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Okada KI, Miura K, Fujimoto M, Morita K, Yoshida M, Yamamori H, Yasuda Y, Iwase M, Inagaki M, Shinozaki T, Fujita I, Hashimoto R. Impaired inhibition of return during free-viewing behaviour in patients with schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3237. [PMID: 33547381 PMCID: PMC7865073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82253-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia affects various aspects of cognitive and behavioural functioning. Eye movement abnormalities are commonly observed in patients with schizophrenia (SZs). Here we examined whether such abnormalities reflect an anomaly in inhibition of return (IOR), the mechanism that inhibits orienting to previously fixated or attended locations. We analyzed spatiotemporal patterns of eye movement during free-viewing of visual images including natural scenes, geometrical patterns, and pseudorandom noise in SZs and healthy control participants (HCs). SZs made saccades to previously fixated locations more frequently than HCs. The time lapse from the preceding saccade was longer for return saccades than for forward saccades in both SZs and HCs, but the difference was smaller in SZs. SZs explored a smaller area than HCs. Generalized linear mixed-effect model analysis indicated that the frequent return saccades served to confine SZs' visual exploration to localized regions. The higher probability of return saccades in SZs was related to cognitive decline after disease onset but not to the dose of prescribed antipsychotics. We conclude that SZs exhibited attenuated IOR under free-viewing conditions, which led to restricted scene scanning. IOR attenuation will be a useful clue for detecting impairment in attention/orienting control and accompanying cognitive decline in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Okada
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Present Address: Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Hokkaido, 060-8638 Japan
| | - Kenichiro Miura
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawa-Higashi 4-1-1, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553 Japan
| | - Michiko Fujimoto
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawa-Higashi 4-1-1, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kentaro Morita
- grid.412708.80000 0004 1764 7572Department of Rehabilitation, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yoshida
- grid.467811.d0000 0001 2272 1771Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan ,grid.275033.00000 0004 1763 208XSchool of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Kanagawa, 240-0193 Japan ,grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0812 Japan
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawa-Higashi 4-1-1, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.460257.2Japan Community Health Care Organization Osaka Hospital, Osaka, 553-0003 Japan
| | - Yuka Yasuda
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawa-Higashi 4-1-1, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553 Japan ,Life Grow Brilliant Mental Clinic, Medical Corporation Foster, Osaka, 530-0012 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Masao Iwase
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Mikio Inagaki
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takashi Shinozaki
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ichiro Fujita
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- grid.419280.60000 0004 1763 8916Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawa-Higashi 4-1-1, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
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Martin LF, Olincy A, Ross RG, Du YP, Singel D, Shatti S, Tregellas JR. Cerebellar hyperactivity during smooth pursuit eye movements in bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:670-7. [PMID: 20950824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) are abnormal in individuals with schizophrenia and individuals with bipolar disorder. Functional imaging methods have revealed greater hippocampal activity and less frontotemporal, visual, and posterior cerebellar activity in individuals with schizophrenia when performing a SPEM task. The underlying neurobiology of SPEM deficits in bipolar disorder is unknown. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3T was performed on fourteen subjects with bipolar disorder and 14 subjects without psychiatric illness during a block design SPEM task. Clinical measures were assessed on the day of testing and related to imaging measures. RESULTS Subjects with bipolar disorder had greater hemodynamic response than control subjects in cerebellar vermis. Responses were associated with levels of depressive symptoms on the day of study. DISCUSSION Increased cerebellar vermis activity during the smooth pursuit eye movement task in individuals with bipolar disorder further implicates cerebellar involvement in bipolar disorder. Increased hemodynamic response within the hippocampus was not seen in these individuals and may be a finding specific to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Frances Martin
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Pscyhiatry, Mail Stop F546, 13001 E. 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Fabisch K, Fitz W, Fabisch H, Haas-Krammer A, Klug G, Zapotoczky S, Kapfhammer HP. Sinusoidal smooth pursuit eye tracking at different stimulus frequencies: position error and velocity error before catch-up saccades in schizophrenia and in major depressive disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2009; 43:855-65. [PMID: 19670059 DOI: 10.1080/00048670903107542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to ascertain the extent of impairment of position error and velocity error processing in eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenic and depressive patients. METHOD A total of 21 schizophrenic and 19 unipolar depressive patients and 21 healthy controls were subjected to an eye tracking test with electro-oculography using horizontal sinusoidal stimuli with frequencies of 0.2-0.7 Hz. Position error and velocity error were measured over a saccade-free range of 200 ms before catch-up saccades at 50 ms intervals. RESULTS For position error, the schizophrenia patients displayed increased values particularly compared to controls, more rarely compared to depressive patients, depending on the stimulus frequency used. The increase in stimulus frequency did not lead to an increase in position error in any group of subjects over a prolonged period. For velocity error, in contrast, the study groups differed only in a few, isolated pre-saccadic intervals. The increase in stimulus frequency, however, led to an increase in velocity error in the schizophrenia patients over the entire 200 ms interval. The depressive patients did not differ notably from the controls, neither in terms of position error nor velocity error. CONCLUSIONS Eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenia can be described as follows with regard to position error and velocity error: On the one hand, there is an increased position error tolerance largely independent of stimulus frequency, possibly due to an impairment of processing localization information. On the other hand, velocity processing is more severely impaired by an increase in stimulus frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Fabisch
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, Graz, Austria.
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Reilly JL, Lencer R, Bishop JR, Keedy S, Sweeney JA. Pharmacological treatment effects on eye movement control. Brain Cogn 2008; 68:415-35. [PMID: 19028266 PMCID: PMC3159189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of eye movement paradigms to assess the functional integrity of brain systems involved in sensorimotor and cognitive processing in clinical disorders requires greater attention to effects of pharmacological treatments on these systems. This is needed to better differentiate disease and medication effects in clinical samples, to learn about neurochemical systems relevant for identified disturbances, and to facilitate identification of oculomotor biomarkers of pharmacological effects. In this review, studies of pharmacologic treatment effects on eye movements in healthy individuals are summarized and the sensitivity of eye movements to a variety of pharmacological manipulations is established. Primary findings from these studies of healthy individuals involving mainly acute effects indicate that: (i) the most consistent finding across several classes of drugs, including benzodiazepines, first- and second- generation antipsychotics, anticholinergic agents, and anticonvulsant/mood stabilizing medications is a decrease in saccade and smooth pursuit velocity (or increase in saccades during pursuit); (ii) these oculomotor effects largely reflect the general sedating effects of these medications on central nervous system functioning and are often dose-dependent; (iii) in many cases changes in oculomotor functioning are more sensitive indicators of pharmacological effects than other measures; and (iv) other agents, including the antidepressant class of serotonergic reuptake inhibitors, direct serotonergic agonists, and stimulants including amphetamine and nicotine, do not appear to adversely impact oculomotor functions in healthy individuals and may well enhance aspects of saccade and pursuit performance. Pharmacological treatment effects on eye movements across several clinical disorders including schizophrenia, affective disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease are also reviewed. While greater recognition and investigation into pharmacological treatment effects in these disorders is needed, both beneficial and adverse drug effects are identified. This raises the important caveat for oculomotor studies of neuropsychiatric disorders that performance differences from healthy individuals cannot be attributed to illness effects alone. In final sections of this review, studies are presented that illustrate the utility of eye movements for use as potential biomarkers in pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenetic studies. While more systematic studies are needed, we conclude that eye movement measurements hold significant promise as tools to investigate treatment effects on cognitive and sensorimotor processes in clinical populations and that their use may be helpful in speeding the drug development pathway for drugs targeting specific neural systems and in individualizing pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Reilly
- Center for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Lencer R, Sprenger A, Harris MSH, Reilly JL, Keshavan MS, Sweeney JA. Effects of second-generation antipsychotic medication on smooth pursuit performance in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:1146-54. [PMID: 18838631 DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.65.10.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Analyses of smooth pursuit eye movement parameters in patients with schizophrenia provide information about the integrity of neural networks mediating motion perception, sensorimotor transformation, and cognitive processes such as prediction. Although pursuit eye tracking deficits have been widely reported in schizophrenia, the integrity of discrete components of pursuit responses and the effect of second-generation antipsychotic medication on them are not well established. OBJECTIVE To examine different components of smooth pursuit performance in antipsychotic-naive patients with schizophrenia before and after treatment with second-generation antipsychotic medication. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Thirty-three antipsychotic-naive patients with schizophrenia performed 3 different smooth pursuit paradigms designed to evaluate specific components of the pursuit response. All of the patients were retested after 6 weeks of treatment with risperidone or olanzapine. Testing was also performed with 39 matched healthy individuals. Thirteen patients and 21 healthy participants were retested after 26 and 52 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Pursuit initiation, maintenance gain (ratio of eye velocity over target velocity), and frequency of catch-up saccades during pursuit maintenance. RESULTS Prior to treatment, pursuit gain when tracking less predictable ramp targets tended to be reduced, latency of pursuit initiation was speeded, and catch-up saccade frequency was increased during predictive pursuit. After antipsychotic treatment initiation, pursuit gain decreased with ramp targets, indicating treatment-emergent impairments in sensorimotor processing. No changes were observed for predictive pursuit. Exploratory analyses in the subgroup with follow-up to 1 year revealed that these effects continued through long-term follow-up with some partial normalization at 1 year. Deficits were unrelated to drug dosage and clinical ratings. CONCLUSIONS Impaired sensorimotor function was observed after initiation of second-generation antipsychotic medications, which may be explained by their serotonergic antagonism of brainstem sensorimotor systems. Predictive mechanisms supported by frontostriatal-cerebellar circuitry were not affected by treatment initiation and appear able to compensate for treatment-emergent sensorimotor impairments during predictive tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Boudet C, Bocca ML, Chabot B, Delamillieure P, Brazo P, Denise P, Dollfus S. Are eye movement abnormalities indicators of genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia? Eur Psychiatry 2006; 20:339-45. [PMID: 16018927 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Revised: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fifty to eighty-five percent of schizophrenic patients are impaired on ocular pursuit paradigms. However, results regarding the relatives are more discordant. The aim of this study was to investigate whether eye movement disorders could be a vulnerability marker of schizophrenia. METHOD Twenty-one schizophrenic patients (DSM-IV), 31 first-degree relatives of those patients without schizophrenic spectrum disorders, and two groups of healthy controls matched by age and sex were included. Three oculomotor tasks (smooth pursuit, reflexive saccades and antisaccades) were used. RESULTS Patients had a lower averaged gain (P= 0.035) during smooth pursuit than controls, made less correct visually guided saccades (P< 0.001) and more antisaccades errors (P= 0.002) than controls. In contrast, none of the comparison between the relatives and their controls was significant. CONCLUSION Schizophrenic patients were impaired on smooth pursuit and antisaccade paradigms. None of these impairments was, however, observed in their first-degree relatives. Our results suggest that the eye movement parameters tested could not be considered as vulnerability markers for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boudet
- Groupe d'imagerie neurofonctionnelle (GIN), UMR 6194, CNRS/CEA/Université de Caen/Université Paris-V, centre Cyceron, boulevard H.-Becquerel, 14000 Caen, France
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Karoumi B, Saoud M, d'Amato T, Rosenfeld F, Denise P, Gutknecht C, Gaveau V, Beaulieu FE, Daléry J, Rochet T. Poor performance in smooth pursuit and antisaccadic eye-movement tasks in healthy siblings of patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2001; 101:209-19. [PMID: 11311924 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(01)00227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the area of eye movement dysfunctions as an indicator of vulnerability to schizophrenia. Eye movement performance was investigated with three different paradigms: Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements (SPEM); Visually Guided Saccades (VGS); and Antisaccades (AS) in 21 clinically stable patients with schizophrenia, 21 of their healthy, biological full siblings and 21 healthy control subjects. The three groups did not differ on VGS performance, whereas both patients and their siblings showed lower SPEM gain, an increased catch-up Saccades (CUS) rate, reduced AS accuracy and an increased number of AS errors in comparison to control subjects. In addition, patients with schizophrenia exhibited increased AS latency. Among the patients with schizophrenia, eye movement abnormalities did not correlate with age, gender, clinical state or duration of illness. These data suggest that abnormalities of SPEM and AS may represent neurobiological markers of the vulnerability to schizophrenia in individuals at high genetic risk for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Karoumi
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Neurobiologie de la Schizophrénie et de la Vulnérabilité à la Psychose (EA 3092, Université Lyon I, IFNL), Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, 95 boulevard Pinel, F-69677 cedex, Bron, France
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Sweeney JA, Luna B, Srinivasagam NM, Keshavan MS, Schooler NR, Haas GL, Carl JR. Eye tracking abnormalities in schizophrenia: evidence for dysfunction in the frontal eye fields. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44:698-708. [PMID: 9798073 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eye tracking deficits are robust abnormalities in schizophrenia, but the neurobiological disturbance underlying these deficits is not known. METHODS To clarify the pathophysiology of eye tracking disturbances in schizophrenia, we tested 12 first-episode treatment-naive schizophrenic patients and 10 matched healthy individuals on foveofugal and foveopetal step-ramp pursuit tasks. RESULTS On foveopetal tasks, the initiation of pursuit eye movements was delayed in schizophrenic patients, and their steady-state pursuit gain was reduced particularly at slower target speeds (8 and 16 deg/sec). In foveofugal step-ramp tasks, their primary catch-up saccades were normal in latency and accuracy, but their postsaccadic pursuit in the first 100 msec after the primary catch-up saccade was significantly reduced even relative to their slow steady-state pursuit, especially during and immediately after an acute episode of illness. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate that motion-sensitive areas in posterior temporal cortex provide sufficiently intact information about moving targets to guide accurate catch-up saccades, but that the sensory processing of motion information is not being used effectively for pursuit eye movements. Low-gain pursuit after the early stage of pursuit initiation suggests that the use of extraretinal signals about target motion (e.g., anticipatory prediction) only partially compensates for this deficit. The pattern of low-gain pursuit, impaired pursuit initiation, and intact processing of motion information for catch-up saccades but not pursuit eye movements, was consistent in the schizophrenic patients tested at five time points over a 2-year follow-up period, and implicates the frontal eye fields or their efferent or afferent pathways in the pathophysiology of eye tracking abnormalities in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kumra S, Jacobsen LK, Lenane M, Smith A, Lee P, Malanga CJ, Karp BI, Hamburger S, Rapoport JL. Case series: spectrum of neuroleptic-induced movement disorders and extrapyramidal side effects in childhood-onset schizophrenia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37:221-7. [PMID: 9473920 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199802000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroleptic-treated pediatric patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) are at risk for developing extrapyramidal side effects and involuntary movement disorders. A preliminary examination of the incidence of withdrawal dyskinesias (WD), tardive dyskinesia (TD), and extrapyramidal side effects in these patients is presented. METHOD Thirty-four COS patients (mean age +/- SD, 14.2 +/- 2.1 years) were examined for TD using the Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale and for extrapyramidal side effects using the Simpson-Angus Neurologic Rating Scale, after a 14- to 28-day drug-free period (n = 33), at week 6 of treatment and 2 to 4 years after completion of the study (n = 14). The mean (+/-SD) number of months of prior neuroleptic exposure for the group was 22.4 (15.0) months. RESULTS Seventeen (50%) of 34 patients were noted to have either WD or TD at some point during their participation in the studies. The majority of patients experienced WD that were mainly in the orofacial region, transient in nature, and diminished with haloperidol and clozapine. Patients with TD/WD had greater levels of premorbid impairment (p = .02), increased severity of positive symptoms of schizophrenia (p < .01), and a trend toward more months of neuroleptic exposure (p = .10, one-tailed). CONCLUSIONS A high proportion of COS patients were found to have TD/WD. The majority of these abnormal movements were not severe and generally improved over time. TD/WD in COS appears to be associated with greater premorbid impairment, severity of illness, and duration of neuroleptic exposure. J. Am. Acad.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumra
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1600, USA
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Jacobsen LK, Hommer DW, Hong WL, Castellanos FX, Frazier JA, Giedd JN, Rapoport JL. Blink rate in childhood-onset schizophrenia: comparison with normal and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder controls. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40:1222-9. [PMID: 8959287 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have implicated central dopaminergic pathways in the modulation of blink rate. In the present study, blink rate during smooth pursuit was examined in 17 children with childhood-onset schizophrenia, on and off of clozapine, and compared to that of age-matched normal children and unmedicated children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As has been observed in adolescent and adult schizophrenics, blink rate was significantly higher in schizophrenic children relative to normal and ADHD controls. Within the schizophrenic group, blink rate did not significantly change with the introduction of clozapine and was not related to clinical variables. Blink rate was positively correlated with deterioration in smooth pursuit in normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Jacobsen
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Friedman L, Jesberger JA, Siever LJ, Thompson P, Mohs R, Meltzer HY. Smooth pursuit performance in patients with affective disorders or schizophrenia and normal controls: analysis with specific oculomotor measures, RMS error and qualitative ratings. Psychol Med 1995; 25:387-403. [PMID: 7675926 DOI: 10.1017/s003329170003628x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Smooth pursuit performance in schizophrenia and affective disorders has generally been found to be abnormal using a variety of measures. The purpose of this study was to assess patients with these disorders and normal controls in order to compare the different measures across diagnoses. Smooth pursuit was assessed using quantitative specific measures (gain, catch-up saccade rate and amplitude, square-wave jerk rate, number of anticipatory saccades and total time scored), as well as two global measures: root mean-square error (RMS) and qualitative rating. As previously reported, patients with schizophrenia had low gain, increased catch-up saccade rate and spent less time engaged in scoreable smooth pursuit than normal controls. Patients with affective disorders were not statistically different from controls on any of these measures, and had significantly higher gain than patients with schizophrenia. RMS error and qualitative rating measures were highly correlated (r = 0.87). In linear regression analyses, the quantitative specific measures were highly significant predictors of both RMS error and qualitative ratings (P < 0.0001). Linear regression analyses and a modelling study indicated that one quantitative specific measure, the percent of time engaged in scoreable smooth pursuit (total time scored), was most related to global ratings. However, RMS error and qualitative ratings were less sensitive than total time scored to the difference between controls and patients with schizophrenia. These data indicate two smooth pursuit performance deficits in schizophrenia: patients spend less time engaged in scoreable smooth pursuit and have low gain (accompanied by increased compensatory saccades) when the smooth pursuit is engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Friedman
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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12
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MacAvoy MG, Bruce CJ. Comparison of the smooth eye tracking disorder of schizophrenics with that of nonhuman primates with specific brain lesions. Int J Neurosci 1995; 80:117-51. [PMID: 7775044 DOI: 10.3109/00207459508986097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The smooth pursuit eye tracking deficit (ETD) often associated with schizophrenia has generated enormous interest over the last 20 years. The deficit is observed in about 80% of schizophrenics and in half of their first degree relatives. It is not affected by neuroleptic medication and is not due to inattention. A review of 52 studies (and actual records when available) on ETD in schizophrenia reveals that the deficit can consistently be described as low gain pursuit augmented with catch-up saccades and often peppered with intrusive saccades. A review of the brain areas that have been shown to be involved in pursuit provides the necessary background for the subsequent section which details the nature of the smooth tracking deficits following experimental lesions. This section reveals that the ETD following lesions of the frontal lobe is unique in that it closely resembles the ETD of schizophrenics. This finding lends further support for frontal lobe theories of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G MacAvoy
- Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8001, USA
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Campion D, Thibaut F, Denise P, Courtin P, Pottier M, Levillain D. SPEM impairment in drug-naive schizophrenic patients: evidence for a trait marker. Biol Psychiatry 1992; 32:891-902. [PMID: 1361365 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Smooth-pursuit eye movements (SPEM) were assessed in healthy subjects and in drug-naive, chronic, and residual schizophrenic patients. SPEM gain was found to be decreased in all the schizophrenic patients who also exhibited a significant increase in the rate of saccades. The frequency of square-wave jerks was the same in schizophrenic patients and normal controls, suggesting that the primary abnormality in schizophrenic patients was a low gain rather than a defect of the saccadic system. Patients were retested 1 month later, and stability of gain was high even in formerly drug-naive subjects who had been treated for 1 month with neuroleptic drugs. Altogether these results confirm the conclusions of most previous studies, extend them to drug-naive schizophrenic patients, and favor the hypothesis that SPEM impairment is a trait marker in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Campion
- Centre Hospitalier Spécialisé du Rouvray, Rouen, France
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