1
|
Wu D, Zhou J, Bi H, Li L, Gao W, Huang M, Adcock IM, Barnes PJ, Yao X. CCL11 as a potential diagnostic marker for asthma? J Asthma 2014; 51:847-54. [PMID: 24796647 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2014.917659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Asthma is an inflammatory airway disease characterized by airway eosinophilia, in which CCL11 (eotaxin) plays a crucial role. The aim of study is to determine the elevation of CCL11 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), blood, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and sputum in asthma patients and to identify which medium yields the most significant change in CCL11 level. METHODS The databases of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Centre Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched from inception to September 2013. Controlled clinical trials that focused on CCL11 concentrations in asthma patients and controls, and their correlations with other asthma indicators were obtained. Data were analysed using Stata 12.0. RESULTS Thirty studies were included in this investigation. CCL11 levels in blood, EBC and sputum were significantly higher in asthma patients than in healthy subjects. Sputum CCL11 concentrations were significantly elevated in unstable asthma patients versus stable asthma patients and in uncontrolled asthma patients versus partially controlled asthma patients. CCL11 levels in sputum and blood were negatively correlated with the lung function as measured by FEV1% predicted, and were positively correlated with BALF, EBC and sputum eosinophil counts. Similarly, CCL11 concentrations were positively correlated with eosinophil cationic protein in EBC, blood and sputum as well as with interleukin-5 in sputum and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in EBC. Steroid treatment had no significant effect on CCL11 levels. CONCLUSIONS CCL11 is a potentially useful biomarker for the diagnosis and assessment of asthma severity and control, especially in sputum. CCL11 is crucial in eosinophil chemoattraction and activation in asthma pathogenesis. Further studies using anti-CCL11 approaches are needed to confirm a role for CCL11 in asthma pathogenesis particularly in patients with more severe disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Guangzhou Road, Nanjing , China and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Grotta MB, Squebola-Cola DM, Toro AADC, Ribeiro MAGO, Mazon SB, Ribeiro JD, Antunes E. Obesity increases eosinophil activity in asthmatic children and adolescents. BMC Pulm Med 2013; 13:39. [PMID: 23773659 PMCID: PMC3686646 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-13-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A clear relationship between asthma and obesity has been reported, but the mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of obesity on eosinophil activity (chemotaxis and adhesion) in asthmatic children and adolescents compared with cells from healthy volunteers. Methods Asthmatic obese (AO), asthmatic non-obese (ANO), non-asthmatic obese (NAO) and non-asthmatic non-obese (NANO) individuals were included in the present study. The chemotaxis of eosinophils after stimulation with eotaxin (300 ng/ml), platelet-activating factor (10 μM; PAF) and RANTES (100 ng/ml) was performed using a microchemotaxis chamber. The eosinophil peroxidase activity was measured to determine the adhesion activity of eosinophils cultivated on fibronectin-coated plates. The serum leptin, adiponectin, TNF-α and IgE levels were quantified using ELISA assays. Results The serum IgE levels and eosinophil counts were significantly higher in asthmatic (obese and non-obese) individuals compared with non-asthmatic individuals (obese and non-obese). Spontaneous eosinophil chemotaxis was greater in the AO group compared with either the ANO or NANO groups. The activation of eosinophils using eotaxin and PAF increased eosinophil chemotaxis in the AO group. RANTES treatment increased eosinophil chemotaxis in the NAO group compared with the NANO or ANO groups. The activation of eosinophils using eotaxin significantly increased eosinophil adhesion in the AO group compared with other groups. The serum leptin and TNF-α levels were higher in obese subjects (asthmatic and non-asthmatic), whereas the levels of adiponectin did not significantly differ among these groups. Conclusion This study is the first to show increased eosinophilic activity (chemotaxis and adhesion) associated with high serum leptin and TNF-α levels in atopic asthmatic obese children and adolescents compared with non-obese healthy volunteers.
Collapse
|
3
|
Enhancement of the pulmonary allergic granulocyte recruitment in rats exposed to DMTI-II, a Kunitz-type inhibitor isolated from Dimorphandra mollis seeds. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:740-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
4
|
Gonçalves RB, Coletta RD, Silvério KG, Benevides L, Casati MZ, da Silva JS, Nociti FH. Impact of smoking on inflammation: overview of molecular mechanisms. Inflamm Res 2011; 60:409-24. [PMID: 21298317 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is a critical component of normal tissue repair, as well as being fundamental to the body's defense against infection. Environmental factors, such as smoking, have been reported to modify the host response and hence modify inflammation progression, severity and outcome. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which smoking affects inflammation is vital for preventive and therapeutic strategies on a clinical level. AIM The purpose of the present article is to review the potential biological mechanisms by which smoking affects inflammation, emphasizing recent developments. RESULTS Smoking is reported to effect a number of biological mediators of inflammation through its effect on immune-inflammatory cells, leading to an immunosuppressant state. Recent evidence strongly suggests that the molecular mechanisms behind the modulation of inflammation by smoking mainly involve the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) family, through the activation of both an inhibitor of IkB kinase (IKK)-dependent and -independent pathway. In addition to NF-kB activation, a number of transcriptional factors including GATA, PAX5 and Smad 3/4, have also been implicated. CONCLUSION Multiple mechanisms may be responsible for the association of smoking and inflammation, and the identification of potential therapeutic targets should guide future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Gonçalves
- Department of Periodontology and Research Group in Oral Ecology, Faculty of Dentistry, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Krisiukeniene A, Babusyte A, Stravinskaite K, Lotvall J, Sakalauskas R, Sitkauskiene B. Smoking affects eotaxin levels in asthma patients. J Asthma 2009; 46:470-6. [PMID: 19544167 DOI: 10.1080/02770900902846349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic airway inflammation is most important pathological finding in asthma. Cigarette smoking may modify type of inflammation as well as may influence disease severity and response to the treatment. OBJECTIVE Thus the aim of this study was to investigate whether cigarette smoking may have an influence on the levels of eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, eotaxin-3 and IL-5 in patients with stable mild/moderate asthma. METHODS 45 steroid naive asthmatics (mean age: 55.2 +/- 2.2 yrs) and 23 "healthy" smokers and non-smokers control subjects (mean age: 54.4 +/- 9.7 yrs) were investigated. Asthmatics were divided into two subgroups according to their smoking histories: asthmatic smokers (n = 19) who currently smoke and have a history of > 10 pack-years and asthmatic never-smokers (n = 26). BAL and induced sputum were performed. Cytospins of induced sputum and BAL were stained with May-Grunwald-Giemsa for differential cell counts. Eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, eotaxin-3 and IL-5 concentrations in serum, sputum and BAL supernatant was measured using a commercial ELISA kit. RESULTS In sputum supernatant from asthma smokers was significantly higher concentration of eotaxin-1 than in non-smokers asthmatics (203.4 +/- 10.0 vs. 140.2 +/- 9.5 respectively, p < 0.05). In non-smokers asthma patients levels of BAL eotaxin-1 strongly related to percent and absolute numbers of BAL eosinophils and neutrophils (Rs = 0.737 and Rs = 0.514 respectively, p < 0.05). The number and percent of sputum neutrophils and eosinophils, obtained from smokers asthmatics, significantly correlated with eotaxin-2 concentration in sputum supernatant (Rs = 0.58 and Rs = 0.75 respectively, p < 0.05). IL-5 levels in the serum and sputum from asthmatic never-smokers were significantly higher than they were from asthmatic smokers and "healthy" smokers. Asthmatic never-smokers showed a significantly higher amount of IL-5 in serum and sputum than the asthmatic smokers showed. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the elevated levels of sputum eotaxin-1 as well as serum, sputum and BAL eotaxin-2 in asthmatic smokers without a significant increase of eosinophils compared to asthmatic never-smokers. The eotaxin concentrations were related not only with number of eosinophils but also with the number of neutrophils in all the studied tissue compartments. The data herein permits a suggestion that smoking may influence change in asthmatic airway inflammation by stimulating the production of eotaxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Algirda Krisiukeniene
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li YT, He B, Wang YZ. Exposure to cigarette smoke upregulates AP-1 activity and induces TNF-alpha overexpression in mouse lungs. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:641-7. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370802322596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
7
|
Lintomen L, Souza-Filho LG, Ferreira T, Camargo EA, Teixeira SA, Muscará MN, Landgraf RG, Jancar S, Mendes GD, De Nucci G, Antunes E. Different mechanisms underlie the effects of acute and long-term inhibition of nitric oxide synthases in antigen-induced pulmonary eosinophil recruitment in BALB/C mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009; 22:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
8
|
Noninvasive evaluation of airway inflammation in asthmatic patients who smoke: implications for application in clinical practice. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 101:226-32; quiz 232-4, 278. [PMID: 18814444 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the limited pathological data in asthmatic patients who smoke, it is thought that cigarette smoking may modify airway inflammation. OBJECTIVES To summarize the major clinical studies that have used samples obtained by noninvasive techniques, such as blood, urine, exhaled breath condensate (EBC), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and induced sputum, for the evaluation of airway inflammation and the response to treatment in asthmatic patients who smoke and to evaluate which biomarkers have been adequately validated to be used in routine clinical practice. DATA SOURCES In this review, we collected the available literature that addressed this topic. We searched the MEDLINE database using a combination of the following keywords: smoking or asthma or inflammation or mechanisms or exhaled nitric oxide or induced sputum or EBC. STUDY SELECTION We selected the articles that most adequately addressed this topic for inclusion in this review. RESULTS Smoking significantly influences FeNO and negatively affects its concentration, although FeNO can distinguish steroid-naive asthmatic smokers from nonasthmatic smokers. Sputum neutrophilia is the predominant finding in induced sputum in asthmatic patients who smoke but inflammatory mediators derived either from neutrophils or from a T(H)1 response can also be measured in the supernatants. EBC gives the opportunity to evaluate neutrophil-derived cytokines, airway acidification, and plausible protective mechanisms in smoking asthma. CONCLUSIONS Despite the encouraging updated results, the introduction of noninvasive techniques in daily clinical practice requires the reworking of some methodologic pitfalls and the identification of a reliable biomarker that is reproducible, possesses normal values, and provides information for the underlying inflammatory process and the response to treatment.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lintomen L, Franchi G, Nowill A, Condino-Neto A, de Nucci G, Zanesco A, Antunes E. Human eosinophil adhesion and degranulation stimulated with eotaxin and RANTES in vitro: lack of interaction with nitric oxide. BMC Pulm Med 2008; 8:13. [PMID: 18700028 PMCID: PMC2527293 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-8-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Airway eosinophilia is considered a central event in the pathogenesis of asthma. The toxic components of eosinophils are thought to be important in inducing bronchial mucosal injury and dysfunction. Previous studies have suggested an interaction between nitric oxide (NO) and chemokines in modulating eosinophil functions, but this is still conflicting. In the present study, we have carried out functional assays (adhesion and degranulation) and flow cytometry analysis of adhesion molecules (VLA-4 and Mac-1 expression) to evaluate the interactions between NO and CC-chemokines (eotaxin and RANTES) in human eosinophils. Methods Eosinophils were purified using a percoll gradient followed by immunomagnetic cell separator. Cell adhesion and degranulation were evaluated by measuring eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity, whereas expression of Mac-1 and VLA-4 was detected using flow cytometry. Results At 4 h incubation, both eotaxin (100 ng/ml) and RANTES (1000 ng/ml) increased by 133% and 131% eosinophil adhesion, respectively. L-NAME alone (but not D-NAME) also increased the eosinophil adhesion, but the co-incubation of L-NAME with eotaxin or RANTES did not further affect the increased adhesion seen with chemokines alone. In addition, L-NAME alone (but not D-NAME) caused a significant cell degranulation, but it did not affect the CC-chemokine-induced cell degranulation. Incubation of eosinophils with eotaxin or RANTES, in absence or presence of L-NAME, did not affect the expression of VLA-4 and Mac-1 on eosinophil surface. Eotaxin and RANTES (100 ng/ml each) also failed to elevate the cyclic GMP levels above baseline in human eosinophils. Conclusion Eotaxin and RANTES increase the eosinophil adhesion to fibronectin-coated plates and promote cell degranulation by NO-independent mechanisms. The failure of CC-chemokines to affect VLA-4 and Mac-1 expression suggests that changes in integrin function (avidity or affinity) are rather involved in the enhanced adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Lintomen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas (São Paulo), Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Erin EM, Jenkins GR, Kon OM, Zacharasiewicz AS, Nicholson GC, Neighbour H, Tennant RC, Tan AJ, Leaker BR, Bush A, Jose PJ, Barnes PJ, Hansel TT. Optimized dialysis and protease inhibition of sputum dithiothreitol supernatants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 177:132-41. [PMID: 17962642 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200603-311oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Dithiothreitol (DTT) is commonly used to liquefy induced sputum samples before assessment of cytology, but causes reduction of disulfide bonds and denaturation of proteins. OBJECTIVES To process sputum supernatants containing DTT to enable quantification of cytokines and chemokines. METHODS A standard solution of 22 pooled chemokines and cytokines was incubated with DTT at the concentrations used during sputum liquefaction and then dialyzed under 20 different denaturant and redox conditions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS After incubation of the standard solution with DTT there was loss of detectable protein mediators on immunoassay, but optimized dialysis permitted recovery of chemokines to 96 +/- 4% and cytokines to 91 +/- 6%. Optimized dialysis of DTT supernatants from subjects with asthma covering a range of severities (n = 35) was performed in the presence of a cocktail of protease inhibitors and demonstrated significantly elevated levels of the chemokine CXCL10 (IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10), CXCL8 (IL-8), and CCL3 (macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha); with lower but significantly elevated levels of CCL2 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1), CCL11 (eotaxin), and CCL5 (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) in severe asthma. In sputum from subjects with severe asthma there were also significantly elevated levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and IL-12(p40). CONCLUSIONS The technique of optimized dialysis and protease inhibition of sputum DTT supernatants aids the detection of chemokines and cytokines. The detection of elevated levels of particular sputum chemokines and cytokines in individual patients may provide a rationale for specific therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Erin
- NHLI Clinical Studies Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW3 6HP, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nomura N, Yoshikawa T, Kamoi H, Kanazawa H, Hirata K, Fujimoto S. Induced sputum analysis in asymptomatic young adults with bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Respirology 2007; 12:516-22. [PMID: 17587418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2007.01103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES BHR is a clinical feature of asthma and factors crucial to the development of BHR remain to be elucidated. Asymptomatic BHR also occurs in the general population. This study examined the prevalence of asymptomatic BHR in a population of young Japanese atopic individuals to identify whether airway inflammation is present in asthmatic patients but not in asymptomatic subjects with BHR. METHODS Fifty atopic volunteers (aged 18-23 years) without lower respiratory symptoms were recruited and their bronchial responsiveness to methacholine was measured in order to categorize them into two groups, those with BHR (PC(20) below 8 mg/mL) and those without BHR. We evaluated the inflammatory cell profiles and measured IL-5 and IL-13 levels in sputum from subjects of each group by ELISA. Results were compared with those for young adult asthmatic patients. RESULTS In the young atopic group, 17 subjects (34.0%) exhibited BHR. Compared with asthmatic patients sputum from asymptomatic subjects with BHR contained significantly lower numbers of eosinophils (P < 0.001) and had significantly lower levels of IL-5 (P = 0.088) and IL-13 (P = 0.032). There were no significant differences in each inflammatory parameter between the two asymptomatic groups. CONCLUSIONS In young adult atopic subjects with asymptomatic BHR, airway inflammation does not necessarily play a determining role in the development of BHR to methacholine itself, though it might be an important factor in the onset of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naho Nomura
- Department of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kaehler J, Tuleweit A, Steven D, Krempl T, Haar A, Carstensen M, Koester R, Terres W, Meinertz T. Association between eotaxin (CCL11), C-reactive protein, and antimicrobial antibodies in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. J Investig Med 2007; 54:446-54. [PMID: 17169268 DOI: 10.2310/6650.2006.06025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eotaxin (CCL11) is a potent chemoattractant for eosinophils and lymphocytes. Apart from its functions in the eosinophilic system, eotaxin has been shown to be overexpressed in atherosclerosis. We therefore sought to determine whether chronic infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae or other infectious agents is correlated with concentrations of eotaxin or C-reactive protein since this mechanism could explain the finding that chronic infection stimulates smooth muscle cell migration and plaque development. Patients undergoing percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PCI) for acute coronary syndrome or stable angina were included in the study. Blood was drawn before PCI, at 6 weeks, and 6 and 12 months after coronary intervention. Eotaxin and C-reactive protein were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibodies against Candida, C. pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus, Helicobacter pylori, and herpes simplex virus were measured by ELISA or immunofluorescence. Two hundred five consecutive patients undergoing PCI (stable angina, n = 136; acute coronary syndrome, n = 69) and 83 patients with normal coronary arteries were enrolled in the study. Eotaxin concentrations at inclusion were higher in patients with coronary artery disease than in control patients, p = .01, and comparable in patients with stable angina and those with acute coronary syndrome but did not correlate with C-reactive protein. Eotaxin concentrations at inclusion and during follow-up weakly correlated with concentrations of antibodies against C. pneumoniae, H. pylori, and herpes simplex virus but not with concentrations of antibodies against Candida or cytomegalovirus. Eotaxin concentrations and antibody titers against C. pneumoniae significantly increased following angioplasty and remained elevated thereafter. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that eotaxin concentrations are elevated independently from C-reactive protein in patients with coronary artery disease and correlate with antibodies against infectious agents known for chronic infection in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kaehler
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Costa GG, Silva RM, Franco-Penteado CF, Antunes E, Ferreira HHA. Interactions between eotaxin and interleukin-5 in the chemotaxis of primed and non-primed human eosinophils. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 566:200-5. [PMID: 17368616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to understand the relationship between interleukin-5 and eotaxin in modulating the chemotaxis of eosinophils obtained from healthy subjects and subjects with allergic rhinitis. Chemotaxis of eosinophils from patients with allergic rhinitis toward interleukin-5 (0.25 ng/ml) was 78% higher than that of healthy subjects. Incubation of eosinophils with eotaxin (100 ng/ml) did not change the interleukin-5-induced chemotaxis of eosinophils from healthy subjects, but it reversed the enhanced chemotaxis seen in eosinophils from allergic patients. Chemotaxis of eosinophils from patients with allergic rhinitis toward eotaxin (100 ng/ml) was 65% higher than that of eosinophils from healthy subjects. Incubation of eosinophils with interleukin-5 (100 ng/ml) significantly increased the eotaxin-induced chemotaxis in both subject groups, but such increases were markedly higher for cells from patients with allergic rhinitis. Our finding that eotaxin inhibits the enhanced eosinophil chemotaxis toward interleukin-5 in primed cells suggests that this chemokine may downregulate eosinophil accumulation in the nasal mucosa of allergic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine G Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, UNICAMP, Campinas (SP), Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Suchankova J, Voprsalova M, Kottova M, Semecky V, Visnovsky P. Effects of oral alpha-tocopherol on lung response in rat model of allergic asthma. Respirology 2006; 11:414-21. [PMID: 16771910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease in which an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance plays an important role. d-alpha-tocopherol (biologically the most active form of vitamin E) has redox properties and by scavenging the free radicals can act as an antioxidant. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of orally administered alpha-tocopherol in a rat model of allergic asthma. METHODOLOGY Actively sensitized rats (OA) were treated with alpha-tocopherol (400 mg/kg/day for 10 days) or vehicle; 1 h after the last dose, they were challenged with antigen aerosol. The antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to direct bronchoconstrictor (serotonin), the inflammatory cell infiltrate and histological changes were determined 1 or 24 h after the antigen challenge. RESULTS Alpha-tocopherol pretreatment was not significantly effective at reducing the studied parameters when compared with controls, even though there was a tendency to a reduction in bronchial responsiveness and in eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration. CONCLUSION Alpha-tocopherol when administered in the chosen study design in an animal model of asthma had no major effect on airway inflammation. The effect of antioxidants deserves further evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Suchankova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hatsukami DK, Benowitz NL, Rennard SI, Oncken C, Hecht SS. Biomarkers to assess the utility of potential reduced exposure tobacco products. Nicotine Tob Res 2006; 8:169-91. [PMID: 16766411 DOI: 10.1080/14622200600576628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To date, we have no valid biomarkers that serve as proxies for tobacco-related disease to test potential reduced exposure products. This paper represents the deliberations of four workgroups that focused on four tobacco-related heath outcomes: Cancer, nonmalignant pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, and fetal toxicity. The goal of these workgroups was to identify biomarkers that offer some promise as measures of exposure or toxicity and ultimately may serve as indicators for future disease risk. Recommendations were based on the relationship of the biomarker to what is known about mechanisms of tobacco-related pathogenesis, the extent to which the biomarker differs among smokers and nonsmokers, and the sensitivity of the biomarker to changes in smoking status. Other promising biomarkers were discussed. No existing biomarkers have been demonstrated to be predictive of tobacco-related disease, which highlights the importance and urgency of conducting research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hatsukami DK, Benowitz NL, Rennard SI, Oncken C, Hecht SS. Biomarkers to assess the utility of potential reduced exposure tobacco products. Nicotine Tob Res 2006; 8:600-22. [PMID: 16920658 PMCID: PMC6615727 DOI: 10.1080/14622200600858166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To date, we have no valid biomarkers that serve as proxies for tobacco-related disease to test potential reduced exposure products. This paper represents the deliberations of four workgroups that focused on four tobacco-related heath outcomes: Cancer, nonmalignant pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, and fetal toxicity. The goal of these workgroups was to identify biomarkers that offer some promise as measures of exposure or toxicity and ultimately may serve as indicators for future disease risk. Recommendations were based on the relationship of the biomarker to what is known about mechanisms of tobacco-related pathogenesis, the extent to which the biomarker differs among smokers and nonsmokers, and the sensitivity of the biomarker to changes in smoking status. Other promising biomarkers were discussed. No existing biomarkers have been demonstrated to be predictive of tobacco-related disease, which highlights the importance and urgency of conducting research in this area.
Collapse
|
17
|
Weller CL, Jose PJ, Williams TJ. Selective suppression of leukocyte recruitment in allergic inflammation. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100 Suppl 1:153-60. [PMID: 15962115 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762005000900026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases result in a considerable socioeconomic burden. The incidence of allergic diseases, notably allergic asthma, has risen to high levels for reasons that are not entirely understood. With an increasing knowledge of underlying mechanisms, there is now more potential to target the inflammatory process rather than the overt symptoms. This focuses attention on the role of leukocytes especially Th2 lymphocytes that regulate allergic inflammation and effector cells where eosinophils have received much attention. Eosinophils are thought to be important based on the high numbers that are recruited to sites of allergic inflammation and the potential of these cells to effect both tissue injury and remodelling. It is hoped that future therapy will be directed towards specific leukocyte types, without overtly compromising essential host defence responses. One obvious target is leukocyte recruitment. This necessitates a detailed understanding of underlying mechanisms, particularly those involving soluble chemoattractants signals and cell-cell adhesion molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Weller
- Leukocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|