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Tabari P, Amini M, Arya N, Moghadami M, Khoshnood K, Shokripour M, Omidifar N. The role of educating health-care personnel in prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of COVID-19: A narrative mini review. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2021; 10:476. [PMID: 35233423 PMCID: PMC8826867 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_328_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Front-line clinicians and health-care workers need to be educated to provide care in critical situations such as large-scale catastrophes and pandemics. This narrative review is focused on investigating educational strategies in confrontation with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We conducted a literature search in December 2020 through LitCovid, PubMed, ERIC, and Cochrane Library in order to retrieve relevant studies regarding the role of education in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19. There were 12 reviewed studies related to this specific subject. The articles selected for this study demonstrated that education and training had a positive impact on the knowledge and attitude of the participants and also the educational interventions, whether they were simulation-based or other formats of training, would be deemed crucial for enhancing participants' level of perceptions and confidence. Therefore, it is highly recommended that public health policymakers consider this important issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Tabari
- Clinical Education Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mitra Amini
- Clinical Education Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neil Arya
- Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mohsen Moghadami
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kaveh Khoshnood
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mansoureh Shokripour
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Omidifar
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Research Center of Quran, Hadith and Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Liu M, Roychowdhury P, Ito CJ. Role of the otolaryngologist in nasopharyngeal swab training: A case report and review of the literature. OTOLARYNGOLOGY CASE REPORTS 2021; 20:100316. [PMID: 34957363 PMCID: PMC8130604 DOI: 10.1016/j.xocr.2021.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal swabs are commonly done in the medical field for a multitude of reasons, and they recently have been an essential component of widespread testing to control the spread of COVID-19. Although rare, improper technique when performing nasopharyngeal swabs has the potential to lead to injury or misleading test results. We present a case of uncontrolled epistaxis requiring hospitalization following a routine nasopharyngeal swab in a healthy patient. Both the complexity and variability of the anatomy of the nasopharynx can contribute to poor swabbing technique. Otolaryngologists should be encouraged to educate and support other healthcare workers to improve the yield and reduce the risk of harm due to nasopharyngeal swabs. Increased comfort levels with performing nasopharyngeal swabs will also improve the sensitivity of screening tests for common respiratory viruses such as influenza, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), or bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Liu
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 N Lake Ave, Worcester, MA, 01655, United States
| | - Prithwijit Roychowdhury
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 N Lake Ave, Worcester, MA, 01655, United States
| | - Christopher J Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, UMass Memorial Medical Center, 55 N Lake Ave, Worcester, MA, 01655, United States
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Todsen T, Bohr A, Hovgaard LH, Eið RC, Benfield T, Svendsen MBS, Kirkby N, Konge L, von Buchwald C, Melchiors J, Tolsgaard M. Valid and Reliable Assessment of Upper Respiratory Tract Specimen Collection Skills during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1987. [PMID: 34829333 PMCID: PMC8622793 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11111987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper specimen collection is the most important step to ensure accurate testing for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other infectious diseases. Assessment of healthcare workers' upper respiratory tract specimen collection skills is needed to ensure samples of high-quality clinical specimens for COVID-19 testing. This study explored the validity evidence for a theoretical MCQ-test and checklists developed for nasopharyngeal (NPS) and oropharyngeal (OPS) specimen collection skills assessment. We found good inter-item reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.76) for the items of the MCQ-test and high inter-rater reliability using the checklist for the assessment of OPS and NPS skills on 0.86 and 0.87, respectively. The MCQ scores were significantly different between experts (mean 98%) and novices (mean 66%), p < 0.001, and a pass/fail score of 91% was established. We found a significant discrimination between checklist scores of experts (mean 95% score for OPS and 89% for NPS) and novices (mean 50% score for OPS and 36% for NPS), p < 0.001, and a pass/fail score was established of 76% for OPS and 61% for NPS. Further, the results also demonstrated that a group of non-healthcare educated workers can perform upper respiratory tract specimen collection comparably to experts after a short and focused simulation-based training session. This study, therefore, provides validity evidence for the use of a theoretical and practical test for upper respiratory specimens' collection skills that can be used for competency-based training of the workers in the COVID-19 test centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Todsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet-Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.B.); (R.C.E.); (C.v.B.); (J.M.)
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Capital Region, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.B.S.S.); (L.K.); (M.T.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Anne Bohr
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet-Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.B.); (R.C.E.); (C.v.B.); (J.M.)
| | - Lisette Hvid Hovgaard
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, 4600 Køge, Denmark;
| | - Rebekka Consuelo Eið
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet-Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.B.); (R.C.E.); (C.v.B.); (J.M.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Morten B. S. Svendsen
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Capital Region, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.B.S.S.); (L.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Nikolai Kirkby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Lars Konge
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Capital Region, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.B.S.S.); (L.K.); (M.T.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Christian von Buchwald
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet-Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.B.); (R.C.E.); (C.v.B.); (J.M.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Jacob Melchiors
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet-Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.B.); (R.C.E.); (C.v.B.); (J.M.)
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Capital Region, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.B.S.S.); (L.K.); (M.T.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Martin Tolsgaard
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Capital Region, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.B.S.S.); (L.K.); (M.T.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Irifune S, Ashizawa N, Takazono T, Mutantu P, Nabeshima T, Ngwe Tun MM, Ota K, Hirayama T, Fujita A, Tashiro M, Tanaka T, Yamamoto K, Imamura Y, Miyazaki T, Sawai T, Izumikawa K, Yanagihara K, Morita K, Mukae H. Discrepancy of SARS-CoV-2 PCR results due to the sample collection sites and possible improper sampling. J Infect Chemother 2021; 27:1525-1528. [PMID: 34294531 PMCID: PMC8282446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is necessary for confirming a diagnosis of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here we present a COVID-19 case of an elderly woman whose SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests showed false negative repeatedly by evaluating with different sampling sites and procedures. Nasopharyngeal swabs, suctioned sputum, and tongue swabs were collected for SARS-CoV-2-PCR. As for tongue swabs, we compared between two different sample conditions; one obtained with dry condition and the other obtained with moistened condition inside the oral cavity. SARS-CoV-2-PCR showed positive for an extended period with suctioned sputum samples compared with nasopharyngeal swabs and tongue swabs. No SARS-CoV-2 from a nasopharyngeal swab sample obtained on day 46 after symptoms onset was isolated despite high viral load (183740.5 copies/5μL). An adequate production of neutralizing antibody in a serum sample on day 46 was also confirmed. The number of RNA copies of the tongue swab samples was higher with moistened condition than with dry condition. The present case suggests that the difference of sampling site or sample condition can affect PCR results. High loads viral RNA detection does not always correlate with infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Irifune
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ashizawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Takazono
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Pierre Mutantu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Department of Molecular Virology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nabeshima
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kenji Ota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Hirayama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Ayumi Fujita
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852- 8501, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan; Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852- 8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tanaka
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852- 8501, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yamamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan; Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852- 8501, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Imamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Taiga Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Toyomitsu Sawai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki Harbor Medical Center, 6-39 Shinchimachi, Nagasaki, 850-8555, Japan
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan; Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852- 8501, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Department of Molecular Virology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
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