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Ben Othman A, Hadjizadeh Anvar S, Aragão-Santos JC, Chaouachi A, Behm DG. Age, Sex, and Training Specific Effects on Cross-Education Training. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39265978 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2024-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
An extensive number of publications have examined cross-education effects with adults, primarily investigating contralateral homologous (same) muscles. There are far fewer investigations on cross-education effects on contralateral heterologous (different) muscles and age (youth vs adult) and no studies investigating sex differences. Hence, the objective was to compare cross-education in female and male youth and young adults to contralateral homologous (chest press [CP], elbow flexors and extensors, handgrip isometric strength, and shot put) and heterologous (leg press, knee extension isometric strength, and countermovement jump) muscles. Twenty-eight female adults, 28 female youth, 28 male adults, and 28 male youth (total: 112) were examined before and after an 8-week (3 sessions/wk) unilateral, dominant arm, CP training program. Unilateral testing assessed dominant and nondominant leg press and CP 1-repetition maximum, knee extensors, elbow extensors, elbow flexors, and handgrip maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) strength, as well as shot put distance and countermovement jump height. Unilateral CP training induced training specific (CP 1-repetition maximum) and nonspecific (elbow extensors, elbow flexors, handgrip MVIC force, and shot put distance) improvements (P < .04, η2: .45-.85) but no significant lower body improvements. There was evidence for testing limb specificity as the dominant arm provided significantly (P < .021, η2: .17-.75) greater training gains than the nondominant arm. Youth's training adaptations exceeded with unilateral CP 1-repetition maximum, elbow extensors MVIC force, and shot put distance (P < .049, η2: .14-.49). No sex main effect differences were apparent. In conclusion, cross-education was training specific (greatest gains with upper body and dominant limbs) with greater benefits for youth and generally no sex differences with the exception of elbow extensors MVIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Ben Othman
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis,Tunisia
| | - Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF,Canada
| | - José Carlos Aragão-Santos
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF,Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, RO,Brazil
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis,Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Tunis,Tunisia
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland,New Zealand
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF,Canada
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Moura ECSCD, Cunha BLM, Oliveira TGD, Amorim NTS, Leitão CCDS, Cavalcanti FCB, Marinho PÉDM. Effects of whole-body vibration exercise on functional capacity, muscle strength and thickness, and quality of life of post-COVID-19 patients: Case report. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 39:231-236. [PMID: 38876631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatyane Gomes de Oliveira
- Post-Graduation Program in Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Ben Othman A, Hadjizadeh Anvar S, Aragão-Santos JC, Behm DG, Chaouachi A. Relative Cross-Education Training Effects of Male Youth Exceed Male Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:881-890. [PMID: 38219228 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ben Othman, A, Anvar, SH, Aragão-Santos, JC, Behm, DG, and Chaouachi, A. Relative cross-education training effects of male youth exceed male adults. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 881-890, 2024-Cross-education has been studied extensively with adults, examining the training effects on contralateral homologous muscles. There is less information on the cross-education effects on contralateral heterologous muscles and scant information comparing these responses between adults and youth. The objective was to compare cross-education training effects in male youth and adults to contralateral homologous and heterologous muscles. Forty-two male children (10-13-years) and 42 adults (18-21-years) were tested before and following an 8-week unilateral, dominant or nondominant arm, chest press (CP) training program or control group (14 subjects each). Unilateral testing assessed dominant and nondominant limb strength with leg press and CP 1 repetition maximum (1RM), knee extensors, elbow extensors (EE), elbow flexors, and handgrip maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) strength and shot put distance and countermovement jump height. Upper-body tests demonstrated large magnitude increases, with children overall exceeding adults ( p = 0.05- p < 0.0001, η2 : 0.51, 10.4 ± 11.1%). The dominant trained limb showed significantly higher training adaptations than the nondominant limb for the adults with CP 1RM ( p = 0.03, η2 : 0.26, 6.7 ± 11.5%) and EE ( p = 0.008, η2 : 0.27, 8.8 ± 10.3%) MVIC force. Unilateral CP training induced significantly greater training adaptations with the ipsilateral vs. contralateral limb ( p = 0.008, η2 : 0.93, 27.8 ± 12.7%). In conclusion, children demonstrated greater training adaptations than adults, upper-body strength increased with no significant lower-body improvements, and ipsilateral training effects were greater than contralateral training in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayem Ben Othman
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation" National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - José Carlos Aragão-Santos
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation" National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia; and
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Nunes JP, Blazevich AJ, Schoenfeld BJ, Kassiano W, Costa BDV, Ribeiro AS, Nakamura M, Nosaka K, Cyrino ES. Determining Changes in Muscle Size and Architecture After Exercise Training: One Site Does Not Fit all. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:787-790. [PMID: 38513182 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nunes, JP, Blazevich, AJ, Schoenfeld, BJ, Kassiano, W, Costa, BDV, Ribeiro, AS, Nakamura, M, Nosaka, K, and Cyrino, ES. Determining changes in muscle size and architecture after exercise training: One site does not fit all. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 787-790, 2024-Different methods can be used to assess muscle hypertrophy, but the effects of training on regional changes in muscle size can be detected only using direct muscle measurements such as muscle thickness, cross-sectional area, or volume. Importantly, muscle size increases vary across regions within and between muscles after resistance training programs (i.e., heterogeneous, or nonuniform, muscle hypertrophy). Muscle architectural changes, including fascicle length and pennation angle, after resistance and stretch training programs are also region-specific. In this paper, we show that the literature indicates that a single-site measure of muscle shape does not properly capture the effects achieved after exercise training interventions and that conclusions concerning the magnitude of muscle adaptations can vary substantially depending on the muscle site to be examined. Thus, we propose that measurements of muscle size and architecture should be completed at multiple sites across regions between the agonist muscles within a muscle group and along the length of the muscles to provide an adequate picture of training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Nunes
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | | - Witalo Kassiano
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Bruna D V Costa
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Alex S Ribeiro
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Brazil; and
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
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Akima H, Maeda K, Shima N. Neuromuscular activation of the quadriceps femoris, including the vastus intermedius, during isokinetic knee extensions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7674. [PMID: 37169819 PMCID: PMC10175244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the neuromuscular activation patterns of the individual muscles of the quadriceps femoris (QF), including the vastus intermedius (VI), during isokinetic concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) contractions. Thirteen healthy men performed maximum isokinetic CON and ECC knee extensions at angular velocities of 30, 90, and 120°/sec at knee joint angles from 80 to 180° (180° = full extension). The surface electromyographic (EMG) activities of the four individual muscles of the QF were recorded. The root mean squares of the EMG signals were normalized by the root mean square (nRMS) during CON contraction at 30°/sec. To investigate the nRMS changes, we classified the range of motion into four subcategories for each CON and ECC contraction. The nRMS of the VI was significantly higher in the flexed position during CON and ECC contractions at all velocities, and gradually decreased toward the extended positions regardless of the type of muscle contraction or angular velocity. These results suggest that the QF undergoes neuromuscular activation in a joint angle-dependent manner. In particular, the VI may contribute greatly during flexed contractions, independent of the type of contraction and angular velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Akima
- Physical Fitness and Sports, Research Center of Health, Nagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Maeda
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Norihiro Shima
- School of Sports and Health Science, Tokai Gakuen University, 21-233 Nishi-no-hora, Ukigai, Miyoshi, Aichi, 470-0207, Japan
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A Retrospective Analysis to Determine Whether Training-Induced Changes in Muscle Thickness Mediate Changes in Muscle Strength. Sports Med 2021; 51:1999-2010. [PMID: 33881748 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of muscle thickness changes on changes in strength following 6 weeks of unaccustomed resistance training, via retrospective analysis. METHODS 151 participants completed 6 weeks of no intervention (CONTROL), one-repetition maximum training (1RM-TRAIN), or traditional resistance training (TRAD-TRAIN). Groups were assigned by covariate adaptive randomization. 1RM-TRAIN and TRAD-TRAIN performed elbow flexion exercise on the dominant arm 3 times/week. One-repetition maximum strength and muscle thickness (B-mode ultrasound at 50, 60, and 70% of the anterior upper arm) were assessed pre- and post-training. Direct and indirect effects on strength via each training modality were quantified relative to CONTROL using indicator-coded, change-score mediation analyses for each muscle thickness site. Values are presented as regression coefficients (95% CI). RESULTS The effect of 1RM-TRAIN on muscle thickness was greater than CONTROL for 60% [0.09 (0.01, 0.17) cm] and 70% [0.09 (0.01,0.18) cm] models. All muscle thickness changes for TRAD-TRAIN were greater than CONTROL: 50% [0.24 (0.16, 0.33) cm], 60% [0.25 (0.17, 0.33) cm], 70% [0.23 (0.14, 0.32) cm]. All direct effects on strength were greater for 1RM-TRAIN versus CONTROL: 50% [1.90 (1.21, 2.58) kg], 60% [1.89 (1.19, 2.58) kg], 70% [1.81 (1.12, 2.51) kg]; and TRAD-TRAIN versus CONTROL: 50% [2.04 (1.29, 2.80) kg], 60% [1.98 (1.22, 2.75) kg], 70% [1.79 (1.05, 2.53) kg]. Compared to CONTROL, there was no indication of an effect of 1RM-TRAIN on strength through muscle thickness (i.e., indirect effect) for 50% [- 0.03 (- 0.17, 0.10)], 60% [- 0.01 (- 0.17, 0.17)], or 70% [0.07 (- 0.09, 0.28)] sites, nor of TRAD-TRAIN for 50% [- 0.11 (- 0.48,0.29)], 60% [- 0.04 (- 0.42, 0.40)], and 70% sites [0.17 (- 0.23,0.58)]. CONCLUSION Training-induced changes in muscle thickness do not appear to appreciably mediate training-induced changes in the strength of untrained individuals during the first 6 weeks of training.
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Takahashi K, Kamibayashi K, Wakahara T. Gluteus and posterior thigh muscle sizes in sprinters: Their distributions along muscle length. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:799-807. [PMID: 33749535 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1907450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Muscle hypertrophy can occur non-uniformly in athletes who repetitively perform particular movements, presumably leading to a unique muscle size distribution along the length. The present study aimed to examine if sprinters have unique size distributions within the gluteus and posterior thigh muscles. Nineteen male sprinters and 20 untrained males participated in the present study. T1-weighted magnetic resonance images of the hips and right thigh were obtained in order to determine whole and regional (proximal, middle, and distal) volumes of the gluteus maximus and individual posterior thigh muscles. The results showed that the volumes of all the examined muscles relative to body mass were significantly larger in sprinters than in untrained males (all P < 0.001, d = 1.40-3.29). Moreover, the magnitude of the difference in relative volume between sprinters and untrained males was different between the regions within the gluteus maximus (P = 0.048, partial η2 = 0.187), semitendinosus (P = 0.004, partial η2 = 0.331), and adductor magnus (P = 0.007, partial η2 = 0.322), but not within the other posterior thigh muscles (P = 0.091-0.555, partial η2 = 0.025-0.176). The magnitude of the difference in relative volume between the sprinters and untrained males was greatest in the distal regions within the gluteus maximus and semitendinosus, while the proximal region within the adductor magnus. These findings indicate that sprinters have unique size distributions within the gluteus maximus, semitendinosus, and adductor magnus, which may be attributed to their competitive and training activities. HighlightsSprinters showed larger gluteus maximus and individual posterior thigh muscles than untrained males.The magnitude of difference varied within the gluteus maximus, semitendinosus, and adductor magnus.The greatest difference was found in distal regions within the gluteus maximus and semitendinosus, while proximal region within the adductor magnus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Taku Wakahara
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.,Human Performance Laboratory, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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Morozumi K, Ohsugi H, Morishita K, Yokoi Y. Fundamental research on surface electromyography analysis using discrete wavelet transform-an analysis of the central nervous system factors affecting muscle strength. J Phys Ther Sci 2021; 33:63-68. [PMID: 33519077 PMCID: PMC7829554 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.33.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] We aimed to investigate the central nervous system factors that affect muscle
strength based on the differences in load and time using the discrete wavelet transform,
which is capable of a time-frequency-potential analysis. [Participants and Methods]
Surface electromyography (EMG) of the right upper bicep muscle in 16 healthy adult males
were measured at 10% MVC (maximum voluntary isometric contraction), 30%, 50%, 70%, and 80%
to 100% MVC. We used a discrete wavelet transform for the electromyographic analysis and
calculated the median instantaneous frequency spectrum (MDF) and frequency band component
content rate (FCR) at 1-ms intervals as well as their spectrum integrated values (I-EMG).
[Results] MDF and FCR tended to be high throughout the measurements. Specifically, the
high-frequency band component content rate was high at the time of low muscle strength;
fast-twitch muscle fibers may be involved during these muscle contractions. We found
significant changes in the I-EMG as the muscle strength increased from 10% MVC to 100%
MVC. [Conclusion] Analyzing the surface electromyograph using discrete wavelet transform
enabled us to assess the central nervous system factors that increase in the EMG amplitude
integrated values and change in the median instantaneous frequency spectrum and in the
frequency band component content rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Morozumi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Work Studies, Josai International University: 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Hironori Ohsugi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Work Studies, Josai International University: 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Morishita
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Work Studies, Josai International University: 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
| | - Yuka Yokoi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Work Studies, Josai International University: 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan
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Emphasizing Task-Specific Hypertrophy to Enhance Sequential Strength and Power Performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5040076. [PMID: 33467291 PMCID: PMC7739346 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While strength is indeed a skill, most discussions have primarily considered structural adaptations rather than ultrastructural augmentation to improve performance. Altering the structural component of the muscle is often the aim of hypertrophic training, yet not all hypertrophy is equal; such alterations are dependent upon how the muscle adapts to the training stimuli and overall training stress. When comparing bodybuilders to strength and power athletes such as powerlifters, weightlifters, and throwers, while muscle size may be similar, the ability to produce force and power is often inequivalent. Thus, performance differences go beyond structural changes and may be due to the muscle's ultrastructural constituents and training induced adaptations. Relative to potentiating strength and power performances, eliciting specific ultrastructural changes should be a variable of interest during hypertrophic training phases. By focusing on task-specific hypertrophy, it may be possible to achieve an optimal amount of hypertrophy while deemphasizing metabolic and aerobic components that are often associated with high-volume training. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to briefly address different types of hypertrophy and provide directions for practitioners who are aiming to achieve optimal rather than maximal hypertrophy, as it relates to altering ultrastructural muscular components, to potentiate strength and power performance.
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Jorgenson KW, Phillips SM, Hornberger TA. Identifying the Structural Adaptations that Drive the Mechanical Load-Induced Growth of Skeletal Muscle: A Scoping Review. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071658. [PMID: 32660165 PMCID: PMC7408414 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass plays a critical role in health and quality of life. One of the most potent regulators of skeletal muscle mass is mechanical loading, and numerous studies have led to a reasonably clear understanding of the macroscopic and microscopic changes that occur when the mechanical environment is altered. For instance, an increase in mechanical loading induces a growth response that is mediated, at least in part, by an increase in the cross-sectional area of the myofibers (i.e., myofiber hypertrophy). However, very little is known about the ultrastructural adaptations that drive this response. Even the most basic questions, such as whether mechanical load-induced myofiber hypertrophy is mediated by an increase in the size of the pre-existing myofibrils and/or an increase in the number myofibrils, have not been resolved. In this review, we thoroughly summarize what is currently known about the macroscopic, microscopic and ultrastructural changes that drive mechanical load-induced growth and highlight the critical gaps in knowledge that need to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W. Jorgenson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and the Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Troy A. Hornberger
- School of Veterinary Medicine and the Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Zabaleta-Korta A, Fernández-Peña E, Santos-Concejero J. Regional Hypertrophy, the Inhomogeneous Muscle Growth: A Systematic Review. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Training Considerations for Optimising Endurance Development: An Alternate Concurrent Training Perspective. Sports Med 2020; 49:669-682. [PMID: 30847824 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Whilst the "acute hypothesis" was originally coined to describe the detrimental effects of concurrent training on strength development, similar physiological processes may occur when endurance training adaptations are compromised. There is a growing body of research indicating that typical resistance exercises impair neuromuscular function and endurance performance during periods of resistance training-induced muscle damage. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that the attenuating effects of resistance training-induced muscle damage on endurance performance are influenced by exercise intensity, exercise mode, exercise sequence, recovery and contraction velocity of resistance training. By understanding the influence that training variables have on the level of resistance training-induced muscle damage and its subsequent attenuating effects on endurance performance, concurrent training programs could be prescribed in such a way that minimises fatigue between modes of training and optimises the quality of endurance training sessions. Therefore, this review will provide considerations for concurrent training prescription for endurance development based on scientific evidence. Furthermore, recommendations will be provided for future research by identifying training variables that may impact on endurance development as a result of concurrent training.
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13
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Kositsky A, Gonçalves BAM, Stenroth L, Barrett RS, Diamond LE, Saxby DJ. Reliability and Validity of Ultrasonography for Measurement of Hamstring Muscle and Tendon Cross-Sectional Area. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:55-63. [PMID: 31668942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of ultrasonography for measurement of hamstring muscle and semitendinosus (ST) tendon cross-sectional area (CSA). On two consecutive days, muscle anatomical CSA (ACSA) and ST tendon CSA were measured at standardized positions (30%-80% of thigh length; half the distance from the distal muscle-tendon junction to the popliteal crease) on 12 legs using ultrasonography and compared with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging measures. Inter-day intraclass correlation coefficients were good-to-excellent (0.882-0.996) for all assessed muscle and tendon sites. The limits of agreement widths were narrowest (range: 17%-52%) when muscle ACSA was large but were wide at sites with relatively small ACSA (≤184%) and for ST tendon CSA (range: 72%). Results suggest ultrasound-based measures of individual hamstring muscle maximal ACSA are reliable and valid and ST tendon CSA measures are reliable but require comparison with cadaveric or intra-operative measurements to verify validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kositsky
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Centre for Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Basílio A M Gonçalves
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Centre for Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lauri Stenroth
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rod S Barrett
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Centre for Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laura E Diamond
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Centre for Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - David J Saxby
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Centre for Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Maden-Wilkinson TM, Balshaw TG, Massey GJ, Folland JP. What makes long-term resistance-trained individuals so strong? A comparison of skeletal muscle morphology, architecture, and joint mechanics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 128:1000-1011. [PMID: 31873069 PMCID: PMC7191505 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00224.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The greater muscular strength of long-term resistance-trained (LTT) individuals is often attributed to hypertrophy, but the role of other factors, notably maximum voluntary specific tension (ST), muscle architecture, and any differences in joint mechanics (moment arm), have not been documented. The aim of the present study was to examine the musculoskeletal factors that might explain the greater quadriceps strength and size of LTT vs. untrained (UT) individuals. LTT (n = 16, age 21.6 ± 2.0 yr) had 4.0 ± 0.8 yr of systematic knee extensor heavy-resistance training experience, whereas UT (n = 52; age 25.1 ± 2.3 yr) had no lower-body resistance training experience for >18 mo. Knee extension dynamometry, T1-weighted magnetic resonance images of the thigh and knee, and ultrasonography of the quadriceps muscle group at 10 locations were used to determine quadriceps: isometric maximal voluntary torque (MVT), muscle volume (QVOL), patella tendon moment arm (PTMA), pennation angle (QΘP) and fascicle length (QFL), physiological cross-sectional area (QPCSA), and ST. LTT had substantially greater MVT (+60% vs. UT, P < 0.001) and QVOL (+56%, P < 0.001) and QPCSA (+41%, P < 0.001) but smaller differences in ST (+9%, P < 0.05) and moment arm (+4%, P < 0.05), and thus muscle size was the primary explanation for the greater strength of LTT. The greater muscle size (volume) of LTT was primarily attributable to the greater QPCSA (+41%; indicating more sarcomeres in parallel) rather than the more modest difference in FL (+11%; indicating more sarcomeres in series). There was no evidence in the present study for regional hypertrophy after LTT. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we demonstrate that the larger muscle strength (+60%) of a long-term (4+ yr) resistance-trained group compared with untrained controls was due to their similarly larger muscle volume (+56%), primarily due to a larger physiological cross-sectional area and modest differences in fascicle length, as well as modest differences in maximum voluntary specific tension and patella tendon moment arm. In addition, the present study refutes the possibility of regional hypertrophy, despite large differences in muscle volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Maden-Wilkinson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G Balshaw
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Garry J Massey
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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15
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Bruseghini P, Capelli C, Calabria E, Rossi AP, Tam E. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Isoinertial Training on Leg Extensors Muscle Function, Structure, and Intermuscular Adipose Tissue in Older Adults. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1260. [PMID: 31649552 PMCID: PMC6794371 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the effects of aerobic high-intensity training (HIT) and isoinertial resistance training (IRT) on the strength, mass, architecture, intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) quality, and neuromuscular activation of the quadriceps in elderly subjects. Twelve healthy men (69.3 ± 4.2 years; 77.8 ± 10.4 kg; 1.72 ± 0.05 m) were exposed to 8 weeks of HIT (7 × 2-min cycling repetitions at 90% of V.O2peak, 3 times/week) and, after 4 months (detraining), to IRT (4 × 7 maximal concentric–eccentric knee extensions, 3 times/week). Before and after trainings, we measured knee extension isometric (TMVC) and dynamic (TC) maximal concentric torque, anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) at 25, 50, and 75% of femur length, quadriceps volume (Vol), IMAT, pennation angle (θp) of the fibers from the vastus lateralis, and voluntary activation (%Act). TMVC and TC were significantly larger only after IRT (P = 0.008); IRT was able to elicit a greater increase of ACSA than HIT; Vol increases similarly and significantly after HIT and IRT (P = 0.003–0.001); IMAT at 50% of femur length decreased after both HIT and IRT (P = 0.001–0.003); physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) was larger after IRT than before (P = 0.025); specific torque did not change throughout the study (45.5 N cm–2 ± 12.0); %Act of the quadriceps was significantly affected only by IRT (P = 0.011). Both HIT and IRT are able to elicit beneficial modifications of muscular mass, architecture, and quality (reducing IMAT) in elderly subjects in connection with an amelioration of strength. HIT and IRT caused a homogeneous increase of ACSA and of Vol of the quadriceps. PCSA increases, but specific strength per unit of PCSA did not change. The increases of functional torque seemed to be attributed to a parallel increase of %Act and muscle hypertrophy only after IRT. Data suggest that IMAT may be a prominent indicator to track metabolic-dependent activity and skeletal muscle quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bruseghini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo Capelli
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Calabria
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea P Rossi
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Tam
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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16
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Zinke F, Warnke T, Gäbler M, Granacher U. Effects of Isokinetic Training on Trunk Muscle Fitness and Body Composition in World-Class Canoe Sprinters. Front Physiol 2019; 10:21. [PMID: 30745878 PMCID: PMC6360172 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In canoe sprint, the trunk muscles play an important role in stabilizing the body in an unstable environment (boat) and in generating forces that are transmitted through the shoulders and arms to the paddle for propulsion of the boat. Isokinetic training is well suited for sports in which propulsion is generated through water resistance due to similarities in the resistive mode. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of isokinetic training in addition to regular sport-specific training on trunk muscular fitness and body composition in world-class canoeists and to evaluate associations between trunk muscular fitness and canoe-specific performance. Nine world-class canoeists (age: 25.6 ± 3.3 years; three females; four world champions; three Olympic gold medalists) participated in an 8-week progressive isokinetic training with a 6-week block "muscle hypertrophy" and a 2-week block "muscle power." Pre- and post-tests included the assessment of peak isokinetic torque at different velocities in concentric (30 and 140°s-1) and eccentric (30 and 90°s-1) mode, trunk muscle endurance, and body composition (e.g., body fat, segmental lean mass). Additionally, peak paddle force was assessed in the flume at a water current of 3.4 m/s. Significant pre-to-post increases were found for peak torque of the trunk rotators at 30°s-1 (p = 0.047; d = 0.4) and 140°s-1 (p = 0.014; d = 0.7) in concentric mode. No significant pre-to-post changes were detected for eccentric trunk rotator torque, trunk muscle endurance, and body composition (p > 0.148). Significant medium-to-large correlations were observed between concentric trunk rotator torque but not trunk muscle endurance and peak paddle force, irrespective of the isokinetic movement velocity (all r ≥ 0.886; p ≤ 0.008). Isokinetic trunk rotator training is effective in improving concentric trunk rotator strength in world-class canoe sprinters. It is recommended to progressively increase angular velocity from 30°s-1 to 140°s-1 over the course of the training period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fridolin Zinke
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Torsten Warnke
- Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martijn Gäbler
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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17
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Ben Othman A, Chaouachi A, Chaouachi M, Makhlouf I, Farthing JP, Granacher U, Behm DG. Dominant and nondominant leg press training induce similar contralateral and ipsilateral limb training adaptations with children. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:973-984. [PMID: 30664382 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cross-education has been extensively investigated with adults. Adult studies report asymmetrical cross-education adaptations predominately after dominant limb training. The objective of the study was to examine unilateral leg press (LP) training of the dominant or nondominant leg on contralateral and ipsilateral strength and balance measures. Forty-two youth (10-13 years) were placed (random allocation) into a dominant (n = 15) or nondominant (n = 14) leg press training group or nontraining control (n = 13). Experimental groups trained 3 times per week for 8 weeks and were tested pre-/post-training for ipsilateral and contralateral 1-repetition maximum (RM) horizontal LP, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF), countermovement jump (CMJ), triple hop test (THT), MVIC strength of elbow flexors (EF) and handgrip, as well as the stork and Y balance tests. Both dominant and nondominant LP training significantly (p < 0.05) increased both ipsilateral and contralateral lower body strength (LP 1RM (dominant: 59.6%-81.8%; nondominant: 59.5%-96.3%), KE MVIC (dominant: 12.4%-18.3%; nondominant: 8.6%-18.6%), KF MVIC (dominant: 7.9%-22.3%; nondominant: nonsignificant-3.8%), and power (CMJ: dominant: 11.1%-18.1%; nondominant: 7.7%-16.6%)). The exception was that nondominant LP training demonstrated a nonsignificant change with the contralateral KF MVIC. Other significant improvements were with nondominant LP training on ipsilateral EF 1RM (6.2%) and THT (9.6%). There were no significant changes with EF and handgrip MVIC. The contralateral leg stork balance test was impaired following dominant LP training. KF MVIC exhibited the only significant relative post-training to pretraining (post-test/pre-test) ratio differences between dominant versus nondominant LP cross-education training effects. In conclusion, children exhibit symmetrical cross-education or global training adaptations with unilateral training of dominant or nondominant upper leg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Ben Othman
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,AUT University, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.,PVF Football Academy, Hang Yen, Vietnam
| | - Mehdi Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,Movement Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, Université Rennes 2-ENS, 35170 Bruz, France
| | - Issam Makhlouf
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jonathan P Farthing
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Campus Am Neuen Palais, Am Neuen Palais 10, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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18
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Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ, Davies TB, Lazinica B, Krieger JW, Pedisic Z. Effect of Resistance Training Frequency on Gains in Muscular Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 48:1207-1220. [PMID: 29470825 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current recommendations on resistance training (RT) frequency for gains in muscular strength are based on extrapolations from limited evidence on the topic, and thus their practical applicability remains questionable. OBJECTIVE To elucidate this issue, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the studies that compared muscular strength outcomes with different RT frequencies. METHODS To carry out this review, English-language literature searches of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases were conducted. The meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. The meta-analysis models were generated with RT frequencies classified as a categorical variable as either 1, 2, 3, or 4+ times/week, or, if there were insufficient data in subgroup analyses, the training frequencies were categorized as 1, 2, or 3 times/week. Subgroup analyses were performed for potential moderators, including (1) training volume; (2) exercise selection for the 1 repetition maximum (RM) test (for both multi-joint and single-joint exercises); (3) upper and lower body strength gains; (4) training to muscular failure (for studies involving and not involving training to muscular failure); (5) age (for both middle-aged/older adults and young adults); and (6) sex (for men and for women). The methodological quality of studies was appraised using the modified Downs and Black checklist. RESULTS A total of 22 studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria. The average score on the Downs and Black checklist was 18 (range 13-22 points). Four studies were classified as being of good methodological quality, while the rest were classified as being of moderate methodological quality. Results of the meta-analysis showed a significant effect (p = 0.003) of RT frequency on muscular strength gains. Effect sizes increased in magnitude from 0.74, 0.82, 0.93, and 1.08 for training 1, 2, 3, and 4+ times per week, respectively. A subgroup analysis of volume-equated studies showed no significant effect (p = 0.421) of RT frequency on muscular strength gains. The subgroup analysis for exercise selection for the 1RM test suggested a significant effect of RT frequency on multi-joint (p < 0.001), but not single-joint, 1RM test results (p = 0.324). The subgroup analysis for upper and lower body showed a significant effect of frequency (p = 0.004) for upper body, but not lower body, strength gains (p = 0.070). In the subgroup analysis for studies in which the training was and was not carried out to muscular failure, no significant effect of RT frequency was found. The subgroup analysis for the age groups suggested a significant effect of training frequency among young adults (p = 0.024), but not among middle-aged and older adults (p = 0.093). Finally, the subgroup analysis for sex indicated a significant effect of RT frequency on strength gains in women (p = 0.030), but not men (p = 0.190). CONCLUSIONS The results of the present systematic review and meta-analysis suggest a significant effect of RT frequency as higher training frequencies are translated into greater muscular strength gains. However, these effects seem to be primarily driven by training volume because when the volume is equated, there was no significant effect of RT frequency on muscular strength gains. Thus, from a practical standpoint, greater training frequencies can be used for additional RT volume, which is then likely to result in greater muscular strength gains. However, it remains unclear whether RT frequency on its own has significant effects on strength gain. It seems that higher RT frequencies result in greater gains in muscular strength on multi-joint exercises in the upper body and in women, and, finally, in contrast to older adults, young individuals seem to respond more positively to greater RT frequencies. More evidence among resistance-trained individuals is needed as most of the current studies were performed in untrained participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Timothy B Davies
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruno Lazinica
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, J.J. Strossmayer University, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - Zeljko Pedisic
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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19
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Green LA, Gabriel DA. The effect of unilateral training on contralateral limb strength in young, older, and patient populations: a meta-analysis of cross education. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10833196.2018.1499272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara A. Green
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - David A. Gabriel
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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20
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Maeo S, Shan X, Otsuka S, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y. Single-joint eccentric knee extension training preferentially trains the rectus femoris within the quadriceps muscles. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumiaki Maeo
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization; Ritsumeikan University; Kusatsu Shiga Japan
| | - Xiyao Shan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Tokorozawa Saitama Japan
| | - Shun Otsuka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Tokorozawa Saitama Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Department of Sports and Life Science; National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya; Kanoya Kagoshima Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Tokorozawa Saitama Japan
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21
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Influence of full range of motion vs. equalized partial range of motion training on muscle architecture and mechanical properties. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1969-1983. [PMID: 29982844 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a 15-week partial range of motion (ROM) resistance training program on the vastus lateralis (VL) architecture and mechanical properties, when the time under tension (TUT) was equalized. METHODS Nineteen untrained male subjects were randomly assigned to a control (Control; n = 8) or training (TG; n = 11) group. In the TG, the dominant and nondominant legs were randomly selected to be trained with a full ROM (FULL) or a partial ROM (PART) in an isokinetic dynamometer. Training volume was equalized based on the TUT by manipulating sets and repetitions. The VL muscle architecture was assessed by B-mode ultrasonography at rest and during maximal isometric knee extension contractions (MVCs) at ten knee angles. The VL fascicle force and specific tension were calculated from the MVCs with superimposed stimuli, accounting for the moment arm length, muscle architecture, and antagonist coactivation. RESULTS The FULL training induced changes in fascicle length (FL) (4.9 ± 2.0%, P < 0.001) and specific tension (25.8 ± 18.7%, P < 0.001). There was a moderate effect of PART training on the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) (7.8 ± 4.0%, P < 0.001, dav = 0.6) and torque-angle adaptations (average increase 17.7 ± 3.9%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that crucial architectural and mechanical muscle adaptations are dependent on the ROM used in strength training. It seems that muscle FL and specific tension can be increased by pure concentric training if greater ROM is used. Conversely, restricting the ROM to shorter muscle lengths promotes a greater PCSA and angle-specific strength adaptations.
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22
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Carr JC, Stock MS, Hernandez JM, Ortegon JR, Mota JA. Additional insight into biarticular muscle function: The influence of hip flexor fatigue on rectus femoris activity at the knee. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 42:36-43. [PMID: 29940493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the compensatory adaptations in muscle regionalization and synergist activity after fatiguing a biarticular muscle at one joint with different muscle lengths. Eleven men (mean ± SD age = 23 ± 3 years) performed 50 maximal concentric isokinetic contractions of the dominant hip flexors on two occasions. For one trial, the knee joint was fully extended. For the other, the knee joint was fixed at 70°. Maximal voluntary contractions of the knee extensors were performed immediately before and after the hip flexion fatigue protocol while bipolar surface electromyographic signals were detected from the vastus lateralis and at five points along the length of the rectus femoris. Regardless of knee joint angle during the hip flexion fatigue protocol, knee extension peak torque was unchanged following hip flexion fatigue. Electromyographic amplitude for the vastus lateralis (p = .047, η2 = .338) and rectus femoris (p < .001, η2 = .667) showed main effects for time, indicating higher and lower post-fatigue values, respectively. There was no evidence of region-specific rectus femoris adaptations during extension at the knee following fatigue of the hip flexors. These data suggest that synergistic adaptations were involved in maintaining knee extension peak torque following hip flexion fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Carr
- Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Matt S Stock
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | | | | | - Jacob A Mota
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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23
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Lower body blood flow restriction training may induce remote muscle strength adaptations in an active unrestricted arm. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:617-627. [PMID: 29350278 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the concurrent characteristics of the remote development of strength and cross-sectional area (CSA) of upper body skeletal muscle in response to lower body resistance training performed with an applied blood flow restriction (BFR). METHODS Males allocated to an experimental BFR group (EXP; n = 12) or a non-BFR control group (CON; n = 12) completed 7-weeks of resistance training comprising three sets of unilateral bicep curls [50% 1-repetition maximum (1-RM)], then four sets of bilateral knee extension and flexion exercises (30% 1-RM). EXP performed leg exercises with an applied BFR (60% limb occlusion pressure). 1-RM strength was measured using bilateral leg exercises and unilateral bicep curls in both trained and untrained arms. Muscle CSA was measured via peripheral quantitative computed tomography in the dominant leg and both arms. RESULTS 1-RM in the trained arm increased more in EXP (2.5 ± 0.4 kg; mean ± SEM) than the contralateral untrained arm (0.8 ± 0.4 kg), and the trained arm of CON (0.6 ± 0.3 kg, P < 0.05). The increase in knee extension 1-RM was twofold that of CON (P < 0.01). Knee flexion 1-RM, leg CSA, and trained arm CSA increased similarly between groups (P > 0.05), while untrained arm CSA did not change (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Lower limb BFR training increased trained arm strength more than the contralateral untrained arm, and the trained arm of controls. However, there was no additional effect on muscle CSA. These findings support evidence for a BFR training-derived remote strength transfer that may be relevant to populations with localised movement disorders.
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24
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Cullins MJ, Krekeler BN, Connor NP. Differential impact of tongue exercise on intrinsic lingual muscles. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:2245-2251. [PMID: 29243257 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Aging is associated with muscle fiber hypotrophy and decreased percentages of rapidly contracting myosin heavy chain (MyHC) type IIb muscle fibers. Tongue exercise programs used to treat dysphagia target age-related decline in tongue muscle function, but the impact of exercise on the intrinsic tongue muscles is unknown. We hypothesized that exercise would induce muscle fiber hypertrophy and increase the percentage of MyHC IIa fibers in the intrinsic tongue. STUDY DESIGN Animal model. METHODS Eight old and eight young-adult rats underwent 8 weeks of tongue exercise training, and 8 animals of each age group served as controls. Longitudinal, transverse, and verticalis muscle samples from the anterior, middle, and posterior regions of the tongue were sectioned and stained to determine muscle fiber diameter and MyHC composition. RESULTS MyHC fiber type distribution was altered by exercise, and the effects differed by muscle and region of the tongue. In the exercise groups, as compared to the control groups, the anterior transverse and middle superior longitudinal muscles had significantly reduced percentages of MyHC IIx positive fibers and higher percentages of rapidly contracting fatigable MyHC IIb positive muscle fibers, whereas the middle transverse and posterior longitudinal muscles had increased percentages of the less rapidly contracting and more fatigue-resistant MyHC IIa fibers. The impact of exercise did not differ with age, as there was no significant interaction between age and exercise. Tongue exercise had no significant effect on muscle fiber diameter. CONCLUSIONS The impact of exercise varied among the tongue muscles, which may indicate different functional contributions to the tongue exercise task. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 128:2245-2251, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Cullins
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Brittany N Krekeler
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Nadine P Connor
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
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25
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Ben Othman A, Behm DG, Chaouachi A. Evidence of homologous and heterologous effects after unilateral leg training in youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:282-291. [PMID: 29069548 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The positive effects of unilateral training on contralateral muscles (cross education) has been demonstrated with adults for over a century. There is limited evidence for cross education of heterologous muscles. Cross education has not been demonstrated with children. It was the objective of this study to investigate cross-education training in children examining ipsilateral and contralateral homologous and heterologous muscles. Forty-eight male children (aged 10-13 years) were assessed for unilateral, ipsilateral and contralateral lower limb strength, power and endurance (1-repetition maximum (RM) leg press, knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF) maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC), countermovement jump, muscle endurance test (leg press repetitions with 60% 1RM)), and upper body unilateral MVIC elbow flexors (EF) and handgrip strength. An 8-week training program involved 2 unilateral leg press resistance-training groups (high load/low repetitions: 4-8 sets of 5RM, and low load/high repetitions: 1-2 sets of 20RM) and control (untrained) group. All muscles exhibited improvements of 6.1% to 89.1%. The trained limb exhibited greater adaptations than the untrained limb for leg press 1RM (40.3% vs. 25.2%; p = 0.005), and 60% 1RM leg press (104.1% vs. 73.4%; p = 0.0001). The high load/low repetition training induced (p < 0.0001) greater improvements than low load/high repetition with KE, KF, EF MVIC and leg press 1RM. This is the first study to demonstrate cross-education effects with children and that the effects of unilateral training involve both contralateral homologous and heterologous muscles with the greatest strength-training responses from high-load/low-repetition training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Ben Othman
- a Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - David G Behm
- c School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- a Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,b AUT University, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
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Hendy AM, Lamon S. The Cross-Education Phenomenon: Brain and Beyond. Front Physiol 2017; 8:297. [PMID: 28539892 PMCID: PMC5423908 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Unilateral resistance training produces strength gains in the untrained homologous muscle group, an effect termed “cross-education.” The observed strength transfer has traditionally been considered a phenomenon of the nervous system, with few studies examining the contribution of factors beyond the brain and spinal cord. In this hypothesis and theory article, we aim to discuss further evidence for structural and functional adaptations occurring within the nervous, muscle, and endocrine systems in response to unilateral resistance training. The limitations of existing cross-education studies will be explored, and novel potential stakeholders that may contribute to the cross-education effect will be identified. Design: Critical review of the literature. Method: Search of online databases. Results: Studies have provided evidence that functional reorganization of the motor cortex facilitates, at least in part, the effects of cross-education. Cross-activation of the “untrained” motor cortex, ipsilateral to the trained limb, plays an important role. While many studies report little or no gains in muscle mass in the untrained limb, most experimental designs have not allowed for sensitive or comprehensive investigation of structural changes in the muscle. Conclusions: Increased neural drive originating from the “untrained” motor cortex contributes to the cross-education effect. Adaptive changes within the muscle fiber, as well as systemic and hormonal factors require further investigation. An increased understanding of the physiological mechanisms contributing to cross-education will enable to more effectively explore its effects and potential applications in rehabilitation of unilateral movement disorders or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee M Hendy
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin UniversityGeelong, VIC, Australia
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Wages NP, Beck TW, Ye X, Carr JC. Unilateral fatiguing exercise and its effect on ipsilateral and contralateral resting mechanomyographic mean frequency between aerobic populations. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13151. [PMID: 28242828 PMCID: PMC5328779 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to establish a better understanding of contralateral training and its effects between homologous muscles following unilateral fatiguing aerobic exercise during variable resting postural positions, and to determine if any observable disparities could be attributed to the differences between the training ages of the participants. Furthermore, we hypothesized that we would observe a contralateral cross-over effect for both groups, with the novice trained group having the higher mechanomyographic mean frequency values in both limbs, across all resting postural positions. Twenty healthy male subjects exercised on an upright cycle ergometer, using only their dominate limb, for 30 min at 60% of their VO2 peak. Resting electromyographic and mechanomyographic signals were measured prior to and following fatiguing aerobic exercise. We found that there were resting mechanomyographic mean frequency differences of approximately 1.9 ± 0.8% and 0.9 ± 0.7%; 9.1 ± 0.3% and 10.2 ± 3.7%; 2 ± 1.8% and 3 ± 1.4%; and 0.9 ± 0.6% and 0.2 ± 1.3% between the novice and advanced trained groups (for the upright sitting position with legs extended 180°; upright sitting position with legs bent 90°; lying supine position with legs extended 180°; and lying supine with legs bent 90°, respectively), from the dominant and nondominant limbs, respectively. We have concluded that despite the relative matching of exercise intensity between groups, acute responses to contralateral training become less accentuated as one progresses in training age. Additionally, our results lend support to the notion that there are multiple, overlapping neural and mechanical mechanisms concurrently contributing to the contralateral cross-over effects observed across the postexercise resting time course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Wages
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Travis W Beck
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Joshua C Carr
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
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Effect of Training Leading to Repetition Failure on Muscular Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2016; 46:487-502. [PMID: 26666744 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether repetitions leading to failure (failure training) or not leading to failure (non-failure training) lead to superior muscular strength gains during resistance exercise. Failure training may provide the stimulus needed to enhance muscular strength development. However, it is argued that non-failure training leads to similar increases in muscular strength without the need for high levels of discomfort and physical effort, which are associated with failure training. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effect of failure versus non-failure training on muscular strength. METHODS Five electronic databases were searched using terms related to failure and non-failure training. Studies were deemed eligible for inclusion if they met the following criteria: (1) randomised and non-randomised studies; (2) resistance training intervention where repetitions were performed to failure; (3) a non-failure comparison group; (4) resistance training interventions with a total of ≥3 exercise sessions; and (5) muscular strength assessment pre- and post-training. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to pool the results of the included studies and generate a weighted mean effect size (ES). RESULTS Eight studies were included in the meta-analysis (combined studies). Training volume was controlled in four studies (volume controlled), while the remaining four studies did not control for training volume (volume uncontrolled). Non-failure training resulted in a 0.6-1.3% greater strength increase than failure training. A small pooled effect favouring non-failure training was found (ES = 0.34; p = 0.02). Significant small pooled effects on muscular strength were also found for non-failure versus failure training with compound exercises (ES = 0.37-0.38; p = 0.03) and trained participants (ES = 0.37; p = 0.049). A slightly larger pooled effect favouring non-failure training was observed when volume-uncontrolled studies were included (ES = 0.41; p = 0.047). No significant effect was found for the volume-controlled studies, although there was a trend favouring non-failure training. The methodological quality of the included studies in the review was found to be moderate. Exercise compliance was high for the studies where this was reported (n = 5), although limited information on adverse events was provided. CONCLUSION Overall, the results suggest that despite statistically significant effects on muscular strength being found for non-failure compared with failure training, the small percentage of improvement shown for non-failure training is unlikely to be meaningful. Therefore, it appears that similar increases in muscular strength can be achieved with failure and non-failure training. Furthermore, it seems unnecessary to perform failure training to maximise muscular strength; however, if incorporated into a programme, training to failure should be performed sparingly to limit the risks of injuries and overtraining.
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Ema R, Sakaguchi M, Akagi R, Kawakami Y. Unique activation of the quadriceps femoris during single- and multi-joint exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1031-41. [PMID: 27032805 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine whether muscle activation of the quadriceps femoris differs between single- and multi-joint exercises, and to explore the factors resulting in muscle and exercise specificity in activation. METHODS Eleven adults developed isometric hip extension torque gradually while maintaining submaximal isometric knee extension torque (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, 15 men performed knee extension and leg press separately at intensities of 20, 40, 60 and 80 % of their one repetition maximum (1RM) load, and 14 men conducted leg press at intensities of 40 and 80 % of 1RM until exhaustion (Experiment 3). Muscle activation during exercises was measured using surface electromyography from the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and medialis. RESULTS The addition of isometric hip extension torque significantly decreased rectus femoris activation (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, the rectus femoris activation was significantly higher during knee extension than during leg press, whereas no differences were observed in the vasti. The rectus femoris activation was not significantly different between leg press at 80 % and knee extension at 20 % of 1RM. The results of Experiment 3 showed significant increases in vasti activation at both intensities, whereas rectus femoris activation did not change at 80 % of 1RM. CONCLUSION The results revealed that even at high intensity, the rectus femoris activation during multi-joint exercise is low and does not increase with fatigue, unlike the vasti, and that the inter-muscle and inter-exercise differences in activation depend on whether hip extension torque is exerted in the exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ema
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama-shi, 337-8570, Saitama, Japan. .,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masanori Sakaguchi
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ryota Akagi
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Wakahara T, Ema R, Miyamoto N, Kawakami Y. Inter- and intramuscular differences in training-induced hypertrophy of the quadriceps femoris: association with muscle activation during the first training session. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2015; 37:405-412. [PMID: 26576937 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine whether inter- and intramuscular differences in hypertrophy induced by resistance training correspond to differences in muscle activation during the first training session. Eleven young men completed 12 weeks of training intervention for knee extension. Before and after the intervention, T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images were recorded to determine the volume and anatomical cross-sectional area (CSA) along the length of the individual muscles of the quadriceps femoris. The T2-weighted MR images were also acquired before and immediately after the first training session. The T2 was calculated for each pixel within the quadriceps femoris, from which the muscle activation was evaluated as %activated volume and area. The results showed that the %activated volume after the first training session was significantly higher in the vastus intermedius than the vastus medialis. However, the relative change in muscle volume after the training intervention was significantly greater in the rectus femoris than the vasti muscles (vastus lateralis, intermedius and medialis). Within the rectus femoris, both the %activated area and relative increase in CSA were significantly greater in the distal region than the proximal region. In contrast, the %activated area and relative increase in CSA of the vasti were nearly uniform along each muscle. These results suggest that the muscle activation during the first training session is associated with the intramuscular difference in hypertrophy induced by training intervention, but not with the intermuscular difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Wakahara
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Ema
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naokazu Miyamoto
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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31
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Taniguchi M, Fukumoto Y, Kobayashi M, Kawasaki T, Maegawa S, Ibuki S, Ichihashi N. Quantity and Quality of the Lower Extremity Muscles in Women with Knee Osteoarthritis. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:2567-2574. [PMID: 26099784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study described here was to compare lower extremity muscle quantity and quality between individuals with and those without knee osteoarthritis (OA). Twenty-one women with knee OA (mild, n = 8; severe, n = 13) and 23 healthy patients participated. Ultrasonography was used to measure muscle thickness (MT) and echo intensity (EI) of the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis anterior. MTs of the vastus medialis and vastus intermedius were smaller, and EIs of the vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, gluteus medius and tibialis anterior were larger, in the severe OA group compared than in the healthy group. Compared with the healthy group, the mild OA group had decreased MT and enhanced EI. Changes in quality and quantity occurring with knee OA progression differed among muscles. In the vastus medialis, change was observed from an earlier stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Taniguchi
- Division of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Units, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu City, Shiga, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | | - Taku Kawasaki
- Division of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Units, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu City, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shoji Maegawa
- Division of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Units, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu City, Shiga, Japan
| | - Satoko Ibuki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ichihashi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Matta TT, Nascimento FX, Trajano GS, Simão R, Willardson JM, Oliveira LF. Selective hypertrophy of the quadriceps musculature after 14 weeks of isokinetic and conventional resistance training. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2015; 37:137-142. [PMID: 26184103 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Torres Matta
- Physical Education Post-Graduation Program; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- Biomedical Engineering Program; COPPE; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Francisco Xavier Nascimento
- Physical Education Post-Graduation Program; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- Army Physical Education School; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Gabriel S. Trajano
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research; School of Exercise and Health Sciences; Edith Cowan University; Perth WA Australia
| | - Roberto Simão
- Biomedical Engineering Program; COPPE; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | | | - Liliam Fernandes Oliveira
- Physical Education Post-Graduation Program; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- Biomedical Engineering Program; COPPE; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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Berger J, Bunout D, Barrera G, de la Maza MP, Henriquez S, Leiva L, Hirsch S. Rectus femoris (RF) ultrasound for the assessment of muscle mass in older people. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2015; 61:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abe T, Loenneke JP, Young KC, Thiebaud RS, Nahar VK, Hollaway KM, Stover CD, Ford MA, Bass MA, Loftin M. Validity of ultrasound prediction equations for total and regional muscularity in middle-aged and older men and women. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:557-564. [PMID: 25444689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To test the validity of published equations, 79 Caucasian adults (40 men and 39 women) aged 50-78 y had muscle thickness (MT) measured by ultrasound at nine sites of the body. Fat-free mass (FFM), lean soft tissue mass (LM) and total muscle mass (TMM) were estimated from MT using equations previously published in the literature. Appendicular LM (aLM) was estimated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and this method served as the reference criterion. There were strong correlations (range r = 0.85-0.94) between DXA-derived aLM and estimated FFM, leg LM or TMM. Total error between DXA-derived aLM and TMM (∼2 kg) was lower compared with the three other selected equations (6-10 kg). A Bland-Altman plot revealed that there was no systematic bias between aLM and TMM; however, the other three equations included systematic error. Our results suggest that an ultrasound equation for TMM is appropriate and useful for evaluating skeletal muscle mass in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, School of Applied Science, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, School of Applied Science, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Kaelin C Young
- Department of Human Performance Studies, College of Education, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Robert S Thiebaud
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education, Texas Wesleyan University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Vinayak K Nahar
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, School of Applied Science, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M Hollaway
- Department of Human Performance Studies, College of Education, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Caitlin D Stover
- Department of Human Performance Studies, College of Education, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - M Allison Ford
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, School of Applied Science, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Martha A Bass
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, School of Applied Science, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Mark Loftin
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, School of Applied Science, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Lee D, Park J, Lee S. Isometric contraction of an upper extremity and its effects on the contralateral lower extremity. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 26:1707-9. [PMID: 25435682 PMCID: PMC4242937 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to examine effects of the isometric contraction of an upper limb in a supine position on the muscle activity of a healthy adult in the contralateral lower limb. [Subjects] The subjects were 40 healthy adults (35 males and 5 females). [Methods] The muscle activity of the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris, anterior tibialis, and medial gastrocnemius (MG) of the contralateral lower limb was measured using electromyography while the subjects flexed, extended, abducted, and adducted the shoulder joint of an upper limb. [Results] The muscle activity of the RF of the contralateral lower limb was significantly high when the subject flexed the shoulder joint of an upper limb, and the muscle activity of the MG of the contralateral lower limb was significantly high when the subject adducted the shoulder joint of an upper limb. [Conclusion] The isometric contraction that results from flexion and adduction of the shoulder joint of an upper limb in a supine position is considered to selectively affect the RF and MG activity of the contralateral lower limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehee Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Youngdong University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungseo Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, Youngdong University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Youngdong University, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The "restoring symmetry" hypothesis poses that cross-education of strength--a crossed-limb adaptation after unilateral training--is best applied to clinical conditions presenting with asymmetries. Cross-education mechanisms should be viewed as evolutionarily conserved circuits that have a small impact on daily life but a meaningful impact for rehabilitation. Two recently published examples are hemiparesis after stroke and unilateral orthopedic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Farthing
- 1College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; and 2Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, 3Centre for Biomedical Research, 4Division of Medical Sciences, and 5School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria; and 6Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Wakahara T, Fukutani A, Kawakami Y, Yanai T. Nonuniform muscle hypertrophy: its relation to muscle activation in training session. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:2158-65. [PMID: 23657165 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182995349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training has been reported to occur nonuniformly along the length of the muscle. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the regional difference in muscle hypertrophy induced by a training intervention corresponds to the regional difference in muscle activation in the training session. METHODS Twelve young men participated in a training intervention program for the elbow extensors with a multijoint resistance exercise for 12 wk (3 d · wk(-1)). Before and after the intervention, cross-sectional areas of the triceps brachii along its length were measured with magnetic resonance images. A series of transverse relaxation time (T2)-weighted magnetic resonance images was recorded before and immediately after the first session of training intervention. The T2 was calculated for each pixel within the triceps brachii. In the images recorded after the session, the number of pixels with a T2 greater than the threshold (mean + 1 SD of T2 before the session) was expressed as the ratio to the whole number of pixels within the muscle and used as an index of muscle activation (percent activated area). RESULTS The percent activated area of the triceps brachii in the first session was significantly higher in the middle regions than that in the most proximal region. Similarly, the relative change in cross-sectional area induced by the training intervention was also significantly greater in the middle regions than the most proximal region. CONCLUSION The results suggest that nonuniform muscle hypertrophy after training intervention is due to the region-specific muscle activation during the training session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Wakahara
- 1Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, JAPAN; 2Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, JAPAN; 3Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, JAPAN; 4Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, JAPAN; and 5Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, JAPAN
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Ando R, Saito A, Umemura Y, Akima H. Local architecture of the vastus intermedius is a better predictor of knee extension force than that of the other quadriceps femoris muscle heads. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 35:376-82. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Ando
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Akira Saito
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Umemura
- School of Health and Sport Sciences; Chukyo University; Nagoya Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akima
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
- Research Center of Health; Physical Fitness & Sports; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
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39
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Matta TT, Nascimento FXMB, Fernandes IA, Oliveira LF. Heterogeneity of rectus femoris muscle architectural adaptations after two different 14-week resistance training programmes. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 35:210-5. [PMID: 24750784 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago T. Matta
- Biomedical Engineering Program; COPPE; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sports; Laboratory of Biomechanics; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Francisco X. M. B. Nascimento
- School of Physical Education and Sports; Laboratory of Biomechanics; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Igor A. Fernandes
- Laboratory Crossbridges; Postgraduate Program in Sport and Exercise Science; Gama Filho University; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Liliam F. Oliveira
- Biomedical Engineering Program; COPPE; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sports; Laboratory of Biomechanics; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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40
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Mersmann F, Bohm S, Schroll A, Arampatzis A. Validation of a simplified method for muscle volume assessment. J Biomech 2014; 47:1348-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ema R, Wakahara T, Miyamoto N, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y. Inhomogeneous architectural changes of the quadriceps femoris induced by resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2691-703. [PMID: 23949789 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ema
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
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Sanchis-Moysi J, Idoate F, Izquierdo M, Calbet JA, Dorado C. The hypertrophy of the lateral abdominal wall and quadratus lumborum is sport-specific: an MRI segmental study in professional tennis and soccer players. Sports Biomech 2013; 12:54-67. [PMID: 23724609 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2012.725087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to determine the volume and degree of asymmetry of quadratus lumborum (QL), obliques, and transversus abdominis; the last two considered conjointly (OT), in tennis and soccer players. The volume of QL and OT was determined using magnetic resonance imaging in professional tennis and soccer players, and in non-active controls (n = 8, 14, and 6, respectively). In tennis players the hypertrophy of OT was limited to proximal segments (cephalic segments), while in soccer players it was similar along longitudinal axis. In tennis players the hypertrophy was asymmetric (18% greater volume in the non-dominant than in the dominant OT, p = 0.001), while in soccer players and controls both sides had similar volumes (p > 0.05). In controls, the non-dominant QL was 15% greater than that of the dominant (p = 0.049). Tennis and soccer players had similar volumes in both sides of QL. Tennis alters the dominant-to-non-dominant balance in the muscle volume of the lateral abdominal wall. In tennis the hypertrophy is limited to proximal segments and is greater in the non-dominant side. Soccer, however, is associated to a symmetric hypertrophy of the lateral abdominal wall. Tennis and soccer elicit an asymmetric hypertrophy of QL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Sanchis-Moysi
- Physical Education Department, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Ema R, Wakahara T, Mogi Y, Miyamoto N, Komatsu T, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y. In vivomeasurement of human rectus femoris architecture by ultrasonography: validity and applicability. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 33:267-73. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ema
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Saitama; Japan
| | - Taku Wakahara
- Faculty of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Saitama; Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Mogi
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Saitama; Japan
| | | | - Toshihiko Komatsu
- Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University; Osaka; Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya; Kagoshima; Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Saitama; Japan
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Hedayatpour N, Falla D. Non-uniform muscle adaptations to eccentric exercise and the implications for training and sport. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2011; 22:329-33. [PMID: 22192598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the variations in morphological and architectural characteristics of fibers within a skeletal muscle, regions of a muscle may be differently affected by eccentric exercise. Although eccentric exercise may be beneficial for increasing muscle mass and can be beneficial for the treatment of tendinopathies, the non-uniform effect of eccentric exercise results in regional muscle damage and as a consequence, non-uniform changes in muscle activation. This regional muscle weakness can contribute to muscle strength imbalances and may potentially alter the load distribution on joint structures, increasing the risk of injury. In this brief review, the non-uniform effects of eccentric exercise are reviewed and their implications for training and sport are considered.
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Wakahara T, Miyamoto N, Sugisaki N, Murata K, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T, Yanai T. Association between regional differences in muscle activation in one session of resistance exercise and in muscle hypertrophy after resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:1569-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lemmey AB. Efficacy of progressive resistance training for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and recommendations regarding its prescription. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/ijr.11.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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An examination of the time course of training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:2785-90. [PMID: 21409401 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gacesa JP, Dragnic NR, Prvulovic NM, Barak OF, Grujic N. The validity of estimating triceps brachii volume from single MRI cross-sectional area before and after resistance training. J Sports Sci 2011; 29:635-41. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.549498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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IKEBUKURO TOSHIHIRO, KUBO KEITARO, OKADA JUNICHI, YATA HIDEAKI, TSUNODA NAOYA. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MUSCLE THICKNESS IN THE LOWER LIMBS AND COMPETITION PERFORMANCE IN WEIGHTLIFTERS AND SPRINTERS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7600/jspfsm.60.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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