Crawford R. New approach to improve degradation of recalcitrant azo dyes by Streptomyces spp. and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Enzyme Microb Technol 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(91)90198-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Sutherland JB, Freeman JP, Selby AL, Fu PP, Miller DW, Cerniglia CE. Stereoselective formation of a K-region dihydrodiol from phenanthrene by Streptomyces flavovirens. Arch Microbiol 1990; 154:260-6. [PMID: 2222121 DOI: 10.1007/bf00248965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of phenanthrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), by Streptomyces flavovirens was investigated. When grown for 72 h in tryptone yeast extract broth saturated with phenanthrene, the actinomycete oxidized 21.3% of the hydrocarbon at the K-region to form trans-9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (phenanthrene trans-9,10-dihydrodiol). A trace of 9-phenanthrol was also detected. Metabolites isolated by thin-layer and high performance liquid chromatography were identified by comparing chromatographic, mass spectral, and nuclear magnetic resonance properties with those of authentic compounds. Experiments using [9-14C]phenanthrene showed that the trans-9,10-dihydrodiol had 62.8% of the radioactivity found in the metabolites. Circular dichroism spectra of the phenanthrene trans-9,10-dihydrodiol indicated that the absolute configuration of the predominant enantiomer was (-)-9S,10S, the same as that of the principal enantiomer produced by mammalian enzymes. Incubation of S. flavovirens with phenanthrene is an atmosphere of 18O2, followed by gas chromatographic/mass spectral analysis of the metabolites, indicated that one atom from molecular oxygen was incorporated into each molecule of the phenanthrene trans-9,10-dihydrodiol. Cytochrome P-450 was detected in 105,000 x g supernatants prepared from cell extracts of S. flavovirens. The results show that the oxidation of phenanthrene by S. flavovirens was both regio- and stereospecific.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Sutherland
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079
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31
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Grund E, Knorr C, Eichenlaub R. Catabolism of benzoate and monohydroxylated benzoates by Amycolatopsis and Streptomyces spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:1459-64. [PMID: 2339895 PMCID: PMC184430 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.5.1459-1464.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight actinomycetes of the genera Amycolatopsis and Streptomyces were tested for the degradation of aromatic compounds by growth in a liquid medium containing benzoate, monohydroxylated benzoates, or quinate as the principal carbon source. Benzoate was converted to catechol. The key intermediate in the degradation of salicylate was either catechol or gentisate, while m-hydroxybenzoate was metabolized via gentisate or protocatechuate. p-Hydroxybenzoate and quinate were converted to protocatechuate. Catechol, gentisate, and protocatechuate were cleaved by catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, and protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase, respectively. The requirement for glutathione in the gentisate pathway was dependent on the substrate and the particular strain. The conversion of p-hydroxybenzoate to protocatechuate by p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase was gratuitously induced by all substrates that were metabolized via protocatechuate as an intermediate, while protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase was gratuitously induced by benzoate and salicylate in two Amycolatopsis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Grund
- Fakultät für Biologie, Lehrstuhl für Gentechnologie/Mikrobiologie, Universität Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany
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32
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33
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34
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Vasudevan N, Mahadevan A. Degradation of 3(o-methoxyphenoxy)1,2-propanediol (guaiacol glyceryl ether) by Acinetobacter sp. J Biotechnol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(89)90080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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35
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Trias J, Viñas M, Guinea J, Lorén JG. Induction of Yellow Pigmentation in
Serratia marcescens. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:3138-41. [PMID: 16347803 PMCID: PMC204439 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.12.3138-3141.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of yellow pigmentation in nonpigmented strains of
Serratia
sp. has been demonstrated to be due to the production of a muconic acid, 2-hydroxy-5-carboxymethylmuconic acid semialdehyde. The 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate 2,3-dioxygenase responsible for the synthesis of this muconic acid was induced in all strains tested. Another muconic acid, the β-
cis-cis
-carboxymuconic acid, could also be synthesized from 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, but this product was not colored. Mutants that were unable to grow on tyrosine and produced yellow pigment were isolated from nonpigmented strains. These mutants had properties similar to those of the yellow-pigmented strains. The ability to produce pigment may be more widespread among
Serratia marcescens
strains than is currently known.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Trias
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Laboratori de Microbiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Metabolism of low molecular weight lignin-related compounds by Streptomyces viridosporus T7A. Enzyme Microb Technol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(87)90081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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38
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Activities of cellulase and other extracellular enzymes during lignin solubilization by Streptomyces viridosporus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00253902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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39
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40
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Shetty K, Crawford DL, Pometto AL. Production of
l
-Phenylalanine from Starch by Analog-Resistant Mutants of
Bacillus polymyxa. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 52:637-43. [PMID: 16347159 PMCID: PMC239089 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.4.637-643.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
p
-Fluorophenylalanine-resistant mutants of starch-degrading
Bacillus polymyxa
ATCC 842, generated by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis followed by incubation with caffeine, overproduced small amounts of
l
-phenylalanine (
l
-phe) from starch. A β-2-thienylalanine-resistant mutant (BT
R
-7) derived from
p
-fluorophenylalanine mutant (C-4000 FP
R
-4) and resistant to both
p
-fluorophenylalanine and β-2-thienylalanine produced 0.5 g of
l
-phe and 0.15 g of
l
-tyrosine per liter from 10 g of starch per liter when growing in a minimal medium.
trans
-Cinnamic acid (CA) was also excreted by both mutants, indicating the possibility of
l
-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase-induced deamination of
l
-phe to CA. The amount of
l
-phe-derived CA detected in BT
R
-7 was less compared with mutant C-4000 FP
R
-4. CA production was induced in the parent only when
l
-phe was used as a sole nitrogen source. Time of CA production in the two mutants could be delayed by addition of other nitrogen sources, an indication of possible
l
-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inhibition or repression. The presence of
l
-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in
B. polymyxa
mutant C-4000 FP
R
-4 was confirmed by assays of cell-free extracts from cells grown in starch minimal medium containing
l
-phe as the sole nitrogen source. Preliminary studies of the regulation of deoxy-
d
-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase and prephenate dehydratase in the wild-type strain showed that deoxy-
d
-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase was subject to feedback inhibition by
l
-phe,
l
-tyrosine, and
l
-tryptophan. Inhibition by each amino acid was to a similar extent singly or in combination at a 0.5 mM level of each amino acid. Prephenate dehydratase was feedback inhibited by
l
-phe, but not by
l
-tyrosine or
l
-tryptophan or both. In the double analog-resistant mutant BT
R
-7, deoxy-
d
-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase had specific activity similar to that in the wild type, and the enzyme was still subject to feedback inhibition. However, prephenate dehydratase had increased specific activity and it was also insensitive to feedback inhibition by
l
-phe. The overproduction of aromatic amino acids by BT
R
-7 was thought to be due, at least in part, to deregulation of feedback inhibition of prephenate dehydratase. Chorismate mutase was not subject to feedback inhibition in the wild type and was unaffected in the mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shetty
- Department of Bacteriology and Biochemistry, Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843
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41
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Sutherland JB. Demethylation of Veratrole by Cytochrome P-450 in
Streptomyces setonii. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 52:98-100. [PMID: 16347120 PMCID: PMC203400 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.1.98-100.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The actinomycete
Streptomyces setonii
75Vi2 demethylates vanillic acid and guaiacol to protocatechuic acid and catechol, respectively, and then metabolizes the products by the β-ketoadipate pathway. UV spectroscopy showed that this strain could also metabolize veratrole (1,2-dimethoxybenzene). When grown in veratrole-containing media supplemented with 2,2′-dipyridyl to inhibit cleavage of the aromatic ring,
S. setonii
accumulated catechol, which was detected by both liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Reduced cell extracts from veratrole-grown cultures, but not sodium succinate-grown cultures, produced a carbon monoxide difference spectrum with a peak at 450 nm that indicated the presence of soluble cytochrome P-450. Addition of veratrole or guaiacol to oxidized cell extracts from veratrole-grown cultures produced difference spectra that indicated that these compounds were substrates for cytochrome P-450. My results suggest that
S. setonii
produces a cytochrome P-450 that is involved in the demethylation of veratrole and guaiacol to catechol, which is then catabolized by the β-ketoadipate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Sutherland
- Institute of Wood Research and the BioSource Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931
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42
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Pometto AL, Crawford DL. Catabolic Fate of
Streptomyces viridosporus
T7A-Produced, Acid-Precipitable Polymeric Lignin upon Incubation with Ligninolytic
Streptomyces
Species and
Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 51:171-9. [PMID: 16346967 PMCID: PMC238835 DOI: 10.1128/aem.51.1.171-179.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of ground and hot-water-extracted corn stover (
Zea mays
) lignocellulose by
Streptomyces viridosporus
T7A generates a water-soluble lignin degradation intermediate termed acid-precipitable polymeric lignin (APPL). The further catabolism of T7A-APPL by
S. viridosporus
T7A,
S. badius
252, and
S. setonii
75Vi2 was followed for 3 weeks in aerated shake flask cultures at 37°C in a yeast extract-glucose medium containing 0.05% (wt/vol) T7A-APPL. APPL catabolism by
Phanerochaete chrysosporium
was followed in stationary cultures in a low-nitrogen medium containing 1% (wt/vol) glucose and 0.05% (wt/vol) T7A-APPL. Metabolism of the APPL was followed by turbidometric assay (600 nm) and by direct measurement of APPL recoverable from the medium. Accumulation and disappearance of soluble low-molecular-weight products of APPL catabolism were followed by gas-liquid chromatography and by high-pressure liquid chromatography, utilizing a diode array detector. Identified and quantified compounds present in culture media included
p
-coumaric acid, ferulic acid,
p
-hydroxybenzoic acid,
p
-hydroxybenzaldehyde, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, and vanillin. The further catabolism of these APPL-derived aromatic compounds varied with the culture examined, and only
S. setonii
and
P. chrysosporium
completely degraded all of them. Some new intermediates of APPL metabolism also appeared in culture media, but the patterns were culture specific. Additional evidence from high-pressure liquid chromatography analyses indicated that one strain,
S. badius
, converted a water-soluble fraction evident by high-pressure liquid chromatography (7 to 10 min retention time range) into new products appearing at shorter retention times. Mineralization of a [
14
C-lignin]APPL was also followed. The percent
14
C recovered as
14
CO
2
,
14
C-APPL,
14
C-labeled water-soluble products, and cell mass-associated radioactivity, were determined for each microorganism after 1 and 3 weeks of incubation in bubbler tube cultures at 37°C.
P. chrysosporium
evolved the most
14
CO
2
(10%), and
S. viridosporus
gave the greatest decrease in recoverable
14
C-APPL (23%). The results show that
S. badius
was not able to significantly degrade the APPL, while the other microorganisms demonstrated various APPL-degrading abilities. The significance of these findings relative to the fate of APPLs in nature was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Pometto
- Department of Bacteriology and Biochemistry, Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843
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43
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Pometto AL, Crawford DL. L-Phenylalanine and L-tyrosine catabolism by selected Streptomyces species. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 49:727-9. [PMID: 3994376 PMCID: PMC373582 DOI: 10.1128/aem.49.3.727-729.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Phenylalanine and L-tyrosine were completely catabolized through homogentisate by Streptomyces setonii 75Vi2 but only partially degraded by Streptomyces badius 252, Streptomyces sioyaensis P5, Streptomyces viridosporus T7A, and Streptomyces sp. strain V7. Intermediates of catabolism were confirmed by thin-layer, gas, and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase was present in all cell extracts.
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44
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45
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Paris DF, Wolfe NL, Steen WC. Structure-Activity Relationships in Microbial Transformation of Phenols. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 44:153-8. [PMID: 16346051 PMCID: PMC241983 DOI: 10.1128/aem.44.1.153-158.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The second-order rate constants for the microbial transformation of a series of phenols were correlated with the physicochemical properties of the phenols. The compounds studied were phenol,
p
-methylphenol,
p
-chlorophenol,
p
-bromophenol,
p
-cyanophenol,
p
-nitrophenol,
p
-acetylphenol, and
p
-methoxyphenol. Phenol-grown cells of
Pseudomonas putida
U transformed these compounds. Microbial transformation rate constants ranged from (1.5 ± 0.99) × 10
−14
liter · organism
−1
· h
−1
for
p
-cyanophenol to (7.0 ± 1.3) × 10
−12
liter · organism
−1
· h
−1
for phenol. Linear regression analyses of rate constants and electronic, steric, and hydrophobic parameters showed that van der Waal's radii gave the best coefficient of determination (
r
2
= 0.956). Products identified by thin-layer chromatography and liquid chromatography indicated that the phenols were microbially oxidized to the corresponding catechols.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Paris
- Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30613
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46
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Crawford DL, Sutherland JB, Pometto AL, Miller JM. Production of an aromatic aldehyde oxidase by Streptomyces viridosporus. Arch Microbiol 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00411185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Antai SP, Crawford DL. Degradation of softwood, hardwood, and grass lignocelluloses by two streptomyces strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1981. [PMID: 16345837 DOI: 10.1128/aem.42.2.378-380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Streptomyces strains, S. viridosporus T7A and S. setonii 75Vi2, were grown on softwood, hardwood, and grass lignocelluloses, and lignocellulose decomposition was followed by monitoring substrate weight loss, lignin loss, and carbohydrate loss over time. Results showed that both Streptomyces strains substantially degraded both the lignin and the carbohydrate components of each lignocellulose; however, these actinomycetes were more efficient decomposers of grass lignocelluloses than of hardwood or softwood lignocelluloses. In particular, these Streptomyces strains were more efficient decomposers of grass lignins than of hardwood or softwood lignins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Antai
- Department of Bacteriology and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843
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