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Mu D, Li P, Ma T, Wei D, Montalbán-López M, Ai Y, Wu X, Wang Y, Li X, Li X. Advances in the understanding of the production, modification and applications of xylanases in the food industry. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 179:110473. [PMID: 38917734 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Xylanases have broad applications in the food industry to decompose the complex carbohydrate xylan. This is applicable to enhance juice clarity, improve dough softness, or reduce beer turbidity. It can also be used to produce prebiotics and increase the nutritional value in foodstuff. However, the low yield and poor stability of most natural xylanases hinders their further applications. Therefore, it is imperative to explore higher-quality xylanases to address the potential challenges that appear in the food industry and to comprehensively improve the production, modification, and utilization of xylanases. Xylanases, due to their various sources, exhibit diverse characteristics that affect production and activity. Most fungi are suitable for solid-state fermentation to produce xylanases, but in liquid fermentation, microbial metabolism is more vigorous, resulting in higher yield. Fungi produce higher xylanase activity, but bacterial xylanases perform better than fungal ones under certain extreme conditions (high temperature, extreme pH). Gene and protein engineering technology helps to improve the production efficiency of xylanases and enhances their thermal stability and catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Mu
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China; Gongda Biotech (Huangshan) Limited Company, Huangshan 245400, China.
| | - Penglong Li
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Tiange Ma
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Dehua Wei
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Manuel Montalbán-López
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Yaqian Ai
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Anhui Yunshang Cultural Tourism Development Group, Anqing 246600, China
| | - Xu Li
- Anhui Wanyue Xinhe Project Management Company Limited, Anqing 246600, China
| | - Xingjiang Li
- Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China; Gongda Biotech (Huangshan) Limited Company, Huangshan 245400, China.
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Timmins J, van Wyk N, Kroukamp H, Walker R, Fritsch S, Rauhut D, Wallbrunn C, Pretorius I, Paulsen I. Engineering a fermenting yeast able to produce the fragrant β-ionone apocarotenoid for enhanced aroma properties in wine. FEMS Yeast Res 2023; 23:7008492. [PMID: 36708173 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wine is composed of multitudinous flavour components and volatile organic compounds that provide this beverage with its attractive properties of taste and aroma. The perceived quality of a wine can be attributed to the absolute and relative concentrations of favourable aroma compounds; hence, increasing the detectable levels of an attractive aroma, such as β-ionone with its violet and berry notes, can improve the organoleptic qualities of given wine styles. We here describe the generation of a new grape-must fermenting strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is capable of releasing β-ionone through the heterologous expression of both the enzyme carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 (CCD1) and its substrate, β-carotene. Haploid laboratory strains of S. cerevisiae were constructed with and without integrated carotenogenic genes and transformed with a plasmid containing the genes of CCD1. These strains were then mated with a sporulated diploid wine industry yeast, VIN13, and four resultant crosses-designated MQ01-MQ04-which were capable of fermenting the must to dryness were compared for their ability to release β-ionone. Analyses of their fermentation products showed that the MQ01 strain produced a high level of β-ionone and offers a fermenting hybrid yeast with the potential to enhance the organoleptic qualities of wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Timmins
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, 6 Wallys Way, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Niel van Wyk
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, 6 Wallys Way, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia.,Institut für Mikrobiologie und Biochemie, Hochschule Geisenheim University, von-Lade-Str. 1, D-65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Heinrich Kroukamp
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, 6 Wallys Way, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Roy Walker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, 6 Wallys Way, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - S Fritsch
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Biochemie, Hochschule Geisenheim University, von-Lade-Str. 1, D-65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Doris Rauhut
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Biochemie, Hochschule Geisenheim University, von-Lade-Str. 1, D-65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Christian Wallbrunn
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Biochemie, Hochschule Geisenheim University, von-Lade-Str. 1, D-65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Isak Pretorius
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, 6 Wallys Way, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ian Paulsen
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, 6 Wallys Way, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
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Metabolic recycling of storage lipids promotes squalene biosynthesis in yeast. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:108. [PMID: 36224649 PMCID: PMC9555684 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic rewiring in microbes is an economical and sustainable strategy for synthesizing valuable natural terpenes. Terpenes are the largest class of nature-derived specialized metabolites, and many have valuable pharmaceutical or biological activity. Squalene, a medicinal terpene, is used as a vaccine adjuvant to improve the efficacy of vaccines, including pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, and plays diverse biological roles as an antioxidant and anticancer agent. However, metabolic rewiring interferes with inherent metabolic pathways, often in a way that impairs the cellular growth and fitness of the microbial host. In particular, as the key starting molecule for producing various compounds including squalene, acetyl-CoA is involved in numerous biological processes with tight regulation to maintain metabolic homeostasis, which limits redirection of metabolic fluxes toward desired products. RESULTS In this study, focusing on the recycling of surplus metabolic energy stored in lipid droplets, we show that the metabolic recycling of the surplus energy to acetyl-CoA can increase squalene production in yeast, concomitant with minimizing the metabolic interferences in inherent pathways. Moreover, by integrating multiple copies of the rate-limiting enzyme and implementing N-degron-dependent protein degradation to downregulate the competing pathway, we systematically rewired the metabolic flux toward squalene, enabling remarkable squalene production (1024.88 mg/L in a shake flask). Ultimately, further optimization of the fed-batch fermentation process enabled remarkable squalene production of 6.53 g/L. CONCLUSIONS Our demonstration of squalene production via engineered yeast suggests that plant- or animal-based supplies of medicinal squalene can potentially be complemented or replaced by industrial fermentation. This approach will also provide a universal strategy for the more stable and sustainable production of high-value terpenes.
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Comparative Evaluation of Secreted Plant Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 1 (CCD1) Enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8080395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enabling technologies in synthetic biology now present the opportunity to engineer wine yeast for enhanced novel aromas. In doing so, improved wine products will increase the desirability of wine for the consumer and add value to the winemaker. The action of the enzyme carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 (CCD1) on β-carotene to produce β-ionone is of interest to improve the aroma and flavour of the wine. Engineering the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to produce higher concentrations of CCD1 in grape-must presents an opportunity to increase the levels of this volatile organic compound, thus enhancing the organoleptic properties of wine. To this end, four phylogenetically diverse plant CCD1 genes were synthesised with a secretion signal peptide and transformed into S. cerevisiae. The relative ability of each enzyme secreted into the yeast supernatant to cleave the deep orange C40 β-carotene was determined by spectrophotometry; furthermore, the by-product of such cleavage, the highly aromatic C13 β-ionone, was assessed by head-space solid-phase micro-extraction, with analysis and detection by GCMS. Reduction in β-carotene levels and release of β-ionone from the supernatant were validated by LCMS detection of CCD1. These experiments demonstrated that expression in yeast of the CCD1s derived from Petunia hybrida and Vitis vinifera and their subsequent secretion into the medium provided superior efficacy in both β-carotene reduction and β-ionone liberation. We anticipate this knowledge being of benefit to future winemakers in producing a vinous product with enhanced organoleptic properties.
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Cloning, expression, and characterization of a recombinant xylanase from Bacillus sonorensis T6. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265647. [PMID: 35298551 PMCID: PMC8929556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanase is one of industrial enzymes with diverse applications including the paper-bleaching industry and feed additives. Here, a strain having xylanolytic activity and identified as Bacillus sonorensis T6 was isolated from soil. A secretory enzyme was identified by mass-spectrometry as a xylanase of glycosyl hydrolase family 11, with a molecular weight of 23.3 kDa. The xylanase gene of Bacillus sonorensis T6 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli (yielding an enzyme designated as rXynT6-E) and in Pichia pastoris (yielding rXynT6-P). The recombinant xylanases were found to have optimal activity at 47–55°C and pH 6.0–7.0. The recombinant xylanase expressed in P. pastoris has 40% higher thermal stability than that expressed in E. coli. The recombinant xylanases retained 100% of activity after 10 h incubation in the pH range 3–11 and 68% of activity after 1 h at pH 2.0. The xylanase activities of rXynT6-E and rXynT6-P under optimal conditions were 1030.2 and 873.8 U/mg, respectively. The good stability in a wide range of pH and moderate temperatures may make the xylanase from Bacillus sonorensis T6 useful for various biotechnological applications, e.g., as an enzyme additive in the feed industry.
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Procópio DP, Kendrick E, Goldbeck R, Damasio ARDL, Franco TT, Leak DJ, Jin YS, Basso TO. Xylo-Oligosaccharide Utilization by Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Produce Ethanol. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:825981. [PMID: 35242749 PMCID: PMC8886126 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.825981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The engineering of xylo-oligosaccharide-consuming Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains is a promising approach for more effective utilization of lignocellulosic biomass and the development of economic industrial fermentation processes. Extending the sugar consumption range without catabolite repression by including the metabolism of oligomers instead of only monomers would significantly improve second-generation ethanol production This review focuses on different aspects of the action mechanisms of xylan-degrading enzymes from bacteria and fungi, and their insertion in S. cerevisiae strains to obtain microbial cell factories able of consume these complex sugars and convert them to ethanol. Emphasis is given to different strategies for ethanol production from both extracellular and intracellular xylo-oligosaccharide utilization by S. cerevisiae strains. The suitability of S. cerevisiae for ethanol production combined with its genetic tractability indicates that it can play an important role in xylan bioconversion through the heterologous expression of xylanases from other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dielle Pierotti Procópio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emanuele Kendrick
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Rosana Goldbeck
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Telma Teixeira Franco
- Interdisciplinary Center of Energy Planning, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - David J. Leak
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Thiago Olitta Basso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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den Haan R, Rose SH, Cripwell RA, Trollope KM, Myburgh MW, Viljoen-Bloom M, van Zyl WH. Heterologous production of cellulose- and starch-degrading hydrolases to expand Saccharomyces cerevisiae substrate utilization: Lessons learnt. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107859. [PMID: 34678441 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Selected strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used for commercial bioethanol production from cellulose and starch, but the high cost of exogenous enzymes for substrate hydrolysis remains a challenge. This can be addressed through consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) where S. cerevisiae strains are engineered to express recombinant glycoside hydrolases during fermentation. Looking back at numerous strategies undertaken over the past four decades to improve recombinant protein production in S. cerevisiae, it is evident that various steps in the protein production "pipeline" can be manipulated depending on the protein of interest and its anticipated application. In this review, we briefly introduce some of the strategies and highlight lessons learned with regards to improved transcription, translation, post-translational modification and protein secretion of heterologous hydrolases. We examine how host strain selection and modification, as well as enzyme compatibility, are crucial determinants for overall success. Finally, we discuss how lessons from heterologous hydrolase expression can inform modern synthetic biology and genome editing tools to provide process-ready yeast strains in future. However, it is clear that the successful expression of any particular enzyme is still unpredictable and requires a trial-and-error approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riaan den Haan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Shaunita H Rose
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Rosemary A Cripwell
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Kim M Trollope
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marthinus W Myburgh
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Willem H van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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Höler S, Bertl A, Degreif D. Novel auto-selection systems for transformation selection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in rich complex media. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:6316778. [PMID: 34232310 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The most widely used strategy for selection of yeast transformed with episomal plasmids comprises the use of auxotrophic yeast strains in combination with vectors containing complementing prototrophic marker genes. Another approach uses heterologous genes or cassettes which, if present in the vector, render the otherwise sensitive yeast strain resistant to antibiotics. In addition, auto-selection systems for Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been developed that eliminate the requirement for synthetic drop-out media or the use of antibiotics for transformation selection and subsequent plasmid maintenance in expression cultures. Here we describe a combination of host strain and vector system introducing a novel concept of auto-selection systems that allows for easy and robust propagation of host cells deleted in essential genes in supplemented media before being transformed with rescuing plasmids. With that, our approach is favorable over commonly used selection strategies and has major advantage over other auto-selection systems. Our approach complements the auto-selection toolbox already available for S. cerevisiae, thus contributing a novel system that enables the use of complex peptone-based media for protein expression and metabolic engineering approaches. We therefore expect that this new strategy will be of general interest to the yeast research community in academia and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Höler
- Department of Biology, Yeast Membrane Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adam Bertl
- Department of Biology, Yeast Membrane Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daniel Degreif
- Department of Biology, Yeast Membrane Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Dey P, Roy A. Cloning, characterization and expression of a gene encoding endo-1, 4- β-xylanase from the fungus Termitomyces clypeatus. Carbohydr Res 2021; 505:108333. [PMID: 34000638 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic degradation of hemi-cellulosic substrates has gained plenty of industrial attentions recently. Complete enzymatic degradation of complex and recalcitrant hemicellulose requires an enzymatic cocktail consisting primarily of endo-1,4-β-xylanase (xyl), β-xylosidase, arabinofuranosidase etc. This article reports, for the first time, the identification, cloning, expression and partial characterization of a potent endo-1,4- β-xylanase gene (pxyl) from the mushroom Termitomyces clypeatus (TC) in E. coli and S. cerevisiae. The cDNA for pxyl was found to be 678 bp that in turn gives rise to a precursor protein (Pxyl) of 225 amino acids long when cloned in prokaryotic expression vector. To characterize additionally, the cDNA was also expressed in S. cerevisiae. Bioinformatics study predicted that the Pxyl contains a 19 amino acid long leader peptide that enables post translational modifications including glycosylation as well as its efficient secretion in the medium. The recombinant protein has been found to be a member of GH11 family containing two distant glutamic acids as catalytic residues. This report describes yet another new and potent source of xylanase for commercial exploitation by industry in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Protyusha Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan-731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Amit Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan-731235, West Bengal, India.
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Krahulec J, Šafránek M. Impact of media components from different suppliers on enterokinase productivity in Pichia pastoris. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:19. [PMID: 33678175 PMCID: PMC7938543 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00681-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to provide an information about the homogeneity on the level of enterokinase productivity in P. pastoris depending on different suppliers of the media components. Results In previous studies, we performed the optimisation process for the production of enterokinase by improving the fermentation process. Enterokinase is the ideal enzyme for removing fusion partners from target recombinant proteins. In this study, we focused our optimization efforts on the sources of cultivation media components. YPD media components were chosen as variables for these experiments. Several suppliers for particular components were combined and the optimisation procedure was performed in 24-well plates. Peptone had the highest impact on enterokinase production, where the difference between the best and worst results was threefold. The least effect on the production level was recorded for yeast extract with a 1.5 fold difference. The worst combination of media components had a activity of only 0.15 U/ml and the best combination had the activity of 0.88 U/ml, i.e., a 5.87 fold difference. A substantially higher impact on the production level of enterokinase was observed during fermentation in two selected media combinations, where the difference was almost 21-fold. Conclusions Results demonstrated in the present study show that the media components from different suppliers have high impact on enterokinase productivity and also provide the hypothesis that the optimization process should be multidimensional and for achieving best results it is important to perform massive process also in terms of the particular media component supplier .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Krahulec
- Department of Molecular Biology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic.
| | - Martin Šafránek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic
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Characterizing a Halo-Tolerant GH10 Xylanase from Roseithermus sacchariphilus Strain RA and Its CBM-Truncated Variant. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092284. [PMID: 31075847 PMCID: PMC6539836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A halo-thermophilic bacterium, Roseithermus sacchariphilus strain RA (previously known as Rhodothermaceae bacterium RA), was isolated from a hot spring in Langkawi, Malaysia. A complete genome analysis showed that the bacterium harbors 57 glycoside hydrolases (GHs), including a multi-domain xylanase (XynRA2). The full-length XynRA2 of 813 amino acids comprises a family 4_9 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM4_9), a family 10 glycoside hydrolase catalytic domain (GH10), and a C-terminal domain (CTD) for type IX secretion system (T9SS). This study aims to describe the biochemical properties of XynRA2 and the effects of CBM truncation on this xylanase. XynRA2 and its CBM-truncated variant (XynRA2ΔCBM) was expressed, purified, and characterized. The purified XynRA2 and XynRA2ΔCBM had an identical optimum temperature at 70 °C, but different optimum pHs of 8.5 and 6.0 respectively. Furthermore, XynRA2 retained 94% and 71% of activity at 4.0 M and 5.0 M NaCl respectively, whereas XynRA2ΔCBM showed a lower activity (79% and 54%). XynRA2 exhibited a turnover rate (kcat) of 24.8 s−1, but this was reduced by 40% for XynRA2ΔCBM. Both the xylanases hydrolyzed beechwood xylan predominantly into xylobiose, and oat-spelt xylan into a mixture of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOs). Collectively, this work suggested CBM4_9 of XynRA2 has a role in enzyme performance.
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Efficient Expression of Xylanase by Codon Optimization and Its Effects on the Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9020065. [PMID: 30791602 PMCID: PMC6406647 DOI: 10.3390/ani9020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this work was to combine xylanase expression and broiler production. The xylanase (XynB) gene from Trichoderma reesei was optimized to increase its expression level in Pichia pastoris. The maximum activity of xylanase (optiXynB) secreted by P. pastoris pPICZaA-optiXynB was 1299 U/mL after 96 h induction. The recombinase was highly specific towards birchwood xylan, beechwood xylan, and oat-spelt xylan. Dietary 1000 and 1500 IU/kg optiXynB significantly increased (p < 0.05) final weight and body weight gain; dietary 500, 1000, and 1500 IU/kg optiXynB significantly increased (p < 0.05) pre-evisceration weight, dressed percentage, and eviscerated weight compared with the control group. Results suggested that the optiXynB from P. pastoris pPICZaA-optiXynB has great application in broiler production. Abstract The aim of the present study was to improve the expression level of Trichoderma reesei xylanase (XynB) in Pichia pastoris through a codon optimization strategy and evaluate its effects on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler. According to the codon bias of Pichia genome, the XynB gene from T. reesei was optimized and synthesized by whole gene assembly to improve its expression level in P. pastoris. Approximately 180 target mutations were successfully introduced into natural XynB. The maximum activity of xylanase (optiXynB) secreted by P. pastoris pPICZaA-optiXynB was 1299 U/mL after 96 h induction. Purified recombinant optiXynB had the molecular weight of 24 kDa. The optiXynB presented highest activity in pH 5.0 and 50 °C. The recombinase was highly specific towards birchwood xylan, beechwood xylan, and oat-spelt xylan. In the broiler experiment, a total of 200 Arbor Acre broilers (one day old) were randomly allocated into four groups fed with basal diets containing 0 (control group), 500, 1000, and 1500 IU/kg optiXynB. Dietary 1000 and 1500 IU/kg optiXynB significantly increased (p < 0.05) final weight and body weight gain; dietary 500, 1000, and 1500 IU/kg optiXynB significantly increased (p < 0.05) pre-evisceration weight, dressed percentage, and eviscerated weight compared with the control group. Inclusion of optiXynB in broiler diets linearly increased final weight, body weight gain, breast muscle weight and leg muscle weight, but linearly decreased feed conversion rate (p < 0.05). Furthermore, inclusion of optiXynB in broiler diets linearly and quadratically increased pre-evisceration weight, dressed percentage, and eviscerated weight (p < 0.05). The recombinant optiXynB from P. pastoris pPICZaA-optiXynB was beneficial in improving growth performance and carcass characteristics of broilers.
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Amorim C, Silvério SC, Gonçalves RF, Pinheiro AC, Silva S, Coelho E, Coimbra MA, Prather KL, Rodrigues LR. Downscale fermentation for xylooligosaccharides production by recombinant Bacillus subtilis 3610. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 205:176-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kar B, Verma P, den Haan R, Sharma AK. Characterization of a recombinant thermostable β-glucosidase from Putranjiva roxburghii expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its use for efficient biomass conversion. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Kroukamp H, den Haan R, la Grange DC, Sibanda N, Foulquié‐Moreno MR, Thevelein JM, van Zyl WH. Strain Breeding Enhanced Heterologous Cellobiohydrolase Secretion by
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
in a Protein Specific Manner. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Kroukamp
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of StellenboschStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Riaan den Haan
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Western CapeBellvilleSouth Africa
| | - Daniël C. la Grange
- Unit of Environmental Sciences and ManagementNorth‐West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
| | - Ntsako Sibanda
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and BiotechnologyUniversity of LimpopoSovengaSouth Africa
| | - Maria R. Foulquié‐Moreno
- Institute of Botany and MicrobiologyKU LeuvenLeuven‐HeverleeBelgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIBLeuven‐HeverleeBelgium
| | - Johan M. Thevelein
- Institute of Botany and MicrobiologyKU LeuvenLeuven‐HeverleeBelgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIBLeuven‐HeverleeBelgium
| | - Willem H. van Zyl
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of StellenboschStellenboschSouth Africa
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17
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Morgan NK, Wallace A, Bedford MR, Choct M. Efficiency of xylanases from families 10 and 11 in production of xylo -oligosaccharides from wheat arabinoxylans. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 167:290-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Wang X, Luo H, Yu W, Ma R, You S, Liu W, Hou L, Zheng F, Xie X, Yao B. A thermostable Gloeophyllum trabeum xylanase with potential for the brewing industry. Food Chem 2016; 199:516-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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19
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Mert MJ, la Grange DC, Rose SH, van Zyl WH. Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to utilize xylan as a sole carbohydrate source by co-expression of an endoxylanase, xylosidase and a bacterial xylose isomerase. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 43:431-40. [PMID: 26749525 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Xylan represents a major component of lignocellulosic biomass, and its utilization by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is crucial for the cost effective production of ethanol from plant biomass. A recombinant xylan-degrading and xylose-assimilating Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was engineered by co-expression of the xylanase (xyn2) of Trichoderma reesei, the xylosidase (xlnD) of Aspergillus niger, the Scheffersomyces stipitis xylulose kinase (xyl3) together with the codon-optimized xylose isomerase (xylA) from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Under aerobic conditions, the recombinant strain displayed a complete respiratory mode, resulting in higher yeast biomass production and consequently higher enzyme production during growth on xylose as carbohydrate source. Under oxygen limitation, the strain produced ethanol from xylose at a maximum theoretical yield of ~90 %. This study is one of only a few that demonstrates the construction of a S. cerevisiae strain capable of growth on xylan as sole carbohydrate source by means of recombinant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlin John Mert
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Daniël Coenrad la Grange
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
| | - Shaunita Hellouise Rose
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Willem Heber van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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20
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Lee SM, Jellison T, Alper HS. Xylan catabolism is improved by blending bioprospecting and metabolic pathway engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:575-83. [PMID: 25651533 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Complete utilization of all available carbon sources in lignocellulosic biomass still remains a challenge in engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Even with efficient heterologous xylose catabolic pathways, S. cerevisiae is unable to utilize xylose in lignocellulosic biomass unless xylan is depolymerized to xylose. Here we demonstrate that a blended bioprospecting approach along with pathway engineering and evolutionary engineering can be used to improve xylan catabolism in S. cerevisiae. Specifically, we perform whole genome sequencing-based bioprospecting of a strain with remarkable pentose catabolic potential that we isolated and named Ustilago bevomyces. The heterologous expression of xylan catabolic genes enabled S. cerevisiae to grow on xylan as a single carbon source in minimal medium. A combination of bioprospecting and metabolic pathway evolution demonstrated that the xylan catabolic pathway could be further improved. Ultimately, engineering efforts were able to achieve xylan conversion into ethanol of up to 0.22 g/L on minimal medium compositions with xylan. This pathway provides a novel starting point for improving lignocellulosic conversion by yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Mi Lee
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Elgharbi F, Hlima HB, Farhat-Khemakhem A, Ayadi-Zouari D, Bejar S, Hmida-Sayari A. Expression of A. niger US368 xylanase in E. coli: Purification, characterization and copper activation. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 74:263-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Cavka A, Jo¨nsson LJ. Comparison of the growth of filamentous fungi and yeasts in lignocellulose-derived media. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Malherbe AR, Rose SH, Viljoen-Bloom M, van Zyl WH. Expression and evaluation of enzymes required for the hydrolysis of galactomannan. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 41:1201-9. [PMID: 24888762 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cost-effective production of bioethanol from lignocellulose requires the complete conversion of plant biomass, which contains up to 30 % mannan. To ensure utilisation of galactomannan during consolidated bioprocessing, heterologous production of mannan-degrading enzymes in fungal hosts was explored. The Aspergillus aculeatus endo-β-mannanase (Man1) and Talaromyces emersonii α-galactosidase (Agal) genes were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y294, and the Aspergillus niger β-mannosidase (cMndA) and synthetic Cellvibrio mixtus β-mannosidase (Man5A) genes in A. niger. Maximum enzyme activity for Man1 (374 nkat ml(-1), pH 5.47), Agal (135 nkat ml(-1), pH 2.37), cMndA (12 nkat ml(-1), pH 3.40) and Man5A (8 nkat ml(-1), pH 3.40) was observed between 60 and 70 °C. Co-expression of the Man1 and Agal genes in S. cerevisiae Y294[Agal-Man1] reduced the extracellular activity relative to individual expression of the respective genes. However, the combined action of crude Man1, Agal and Man5A enzyme preparations significantly decreased the viscosity of galactomannan in locust bean gum, confirming hydrolysis thereof. Furthermore, when complemented with exogenous Man5A, S. cerevisiae Y294[Agal-Man1] produced 56 % of the theoretical ethanol yield, corresponding to a 66 % carbohydrate conversion, on 5 g l(-1) mannose and 10 g l(-1) locust bean gum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Malherbe
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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24
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Liu Z, Xu J, Duan S, Zhang J, Zheng K, Feng X, Cheng L. Expression of modified xynA gene fragments from Bacillus subtilis BE-91. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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25
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Dmytruk KV, Sibirny AA. Metabolic engineering of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha for the construction of efficient ethanol producers. CYTOL GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452713060029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Li Z, Qu H, Li C, Zhou X. Direct and efficient xylitol production from xylan by Saccharomyces cerevisiae through transcriptional level and fermentation processing optimizations. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 149:413-419. [PMID: 24128404 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, four engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying xylanase, β-xylosidase and xylose reductase genes by different transcriptional regulations were constructed to directly convert xylan to xylitol. According to the results, the high-copy number plasmid required a rigid selection for promoter characteristics, on the contrast, the selection of promoters could be more flexible for low-copy number plasmid. For cell growth and xylitol production, glucose and galactose were found more efficient than other sugars. The semi-aerobic condition and feeding of co-substrates were taken to improve the yield of xylitol. It was found that the strain containing high-copy number plasmid had the highest xylitol yield, but it was sensitive to the change of fermentation. However, the strain carrying low-copy number plasmid was more adaptable to different processes. By optimization of the transcriptional regulation and fermentation processes, the xylitol concentration could be increased of 1.7 folds and the yield was 0.71 g xylitol/g xylan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
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27
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Viktor MJ, Rose SH, van Zyl WH, Viljoen-Bloom M. Raw starch conversion by Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing Aspergillus tubingensis amylases. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2013; 6:167. [PMID: 24286270 PMCID: PMC4176734 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch is one of the most abundant organic polysaccharides available for the production of bio-ethanol as an alternative transport fuel. Cost-effective utilisation of starch requires consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) where a single microorganism can produce the enzymes required for hydrolysis of starch, and also convert the glucose monomers to ethanol. RESULTS The Aspergillus tubingensis T8.4 α-amylase (amyA) and glucoamylase (glaA) genes were cloned and expressed in the laboratory strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y294 and the semi-industrial strain, S. cerevisiae Mnuα1. The recombinant AmyA and GlaA displayed protein sizes of 110-150 kDa and 90 kDa, respectively, suggesting significant glycosylation in S. cerevisiae. The Mnuα1[AmyA-GlaA] and Y294[AmyA-GlaA] strains were able to utilise 20 g l-1 raw corn starch as sole carbohydrate source, with ethanol titers of 9.03 and 6.67 g l-1 (0.038 and 0.028 g l-1 h-1), respectively, after 10 days. With a substrate load of 200 g l-1 raw corn starch, Mnuα1[AmyA-GlaA] yielded 70.07 g l-1 ethanol (0.58 g l-1 h-1) after 120 h of fermentation, whereas Y294[AmyA-GlaA] was less efficient at 43.33 g l-1 ethanol (0.36 g l-1 h-1). CONCLUSIONS In a semi-industrial amylolytic S. cerevisiae strain expressing the A. tubingensis α-amylase and glucoamylase genes, 200 g l-1 raw starch was completely hydrolysed (saccharified) in 120 hours with 74% converted to released sugars plus fermentation products and the remainder presumably to biomass. The single-step conversion of raw starch represents significant progress towards the realisation of CBP without the need for any heat pretreatment. Furthermore, the amylases were produced and secreted by the host strain, thus circumventing the need for exogenous amylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko J Viktor
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag ×1, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Shaunita H Rose
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag ×1, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Willem H van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag ×1, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Marinda Viljoen-Bloom
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag ×1, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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28
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Geiser E, Wierckx N, Zimmermann M, Blank LM. Identification of an endo-1,4-beta-xylanase of Ustilago maydis. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:59. [PMID: 23889751 PMCID: PMC3737115 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The utilization of raw biomass components such as cellulose or hemicellulose for the production of valuable chemicals has attracted considerable research interest in recent years. One promising approach is the application of microorganisms that naturally convert biomass constituents into value added chemicals. One of these organisms – Ustilago maydis – can grow on xylan, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, while at the same time it produces chemicals of biotechnological interest. Results In this study, we present the identification of an endo-1,4-beta xylanase responsible for xylan degradation. Xylanase activity of U. maydis cells was indirectly detected by the quantification of released reducing sugars and could be confirmed by visualizing oligosaccharides as degradation products of xylan by thin layer chromatography. A putative endo-1,4-beta-xylanase, encoded by um06350.1, was identified in the supernatant of xylan-grown cells. To confirm the activity, we displayed the putative xylanase on the surface of the xylanase negative Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100. The presented enzyme converted xylan to xylotriose, similar to the source organism U. maydis. Conclusions The xylan degradation ability together with its unicellular and yeast-like growth makes U. maydis MB215 a promising candidate for the production of valuable chemicals such as itaconic acid or glycolipids from lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, the characterization of the endo-1,4-beta-xylanase, encoded by um06350.1, is a further step towards the biotechnological application of U. maydis and its enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Geiser
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen D-52074, Germany
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29
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den Haan R, Kroukamp H, van Zyl JHD, van Zyl WH. Cellobiohydrolase secretion by yeast: Current state and prospects for improvement. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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30
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Singh RK, Tiwari MK, Kim D, Kang YC, Ramachandran P, Lee JK. Molecular cloning and characterization of a GH11 endoxylanase from Chaetomium globosum, and its use in enzymatic pretreatment of biomass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012. [PMID: 23184220 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An endo-1,4-β-xylanase gene, xylcg, was cloned from Chaetomium globosum and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. The complete gene of 675 bp was amplified, cloned into the pET 28(a) vector, and expressed. The optimal conditions for the highest activity of the purified recombinant XylCg were observed at a temperature of 40 °C and pH of 5.5. Using oat-spelt xylan, the determined K m, V max, and k cat/K m values were 0.243 mg ml⁻¹, 4,530 U mg⁻¹ protein, and 7,640 ml s⁻¹ mg⁻¹, respectively. A homology model and sequence analysis of XylCg, along with the biochemical properties, confirmed that XylCg belongs to the GH11 family. Rice straw pretreated with XylCg showed 30 % higher conversion yield than the rice straw pretreated with a commercial xylanase. Although xylanases have been characterized from fungal and bacterial sources, C. globosum XylCg is distinguished from other xylanases by its high catalytic efficiency and its effectiveness in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raushan Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
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31
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Fungal β-glucosidase expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:1445-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains expressing β-glucosidases from Thermoascus aurantiacus (Tabgl1) and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PcbglB and Pccbgl1) were constructed and compared to S. cerevisiae Y294[SFI], previously identified as the best β-glucosidase-producing strain. The PcbglB was also intracellularly expressed in combination with the lac12 lactose permease of Kluyveromyces lactis in S. cerevisiae Y294[PcbglB + Lac12]. The recombinant extracellular β-glucosidases indicated maximum activity in the pH range 4–5 and temperature optima varying from 50 to 75 °C. The S. cerevisiae Y294[Pccbgl1] strain performed best under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, producing 2.6 times more β-glucosidase activity than S. cerevisiae Y294[SFI] and an ethanol concentration of 4.8 g l−1 after 24 h of cultivation on cellobiose as sole carbohydrate source. S. cerevisiae Y294[Tabgl1] was unable to grow on cellobiose (liquid medium), whereas S. cerevisiae Y294[PcbglB + Lac12] exhibited limited growth.
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Zheng J, Zhao W, Guo N, Lin F, Tian J, Wu L, Zhou H. Development of an industrial medium and a novel fed-batch strategy for high-level expression of recombinant β-mananase by Pichia pastoris. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 118:257-264. [PMID: 22705532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An industrial medium, Corn Steep Liquor Powder Dextrose (CSD medium) was developed for constitutive expression of recombinant β-mananase by Pichia pastoris. The β-mananase activity (513 U/mL) with CSD medium was 1.64- and 2.5-fold higher than with YPD and BSM in shaken flasks. The β-mananase productivity with CSD medium was 61.0 U/mL h, which was 1.7- and 2.5-fold higher than with YPD and BSM in a 5-L fermenter based on a novel fed-batch strategy combining the real-time exponential feed mode with the DO-stat feed mode. The β-mananase activity, dry cell weight and the recombinant enzyme reached up to 5132 U/mL, 110.0 g/L and 4.50 g/L after 50 h cultivation in a 50-L fermenter. The high efficient expression of recombinant β-mananase by P. pastoris indicated that CSD medium and the novel fed-batch strategy have great potential for the production of recombinant β-mananase in industrial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zheng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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33
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Li J, Wang J, Wang S, Xing M, Yu S, Liu G. Achieving efficient protein expression in Trichoderma reesei by using strong constitutive promoters. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:84. [PMID: 22709462 PMCID: PMC3439336 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds The fungus Trichoderma reesei is an important workhorse for expression of homologous or heterologous genes, and the inducible cbh1 promoter is generally used. However, constitutive expression is more preferable in some cases than inducible expression that leads to production of unwanted cellulase components. In this work, constitutive promoters of T. reesei were screened and successfully used for high level homologous expression of xylanase II. Results The transcriptional profiles of 13 key genes that participate in glucose metabolism in T. reesei were analyzed by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The results indicated that the mRNA levels of pdc (encoding pyruvate decarboxylase) and eno (encoding enolase) genes were much higher than other genes under high glucose conditions. Recombinant T. reesei strains that homologously expressed xylanase II were constructed by using the promoters of the pdc and eno genes, and they respectively produced 9266 IU/ml and 8866 IU/ml of xylanase activities in the cultivation supernatant in a medium with high glucose concentration. The productivities of xylanase II were 1.61 g/L (with the pdc promoter) and 1.52 g/L (with the eno promoter), approximately accounted for 83% and 82% of the total protein secreted by T. reesei, respectively. Conclusions This work demonstrates the screening of constitutive promoters by using RT-qPCR in T. reesei, and has obtained the highest expression of recombinant xylanase II to date by using these promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Li
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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van Rensburg E, den Haan R, Smith J, van Zyl WH, Görgens JF. The metabolic burden of cellulase expression by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y294 in aerobic batch culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:197-209. [PMID: 22526794 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two recombinant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y294 producing cellulase using different expression strategies were compared to a reference strain in aerobic culture to evaluate the potential metabolic burden that cellulase expression imposed on the yeast metabolism. In a chemically defined mineral medium with glucose as carbon source, S. cerevisiae strain Y294[CEL5] with plasmid-borne cellulase genes produced endoglucanase and β-glucosidase activities of 0.038 and 0.30 U mg dry cell weight(-1), respectively. Chromosomal expression of these two cellulases in strain Y294[Y118p] resulted in no detectable activity, although low levels of episomally co-expressed cellobiohydrolase (CBH) activity were detected. Whereas the biomass concentration of strain Y294[CEL5] was slightly greater than that of a reference strain, CBH expression by Y294[Y118p] resulted in a 1.4-fold lower maximum specific growth rate than that of the reference. Supplementation of the growth medium with amino acids significantly improved culture growth and enzyme production, but only partially mitigated the physiological effects and metabolic burden of cellulase expression. Glycerol production was decreased significantly, up to threefold, in amino acid-supplemented cultures, apparently due to redox balancing. Disproportionately higher levels of glycerol production by Y294[CEL5] indicated a potential correlation between the redox balance of anabolism and the physiological stress of cellulase production. With the reliance on cellulase expression in yeast for the development of consolidated bioprocesses for bioethanol production, this work demonstrates the need for development of yeasts that are physiologically robust in response to burdens imposed by heterologous enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugéne van Rensburg
- Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
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35
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Direct conversion of xylan to ethanol by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains displaying an engineered minihemicellulosome. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:3837-45. [PMID: 22447594 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07679-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabinoxylan is a heteropolymeric chain of a β-1,4-linked xylose backbone substituted with arabinose residues, representing a principal component of plant cell walls. Here we developed recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains as whole-cell biocatalysts capable of combining hemicellulase production, xylan hydrolysis, and hydrolysate fermentation into a single step. These strains displayed a series of uni-, bi-, and trifunctional minihemicellulosomes that consisted of a miniscaffoldin (CipA3/CipA1) and up to three chimeric enzymes. The miniscaffoldin derived from Clostridium thermocellum contained one or three cohesin modules and was tethered to the cell surface through the S. cerevisiae a-agglutinin adhesion receptor. Up to three types of hemicellulases, an endoxylanase (XynII), an arabinofuranosidase (AbfB), and a β-xylosidase (XlnD), each bearing a C-terminal dockerin, were assembled onto the miniscaffoldin by high-affinity cohesin-dockerin interactions. Compared to uni- and bifunctional minihemicellulosomes, the resulting quaternary trifunctional complexes exhibited an enhanced rate of hydrolysis of arabinoxylan. Furthermore, with an integrated d-xylose-utilizing pathway, the recombinant yeast displaying the bifunctional minihemicellulosome CipA3-XynII-XlnD could simultaneously hydrolyze and ferment birchwood xylan to ethanol with a yield of 0.31 g per g of sugar consumed.
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The Transgenic Poplar as an Efficient Bioreactor System for the Production of Xylanase. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1140-5. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Development of yeast cell factories for consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulose to bioethanol through cell surface engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:1207-18. [PMID: 22085593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
To build an energy and material secure future, a next generation of renewable fuels produced from lignocellulosic biomass is required. Although lignocellulosic biomass, which represents an abundant, inexpensive and renewable source for bioethanol production, is of great interest as a feedstock, the complicated ethanol production processes involved make the cost of producing bioethanol from it higher compared to corn starch and cane juice. Therefore, consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), which combines enzyme production, saccharification and fermentation in a single step, has gained increased recognition as a potential bioethanol production system. CBP requires a highly engineered microorganism developed for several different process-specific characteristics. The dominant strategy for engineering a CBP biocatalyst is to express multiple components of a cellulolytic system from either fungi or bacteria in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The development of recombinant yeast strains displaying cellulases and hemicellulases on the cell surface represents significant progress toward realization of CBP. Regardless of the process used for biomass hydrolysis, CBP-enabling microorganisms encounter a variety of toxic compounds produced during biomass pretreatment that inhibit microbial growth and ethanol yield. Systems biology approaches including disruptome screening, transcriptomics, and metabolomics have been recently exploited to gain insight into the molecular and genetic traits involved in tolerance and adaptation to the fermentation inhibitors. In this review, we focus on recent advances in development of yeast strains with both the ability to directly convert lignocellulosic material to ethanol and tolerance in the harsh environments containing toxic compounds in the presence of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Sadie CJ, Rose SH, den Haan R, van Zyl WH. Co-expression of a cellobiose phosphorylase and lactose permease enables intracellular cellobiose utilisation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:1373-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Standard YPD, even supplemented with extra nutrients, does not always compensate growth defects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae auxotrophic strains. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2010; 99:591-600. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-010-9530-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Optimization of the Trichoderma reesei endo-1,4-beta-xylanase production by recombinant Pichia pastoris. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cavka A, Alriksson B, Rose SH, van Zyl WH, Jönsson LJ. Biorefining of wood: combined production of ethanol and xylanase from waste fiber sludge. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 38:891-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0856-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Ouyang J, Wang S, Wang Y, Li X, Chen M, Yong Q, Yu S. Production of a Trichoderma reesei QM9414 xylanase in Pichia pastoris and its application in biobleaching of wheat straw pulp. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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van Wyk N, den Haan R, van Zyl WH. Heterologous co-production of Thermobifida fusca Cel9A with other cellulases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1813-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Heterologous production of NpCel6A from Neocallimastix patriciarum in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Alriksson B, Horváth IS, Jönsson LJ. Overexpression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor and multidrug resistance genes conveys enhanced resistance to lignocellulose-derived fermentation inhibitors. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Functional characterisation of a recombinant xylanase fromPichia pastorisand effect of the enzyme on nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs. Br J Nutr 2010; 103:1507-13. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509993333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Thexyn2gene of a filamentous mesophilic fungus,Trichoderma reesei, coding xylanase 2 (Xyn2) was previously expressed inPichia pastoris. In the present study, the recombinant Xyn2 was prepared from a 15 litre fermenter, and subsequently characterised. It has been confirmed to have a molecular mass of 21 kDa, an optimal pH of 6·0 and an optimal temperature of 60°C. When tested using oat-spelt xylan, it showed aKmand catalytic rate constant (kcat) of 1·1 mg/ml and 512·4/s, respectively. Analysis of the products from oat-spelt xylan degradation confirmed that the enzyme was an endoxylanase with xylotriose and xylobiose as the main degradation products. The unprocessed Xyn2 was supplemented to a xylan-containing diet to determine its influences on performance and nutrient digestibilities by weaned pigs. Results showed that the average body-weight gain increased 16·9 % when piglets received Xyn2 at a concentration of 500 U/kg diet. There also was a positive (0·05 < P < 0·10) effect on the digestibility values of crude protein, ash, Ca and acid-detergent fibre with Xyn2 supplementation. The potential benefits of Xyn2 in the nutrition of weaned pigs should make it an alternative applicant for industrial xylanase production.
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du Plessis L, Rose SH, van Zyl WH. Exploring improved endoglucanase expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 86:1503-11. [PMID: 20041241 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 12/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The endoglucanase I and II genes (egI or Cel7B and egII or Cel5A) of Trichoderma reesei QM6a were successfully cloned and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the transcriptional control of the yeast ENO1 promoter and terminator sequences. Random mutagenesis of the egI-bearing plasmid resulted in a twofold increase in extracellular EGI activity. Both endoglucanase genes were co-expressed with the synthetic, codon-optimised cellobiohydrolase gene (s-cbhI) from T. reesei as well as the beta-glucosidase gene (bgl1) from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera in S. cerevisiae. Extracellular endoglucanase activity was lower when co-expressed with s-cbhI or bgl1. Recombinant strains were able to hydrolyse phosphoric acid swollen cellulose, generating mainly cellotriose, cellobiose and glucose. Cellobiose accumulated, suggesting the beta-glucosidase activity to be the rate-limiting factor. As a consequence, the recombinant strains were unable to produce enough glucose for growth on amorphous cellulose. The results of this study provide insight into further optimisation of recombinantly expressed cellulase combinations for saccharification and fermentation of cellulose to ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa du Plessis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, De Beer Street, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
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Jun H, Bing Y, Keying Z, Daiwen C. Functional characterization of a recombinant thermostable xylanase from Pichia pastoris: A hybrid enzyme being suitable for xylooligosaccharides production. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lee JH, Heo SY, Lee JW, Yoon KH, Kim YH, Nam SW. Thermostability and xylan-hydrolyzing property of endoxylanase expressed in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-009-0014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Expression of a Trichoderma reesei β-xylanase gene in Escherichia coli and activity of the enzyme on fiber-bound substrates. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 67:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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