1
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Sun L, Walls SA, Dang H, Quinney NL, Sears PR, Sadritabrizi T, Hasegawa K, Okuda K, Asakura T, Chang X, Zheng M, Mikami Y, Dizmond FU, Danilova D, Zhou L, Deshmukh A, Cholon DM, Radicioni G, Rogers TD, Kissner WJ, Markovetz MR, Guhr Lee TN, Gutay MI, Esther CR, Chua M, Grubb BR, Ehre C, Kesimer M, Hill DB, Ostrowski LE, Button B, Gentzsch M, Robinson C, Olivier KN, Freeman AF, Randell SH, O'Neal WK, Boucher RC, Chen G. Dysregulated Airway Host Defense in Hyper IgE Syndrome due to STAT3 Mutations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.14.607930. [PMID: 39211176 PMCID: PMC11361074 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.14.607930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Rationale Hyper IgE syndrome (STAT3-HIES), also known as Job's syndrome, is a rare immunodeficiency disease typically caused by dominant-negative STAT3 mutations. STAT3-HIES syndrome is characterized by chronic pulmonary infection and inflammation, suggesting impairment of pulmonary innate host defense. Objectives To identify airway epithelial host defense defects consequent to STAT3 mutations that, in addition to reported mutant STAT3 immunologic abnormalities, produce pulmonary infection. Methods STAT3-HIES sputum was evaluated for biochemical/biophysical properties. STAT3-HIES excised lungs were harvested for histology; bronchial brush samples were collected for RNA sequencing and in vitro culture. A STAT3-HIES-specific mutation (R382W), expressed by lentiviruses, and a STAT3 knockout, generated by CRISPR/Cas9, were maintained in normal human bronchial epithelia under basal or inflammatory (IL1β) conditions. Effects of STAT3 deficiency on transcriptomics, and epithelial ion channel, secretory, antimicrobial, and ciliary functions were assessed. Measurements and Main Results Mucus concentrations and viscoelasticity were increased in STAT3-HIES sputum. STAT3-HIES excised lungs exhibited mucus obstruction and elevated IL1β expression. STAT3 deficiency impaired CFTR-dependent fluid and mucin secretion, inhibited expression of antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, and chemokines, and acidified airway surface liquid at baseline and post-IL1β exposure in vitro. Notably, mutant STAT3 suppressed IL1R1 expression. STAT3 mutations also inhibited ciliogenesis in vivo and impaired mucociliary transport in vitro, a process mediated via HES6 suppression. Administration of a γ-secretase inhibitor increased HES6 expression and improved ciliogenesis in STAT3 R382W mutant cells. Conclusions STAT3 dysfunction leads to multi-component defects in airway epithelial innate defense, which, in conjunction with STAT3-HIES immune deficiency, contributes to chronic pulmonary infection.
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Walker AJ, Graham C, Greenwood M, Woodall M, Maeshima R, O’Hara-Wright M, Sanz DJ, Guerrini I, Aldossary AM, O’Callaghan C, Baines DL, Harrison PT, Hart SL. Molecular and functional correction of a deep intronic splicing mutation in CFTR by CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101140. [PMID: 38027060 PMCID: PMC10661860 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. The 10th most common mutation, c.3178-2477C>T (3849+10kb C>T), involves a cryptic, intronic splice site. This mutation was corrected in CF primary cells homozygous for this mutation by delivering pairs of guide RNAs (gRNAs) with Cas9 protein in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes that introduce double-strand breaks to flanking sites to excise the 3849+10kb C>T mutation, followed by DNA repair by the non-homologous end-joining pathway, which functions in all cells of the airway epithelium. RNP complexes were delivered to CF basal epithelial cell by a non-viral, receptor-targeted nanocomplex comprising a formulation of targeting peptides and lipids. Canonical CFTR mRNA splicing was, thus, restored leading to the restoration of CFTR protein expression with concomitant restoration of electrophysiological function in airway epithelial air-liquid interface cultures. Off-target editing was not detected by Sanger sequencing of in silico-selected genomic sites with the highest sequence similarities to the gRNAs, although more sensitive unbiased whole genome sequencing methods would be required for possible translational developments. This approach could potentially be used to correct aberrant splicing signals in several other CF mutations and other genetic disorders where deep-intronic mutations are pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Walker
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Carina Graham
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Miriam Greenwood
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Maximillian Woodall
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Ruhina Maeshima
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Michelle O’Hara-Wright
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - David J. Sanz
- Department of Physiology, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ileana Guerrini
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Ahmad M. Aldossary
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Christopher O’Callaghan
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Deborah L. Baines
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Patrick T. Harrison
- Department of Physiology, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stephen L. Hart
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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3
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Lee RE, Reidel B, Nelson MR, Macdonald JK, Kesimer M, Randell SH. Air-Liquid interface cultures to model drug delivery through the mucociliary epithelial barrier. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114866. [PMID: 37196698 PMCID: PMC10336980 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells from mucociliary portions of the airways can be readily grown and expanded in vitro. When grown on a porous membrane at an air-liquid interface (ALI) the cells form a confluent, electrically resistive barrier separating the apical and basolateral compartments. ALI cultures replicate key morphological, molecular and functional features of the in vivo epithelium, including mucus secretion and mucociliary transport. Apical secretions contain secreted gel-forming mucins, shed cell-associated tethered mucins, and hundreds of additional molecules involved in host defense and homeostasis. The respiratory epithelial cell ALI model is a time-proven workhorse that has been employed in various studies elucidating the structure and function of the mucociliary apparatus and disease pathogenesis. It serves as a critical milestone test for small molecule and genetic therapies targeting airway diseases. To fully exploit the potential of this important tool, numerous technical variables must be thoughtfully considered and carefully executed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhianna E Lee
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, United States
| | - Boris Reidel
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Mark R Nelson
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, United States
| | - Jade K Macdonald
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, United States
| | - Mehmet Kesimer
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, United States.
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4
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Wu T, Wrennall JA, Dang H, Baines DL, Tarran R. Passaging Primary Human Bronchial Epithelia Reduces CFTR-Mediated Fluid Transport and Alters mRNA Expression. Cells 2023; 12:997. [PMID: 37048070 PMCID: PMC10092965 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary human bronchial epithelial cultures (HBECs) are used to study airway physiology, disease, and drug development. HBECs often replicate human airway physiology/pathophysiology. Indeed, in the search for cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) therapies, HBECs were seen as the "gold standard" in preclinical studies. However, HBECs are not without their limitations: they are non-immortalized and the requirement for human donors, especially those with rare genetic mutations, can make HBECs expensive and/or difficult to source. For these reasons, researchers may opt to expand HBECs by passaging. This practice is common, but to date, there has not been a robust analysis of the impact of expanding HBECs on their phenotype. Here, we used functional studies of airway surface liquid (ASL) homeostasis, epithelial barrier properties, and RNA-seq and Western blotting to investigate HBEC changes over two passage cycles. We found that passaging impaired CFTR-mediated ASL secretion and led to a reduction in the plasma membrane expression of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR. Passaging also resulted in an increase in transepithelial resistance and a decrease in epithelial water permeability. We then looked for changes at the mRNA level and found that passaging significantly affected 323 genes, including genes involved in inflammation, cell growth, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Collectively, these data highlight the potential for HBEC expansion to impact research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongde Wu
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joe A. Wrennall
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hong Dang
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Deborah L. Baines
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, Tooting, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Robert Tarran
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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5
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Lee RE, Lewis CA, He L, Bulik-Sullivan EC, Gallant SC, Mascenik TM, Dang H, Cholon DM, Gentzsch M, Morton LC, Minges JT, Theile JW, Castle NA, Knowles MR, Kimple AJ, Randell SH. Small molecule eRF3a degraders rescue CFTR nonsense mutations by promoting premature termination codon readthrough. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:154571. [PMID: 35900863 PMCID: PMC9479597 DOI: 10.1172/jci154571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of people with cystic fibrosis (CF) are now eligible for CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR) modulator therapy. The remaining individuals with CF harbor premature termination codons (PTCs) or rare CFTR variants with limited treatment options. Although the clinical modulator response can be reliably predicted using primary airway epithelial cells, primary cells carrying rare CFTR variants are scarce. To overcome this obstacle, cell lines can be created by overexpression of mouse Bmi-1 and human TERT (hTERT). Using this approach, we developed 2 non-CF and 6 CF airway epithelial cell lines, 3 of which were homozygous for the W1282X PTC variant. The Bmi-1/hTERT cell lines recapitulated primary cell morphology and ion transport function. The 2 F508del-CFTR cell lines responded robustly to CFTR modulators, which was mirrored in the parent primary cells and in the cell donors’ clinical response. Cereblon E3 ligase modulators targeting eukaryotic release factor 3a (eRF3a) rescued W1282X-CFTR function to approximately 20% of WT levels and, when paired with G418, rescued G542X-CFTR function to approximately 50% of WT levels. Intriguingly, eRF3a degraders also diminished epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) function. These studies demonstrate that Bmi-1/hTERT cell lines faithfully mirrored primary cell responses to CFTR modulators and illustrate a therapeutic approach to rescue CFTR nonsense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhianna E Lee
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Catherine A Lewis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Lihua He
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Emily C Bulik-Sullivan
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Samuel C Gallant
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Teresa M Mascenik
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Hong Dang
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Deborah M Cholon
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Martina Gentzsch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Lisa C Morton
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - John T Minges
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | | | - Neil A Castle
- Research and Development, Icagen, Durham, United States of America
| | - Michael R Knowles
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Adam J Kimple
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
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6
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Kabadi AM, Machlin L, Dalal N, Lee RE, McDowell I, Shah NN, Drowley L, Randell SH, Reddy TE. Epigenome editing of the CFTR-locus for treatment of cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2022; 21:164-171. [PMID: 34049825 PMCID: PMC8613331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms governing the diversity of CFTR gene expression throughout the body are complex. Multiple intronic and distal regulatory elements are responsible for regulating differential CFTR expression across tissues. METHODS Drawing on published data, 18 high-priority genomic regions were identified and interrogated for CFTR-enhancer function using CRISPR/dCas9-based epigenome editing tools. Each region was evaluated by dCas9p300 and dCas9KRAB for its ability to enhance or repress CFTR expression, respectively. RESULTS Multiple genomic regions were tested for enhancer activity using CRISPR/dCas9 epigenome editing. dCas9p300 mediates a significant increase in CFTR mRNA levels when targeted to the promoter and a region 44 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site in a CFTR-low expressing cell line. Multiple gRNAs targeting the promoter induced a robust increase in CFTR protein levels. In contrast, dCas9KRAB-mediated repression is much more robust with 10 of the 18 evaluated genomic regions inducing CFTR protein knockdown. To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of modulating CFTR gene regulation, dCas9p300 was used to induce elevated levels of CFTR from the endogenous locus in ΔF508/ΔF508 human bronchial epithelial cells. Ussing chamber studies demonstrated a synergistic increase in ion transport in response to CRISPR-induced expression of ΔF508 CFTR mRNA along with VX809 treatment. CONCLUSIONS CRISPR/dCas9-based epigenome-editing provides a previously unexplored tool for interrogating CFTR enhancer function. Here, we demonstrate that therapeutic interventions that increase the expression of CFTR may improve the efficacy of CFTR modulators. A better understanding CFTR regulatory mechanisms could uncover novel therapeutic interventions for the development of cystic fibrosis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami M Kabadi
- Element Genomics, a UCB Pharma company, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Leah Machlin
- Element Genomics, a UCB Pharma company, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nikita Dalal
- Element Genomics, a UCB Pharma company, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rhianna E Lee
- Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ian McDowell
- Element Genomics, a UCB Pharma company, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nirav N Shah
- Element Genomics, a UCB Pharma company, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Timothy E Reddy
- Element Genomics, a UCB Pharma company, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA.
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7
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Lee DF, Lethem MI, Lansley AB. A comparison of three mucus-secreting airway cell lines (Calu-3, SPOC1 and UNCN3T) for use as biopharmaceutical models of the nose and lung. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 167:159-174. [PMID: 34332033 PMCID: PMC8422164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to compare three existing mucus-secreting airway cell lines for use as models of the airways to study drug transport in the presence of mucus. Each cell line secreted mature, glycosylated mucins, evidenced by the enzyme-linked lectin assay. The secretagogue, adenylyl-imidodiphosphate, increased mucin secretion in SPOC1 (3.5-fold) and UNCN3T (1.5-fold) cells but not in Calu-3 cells. In a novel mucus-depleted (MD) model the amount of mucus in the non-depleted wells was 3-, 8- and 4-fold higher than in the mucus-depleted wells of the Calu-3, SPOC1 and UNCN3T cells respectively. The permeability of 'high mucus' cells to testosterone was significantly less in SPOC1 and UNCN3T cells (P < 0.05) but not Calu-3 cells. Mucin secretion and cytokine release were investigated as indicators of drug irritancy in the SPOC1 and UNCN3T cell lines. A number of inhaled drugs significantly increased mucin secretion at high concentrations and the release of IL-6 and IL-8 from SPOC1 or UNCN3T cells (P < 0.05). SPOC1 and UNCN3T cell lines are better able to model the effect of mucus on drug absorption than the Calu-3 cell line and are proposed for use in assessing drug-mucus interactions in inhaled drug and formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane F Lee
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK(1).
| | - Michael I Lethem
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Alison B Lansley
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
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Selo MA, Sake JA, Kim KJ, Ehrhardt C. In vitro and ex vivo models in inhalation biopharmaceutical research - advances, challenges and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113862. [PMID: 34256080 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral inhalation results in pulmonary drug targeting and thereby reduces systemic side effects, making it the preferred means of drug delivery for the treatment of respiratory disorders such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cystic fibrosis. In addition, the high alveolar surface area, relatively low enzymatic activity and rich blood supply of the distal airspaces offer a promising pathway to the systemic circulation. This is particularly advantageous when a rapid onset of pharmacological action is desired or when the drug is suffering from stability issues or poor biopharmaceutical performance following oral administration. Several cell and tissue-based in vitro and ex vivo models have been developed over the years, with the intention to realistically mimic pulmonary biological barriers. It is the aim of this review to critically discuss the available models regarding their advantages and limitations and to elaborate further which biopharmaceutical questions can and cannot be answered using the existing models.
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9
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Woodall MNJ, Masonou T, Case K, Smith CM. Human models for COVID-19 research. J Physiol 2021; 599:4255-4267. [PMID: 34287894 PMCID: PMC8447334 DOI: 10.1113/jp281499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, therapeutics for COVID-19 are limited. To overcome this, it is important that we use physiologically relevant models to reproduce the pathology of infection and evaluate the efficacy of antiviral drugs. Models of airway infection, including the use of a human infection challenge model or well-defined, disease relevant in vitro systems can help determine the key components that perpetuate the severity of the disease. Here, we briefly review the human models that are currently being used in COVID-19 research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tereza Masonou
- GOS Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Claire M. Smith
- GOS Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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10
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Dang Y, van Heusden C, Nickerson V, Chung F, Wang Y, Quinney NL, Gentzsch M, Randell SH, Moulton HM, Kole R, Ni A, Juliano RL, Kreda SM. Enhanced delivery of peptide-morpholino oligonucleotides with a small molecule to correct splicing defects in the lung. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:6100-6113. [PMID: 34107015 PMCID: PMC8216463 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary diseases offer many targets for oligonucleotide therapeutics. However, effective delivery of oligonucleotides to the lung is challenging. For example, splicing mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) affect a significant cohort of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients. These individuals could potentially benefit from treatment with splice switching oligonucleotides (SSOs) that can modulate splicing of CFTR and restore its activity. However, previous studies in cell culture used oligonucleotide transfection methods that cannot be safely translated in vivo. In this report, we demonstrate effective correction of a splicing mutation in the lung of a mouse model using SSOs. Moreover, we also demonstrate effective correction of a CFTR splicing mutation in a pre-clinical CF patient-derived cell model. We utilized a highly effective delivery strategy for oligonucleotides by combining peptide-morpholino (PPMO) SSOs with small molecules termed OECs. PPMOs distribute broadly into the lung and other tissues while OECs potentiate the effects of oligonucleotides by releasing them from endosomal entrapment. The combined PPMO plus OEC approach proved to be effective both in CF patient cells and in vivo in the mouse lung and thus may offer a path to the development of novel therapeutics for splicing mutations in CF and other lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dang
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 6009 Thurston Bowles Bldg, Chapel Hill NC 27599-7248, USA
| | - Catharina van Heusden
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 6009 Thurston Bowles Bldg, Chapel Hill NC 27599-7248, USA
| | - Veronica Nickerson
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 6009 Thurston Bowles Bldg, Chapel Hill NC 27599-7248, USA
| | - Felicity Chung
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 6009 Thurston Bowles Bldg, Chapel Hill NC 27599-7248, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 6009 Thurston Bowles Bldg, Chapel Hill NC 27599-7248, USA
| | - Nancy L Quinney
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 6009 Thurston Bowles Bldg, Chapel Hill NC 27599-7248, USA
| | - Martina Gentzsch
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 6009 Thurston Bowles Bldg, Chapel Hill NC 27599-7248, USA
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 6009 Thurston Bowles Bldg, Chapel Hill NC 27599-7248, USA
| | - Hong M Moulton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ryszard Kole
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4010 Genetic Medicine Bldg, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Aiguo Ni
- Initos Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | | | - Silvia M Kreda
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 6009 Thurston Bowles Bldg, Chapel Hill NC 27599-7248, USA
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11
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Orr JC, Hynds RE. Stem Cell-derived Respiratory Epithelial Cell Cultures as Human Disease Models. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:657-668. [PMID: 33428856 PMCID: PMC8456877 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0440tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in stem cell biology and the understanding of factors that determine lung stem cell self-renewal have enabled long-term in vitro culture of human lung cells derived from airway basal and alveolar type II cells. Improved capability to expand and study primary cells long term, including in clonal cultures that are recently derived from a single cell, will allow experiments that address fundamental questions about lung homeostasis and repair, as well as translational questions in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer research. Here, we provide a brief history of postnatal lung epithelial cell culture and describe recent methodological advances. We further discuss the applications of primary cultures in defining "normal" epithelium, in modeling lung disease, and in future cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Orr
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, and
| | - Robert E Hynds
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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DePianto DJ, Heiden JAV, Morshead KB, Sun KH, Modrusan Z, Teng G, Wolters PJ, Arron JR. Molecular mapping of interstitial lung disease reveals a phenotypically distinct senescent basal epithelial cell population. JCI Insight 2021; 6:143626. [PMID: 33705361 PMCID: PMC8119199 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Compromised regenerative capacity of lung epithelial cells can lead to cellular senescence, which may precipitate fibrosis. While increased markers of senescence have been reported in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the origin and identity of these senescent cells remain unclear, and tools to characterize context-specific cellular senescence in human lung are lacking. We observed that the senescent marker p16 is predominantly localized to bronchiolized epithelial structures in scarred regions of IPF and systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) lung tissue, overlapping with the basal epithelial markers Keratin 5 and Keratin 17. Using in vitro models, we derived transcriptional signatures of senescence programming specific to different types of lung epithelial cells and interrogated these signatures in a single-cell RNA-Seq data set derived from control, IPF, and SSc-ILD lung tissue. We identified a population of basal epithelial cells defined by, and enriched for, markers of cellular senescence and identified candidate markers specific to senescent basal epithelial cells in ILD that can enable future functional studies. Notably, gene expression of these cells significantly overlaps with terminally differentiating cells in stratified epithelia, where it is driven by p53 activation as part of the senescence program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kai-Hui Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Paul J. Wolters
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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13
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Tan JJ, Wang L, Mo TT, Dai YF, Lu J, Liu X, Chen HH, Tian WD, Li XP. Establishment of Immortalized Laryngeal Epithelial Cells Transfected with Bmi1. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720908198. [PMID: 32249592 PMCID: PMC7444206 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720908198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary laryngeal epithelial cells are essential to exploring the
mechanisms of laryngeal and voice disorders; however, they are
difficult to study and apply because of their limited life span. The
purpose of this study was to develop a stable and reliable in
vitro model for the comprehensive study of the
pathogenesis of laryngeal and voice diseases. The pLVTHM-Bmi1 plasmid
was constructed and used to immortalize primary laryngeal epithelial
cells by lentiviral infection. The expressions of Bmi1, human
telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), p53, and pRB pathway
proteins were detected by western blotting. Functional characteristics
of the immortalized cell lines were verified by cell senescence
β-galactosidase staining, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine cell proliferation
test, and flow cytometry. We successfully introduced Bmi into human
subglottic (hSG) cells and human ventricle (hV) cells. Both the human
immortalized subglottic Bmi1 (hSG-Bmi1) cell line and the human
immortalized ventricle Bmi1 (hV-Bmi1) cell line maintained normal
epithelial morphology and divided successfully after more than 20
culture passages. As Bmi1 was overexpressed in these cells, the
expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and
phosphorylated Rb increased while p16 and p21 decreased. Following
Bmi1-mediated immortalization, cell senescence decreased
significantly, and cell proliferation was accelerated. Tumor formation
was not observed for hSG, hV, or hSG-Bmi1, and hV-Bmi1 cells in nude
mice. hSG-Bmi1 cells dominated by stratified squamous epithelium and
hV-Bmi1 cells dominated by columnar cells were established. The new
cell lines lay a foundation for the study of the pathogenic mechanisms
of laryngeal and voice diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jie Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Both the authors are co-first authors and contributed equally to this article
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Both the authors are co-first authors and contributed equally to this article
| | - Ting-Ting Mo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Feng Dai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huai-Hong Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Dong Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Harrison EB, Porrello A, Bowman BM, Belanger AR, Yacovone G, Azam SH, Windham IA, Ghosh SK, Wang M, Mckenzie N, Waugh TA, Van Swearingen AED, Cohen SM, Allen DG, Goodwin TJ, Mascenik T, Bear JE, Cohen S, Randell SH, Massion PP, Major MB, Huang L, Pecot CV. A Circle RNA Regulatory Axis Promotes Lung Squamous Metastasis via CDR1-Mediated Regulation of Golgi Trafficking. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4972-4985. [PMID: 32978168 PMCID: PMC7669576 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lung squamous carcinoma (LUSC) is a highly metastatic disease with a poor prognosis. Using an integrated screening approach, we found that miR-671-5p reduces LUSC metastasis by inhibiting a circular RNA (circRNA), CDR1as. Although the putative function of circRNA is through miRNA sponging, we found that miR-671-5p more potently silenced an axis of CDR1as and its antisense transcript, cerebellar degeneration related protein 1 (CDR1). Silencing of CDR1as or CDR1 significantly inhibited LUSC metastases and CDR1 was sufficient to promote migration and metastases. CDR1, which directly interacted with adaptor protein 1 (AP1) complex subunits and coatomer protein I (COPI) proteins, no longer promoted migration upon blockade of Golgi trafficking. Therapeutic inhibition of the CDR1as/CDR1 axis with miR-671-5p mimics reduced metastasis in vivo. This report demonstrates a novel role for CDR1 in promoting metastasis and Golgi trafficking. These findings reveal an miRNA/circRNA axis that regulates LUSC metastases through a previously unstudied protein, CDR1. SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows that circRNA, CDR1as, promotes lung squamous migration, metastasis, and Golgi trafficking through its complimentary transcript, CDR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Harrison
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alessandro Porrello
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Brittany M Bowman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Adam R Belanger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Gabriella Yacovone
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Salma H Azam
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ian A Windham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Subrata K Ghosh
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Menglin Wang
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nicholas Mckenzie
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Trent A Waugh
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Stephanie M Cohen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Devon G Allen
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Tyler J Goodwin
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Teresa Mascenik
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James E Bear
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah Cohen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott H Randell
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pierre P Massion
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael B Major
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Leaf Huang
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Chad V Pecot
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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15
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Lee RE, Miller SM, Mascenik TM, Lewis CA, Dang H, Boggs ZH, Tarran R, Randell SH. Assessing Human Airway Epithelial Progenitor Cells for Cystic Fibrosis Cell Therapy. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:374-385. [PMID: 32437238 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0384oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the CFTR (CF transmembrane regulator) gene. Pharmacologic therapies directed at CFTR have been developed but are not effective for mutations that result in little or no mRNA or protein expression. Cell therapy is a potential mutation-agnostic approach to treatment. One strategy is to harvest human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) for gene addition or genetic correction, followed by expansion and engraftment. This approach will require cells to grow extensively while retaining their ability to reconstitute CFTR activity. We hypothesized that conditionally reprogrammed cell (CRC) technology, namely growth in the presence of irradiated feeder cells and a Rho kinase inhibitor, would enable expansion while maintaining cell capacity to express functional CFTR. Our goal was to compare expression of the basal cell marker NGFR (nerve growth factor receptor) and three-dimensional bronchosphere colony-forming efficiency (CFE) in early- and later-passage HBECs grown using nonproprietary bronchial epithelial growth medium or the CRC method. Cell number and CFTR activity were determined in a competitive repopulation assay employing chimeric air-liquid interface cultures. HBECs expanded using the CRC method expressed the highest NGFR levels, had the greatest 3D colony-forming efficiency at later passage, generated greater cell numbers in chimeric cultures, and most effectively reconstituted CFTR activity. In our study, the HBEC air-liquid interface model, an informative testing platform proven vital for the development of other CF therapies, illustrated that cells grown by CRC technology or equivalent methods may be useful for cell therapy of CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhianna E Lee
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center and.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Hong Dang
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center and
| | | | - Robert Tarran
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center and.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center and.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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16
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Shirazi J, Donzanti MJ, Nelson KM, Zurakowski R, Fromen CA, Gleghorn JP. Significant Unresolved Questions and Opportunities for Bioengineering in Understanding and Treating COVID-19 Disease Progression. Cell Mol Bioeng 2020; 13:259-284. [PMID: 32837585 PMCID: PMC7384395 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-020-00637-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a disease that manifests itself in a multitude of ways across a wide range of tissues. Many factors are involved, and though impressive strides have been made in studying this novel disease in a very short time, there is still a great deal that is unknown about how the virus functions. Clinical data has been crucial for providing information on COVID-19 progression and determining risk factors. However, the mechanisms leading to the multi-tissue pathology are yet to be fully established. Although insights from SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV have been valuable, it is clear that SARS-CoV-2 is different and merits its own extensive studies. In this review, we highlight unresolved questions surrounding this virus including the temporal immune dynamics, infection of non-pulmonary tissue, early life exposure, and the role of circadian rhythms. Risk factors such as sex and exposure to pollutants are also explored followed by a discussion of ways in which bioengineering approaches can be employed to help understand COVID-19. The use of sophisticated in vitro models can be employed to interrogate intercellular interactions and also to tease apart effects of the virus itself from the resulting immune response. Additionally, spatiotemporal information can be gleaned from these models to learn more about the dynamics of the virus and COVID-19 progression. Application of advanced tissue and organ system models into COVID-19 research can result in more nuanced insight into the mechanisms underlying this condition and elucidate strategies to combat its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Shirazi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Michael J. Donzanti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Katherine M. Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Ryan Zurakowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Catherine A. Fromen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Jason P. Gleghorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
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17
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Hou YJ, Okuda K, Edwards CE, Martinez DR, Asakura T, Dinnon KH, Kato T, Lee RE, Yount BL, Mascenik TM, Chen G, Olivier KN, Ghio A, Tse LV, Leist SR, Gralinski LE, Schäfer A, Dang H, Gilmore R, Nakano S, Sun L, Fulcher ML, Livraghi-Butrico A, Nicely NI, Cameron M, Cameron C, Kelvin DJ, de Silva A, Margolis DM, Markmann A, Bartelt L, Zumwalt R, Martinez FJ, Salvatore SP, Borczuk A, Tata PR, Sontake V, Kimple A, Jaspers I, O'Neal WK, Randell SH, Boucher RC, Baric RS. SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Genetics Reveals a Variable Infection Gradient in the Respiratory Tract. Cell 2020; 182:429-446.e14. [PMID: 32526206 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The mode of acquisition and causes for the variable clinical spectrum of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain unknown. We utilized a reverse genetics system to generate a GFP reporter virus to explore severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogenesis and a luciferase reporter virus to demonstrate sera collected from SARS and COVID-19 patients exhibited limited cross-CoV neutralization. High-sensitivity RNA in situ mapping revealed the highest angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in the nose with decreasing expression throughout the lower respiratory tract, paralleled by a striking gradient of SARS-CoV-2 infection in proximal (high) versus distal (low) pulmonary epithelial cultures. COVID-19 autopsied lung studies identified focal disease and, congruent with culture data, SARS-CoV-2-infected ciliated and type 2 pneumocyte cells in airway and alveolar regions, respectively. These findings highlight the nasal susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 with likely subsequent aspiration-mediated virus seeding to the lung in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. These reagents provide a foundation for investigations into virus-host interactions in protective immunity, host susceptibility, and virus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan J Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenichi Okuda
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Caitlin E Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Takanori Asakura
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth H Dinnon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Takafumi Kato
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rhianna E Lee
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Teresa M Mascenik
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth N Olivier
- Laboratory of Chronic Airway Infection, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Ghio
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Longping V Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hong Dang
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rodney Gilmore
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Satoko Nakano
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ling Sun
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Leslie Fulcher
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Nathan I Nicely
- Protein Expression and Purification Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark Cameron
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cheryl Cameron
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David J Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Laboratory of Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Aravinda de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alena Markmann
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Luther Bartelt
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ross Zumwalt
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Fernando J Martinez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven P Salvatore
- Department of Pathology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alain Borczuk
- Department of Pathology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Purushothama R Tata
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next Initiative, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vishwaraj Sontake
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next Initiative, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Adam Kimple
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wanda K O'Neal
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Richard C Boucher
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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18
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Hou YJ, Okuda K, Edwards CE, Martinez DR, Asakura T, Dinnon KH, Kato T, Lee RE, Yount BL, Mascenik TM, Chen G, Olivier KN, Ghio A, Tse LV, Leist SR, Gralinski LE, Schäfer A, Dang H, Gilmore R, Nakano S, Sun L, Fulcher ML, Livraghi-Butrico A, Nicely NI, Cameron M, Cameron C, Kelvin DJ, de Silva A, Margolis DM, Markmann A, Bartelt L, Zumwalt R, Martinez FJ, Salvatore SP, Borczuk A, Tata PR, Sontake V, Kimple A, Jaspers I, O'Neal WK, Randell SH, Boucher RC, Baric RS. SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Genetics Reveals a Variable Infection Gradient in the Respiratory Tract. Cell 2020; 182:429-446.e14. [PMID: 32526206 PMCID: PMC7250779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1080] [Impact Index Per Article: 270.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mode of acquisition and causes for the variable clinical spectrum of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain unknown. We utilized a reverse genetics system to generate a GFP reporter virus to explore severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogenesis and a luciferase reporter virus to demonstrate sera collected from SARS and COVID-19 patients exhibited limited cross-CoV neutralization. High-sensitivity RNA in situ mapping revealed the highest angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in the nose with decreasing expression throughout the lower respiratory tract, paralleled by a striking gradient of SARS-CoV-2 infection in proximal (high) versus distal (low) pulmonary epithelial cultures. COVID-19 autopsied lung studies identified focal disease and, congruent with culture data, SARS-CoV-2-infected ciliated and type 2 pneumocyte cells in airway and alveolar regions, respectively. These findings highlight the nasal susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 with likely subsequent aspiration-mediated virus seeding to the lung in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. These reagents provide a foundation for investigations into virus-host interactions in protective immunity, host susceptibility, and virus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan J Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenichi Okuda
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Caitlin E Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Takanori Asakura
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth H Dinnon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Takafumi Kato
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rhianna E Lee
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Teresa M Mascenik
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth N Olivier
- Laboratory of Chronic Airway Infection, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Ghio
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Longping V Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hong Dang
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rodney Gilmore
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Satoko Nakano
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ling Sun
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Leslie Fulcher
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Nathan I Nicely
- Protein Expression and Purification Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark Cameron
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cheryl Cameron
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David J Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Laboratory of Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Aravinda de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alena Markmann
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Luther Bartelt
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ross Zumwalt
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Fernando J Martinez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven P Salvatore
- Department of Pathology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alain Borczuk
- Department of Pathology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Purushothama R Tata
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next Initiative, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vishwaraj Sontake
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next Initiative, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Adam Kimple
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wanda K O'Neal
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Richard C Boucher
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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19
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Ickrath P, Ickrath K, Steinke M, Scherzad A, Kleinsasser N, Lodes N, Bregenzer M, Hagen R, Hackenberg S. DNA Stability, Regeneration Capacity, and Mucociliary Differentiation of Human Nasal Mucosa Cells in Tissue Systems. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:1199-1208. [PMID: 32524916 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For culture models of primary cells of the human nasal mucosa, monocultures with epithelial cells (ECs) are used as well as cocultures with ECs and fibroblasts (FBs). Well-differentiated models of the respiratory nasal epithelium can be used for ecogenotoxicological assessments, for experiments on host/pathogen interactions, or tissue engineering. However, long-term cultivation and repeated passaging may induce a loss of DNA integrity or cell functionality. The aim of this study was to evaluate these parameters in test systems created from primary nasal mucosa cells. Enzymatic and sequential cell isolation from nasal tissue was performed. EC monocultures and compartment-separated EC-FB cocultures were cultivated over three passages under air/liquid interface conditions. DNA stability and regenerative capacity at the DNA and chromosomal level as well as proliferation and cell differentiation were examined. Both methods showed equivalent levels of DNA stability and regenerative capacity over all passages. Sequential growth of the coculture provided higher cell purity, while enzymatic cell harvest was associated with FB contamination in EC culture. Mucociliary differentiation was verified with electron microscopy in both methods. Functionality measured by lipopolysaccharide stimulation of interleukins was constant over long-term cultivation. Our data confirm DNA stability in long-term cell cultivation as well as functional integrity in both culture methods. Sequential cell isolation should be favored over enzymatic isolation due to higher culture purity. Impact statement Cell culture models are frequently used for ecogenotoxicological assessments, for experiments on host/pathogen interactions, or tissue engineering. However, DNA stability and functional integrity after long-term cultivation in such tissue models have not been investigated, yet. This study is the first showing systematic and evident data on DNA damage and functional aspects in primary human cell culture models of nasal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Ickrath
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Ickrath
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Steinke
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agmal Scherzad
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Kleinsasser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Nina Lodes
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bregenzer
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hagen
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Chen G, Sun L, Kato T, Okuda K, Martino MB, Abzhanova A, Lin JM, Gilmore RC, Batson BD, O'Neal YK, Volmer AS, Dang H, Deng Y, Randell SH, Button B, Livraghi-Butrico A, Kesimer M, Ribeiro CM, O'Neal WK, Boucher RC. IL-1β dominates the promucin secretory cytokine profile in cystic fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:4433-4450. [PMID: 31524632 DOI: 10.1172/jci125669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterized by early and persistent mucus accumulation and neutrophilic inflammation in the distal airways. Identification of the factors in CF mucopurulent secretions that perpetuate CF mucoinflammation may provide strategies for novel CF pharmacotherapies. We show that IL-1β, with IL-1α, dominated the mucin prosecretory activities of supernatants of airway mucopurulent secretions (SAMS). Like SAMS, IL-1β alone induced MUC5B and MUC5AC protein secretion and mucus hyperconcentration in CF human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. Mechanistically, IL-1β induced the sterile α motif-pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF) and downstream endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 2 (ERN2) to upregulate mucin gene expression. Increased mRNA levels of IL1B, SPDEF, and ERN2 were associated with increased MUC5B and MUC5AC expression in the distal airways of excised CF lungs. Administration of an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) blocked SAMS-induced expression of mucins and proinflammatory mediators in CF HBE cells. In conclusion, IL-1α and IL-1β are upstream components of a signaling pathway, including IL-1R1 and downstream SPDEF and ERN2, that generate a positive feedback cycle capable of producing persistent mucus hyperconcentration and IL-1α and/or IL-1β-mediated neutrophilic inflammation in the absence of infection in CF airways. Targeting this pathway therapeutically may ameliorate mucus obstruction and inflammation-induced structural damage in young CF children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ling Sun
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Research Center of Regeneration Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Takafumi Kato
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kenichi Okuda
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary B Martino
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aiman Abzhanova
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lin
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rodney C Gilmore
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bethany D Batson
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yvonne K O'Neal
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allison S Volmer
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hong Dang
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yangmei Deng
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian Button
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alessandra Livraghi-Butrico
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mehmet Kesimer
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carla Mp Ribeiro
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wanda K O'Neal
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard C Boucher
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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21
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Peters-Hall JR, Min J, Tedone E, Sho S, Siteni S, Mender I, Shay JW. Proliferation of adult human bronchial epithelial cells without a telomere maintenance mechanism for over 200 population doublings. FASEB J 2020; 34:386-398. [PMID: 31914653 PMCID: PMC6956733 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902376r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To date, there is no direct evidence of telomerase activity in adult lung epithelial cells, but typical culture conditions only support cell proliferation for 30-40 population doublings (PD), a point at which telomeres remain relatively long. Here we report that in in vitro low stress culture conditions consisting of a fibroblast feeder layer, rho-associated coiled coil protein kinase inhibitor (ROCKi), and low oxygen (2%), normal human bronchial epithelial basal progenitor cells (HBECs) divide for over 200 PD without engaging a telomere maintenance mechanism (almost four times the "Hayflick limit"). HBECs exhibit critically short telomeres at 200 PD and the population of cells start to undergo replicative senescence. Subcloning these late passage cells to clonal density, to mimic lung injury in vivo, selects for rare subsets of HBECs that activate low levels of telomerase activity to maintain short telomeres. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of human telomerase reverse transcriptase or treatment with the telomerase-mediated telomere targeting agent 6-thio-2'deoxyguanosine abrogates colony growth in these late passage cultures (>200 PD) but not in early passage cultures (<200 PD). To our knowledge, this is the first study to report such long-term growth of HBECs without a telomere maintenance mechanism. This report also provides direct evidence of telomerase activation in HBECs near senescence when telomeres are critically short. This novel cell culture system provides an experimental model to understand how telomerase is regulated in normal adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. Peters-Hall
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, USA 75390-9039
| | - Jaewon Min
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, USA 75390-9039
| | - Enzo Tedone
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, USA 75390-9039
| | - Sei Sho
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, USA 75390-9039
| | - Silvia Siteni
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, USA 75390-9039
| | - Ilgen Mender
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, USA 75390-9039
| | - Jerry W. Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, USA 75390-9039
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22
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Lee D, Chambers M. A bilayer tissue culture model of the bovine alveolus. F1000Res 2019; 8:357. [PMID: 31448101 PMCID: PMC6685456 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18696.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The epithelial lining of the lung is often the first point of interaction between the host and inhaled pathogens, allergens and medications. Epithelial cells are therefore the main focus of studies which aim to shed light on host-pathogen interactions, to dissect the mechanisms of local host immunity and study toxicology. If these studies are not to be conducted exclusively in vivo, it is imperative that in vitro models are developed with a high in vitro- in vivo correlation. We describe here a co-culture bilayer model of the bovine alveolus, designed to overcome some of the limitations encountered with mono-culture and live animal models. Our system includes bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (BPAECs) seeded onto a permeable membrane in 24 well Transwell format. The BPAECs are overlaid with immortalised bovine alveolar type II epithelial cells and the bilayer cultured at air-liquid interface for 14 days before use; in our case to study host-mycobacterial interactions. Characterisation of novel cell lines and the bilayer model have provided compelling evidence that immortalised bovine alveolar type II cells are an authentic substitute for primary alveolar type II cells and their culture as a bilayer in conjunction with BPAECs provides a physiologically relevant in vitro model of the bovine alveolus. The bilayer model may be used to study dynamic intracellular and extracellular host-pathogen interactions, using proteomics, genomics, live cell imaging, in-cell ELISA and confocal microscopy. The model presented in this article enables other researchers to establish an in vitro model of the bovine alveolus that is easy to set up, malleable and serves as a comparable alternative to in vivo models, whilst allowing study of early host-pathogen interactions, currently not feasible in vivo. The model therefore achieves one of the 3Rs objectives in that it replaces the use of animals in research of bovine respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Mark Chambers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
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23
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Abstract
The epithelial lining of the lung is often the first point of interaction between the host and inhaled pathogens, allergens and medications. Epithelial cells are therefore the main focus of studies which aim to shed light on host-pathogen interactions, to dissect the mechanisms of local host immunity and study toxicology. If these studies are not to be conducted exclusively in vivo, it is imperative that in vitro models are developed with a high in vitro- in vivo correlation. We describe here a co-culture model of the bovine alveolus, designed to overcome some of the limitations encountered with mono-culture and live animal models. Our system includes bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (BPAECs) seeded onto a permeable membrane in 24 well Transwell format. The BPAECs are overlaid with immortalised bovine alveolar type II epithelial cells and cultured at air-liquid interface for 14 days before use; in our case to study host-mycobacterial interactions. Characterisation of novel cell lines and the co-culture model have provided compelling evidence that immortalised bovine alveolar type II cells are an authentic substitute for primary alveolar type II cells and their co-culture with BPAECs provides a physiologically relevant in vitro model of the bovine alveolus. The co-culture model may be used to study dynamic intracellular and extracellular host-pathogen interactions, using proteomics, genomics, live cell imaging, in-cell ELISA and confocal microscopy. The model presented in this article enables other researchers to establish an in vitro model of the bovine alveolus that is easy to set up, malleable and serves as a comparable alternative to in vivo models, whilst allowing study of early host-pathogen interactions, currently not feasible in vivo. The model therefore achieves one of the 3Rs objectives in that it replaces the use of animals in research of bovine respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Mark Chambers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
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24
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Voic H, Li X, Jang JH, Zou C, Sundd P, Alder J, Rojas M, Chandra D, Randell S, Mallampalli RK, Tesfaigzi Y, Ryba T, Nyunoya T. RNA sequencing identifies common pathways between cigarette smoke exposure and replicative senescence in human airway epithelia. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:22. [PMID: 30626320 PMCID: PMC6325884 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is affected by genetic and environmental factors, and cigarette smoking is strongly associated with accumulation of senescent cells. In this study, we wanted to identify genes that may potentially be beneficial for cell survival in response to cigarette smoke and thereby may contribute to development of cellular senescence. RESULTS Primary human bronchial epithelial cells from five healthy donors were cultured, treated with or without 1.5% cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for 24 h or were passaged into replicative senescence. Transcriptome changes were monitored using RNA-seq in CSE and non-CSE exposed cells and those passaged into replicative senescence. We found that, among 1534 genes differentially regulated during senescence and 599 after CSE exposure, 243 were altered in both conditions, representing strong enrichment. Pathways and gene sets overrepresented in both conditions belonged to cellular processes that regulate reactive oxygen species, proteasome degradation, and NF-κB signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our results offer insights into gene expression responses during cellular aging and cigarette smoke exposure, and identify potential molecular pathways that are altered by cigarette smoke and may also promote airway epithelial cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Voic
- 0000 0004 0504 9575grid.422569.eDivision of Natural Sciences, New College of Florida, Sarasota, FL USA
| | - Xiuying Li
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, NW628 UPMC Montefiore, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,0000 0004 0420 3665grid.413935.9VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jun-Ho Jang
- 0000 0004 0454 5075grid.417046.0Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Chunbin Zou
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, NW628 UPMC Montefiore, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,0000 0004 0420 3665grid.413935.9VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Prithu Sundd
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dVascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jonathan Alder
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, NW628 UPMC Montefiore, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, NW628 UPMC Montefiore, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Divay Chandra
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, NW628 UPMC Montefiore, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Scott Randell
- 0000 0001 1034 1720grid.410711.2Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Rama K. Mallampalli
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, NW628 UPMC Montefiore, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,0000 0004 0420 3665grid.413935.9VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, COPD program, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Tyrone Ryba
- 0000 0004 0504 9575grid.422569.eDivision of Natural Sciences, New College of Florida, Sarasota, FL USA
| | - Toru Nyunoya
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dDepartment of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, NW628 UPMC Montefiore, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,0000 0004 0420 3665grid.413935.9VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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25
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Schögler A, Caliaro O, Brügger M, Oliveira Esteves BI, Nita I, Gazdhar A, Geiser T, Alves MP. Modulation of the unfolded protein response pathway as an antiviral approach in airway epithelial cells. Antiviral Res 2018; 162:44-50. [PMID: 30550797 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rhinovirus (RV) infection is a major cause of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung morbidity with limited therapeutic options. Various diseases involving chronic inflammatory response and infection are associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), an adaptive response to maintain cellular homeostasis. Recent evidence suggests impaired ER stress response in CF airway epithelial cells, this might be a reason for recurrent viral infection in CF. Therefore, assuming that ER stress inducing drugs have antiviral properties, we evaluated the activation of the UPR by selected ER stress inducers as an approach to control virus replication in the CF bronchial epithelium. METHODS We assessed the levels of UPR markers, namely the glucose-regulated protein 78 (Grp78) and the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), in primary CF and control bronchial epithelial cells and in a CF and control bronchial epithelial cell line before and after infection with RV. The cells were also pretreated with ER stress-inducing drugs and RV replication and shedding was measured by quantitative RT-PCR and by a TCID50 assay, respectively. Cell death was assessed by a lactate dehydrogenate (LDH) activity test in supernatants. RESULTS We observed a significantly impaired induction of Grp78 and CHOP in CF compare to control cells following RV infection. The ER stress response could be significantly induced in CF cells by pharmacological ER stress inducers Brefeldin A, Tunicamycin, and Thapsigargin. The chemical induction of the UPR pathway prior to RV infection of CF and control cells reduced viral replication and shedding by up to two orders of magnitude and protected cells from RV-induced cell death. CONCLUSION RV infection causes an impaired activation of the UPR in CF cells. Rescue of the ER stress response by chemical ER stress inducers reduced significantly RV replication in CF cells. Thus, pharmacological modulation of the UPR might represent a strategy to control respiratory virus replication in the CF bronchial epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Schögler
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Caliaro
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Brügger
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Blandina I Oliveira Esteves
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Izabela Nita
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amiq Gazdhar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco P Alves
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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26
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Peters-Hall JR, Coquelin ML, Torres MJ, LaRanger R, Alabi BR, Sho S, Calva-Moreno JF, Thomas PJ, Shay JW. Long-term culture and cloning of primary human bronchial basal cells that maintain multipotent differentiation capacity and CFTR channel function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L313-L327. [PMID: 29722564 PMCID: PMC6139663 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00355.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While primary cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF human bronchial epithelial basal cells (HBECs) accurately represent in vivo phenotypes, one barrier to their wider use has been a limited ability to clone and expand cells in sufficient numbers to produce rare genotypes using genome-editing tools. Recently, conditional reprogramming of cells (CRC) with a Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor and culture on an irradiated fibroblast feeder layer resulted in extension of the life span of HBECs, but differentiation capacity and CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function decreased as a function of passage. This report details modifications to the standard HBEC CRC protocol (Mod CRC), including the use of bronchial epithelial cell growth medium, instead of F medium, and 2% O2, instead of 21% O2, that extend HBEC life span while preserving multipotent differentiation capacity and CFTR function. Critically, Mod CRC conditions support clonal growth of primary HBECs from a single cell, and the resulting clonal HBEC population maintains multipotent differentiation capacity, including CFTR function, permitting gene editing of these cells. As a proof-of-concept, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and cloning were used to introduce insertions/deletions in CFTR exon 11. Mod CRC conditions overcome many barriers to the expanded use of HBECs for basic research and drug screens. Importantly, Mod CRC conditions support the creation of isogenic cell lines in which CFTR is mutant or wild-type in the same genetic background with no history of CF to enable determination of the primary defects of mutant CFTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Peters-Hall
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Melissa L Coquelin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Michael J Torres
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Ryan LaRanger
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Busola R Alabi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Sei Sho
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Jose F Calva-Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Philip J Thomas
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
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27
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Martinovich KM, Iosifidis T, Buckley AG, Looi K, Ling KM, Sutanto EN, Kicic-Starcevich E, Garratt LW, Shaw NC, Montgomery S, Lannigan FJ, Knight DA, Kicic A, Stick SM. Conditionally reprogrammed primary airway epithelial cells maintain morphology, lineage and disease specific functional characteristics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17971. [PMID: 29269735 PMCID: PMC5740081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Current limitations to primary cell expansion led us to test whether airway epithelial cells derived from healthy children and those with asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF), co-cultured with an irradiated fibroblast feeder cell in F-medium containing 10 µM ROCK inhibitor could maintain their lineage during expansion and whether this is influenced by underlying disease status. Here, we show that conditionally reprogrammed airway epithelial cells (CRAECs) can be established from both healthy and diseased phenotypes. CRAECs can be expanded, cryopreserved and maintain phenotypes over at least 5 passages. Population doublings of CRAEC cultures were significantly greater than standard cultures, but maintained their lineage characteristics. CRAECs from all phenotypes were also capable of fully differentiating at air-liquid interface (ALI) and maintained disease specific characteristics including; defective CFTR channel function cultures and the inability to repair wounds. Our findings indicate that CRAECs derived from children maintain lineage, phenotypic and importantly disease-specific functional characteristics over a specified passage range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Martinovich
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Iosifidis
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alysia G Buckley
- Centre of Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin Looi
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kak-Ming Ling
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Erika N Sutanto
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Kicic-Starcevich
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Luke W Garratt
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole C Shaw
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samuel Montgomery
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Francis J Lannigan
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. .,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. .,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. .,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. .,Occupation and Environment, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Stephen M Stick
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Torr E, Heath M, Mee M, Shaw D, Sharp TV, Sayers I. Expression of polycomb protein BMI-1 maintains the plasticity of basal bronchial epithelial cells. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/16/e12847. [PMID: 27558999 PMCID: PMC5002903 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium is altered in respiratory disease and is thought to contribute to disease etiology. A caveat to disease research is that the technique of isolation of bronchial epithelial cells from patients is invasive and cells have a limited lifespan. The aim of this study was to extensively characterize the plasticity of primary human bronchial epithelial cells that have been engineered to delay cell senescence including the ability of these cells to differentiate. Cells were engineered to express BMI‐1 or hTERT using viral vector systems. Cells were characterized at passage (p) early (p5), mid (p10), and late (p15) stage for: BMI‐1, p16, and CK14 protein expression, viability and the ability to differentiate at air–liquid interface (ALI), using a range of techniques including immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), MUC5AC and beta tubulin (BTUB) staining. BMI‐1‐expressing cells maintained elevated levels of the BMI‐1 protein and the epithelial marker CK14 and showed a suppression of p16. BMI‐1‐expressing cells had a viability advantage, differentiated at ALI, and had a normal karyotype. In contrast, hTERT‐expressing cells had a reduced viability, showed limited differentiation, and had an abnormal karyotype. We therefore provide extensive characterization of the plasticity of BMI‐1 expressing cells in the context of the ALI model. These cells retain properties of wild‐type cells and may be useful to characterize respiratory disease mechanisms in vitro over sustained periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Torr
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queens Medical Centre University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Meg Heath
- Cytogenetics Unit, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maureen Mee
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dominick Shaw
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queens Medical Centre University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tyson V Sharp
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sayers
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queens Medical Centre University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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29
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DiFranco KM, Mulligan JK, Sumal AS, Diamond G. Induction of CFTR gene expression by 1,25(OH) 2 vitamin D 3, 25OH vitamin D 3, and vitamin D 3 in cultured human airway epithelial cells and in mouse airways. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:323-332. [PMID: 28130182 PMCID: PMC5785933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which often leads to protein misfolding and no CFTR surface localization. This then leads to chronic airway infections, inflammation, and tissue damage. Although vitamin D has been explored as a therapy to treat CF due to its antimicrobial-inducing and anti-inflammatory properties, the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) on CFTR directly has not been studied. We treated cultured healthy and diseased bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) with 10nM 1α,25(OH)2D3 for 6 and 24h and found that 1α,25(OH)2D3 increases both mRNA and protein CFTR levels using RT-qPCR, flow cytometry and fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Treatment of CF cells with 10nM 1α,25(OH)2D3 led to an increase in both total and surface CFTR expression, suggesting 1α,25(OH)2D3 could be used to increase properly localized CFTR in airway cells. To determine if BEC could convert the more clinically relevant cholecalciferol to 25OHD3, cultured non-CF and CF BECs were treated with a range of cholecalciferol concentrations, and 25OHD3 levels were quantified by ELISA. We found that 25OHD3 levels increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of BEC with 10μM cholecalciferol led to increases in both CYP24A1 and CFTR mRNA levels, even when added to the apical surface of cells grown in an air-liquid interface, suggesting that topical administration of vitamin D could be used therapeutically. To demonstrate this in vivo, we intranasally delivered 1μM 1α,25(OH)2D3 into mice. After 6h, we observed induction of both Cyp24A1 and CFTR expression in the tracheas of treated mice. The major findings of this study are that vitamin D can be converted to the active form when topically administered to the airway, and this could be used to increase CFTR levels in patients with CF. This could potentially be useful as an adjunctive therapy, together with newly developed CF treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M DiFranco
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States, United States
| | - Jennifer K Mulligan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Aman S Sumal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States, United States.
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30
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Ehrhardt C, Bäckman P, Couet W, Edwards C, Forbes B, Fridén M, Gumbleton M, Hosoya KI, Kato Y, Nakanishi T, Takano M, Terasaki T, Yumoto R. Current Progress Toward a Better Understanding of Drug Disposition Within the Lungs: Summary Proceedings of the First Workshop on Drug Transporters in the Lungs. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2234-2244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Miller AJ, Spence JR. In Vitro Models to Study Human Lung Development, Disease and Homeostasis. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:246-260. [PMID: 28404740 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00041.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The main function of the lung is to support gas exchange, and defects in lung development or diseases affecting the structure and function of the lung can have fatal consequences. Most of what we currently understand about human lung development and disease has come from animal models. However, animal models are not always fully able to recapitulate human lung development and disease, highlighting an area where in vitro models of the human lung can compliment animal models to further understanding of critical developmental and pathological mechanisms. This review will discuss current advances in generating in vitro human lung models using primary human tissue, cell lines, and human pluripotent stem cell derived lung tissue, and will discuss crucial next steps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J Miller
- PhD Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jason R Spence
- PhD Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; .,PhD Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,PhD Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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32
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Delivery of ENaC siRNA to epithelial cells mediated by a targeted nanocomplex: a therapeutic strategy for cystic fibrosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:700. [PMID: 28386087 PMCID: PMC5428798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of ENaC may have therapeutic potential in CF airways by reducing sodium hyperabsorption, restoring lung epithelial surface fluid levels, airway hydration and mucociliary function. The challenge has been to deliver siRNA to the lung with sufficient efficacy for a sustained therapeutic effect. We have developed a self-assembling nanocomplex formulation for siRNA delivery to the airways that consists of a liposome (DOTMA/DOPE; L), an epithelial targeting peptide (P) and siRNA (R). LPR formulations were assessed for their ability to silence expression of the transcript of the gene encoding the α-subunit of the sodium channel ENaC in cell lines and primary epithelial cells, in submerged cultures or grown in air-liquid interface conditions. LPRs, containing 50 nM or 100 nM siRNA, showed high levels of silencing, particularly in primary airway epithelial cells. When nebulised these nanocomplexes still retained their biophysical properties and transfection efficiencies. The silencing ability was determined at protein level by confocal microscopy and western blotting. In vivo data demonstrated that these nanoparticles had the ability to silence expression of the α-ENaC subunit gene. In conclusion, these findings show that LPRs can modulate the activity of ENaC and this approach might be promising as co-adjuvant therapy for cystic fibrosis.
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33
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Zavala J, O'Brien B, Lichtveld K, Sexton KG, Rusyn I, Jaspers I, Vizuete W. Assessment of biological responses of EpiAirway 3-D cell constructs versus A549 cells for determining toxicity of ambient air pollution. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 28:251-9. [PMID: 27100558 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2016.1157227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT EpiAirway™ 3-D constructs are human-derived cell cultures of differentiated airway epithelial cells that may represent a more biologically relevant model of the human lung. However, limited information is available on their utility for exposures to air pollutants at the air-liquid interface (ALI). OBJECTIVE To assess the biological responses of EpiAirway™ cells in comparison to the responses of A549 human alveolar epithelial cells after exposure to air pollutants at ALI. METHODS Cells were exposed to filtered air, 400 ppb of ozone (O3) or a photochemically aged Synthetic Urban Mixture (SynUrb54) consisting of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, O3 and other secondary oxidation products for 4 h. Basolateral supernatants and apical washes were collected at 9 and 24 h post-exposure. We assessed cytotoxicity by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into the culture medium and apical surface. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) proteins were measured in the culture medium and in the apical washes to determine the inflammatory response after exposure. RESULTS Both O3 and SynUrb54 significantly increased basolateral levels of LDH and IL-8 in A549 cells. No significant changes in LDH and IL-8 levels were observed in the EpiAirway™ cells, however, IL-6 in the apical surface was significantly elevated at 24 h after O3 exposure. CONCLUSION LDH and IL-8 are robust endpoints for assessing toxicity in A549 cells. The EpiAirway™ cells show minimal adverse effects after exposure suggesting that they are more toxicologically resistant compared to A549 cells. Higher concentrations or longer exposure times are needed to induce effects on EpiAirway™ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Zavala
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Bridget O'Brien
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Kim Lichtveld
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Kenneth G Sexton
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA .,b Department of Pediatrics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA , and.,c Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - William Vizuete
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
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34
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Jang JH, Chand HS, Bruse S, Doyle-Eisele M, Royer C, McDonald J, Qualls C, Klingelhutz AJ, Lin Y, Mallampalli R, Tesfaigzi Y, Nyunoya T. Connective Tissue Growth Factor Promotes Pulmonary Epithelial Cell Senescence and Is Associated with COPD Severity. COPD 2016; 14:228-237. [PMID: 28026993 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2016.1262340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) protein in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is consistent in humans and animal models of COPD and to investigate the role of this protein in lung epithelial cells. CTGF in lung epithelial cells of ex-smokers with COPD was compared with ex-smokers without COPD by immunofluorescence. A total of twenty C57Bl/6 mice and sixteen non-human primates (NHPs) were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) for 4 weeks. Ten mice of these CS-exposed mice and eight of the CS-exposed NHPs were infected with H3N2 influenza A virus (IAV), while the remaining ten mice and eight NHPs were mock-infected with vehicle as control. Both mRNA and protein expression of CTGF in lung epithelial cells of mice and NHPs were determined. The effects of CTGF overexpression on cell proliferation, p16 protein, and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity were examined in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). In humans, CTGF expression increased with increasing COPD severity. We found that protein expression of CTGF was upregulated in lung epithelial cells in both mice and NHPs exposed to CS and infected with IAV compared to those exposed to CS only. When overexpressed in HBECs, CTGF accelerated cellular senescence accompanied by p16 accumulation. Both CTGF and p16 protein expression in lung epithelia are positively associated with the severity of COPD in ex-smokers. These findings show that CTGF is consistently expressed in epithelial cells of COPD lungs. By accelerating lung epithelial senescence, CTGF may block regeneration relative to epithelial cell loss and lead to emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Jang
- a Department of Medicine , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,b VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Hitendra S Chand
- c Department of Immunology , Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami , Miami , FL , USA
| | | | - Melanie Doyle-Eisele
- e COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Christopher Royer
- e COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Jacob McDonald
- e COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | | | - Aloysius J Klingelhutz
- g Department of Microbiology , University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City , IA , USA
| | - Yong Lin
- e COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Rama Mallampalli
- a Department of Medicine , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,b VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- e COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Toru Nyunoya
- a Department of Medicine , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,b VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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35
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Roussel L, LaFayette S, Nguyen D, Baglole CJ, Rousseau S. Differential Contribution of the Aryl-Hydrocarbon Receptor and Toll-Like Receptor Pathways to IL-8 Expression in Normal and Cystic Fibrosis Airway Epithelial Cells Exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:148. [PMID: 28066767 PMCID: PMC5177610 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa are gram-negative bacteria that frequently infect the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. This bacterium is highly responsive to changes in its environment, resulting in the expression of a diverse array of genes that may contribute to the host inflammatory response. P. aeruginosa is well-known to induce neutrophilic inflammation via the activation of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs). Recently, it was shown that pyocyanin, a phenazine produced by P. aeruginosa, binds to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), leading to neutrophilic inflammation as part of the host defense response. In this study, we have investigated the contribution of the TLR and AhR signaling pathways to the expression of the neutrophil chemoattractant IL-8 in response to P. aeruginosa diffusible material. Although both pathways are involved in IL-8 synthesis, the AhR played a greater role when planktonic P. aeruginosa was grown in a media favoring phenazine synthesis. However, when P. aeruginosa was grown in a media that mimics the nutritional composition of CF sputa, both pathways contributed similarly to IL-8 synthesis. Finally, when P. aeruginosa was grown as a biofilm, the TLR pathway did not contribute to biofilm-driven IL-8 synthesis and AhR was found to only partially contribute to IL-8 synthesis, suggesting the contribution of another unknown signaling pathway. Therefore, the interaction between P. aeruginosa and airway epithelial cells is very dynamic, and sensor engagement is variable according to the adaptation of P. aeruginosa to the CF lung environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Roussel
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shantelle LaFayette
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dao Nguyen
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Rousseau
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute Montreal, QC, Canada
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Munye MM, Shoemark A, Hirst RA, Delhove JM, Sharp TV, McKay TR, O'Callaghan C, Baines DL, Howe SJ, Hart SL. BMI-1 extends proliferative potential of human bronchial epithelial cells while retaining their mucociliary differentiation capacity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 312:L258-L267. [PMID: 27979861 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00471.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Air-liquid interface (ALI) culture of primary airway epithelial cells enables mucociliary differentiation providing an in vitro model of the human airway, but their proliferative potential is limited. To extend proliferation, these cells were previously transduced with viral oncogenes or mouse Bmi-1 + hTERT, but the resultant cell lines did not undergo mucociliary differentiation. We hypothesized that use of human BMI-1 alone would increase the proliferative potential of bronchial epithelial cells while retaining their mucociliary differentiation potential. Cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF bronchial epithelial cells were transduced by lentivirus with BMI-1 and then their morphology, replication kinetics, and karyotype were assessed. When differentiated at ALI, mucin production, ciliary function, and transepithelial electrophysiology were measured. Finally, shRNA knockdown of DNAH5 in BMI-1 cells was used to model primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). BMI-1-transduced basal cells showed normal cell morphology, karyotype, and doubling times despite extensive passaging. The cell lines underwent mucociliary differentiation when cultured at ALI with abundant ciliation and production of the gel-forming mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B evident. Cilia displayed a normal beat frequency and 9+2 ultrastructure. Electrophysiological characteristics of BMI-1-transduced cells were similar to those of untransduced cells. shRNA knockdown of DNAH5 in BMI-1 cells produced immotile cilia and absence of DNAH5 in the ciliary axoneme as seen in cells from patients with PCD. BMI-1 delayed senescence in bronchial epithelial cells, increasing their proliferative potential but maintaining mucociliary differentiation at ALI. We have shown these cells are amenable to genetic manipulation and can be used to produce novel disease models for research and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M Munye
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Shoemark
- Imperial College London, UK Electron Microscopy Department, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Hirst
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Juliette M Delhove
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tyson V Sharp
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tristan R McKay
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christopher O'Callaghan
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah L Baines
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Howe
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen L Hart
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom;
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37
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Vasquez PA, Jin Y, Palmer E, Hill D, Forest MG. Modeling and Simulation of Mucus Flow in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Cultures - Part I: Idealized Axisymmetric Swirling Flow. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004872. [PMID: 27494700 PMCID: PMC4975472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A multi-mode nonlinear constitutive model for mucus is constructed directly from micro- and macro-rheology experimental data on cell culture mucus, and a numerical algorithm is developed for the culture geometry and idealized cilia driving conditions. This study investigates the roles that mucus rheology, wall effects, and HBE culture geometry play in the development of flow profiles and the shape of the air-mucus interface. Simulations show that viscoelasticity captures normal stress generation in shear leading to a peak in the air-mucus interface at the middle of the culture and a depression at the walls. Linear and nonlinear viscoelastic regimes can be observed in cultures by varying the hurricane radius and mean rotational velocity. The advection-diffusion of a drug concentration dropped at the surface of the mucus flow is simulated as a function of Peclet number. In the lungs, the airway surface liquid protects the airway epithelium from inhaled pathogens and particulates. It is well known that failure to properly clear mucus from the airways leads to chronic, even fatal, lung infections. To date, there is no validated constitutive model capable of recapitulating mucus rheology under diverse, physiological stress and deformation conditions. This gap has hindered studies into the causal relationship between mucus rheology and mucociliary clearance. Our modeling-experimental approach fulfills several purposes: to implement linear and nonlinear constitutive modeling of mucus from micro- and macro-rheology, to test constitutive modeling in an independent experimental system, to build a coarse-grained model of the PCL-mucus boundary condition, to measure and understand modifications in mucociliary transport during and after deposition of a controlled drug concentration, to measure and simulate both the flow and stress fields throughout the mucus layer, and to measure and simulate how the advection profiles in the culture couple with diffusion of particulates landing on the air-mucus interface. These results lay the groundwork for extension of the code to three dimensions and more realistic metachronal wave boundary conditions, both in cell cultures and in airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A. Vasquez
- Department of Mathematics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yuan Jin
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Erik Palmer
- Department of Mathematics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Hill
- Marsico Lung Institute & Cystic Fibrosis Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. Gregory Forest
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gentzsch M, Ren HY, Houck SA, Quinney NL, Cholon DM, Sopha P, Chaudhry IG, Das J, Dokholyan NV, Randell SH, Cyr DM. Restoration of R117H CFTR folding and function in human airway cells through combination treatment with VX-809 and VX-770. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L550-9. [PMID: 27402691 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00186.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal recessive genetic disease caused primarily by the F508del mutation in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The potentiator VX-770 was the first CFTR modulator approved by the FDA for treatment of CF patients with the gating mutation G551D. Orkambi is a drug containing VX-770 and corrector VX809 and is approved for treatment of CF patients homozygous for F508del, which has folding and gating defects. At least 30% of CF patients are heterozygous for the F508del mutation with the other allele encoding for one of many different rare CFTR mutations. Treatment of heterozygous F508del patients with VX-809 and VX-770 has had limited success, so it is important to identify heterozygous patients that respond to CFTR modulator therapy. R117H is a more prevalent rare mutation found in over 2,000 CF patients. In this study we investigated the effectiveness of VX-809/VX-770 therapy on restoring CFTR function in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells from R117H/F508del CF patients. We found that VX-809 stimulated more CFTR activity in R117H/F508del HBEs than in F508del/F508del HBEs. R117H expressed exclusively in immortalized HBEs exhibited a folding defect, was retained in the ER, and degraded prematurely. VX-809 corrected the R117H folding defect and restored channel function. Because R117 is involved in ion conductance, VX-770 acted additively with VX-809 to restore CFTR function in chronically treated R117H/F508del cells. Although treatment of R117H patients with VX-770 has been approved, our studies indicate that Orkambi may be more beneficial for rescue of CFTR function in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gentzsch
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Hong Y Ren
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Scott A Houck
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Nancy L Quinney
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Deborah M Cholon
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pattarawut Sopha
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Imron G Chaudhry
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Jhuma Das
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Douglas M Cyr
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
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Epithelial Anion Transport as Modulator of Chemokine Signaling. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7596531. [PMID: 27382190 PMCID: PMC4921137 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7596531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of epithelial cells is to secrete and absorb ions and water in order to allow the formation of a luminal fluid compartment that is fundamental for the epithelial function as a barrier against environmental factors. Importantly, epithelial cells also take part in the innate immune system. As a first line of defense they detect pathogens and react by secreting and responding to chemokines and cytokines, thus aggravating immune responses or resolving inflammatory states. Loss of epithelial anion transport is well documented in a variety of diseases including cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pancreatitis, and cholestatic liver disease. Here we review the effect of aberrant anion secretion with focus on the release of inflammatory mediators by epithelial cells and discuss putative mechanisms linking these transport defects to the augmented epithelial release of chemokines and cytokines. These mechanisms may contribute to the excessive and persistent inflammation in many respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases.
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40
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Gipson IK. Goblet cells of the conjunctiva: A review of recent findings. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 54:49-63. [PMID: 27091323 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Goblet cells within the conjunctival epithelium are specialized cells that secrete mucins onto the surface of the eye. Recent research has demonstrated new characteristics of the cells, including factors influencing their differentiation, their gene products and their functions at the ocular surface. The following review summarizes the newly discovered aspects of the role of Spdef, a member of the Ets transcription factor family in conjunctival goblet cell differentiation, the newly discovered goblet cell products including claudin2, the Wnt inhibitor Frzb, and the transmembrane mucin Muc16. The current concepts of conjunctival goblet cell function, including debris removal and immune surveillance are reviewed, as are changes in the goblet cell population in ocular surface diseases. Major remaining questions regarding conjunctival cell biology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilene K Gipson
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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41
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Bhowmick R, Gappa-Fahlenkamp H. Cells and Culture Systems Used to Model the Small Airway Epithelium. Lung 2016; 194:419-28. [PMID: 27071933 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-016-9875-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The pulmonary epithelium is divided into upper, lower, and alveolar (or small) airway epithelia and acts as the mechanical and immunological barrier between the external environment and the underlying submucosa. Of these, the small airway epithelium is the principal area of gas exchange and has high immunological activity, making it a major area of cell biology, immunology, and pharmaceutical research. As animal models do not faithfully represent the human pulmonary system and ex vivo human lung samples have reliability and availability issues, cell lines, and primary cells are widely used as small airway epithelial models. In vitro, these cells are mostly cultured as monolayers (2-dimensional cultures), either media submerged or at air-liquid interface. However, these 2-dimensional cultures lack a three dimension-a scaffolding extracellular matrix, which establishes the intercellular network in the in vivo airway epithelium. Therefore, 3-dimensional cell culture is currently a major area of development, where cells are cultured in a matrix or are cultured in a manner that they develop ECM-like scaffolds between them, thus mimicking the in vivo phenotype more faithfully. This review focuses on the commonly used small airway epithelial cells, their 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional culture techniques, and their comparative phenotype when cultured under these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudra Bhowmick
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 420 Engineering North, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Heather Gappa-Fahlenkamp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 420 Engineering North, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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42
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Farias R, Rousseau S. The TAK1→IKKβ→TPL2→MKK1/MKK2 Signaling Cascade Regulates IL-33 Expression in Cystic Fibrosis Airway Epithelial Cells Following Infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 3:87. [PMID: 26793709 PMCID: PMC4707240 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic respiratory infections result in an exaggerated and uncontrolled inflammatory response that ultimately lead to a decrease in pulmonary function. We have previously described the presence of the alarmin IL-33 in lung explants from CF patients. The signals regulating IL-33 expression in the airway epithelium following a gram-negative bacterial infection are currently unknown. Our objective was to characterize the pathways in CF airway epithelial cells (AECs) leading to an increase in IL-33 expression. We found that, in CF AECs expressing a deletion of a phenylalanine at position 508 of the gene coding for Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTRdelF508), exposure to live Pseudomonas aeruginosa upregulates IL-33 via the TLR2 and TLR5 signaling pathways. This up-regulation can be partially or fully reverted by pre-incubating CFTRdelF508 AECs with a CFTR corrector (VX-809) and/or a CFTR potentiator (VX-770). Similarly, incubation with the CFTR corrector and/or the CFTR potentiator also decreased IL-8 expression in response to infection. Moreover, using different protein kinase inhibitors that target elements downstream of TLR signaling, we show that the TAK1→IKKβ→TPL2→MKK1/MKK2 pathway regulates IL-33 expression following an infection with P. aeruginosa. Our findings represent the first characterization of the signals regulating IL-33 expression in CF airway epithelial cells in response to a bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Farias
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Rousseau
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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Losa D, Köhler T, Bacchetta M, Saab JB, Frieden M, van Delden C, Chanson M. Airway Epithelial Cell Integrity Protects from Cytotoxicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Quorum-Sensing Signals. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:265-75. [PMID: 25562674 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0405oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication via gap junctions regulates airway epithelial cell homeostasis and maintains the epithelium host defense. Quorum-sensing molecules produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa coordinate the expression of virulence factors by this respiratory pathogen. These bacterial signals may also incidentally modulate mammalian airway epithelial cell responses to the pathogen, a process called interkingdom signaling. We investigated the interactions between the P. aeruginosa N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C12) quorum-sensing molecule and human airway epithelial cell gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). C12 degradation and its effects on cells were monitored in various airway epithelial cell models grown under nonpolarized and polarized conditions. Its concentration was further monitored in daily tracheal aspirates of colonized intubated patients. C12 rapidly altered epithelial integrity and decreased GJIC in nonpolarized airway epithelial cells, whereas other quorum-sensing molecules had no effect. The effects of C12 were dependent on [Ca(2+)]i and could be prevented by inhibitors of Src tyrosine family and Rho-associated protein kinases. In contrast, polarized airway cells grown on Transwell filters were protected from C12 except when undergoing repair after wounding. In vivo during colonization of intubated patients, C12 did not accumulate, but it paralleled bacterial densities. In vitro C12 degradation, a reaction catalyzed by intracellular paraoxonase 2 (PON2), was impaired in nonpolarized cells, whereas PON2 expression was increased during epithelial polarization. The cytotoxicity of C12 on nonpolarized epithelial cells, combined with its impaired degradation allowing its accumulation, provides an additional pathogenic mechanism for P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thilo Köhler
- 2 Service of Infectious Diseases and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and
| | - Marc Bacchetta
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III.,3 Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Bou Saab
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III.,3 Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maud Frieden
- 3 Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian van Delden
- 2 Service of Infectious Diseases and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and
| | - Marc Chanson
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III.,3 Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Mou H, Brazauskas K, Rajagopal J. Personalized medicine for cystic fibrosis: establishing human model systems. Pediatr Pulmonol 2015; 50 Suppl 40:S14-23. [PMID: 26335952 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With over 1,500 identifiable mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that result in distinct functional and phenotypical abnormalities, it is virtually impossible to perform randomized clinical trials to identify the best therapeutics for all patients. Therefore, a personalized medicine approach is essential. The only way to realistically accomplish this is through the development of improved in vitro human model systems. The lack of a readily available and infinite supply of human CFTR-expressing airway epithelial cells is a key bottleneck. We propose that a concerted two-pronged approach is necessary for patient-specific cystic fibrosis research to continue to prosper and realize its potential: (1) more effective culture and differentiation conditions for growing primary human airway and nasal epithelial cells and (2) the development of collective protocols for efficiently differentiating disease- and patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into pure populations of adult epithelial cells. Ultimately, we need a personalized human model system for cystic fibrosis with the capacity for uncomplicated bankability, widespread availability, and universal applicability for patient-specific disease modeling, novel pharmacotherapy investigation and screening, and readily executable genetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Mou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karissa Brazauskas
- Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Pulmonary Critical Care Unit, Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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45
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Peters-Hall JR, Brown KJ, Pillai DK, Tomney A, Garvin LM, Wu X, Rose MC. Quantitative proteomics reveals an altered cystic fibrosis in vitro bronchial epithelial secretome. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:22-32. [PMID: 25692303 PMCID: PMC4566109 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0256rc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in epithelial secretions and mucociliary clearance contribute to chronic bacterial infection in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease, but whether CF lungs are unchanged in the absence of infection remains controversial. A proteomic comparison of airway secretions from subjects with CF and control subjects shows alterations in key biological processes, including immune response and proteolytic activity, but it is unclear if these are due to mutant CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and/or chronic infection. We hypothesized that the CF lung apical secretome is altered under constitutive conditions in the absence of inflammatory cells and pathogens. To test this, we performed quantitative proteomics of in vitro apical secretions from air-liquid interface cultures of three life-extended CF (ΔF508/ΔF508) and three non-CF human bronchial epithelial cells after labeling of CF cells by stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture. Mass spectrometry analysis identified and quantitated 666 proteins across samples, of which 70 exhibited differential enrichment or depletion in CF secretions (±1.5-fold change; P < 0.05). The key molecular functions were innate immunity (24%), cytoskeleton/extracellular matrix organization (24%), and protease/antiprotease activity (17%). Oxidative proteins and classical complement pathway proteins that are altered in CF secretions in vivo were not altered in vitro. Specific differentially increased proteins-MUC5AC and MUC5B mucins, fibronectin, and matrix metalloproteinase-9-were validated by antibody-based assays. Overall, the in vitro CF secretome data are indicative of a constitutive airway epithelium with altered innate immunity, suggesting that downstream consequences of mutant CFTR set the stage for chronic inflammation and infection in CF airways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristy J. Brown
- Departments of Integrative Systems Biology and
- Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; and
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine and
| | - Dinesh K. Pillai
- Departments of Integrative Systems Biology and
- Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; and
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine and
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National, Washington, DC
| | | | - Lindsay M. Garvin
- Departments of Integrative Systems Biology and
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine and
| | - Xiaofang Wu
- Departments of Integrative Systems Biology and
- Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; and
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine and
| | - Mary C. Rose
- Departments of Integrative Systems Biology and
- Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; and
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine and
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46
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Cholon DM, Quinney NL, Fulcher ML, Esther CR, Das J, Dokholyan NV, Randell SH, Boucher RC, Gentzsch M. Potentiator ivacaftor abrogates pharmacological correction of ΔF508 CFTR in cystic fibrosis. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:246ra96. [PMID: 25101886 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Newly developed "correctors" such as lumacaftor (VX-809) that improve CFTR maturation and trafficking and "potentiators" such as ivacaftor (VX-770) that enhance channel activity may provide important advances in CF therapy. Although VX-770 has demonstrated substantial clinical efficacy in the small subset of patients with a mutation (G551D) that affects only channel activity, a single compound is not sufficient to treat patients with the more common CFTR mutation, ΔF508. Thus, patients with ΔF508 will likely require treatment with both correctors and potentiators to achieve clinical benefit. However, whereas the effectiveness of acute treatment with this drug combination has been demonstrated in vitro, the impact of chronic therapy has not been established. In studies of human primary airway epithelial cells, we found that both acute and chronic treatment with VX-770 improved CFTR function in cells with the G551D mutation, consistent with clinical studies. In contrast, chronic VX-770 administration caused a dose-dependent reversal of VX-809-mediated CFTR correction in ΔF508 homozygous cultures. This result reflected the destabilization of corrected ΔF508 CFTR by VX-770, markedly increasing its turnover rate. Chronic VX-770 treatment also reduced mature wild-type CFTR levels and function. These findings demonstrate that chronic treatment with CFTR potentiators and correctors may have unexpected effects that cannot be predicted from short-term studies. Combining these drugs to maximize rescue of ΔF508 CFTR may require changes in dosing and/or development of new potentiator compounds that do not interfere with CFTR stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Cholon
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nancy L Quinney
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - M Leslie Fulcher
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Charles R Esther
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jhuma Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Richard C Boucher
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Martina Gentzsch
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Bell SC, De Boeck K, Amaral MD. New pharmacological approaches for cystic fibrosis: Promises, progress, pitfalls. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 145:19-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Jang JH, Bruse S, Huneidi S, Schrader RM, Monick MM, Lin Y, Carter AB, Klingelhutz AJ, Nyunoya T. Acrolein-exposed normal human lung fibroblasts in vitro: cellular senescence, enhanced telomere erosion, and degradation of Werner's syndrome protein. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:955-62. [PMID: 24747221 PMCID: PMC4154210 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1306911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acrolein is a ubiquitous environmental hazard to human health. Acrolein has been reported to activate the DNA damage response and induce apoptosis. However, little is known about the effects of acrolein on cellular senescence. OBJECTIVES We examined whether acrolein induces cellular senescence in cultured normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF). METHODS We cultured NHLF in the presence or absence of acrolein and determined the effects of acrolein on cell proliferative capacity, senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, the known senescence-inducing pathways (e.g., p53, p21), and telomere length. RESULTS We found that acrolein induced cellular senescence by increasing both p53 and p21. The knockdown of p53 mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) attenuated acrolein-induced cellular senescence. Acrolein decreased Werner's syndrome protein (WRN), a member of the RecQ helicase family involved in DNA repair and telomere maintenance. Acrolein-induced down-regulation of WRN protein was rescued by p53 knockdown or proteasome inhibition. Finally, we found that acrolein accelerated p53-mediated telomere shortening. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that acrolein induces p53-mediated cellular senescence accompanied by enhanced telomere attrition and WRN protein down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Jang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico and New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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49
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Cx26 regulates proliferation of repairing basal airway epithelial cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 52:152-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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50
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Nyunoya T, Mebratu Y, Contreras A, Delgado M, Chand HS, Tesfaigzi Y. Molecular processes that drive cigarette smoke-induced epithelial cell fate of the lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:471-82. [PMID: 24111585 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0348tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke contains numerous chemical compounds, including abundant reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and aldehydes, and many other carcinogens. Long-term cigarette smoking significantly increases the risk of various lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer, and contributes to premature death. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have elucidated mechanisms involved in cigarette smoke-induced inflammation, DNA damage, and autophagy, and the subsequent cell fates, including cell death, cellular senescence, and transformation. In this Translational Review, we summarize the known pathways underlying these processes in airway epithelial cells to help reveal future challenges and describe possible directions of research that could lead to better management and treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Nyunoya
- 1 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, and
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