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Kharwade R, Kazi M, Mahajan N, Badole P, More S, Kayali A, Noushad Javed M, Kaleem M. Mannosylated PAMAM G2 dendrimers mediated rate programmed delivery of efavirenz target HIV viral latency at reservoirs. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102154. [PMID: 39282004 PMCID: PMC11399684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
In this current research, we conceptualized a novel nanotechnology-enabled synthesis approach of targeting HIV-harboring tissues via second-generation (G2) polyamidoamine (PAMAM) mannosylated (MPG2) dendrimers for programmed delivery of anti-HIV drugs efavirenz (EFV) and ritonavir (RTV). Briefly, here mannose served purpose of ligand in this EFV and RTV-loaded PAMAM G2 dendrimers, synthesized by divergent techniques, denoted as MPG2ER. The developed nanocarriers were characterized by different analytical tools FTIR, NMR, zeta potential, particle size, and surface morphology. The results of confocal microscopy showed substantial alterations in the morphology of H9 cells, favored by relatively higher drug uptake through the MPG2ER. Interestingly, the drug uptake study and cytotoxicity assay of MPG2ER demonstrated that it showed no significant toxicity up to 12.5 µM. A typical flow cytometry histogram also revealed that MPG2ER efficiently internalized both drugs, with an increase in drug uptake of up to 81.2 %. It also enhanced the plasma pharmacokinetics of EFV, with Cmax7.68 μg/ml, AUC of 149.19 (μg/ml) * hr, and MRT of 26.87 hrs. Subsequently, tissue pharmacokinetics further evidence that MPG2ER accumulated more in distant Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir tissues, such as the lymph nodes and spleen, but without exhibiting significant toxicity. Abovementioned compelling evidences strongly favored translational roles of MPG2 as a potential therapeutic strategy in the clinical eradication of HIV from viral reservoir tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Kharwade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Besa, Nagpur, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, MS, India
| | - Mohsin Kazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nilesh Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Besa, Nagpur, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, MS, India
| | - Payal Badole
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Besa, Nagpur, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, MS, India
| | - Sachin More
- Department of Pharmacology, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440037, India
| | - Asaad Kayali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 59911, United Arab Emirates
| | - Md Noushad Javed
- NationNanotechnology Center of Excellence, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Mohammed Kaleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440037, India
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Karakoese Z, Ingola M, Sitek B, Dittmer U, Sutter K. IFNα Subtypes in HIV Infection and Immunity. Viruses 2024; 16:364. [PMID: 38543729 PMCID: PMC10975235 DOI: 10.3390/v16030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN), immediately triggered following most viral infections, play a pivotal role in direct antiviral immunity and act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses. However, numerous viruses have evolved evasion strategies against IFN responses, prompting the exploration of therapeutic alternatives for viral infections. Within the type I IFN family, 12 IFNα subtypes exist, all binding to the same receptor but displaying significant variations in their biological activities. Currently, clinical treatments for chronic virus infections predominantly rely on a single IFNα subtype (IFNα2a/b). However, the efficacy of this therapeutic treatment is relatively limited, particularly in the context of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Recent investigations have delved into alternative IFNα subtypes, identifying certain subtypes as highly potent, and their antiviral and immunomodulatory properties have been extensively characterized. This review consolidates recent findings on the roles of individual IFNα subtypes during HIV and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infections. It encompasses their induction in the context of HIV/SIV infection, their antiretroviral activity, and the diverse regulation of the immune response against HIV by distinct IFNα subtypes. These insights may pave the way for innovative strategies in HIV cure or functional cure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Karakoese
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (Z.K.); (U.D.)
- Institute for the Research on HIV and AIDS-Associated Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Martha Ingola
- Medical Proteome Center, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.I.); (B.S.)
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Medical Proteome Center, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (M.I.); (B.S.)
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (Z.K.); (U.D.)
- Institute for the Research on HIV and AIDS-Associated Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (Z.K.); (U.D.)
- Institute for the Research on HIV and AIDS-Associated Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Chandrasekar AP, Cummins NW, Natesampillai S, Misra A, Alto A, Laird G, Badley AD. The BCL-2 Inhibitor Venetoclax Augments Immune Effector Function Mediated by Fas Ligand, TRAIL, and Perforin/Granzyme B, Resulting in Reduced Plasma Viremia and Decreased HIV Reservoir Size during Acute HIV Infection in a Humanized Mouse Model. J Virol 2022; 96:e0173022. [PMID: 36448802 PMCID: PMC9769373 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01730-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The BCL-2 prosurvival protein is implicated in HIV persistence and is a potential therapeutic target for HIV eradication efforts. We now know that cells harboring HIV are preferentially enriched for high BCL-2 expression, enabling their survival, and that the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax promotes the death of actively replicating HIV-infected cells in vitro and ex vivo. Herein, we assess the effect of venetoclax on immune clearance of infected cells and show that BCL-2 inhibition significantly enhances target cell killing induced by Fas ligand, TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand), and perforin/granzyme B and synergistically enhances autologous NK (natural killer) and CD8 cells' killing of target cells. In a humanized mouse model of acute HIV infection, venetoclax monotherapy significantly decreases plasma viremia and normalizes CD4:CD8 ratios, and results in more mice with undetectable provirus levels than control. In this model, treatment was associated with leukopenia, as has been described clinically in patients receiving venetoclax for other indications. These data confirm meaningful anti-HIV effects of venetoclax during HIV infection but suggest that venetoclax use should be combined with ART (antiretroviral therapy) to reduce toxicity. IMPORTANCE This study is the first to examine the applicability of BCL-2 inhibition in the setting of active HIV infection in vivo. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that venetoclax significantly enhances target cell killing induced by Fas ligand, TRAIL, and perforin/granzyme B and synergistically enhances autologous NK and CD8 cells' killing of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan W. Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Anisha Misra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alecia Alto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Greg Laird
- Accelevir Diagnostics, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew D. Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Kartashov MY, Svirin KA, Krivosheina EI, Chub EV, Ternovoi VA, Kochneva GV. [Prevalence and molecular genetic characteristics of parenteral hepatitis B, C and D viruses in HIV positive persons in the Novosibirsk region]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 67:423-438. [PMID: 36515288 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parenteral viral hepatitis (B, C, D) and HIV share modes of transmission and risk groups, in which the probability of infection with two or more of these viruses simultaneously is increased. Mutual worsening of the course of viral infections is important issue that occurs when HIV positive patients are coinfected with parenteral viral hepatitis. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of HCV, HBV and HDV in HIV positive patients in the Novosibirsk region and to give molecular genetic characteristics of their isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total 185 blood samples were tested for the presence of total antibodies to HCV, HCV RNA, HBV DNA and HDV RNA. The identified isolates were genotyped by amplification of the NS5B gene fragment for HCV, the polymerase gene for HBV and whole genome for HDV. RESULTS The total antibodies to HCV were detected in 51.9% (95% CI: 44.758.9), HCV RNA was detected in 32.9% (95% CI: 26.639.5) of 185 studied samples. The distribution of HCV RNA positive cases completely repeated the distribution of HCV serological markers in different sex and age groups. The number of HCV infected among HIV positive patients increases with age. HCV subgenotypes distribution was as follows: 1b (52.5%), 3а (34.5%), 1а (11.5%), 2а (1.5%). 84.3% of detected HCV 1b isolates had C316N mutation associated with resistance to sofosbuvir and dasabuvir. The prevalence of HBV DNA in the studied samples was 15.2% (95% CI: 10.721.0). M204I mutation associated with resistance to lamivudine and telbivudine was identified in one HBV isolate. Two HDV isolates that belonged to genotype 1 were detected in HIV/HBV coinfected patients. CONCLUSION The data obtained confirm the higher prevalence of infection with parenteral viral hepatitis among people living with HIV in the Novosibirsk region compared to the general population of that region. The genetic diversity of these viruses among HIV infected individuals is similar to that observed in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Kartashov
- State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector" of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor).,Novosibirsk National Research State University
| | - K A Svirin
- State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector" of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - E I Krivosheina
- State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector" of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - E V Chub
- State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector" of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - V A Ternovoi
- State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector" of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - G V Kochneva
- State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector" of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
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5
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Höfle J, Trenkner T, Kleist N, Schwane V, Vollmers S, Barcelona B, Niehrs A, Fittje P, Huynh‐Tran VH, Sauter J, Schmidt AH, Peine S, Hoelzemer A, Richert L, Altfeld M, Körner C. Engagement of TRAIL triggers degranulation and IFNγ production in human natural killer cells. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54133. [PMID: 35758160 PMCID: PMC9346491 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells utilize a large array of receptors to screen their surroundings for aberrant or virus‐infected cells. Given the vast diversity of receptors expressed on NK cells we seek to identify receptors involved in the recognition of HIV‐1‐infected cells. By combining an unbiased large‐scale screening approach with a functional assay, we identify TRAIL to be associated with NK cell degranulation against HIV‐1‐infected target cells. Further investigating the underlying mechanisms, we demonstrate that TRAIL is able to elicit multiple effector functions in human NK cells independent of receptor‐mediated induction of apoptosis. Direct engagement of TRAIL not only results in degranulation but also IFNγ production. Moreover, TRAIL‐mediated NK cell activation is not limited to its cognate death receptors but also decoy receptor I, adding a new perspective to the perceived regulatory role of decoy receptors in TRAIL‐mediated cytotoxicity. Based on these findings, we propose that TRAIL not only contributes to the anti‐HIV‐1 activity of NK cells but also possesses a multifunctional role beyond receptor‐mediated induction of apoptosis, acting as a regulator for the induction of different effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pia Fittje
- Leibniz Institute of Virology Hamburg Germany
| | - Van Hung Huynh‐Tran
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center UMR1219 and Inria, team SISTM University of Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | | | | | - Sven Peine
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Angelique Hoelzemer
- Leibniz Institute of Virology Hamburg Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg‐Lübeck‐Borstel‐Riems Hamburg Germany
- First Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Laura Richert
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center UMR1219 and Inria, team SISTM University of Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Leibniz Institute of Virology Hamburg Germany
- Institute of Immunology University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
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Zaongo SD, Ouyang J, Chen Y, Jiao YM, Wu H, Chen Y. HIV Infection Predisposes to Increased Chances of HBV Infection: Current Understanding of the Mechanisms Favoring HBV Infection at Each Clinical Stage of HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:853346. [PMID: 35432307 PMCID: PMC9010668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.853346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) selectively targets and destroys the infection-fighting CD4+ T-lymphocytes of the human immune system, and has a life cycle that encompasses binding to certain cells, fusion to that cell, reverse transcription of its genome, integration of its genome into the host cell DNA, replication of the HIV genome, assembly of the HIV virion, and budding and subsequent release of free HIV virions. Once a host is infected with HIV, the host’s ability to competently orchestrate effective and efficient immune responses against various microorganisms, such as viral infections, is significantly disrupted. Without modern antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV is likely to gradually destroy the cellular immune system, and thus the initial HIV infection will inexorably evolve into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Generally, HIV infection in a patient has an acute phase, a chronic phase, and an AIDS phase. During these three clinical stages, patients are found with relatively specific levels of viral RNA, develop rather distinctive immune conditions, and display unique clinical manifestations. Convergent research evidence has shown that hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection, a common cause of chronic liver disease, is fairly common in HIV-infected individuals. HBV invasion of the liver can be facilitated by HIV infection at each clinical stage of the infection due to a number of contributing factors, including having identical transmission routes, immunological suppression, gut microbiota dysbiosis, poor vaccination immune response to hepatitis B immunization, and drug hepatotoxicity. However, there remains a paucity of research investigation which critically describes the influence of the different HIV clinical stages and their consequences which tend to favor HBV entrenchment in the liver. Herein, we review advances in the understanding of the mechanisms favoring HBV infection at each clinical stage of HIV infection, thus paving the way toward development of potential strategies to reduce the prevalence of HBV co-infection in the HIV-infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvere D. Zaongo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaling Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yaokai Chen,
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7
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Rout SS, Di Y, Dittmer U, Sutter K, Lavender KJ. Distinct effects of treatment with two different interferon-alpha subtypes on HIV-1-associated T-cell activation and dysfunction in humanized mice. AIDS 2022; 36:325-336. [PMID: 35084382 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) has been associated with excessive immune activation and dysfunction during HIV-1 infection. However, evidence suggests specific IFN-α subtypes may be beneficial rather than detrimental. This study compared the effects of treatment with two different IFN-α subtypes on indicators of T-cell activation and dysfunction during HIV-1 infection. DESIGN Humanized mice were infected with HIV-1 for 5 weeks and then treated with two different IFN-α subtypes for an additional 3 weeks. Splenic T cells were assessed both immediately posttreatment and again 6 weeks after treatment cessation. METHODS HIV-1 infected triple-knockout bone marrow-liver-thymus mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of either IFN-α14 or the clinically approved subtype, IFN-α2. T cells were analysed directly ex vivo for indicators of activation and dysfunction or stimulated to determine their proliferative capacity and ability to produce functional mediators. RESULTS Unlike IFN-α2, IFN-α14 treatment reduced viremia and resulted in less activated CD4+ T cells and a lower naïve to effector CD8+ T-cell ratio. Despite exhibiting a reduced proliferative response, the frequency of CD8+ T cells from IFN-α14 treated mice that produced functional mediators and expressed markers of dysfunction was more similar to healthy controls than untreated and IFN-α2 treated mice. Frequencies of exhaustion marker expression remained higher in untreated and IFN-α2 treated mice 6 weeks posttreatment despite similar viral loads between groups at this timepoint. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with different IFN-α subtypes had distinctive effects on T cells during HIV-1 infection. IFN-α14 was associated with fewer indicators of T-cell dysfunction whereas IFN-α2 treatment had little impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav S Rout
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yunyun Di
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kerry J Lavender
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Reno TA, Tarnus L, Tracy R, Landay AL, Sereti I, Apetrei C, Pandrea I. The Youngbloods. Get Together. Hypercoagulation, Complement, and NET Formation in HIV/SIV Pathogenesis. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2021.795373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic, systemic T-cell immune activation and inflammation (IA/INFL) have been reported to be associated with disease progression in persons with HIV (PWH) since the inception of the AIDS pandemic. IA/INFL persist in PWH on antiretroviral therapy (ART), despite complete viral suppression and increases their susceptibility to serious non-AIDS events (SNAEs). Increased IA/INFL also occur during pathogenic SIV infections of macaques, while natural hosts of SIVs that control chronic IA/INFL do not progress to AIDS, despite having persistent high viral replication and severe acute CD4+ T-cell loss. Moreover, natural hosts of SIVs do not present with SNAEs. Multiple mechanisms drive HIV-associated IA/INFL, including the virus itself, persistent gut dysfunction, coinfections (CMV, HCV, HBV), proinflammatory lipids, ART toxicity, comorbidities, and behavioral factors (diet, smoking, and alcohol). Other mechanisms could also significantly contribute to IA/INFL during HIV/SIV infection, notably, a hypercoagulable state, characterized by elevated coagulation biomarkers, including D-dimer and tissue factor, which can accurately identify patients at risk for thromboembolic events and death. Coagulation biomarkers strongly correlate with INFL and predict the risk of SNAE-induced end-organ damage. Meanwhile, the complement system is also involved in the pathogenesis of HIV comorbidities. Despite prolonged viral suppression, PWH on ART have high plasma levels of C3a. HIV/SIV infections also trigger neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation that contribute to the elimination of viral particles and infected CD4+ T-cells. However, as SIV infection progresses, generation of NETs can become excessive, fueling IA/INFL, destruction of multiple immune cells subsets, and microthrombotic events, contributing to further tissue damages and SNAEs. Tackling residual IA/INFL has the potential to improve the clinical course of HIV infection. Therefore, therapeutics targeting new pathways that can fuel IA/INFL such as hypercoagulation, complement activation and excessive formation of NETs might be beneficial for PWH and should be considered and evaluated.
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Cheng Z, Lin P, Cheng N. HBV/HIV Coinfection: Impact on the Development and Clinical Treatment of Liver Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:713981. [PMID: 34676223 PMCID: PMC8524435 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.713981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a common contributor to chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Approximately 10% of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also have chronic HBV co-infection, owing to shared transmission routes. HIV/HBV coinfection accelerates the progression of chronic HBV to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, or hepatocellular carcinoma compared to chronic HBV mono-infection. HBV/HIV coinfection alters the natural history of hepatitis B and renders the antiviral treatment more complex. In this report, we conducted a critical review on the epidemiology, natural history, and pathogenesis of liver diseases related to HBV/HIV coinfection. We summarized the novel therapeutic options for these coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimeng Cheng
- Department of Bile Duct Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Panpan Lin
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nansheng Cheng
- Department of Bile Duct Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Shallie PD, Naicker T. Differential upregulations of SMAC and LAMIN B levels in the buffy coat of HIV associated preeclamptic women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:5080-5086. [PMID: 33478301 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1875210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess HIV positivity as an apoptotic confounding variable in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. METHODS AND MATERIALS Using a Bio-plex Multiplex Immunoassay, Smac and Lamin B concentrations (ng/ml) were analyzed in a buffy coat collected from 128 pregnant women attending a large regional hospital in Durban, South Africa. Study groups consisted of Normotensive and Preeclamptic pregnant women stratified according to their HIV status. All HIV positive groups received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). RESULTS Our findings showed significant (p < .05) upregulation in the levels of both SMAC and LAMIN B in the HIV positive patients and a concomitant downregulation of the same apoptotic makers were observed in preeclampsia regardless of HIV status. CONCLUSIONS These results could be associated with the fact that apoptosis promotes deregulation of mitochondrial dynamics, contributing to the associated severe obstetric events observed in pregnancies among HIV-infected women on HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philemon D Shallie
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Anatomy, College of Medicine, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, College of Health Sciences, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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11
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Gondim MVP, Sherrill-Mix S, Bibollet-Ruche F, Russell RM, Trimboli S, Smith AG, Li Y, Liu W, Avitto AN, DeVoto JC, Connell J, Fenton-May AE, Pellegrino P, Williams I, Papasavvas E, Lorenzi JCC, Salantes DB, Mampe F, Monroy MA, Cohen YZ, Heath S, Saag MS, Montaner LJ, Collman RG, Siliciano JM, Siliciano RF, Plenderleith LJ, Sharp PM, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC, Shaw GM, Borrow P, Bar KJ, Hahn BH. Heightened resistance to host type 1 interferons characterizes HIV-1 at transmission and after antiretroviral therapy interruption. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabd8179. [PMID: 33441429 PMCID: PMC7923595 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd8179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 interferons (IFN-I) are potent innate antiviral effectors that constrain HIV-1 transmission. However, harnessing these cytokines for HIV-1 cure strategies has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of their antiviral activities at later stages of infection. Here, we characterized the IFN-I sensitivity of 500 clonally derived HIV-1 isolates from the plasma and CD4+ T cells of 26 individuals sampled longitudinally after transmission or after antiretroviral therapy (ART) and analytical treatment interruption. We determined the concentration of IFNα2 and IFNβ that reduced viral replication in vitro by 50% (IC50) and found consistent changes in the sensitivity of HIV-1 to IFN-I inhibition both across individuals and over time. Resistance of HIV-1 isolates to IFN-I was uniformly high during acute infection, decreased in all individuals in the first year after infection, was reacquired concomitant with CD4+ T cell loss, and remained elevated in individuals with accelerated disease. HIV-1 isolates obtained by viral outgrowth during suppressive ART were relatively IFN-I sensitive, resembling viruses circulating just before ART initiation. However, viruses that rebounded after treatment interruption displayed the highest degree of IFNα2 and IFNβ resistance observed at any time during the infection course. These findings indicate a dynamic interplay between host innate responses and the evolving HIV-1 quasispecies, with the relative contribution of IFN-I to HIV-1 control affected by both ART and analytical treatment interruption. Although elevated at transmission, host innate pressures are the highest during viral rebound, limiting the viruses that successfully become reactivated from latency to those that are IFN-I resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V P Gondim
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Scott Sherrill-Mix
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Frederic Bibollet-Ruche
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ronnie M Russell
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Yingying Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexa N Avitto
- Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julia C DeVoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jesse Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Pierre Pellegrino
- Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London WC1E 6JB, UK
| | - Ian Williams
- Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London WC1E 6JB, UK
| | | | - Julio C C Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Felicity Mampe
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M Alexandra Monroy
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Sonya Heath
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Michael S Saag
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Luis J Montaner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Janet M Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lindsey J Plenderleith
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Paul M Sharp
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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12
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Jeyarajan AJ, Chung RT. Insights Into the Pathophysiology of Liver Disease in HCV/HIV: Does it End With HCV Cure? J Infect Dis 2020; 222:S802-S813. [PMID: 33245355 PMCID: PMC7693973 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HCV-HIV coinfected patients exhibit rapid progression of liver damage relative to HCV monoinfected patients. The availability of new directly acting antiviral agents has dramatically improved outcomes for coinfected patients as sustained virologic response rates now exceed 95% and fibrosis-related parameters are improved. Nevertheless, coinfected patients still have a higher mortality risk and more severe hepatocellular carcinoma compared to HCV monoinfected patients, implying the existence of pathways unique to people living with HIV that continue to promote accelerated liver disease. In this article, we review the pathobiology of liver disease in HCV-HIV coinfected patients in the directly acting antiviral era and explore the mechanisms through which HIV itself induces liver damage. Since liver disease is one of the leading causes of non-AIDS-related mortality in HIV-positive patients, enhancing our understanding of HIV-associated fibrotic pathways will remain important for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to slow or reverse liver disease progression, even after HCV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre J Jeyarajan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Nguyen H, Gazy N, Venketaraman V. A Role of Intracellular Toll-Like Receptors (3, 7, and 9) in Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Co-Infection with HIV. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6148. [PMID: 32858917 PMCID: PMC7503332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a highly infectious acid-fast bacillus and is known to cause tuberculosis (TB) in humans. It is a leading cause of death from a sole infectious agent, with an estimated 1.5 million deaths yearly worldwide, and up to one third of the world's population has been infected with TB. The virulence and susceptibility of Mtb are further amplified in the presence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Coinfection with Mtb and HIV forms a lethal combination. Previous studies had demonstrated the synergistic effects of Mtb and HIV, with one disease accelerating the disease progression of the other through multiple mechanisms, including the modulation of the immune response to these two pathogens. The response of the endosomal pattern recognition receptors to these two pathogens, specifically toll-like receptors (TLR)-3, -7, and -9, has not been elucidated, with some studies producing mixed results. This article seeks to review the roles of TLR-3, -7, and -9 in response to Mtb infection, as well as Mtb-HIV-coinfection via Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing INF-β (TRIF)-dependent and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Nguyen
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Nicky Gazy
- Beaumont Health System, 5450 Fort St, Trenton, MI 48183, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
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14
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Cheng L, Yu H, Wrobel JA, Li G, Liu P, Hu Z, Xu XN, Su L. Identification of pathogenic TRAIL-expressing innate immune cells during HIV-1 infection in humanized mice by scRNA-Seq. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135344. [PMID: 32406872 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Depletion of CD4+ T cells during HIV-1 infection is mostly mediated by inflammatory cells via indirect but not clearly defined mechanisms. In this report, we used single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) technology to study HIV-induced transcriptomic change in innate immune cells in lymphoid organs. We performed scRNA-Seq on hCD45+hCD3-hCD19- human leukocytes isolated from spleens of humanized NOD/Rag2-/-γc-/- (NRG) mice transplanted with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (NRG-hu HSC mice). We identified major populations of innate immune cells, including plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), macrophages, NK cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). HIV-1 infection significantly upregulated genes involved in type I IFN inflammatory pathways in each of the innate immune subsets. Interestingly, we found that TRAIL was upregulated in the innate immune populations, including pDCs, mDCs, macrophages, NK cells, and ILCs. We further demonstrated that blockade of the TRAIL signaling pathway in NRG-hu HSC mice prevented HIV-1-induced CD4+ T cell depletion in vivo. In summary, we characterized HIV-induced transcriptomic changes of innate immune cells in the spleen at single-cell levels, identified the TRAIL+ innate immune cells, and defined an important role of the TRAIL signaling pathway in HIV-1-induced CD4+ T cell depletion in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Haisheng Yu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and.,Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine of Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Peng Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | - Zhiyuan Hu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | - Xiao-Ning Xu
- Department of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Qureshi A, Niazi JH. Biosensors for detecting viral and bacterial infections using host biomarkers: a review. Analyst 2020; 145:7825-7848. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00896f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A schematic diagram showing multiple modes of biosensing platforms for the diagnosis of bacterial or viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Qureshi
- Sabanci University
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center
- Tuzla 34956
- Turkey
| | - Javed H. Niazi
- Sabanci University
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center
- Tuzla 34956
- Turkey
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16
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Paim AC, Cummins NW, Natesampillai S, Garcia-Rivera E, Kogan N, Neogi U, Sönnerborg A, Sperk M, Bren GD, Deeks S, Polley E, Badley AD. HIV elite control is associated with reduced TRAILshort expression. AIDS 2019; 33:1757-1763. [PMID: 31149947 PMCID: PMC6873462 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) dependent apoptosis has been implicated in CD4 T-cell death and immunologic control of HIV-1 infection. We have described a splice variant called TRAILshort, which is a dominant negative ligand that antagonizes TRAIL-induced cell death in the context of HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 elite controllers naturally control viral replication for largely unknown reasons. Since enhanced death of infected cells might be responsible, as might occur in situations of low (or inhibited) TRAILshort, we tested whether there was an association between elite controller status and reduced levels of TRAILshort expression. DESIGN Cohort study comparing TRAILshort and full length TRAIL expression between HIV-1 elite controllers and viremic progressors from two independent populations. METHODS TRAILshort and TRAIL gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was determined by RNA-seq. TRAILshort and TRAIL protein expression in plasma was determined by antibody bead array and proximity extension assay respectively. RESULTS HIV-1 elite controllers expressed less TRAILshort transcripts in PBMCs (P = 0.002) and less TRAILshort protein in plasma (P < 0.001) than viremic progressors. CONCLUSION Reduced TRAILshort expression in PBMCs and plasma is associated with HIV-1 elite controller status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Paim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nathan W Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maike Sperk
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gary D Bren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Steve Deeks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Eric Polley
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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17
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Babu H, Ambikan AT, Gabriel EE, Svensson Akusjärvi S, Palaniappan AN, Sundaraj V, Mupanni NR, Sperk M, Cheedarla N, Sridhar R, Tripathy SP, Nowak P, Hanna LE, Neogi U. Systemic Inflammation and the Increased Risk of Inflamm-Aging and Age-Associated Diseases in People Living With HIV on Long Term Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1965. [PMID: 31507593 PMCID: PMC6718454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ART program in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) like India, follows a public health approach with a standardized regimen for all people living with HIV (PLHIV). Based on the evidence from high-income countries (HIC), the risk of an enhanced, and accentuated onset of premature-aging or age-related diseases has been observed in PLHIV. However, very limited data is available on residual inflammation and immune activation in the populations who are on first-generation anti-HIV drugs like zidovudine and lamivudine that have more toxic side effects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the levels of systemic inflammation and understand the risk of age-associated diseases in PLHIV on long-term suppressive ART using a large number of biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation. Blood samples were obtained from therapy naïve PLHIV (Pre-ART, n = 43), PLHIV on ART for >5 years (ART, n = 53), and HIV-negative healthy controls (HIVNC, n = 41). Samples were analyzed for 92 markers of inflammation, sCD14, sCD163, and telomere length. Several statistical tests were performed to compare the groups under study. Multivariate linear regression was used to investigate the associations. Despite a median duration of 8 years of successful ART, sCD14 (p < 0.001) and sCD163 (p = 0.04) levels continued to be significantly elevated in ART group as compared to HIVNC. Eleven inflammatory markers, including 4E-BP1, ADA, CCL23, CD5, CD8A, CST5, MMP1, NT3, SLAMF1, TRAIL, and TRANCE, were found to be significantly different (p < 0.05) between the groups. Many of these markers are associated with age-related co-morbidities including cardiovascular disease, neurocognitive decline and some of these markers are being reported for the first time in the context of HIV-induced inflammation. Linear regression analysis showed a significant negative association between HIV-1-positivity and telomere length (p < 0.0001). In ART-group CXCL1 (p = 0.048) and TGF-α (p = 0.026) showed a significant association with the increased telomere length and IL-10RA was significantly associated with decreased telomere length (p = 0.042). This observation warrants further mechanistic studies to generate evidence to highlight the need for enhanced treatment monitoring and special interventions in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemalatha Babu
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anoop T. Ambikan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erin E. Gabriel
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Svensson Akusjärvi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Naveen Reddy Mupanni
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maike Sperk
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | | | - Srikanth P. Tripathy
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Natesampillai S, Paim AC, Cummins NW, Chandrasekar AP, Bren GD, Lewin SR, Kiem HP, Badley AD. TRAILshort Protects against CD4 T Cell Death during Acute HIV Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:718-724. [PMID: 31189571 PMCID: PMC6785036 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4 T cells from HIV-1 infected patients die at excessive rates compared to those from uninfected patients, causing immunodeficiency. We previously identified a dominant negative ligand that antagonizes the TRAIL-dependent pathway of cell death, which we called TRAILshort. Because the TRAIL pathway has been implicated in CD4 T cell death occurring during HIV-1 infection, we used short hairpin RNA knockdown, CRISPR deletion, or Abs specific for TRAILshort to determine the effect of inhibiting TRAILshort on the outcome of experimental acute HIV infection in vitro. Strikingly, all three approaches to TRAILshort deletion/inhibition enhanced HIV-induced death of both infected and uninfected human CD4 T cells. Thus, TRAILshort impacts T cell dynamics during HIV infection, and inhibiting TRAILshort causes more HIV-infected and uninfected bystander cells to die. TRAILshort is, therefore, a host-derived, host-adaptive mechanism to limit the effects of TRAIL-induced cell death. Further studies on the effects of TRAILshort in other disease states are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana C Paim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Nathan W Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Gary D Bren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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19
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Smith N, Rodero MP, Bekaddour N, Bondet V, Ruiz-Blanco YB, Harms M, Mayer B, Bader-Meunier B, Quartier P, Bodemer C, Baudouin V, Dieudonné Y, Kirchhoff F, Sanchez Garcia E, Charbit B, Leboulanger N, Jahrsdörfer B, Richard Y, Korganow AS, Münch J, Nisole S, Duffy D, Herbeuval JP. Control of TLR7-mediated type I IFN signaling in pDCs through CXCR4 engagement-A new target for lupus treatment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav9019. [PMID: 31309143 PMCID: PMC6620093 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav9019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons are highly potent cytokines essential for self-protection against tumors and infections. Deregulations of type I interferon signaling are associated with multiple diseases that require novel therapeutic options. Here, we identified the small molecule, IT1t, a previously described CXCR4 ligand, as a highly potent inhibitor of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-mediated inflammation. IT1t inhibits chemical (R848) and natural (HIV) TLR7-mediated inflammation in purified human plasmacytoid dendritic cells from blood and human tonsils. In a TLR7-dependent lupus-like model, in vivo treatment of mice with IT1t drives drastic reduction of both systemic inflammation and anti-double-stranded DNA autoantibodies and prevents glomerulonephritis. Furthermore, IT1t controls inflammation, including interferon α secretion, in resting and stimulated cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Our findings highlight a groundbreaking immunoregulatory property of CXCR4 signaling that opens new therapeutic perspectives in inflammatory settings and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikaïa Smith
- CNRS UMR-8601, CICB, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Team Chemistry & Biology, Modeling & Immunology for Therapy, CBMIT, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Mathieu P. Rodero
- CNRS UMR-8601, CICB, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Team Chemistry & Biology, Modeling & Immunology for Therapy, CBMIT, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nassima Bekaddour
- CNRS UMR-8601, CICB, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Team Chemistry & Biology, Modeling & Immunology for Therapy, CBMIT, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Bondet
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Yasser B. Ruiz-Blanco
- Computational Biochemistry and Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Mirja Harms
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mayer
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Brigitte Bader-Meunier
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Paediatric Haematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Paediatric Autoimmunity, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Quartier
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Paediatric Haematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christine Bodemer
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Reference Centre for Rare Skin Disorders (MAGEC), Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Véronique Baudouin
- Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, Néphrologie pédiatrique, Paris, France
| | - Yannick Dieudonné
- CNRS UPR 3572 “Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry”/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- UFR Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez Garcia
- Computational Biochemistry and Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Bruno Charbit
- Centre for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Leboulanger
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Pediatric Otolaryngology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics (IKT) Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 10, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yolande Richard
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Korganow
- CNRS UPR 3572 “Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry”/Laboratory of Excellence Médalis, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMC), Strasbourg, France
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Rare Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- UFR Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- IRIM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR, 9004 Montpellier, France
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, Paris, France
- Centre for Translational Research, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Herbeuval
- CNRS UMR-8601, CICB, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Team Chemistry & Biology, Modeling & Immunology for Therapy, CBMIT, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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20
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Cellular Determinants of HIV Persistence on Antiretroviral Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1075:213-239. [PMID: 30030795 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0484-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The era of antiretroviral therapy has made HIV-1 infection a manageable chronic disease for those with access to treatment. Despite treatment, virus persists in tissue reservoirs seeded with long-lived infected cells that are resistant to cell death and immune recognition. Which cells contribute to this reservoir and which factors determine their persistence are central questions that need to be answered to achieve viral eradication. In this chapter, we describe how cell susceptibility to infection, resistance to cell death, and immune-mediated killing as well as natural cell life span and turnover potential are central components that allow persistence of different lymphoid and myeloid cell subsets that were recently identified as key players in harboring latent and actively replicating virus. The relative contribution of these subsets to persistence of viral reservoir is described, and the open questions are highlighted.
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21
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Ganesan M, Poluektova LY, Kharbanda KK, Osna NA. Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatotropic viruses co-morbidities as the inducers of liver injury progression. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:398-410. [PMID: 30700937 PMCID: PMC6350175 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i4.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatotropic viruses induced hepatitis progresses much faster and causes more liver- related health problems in people co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although treatment with antiretroviral therapy has extended the life expectancy of people with HIV, liver disease induced by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes significant numbers of non-acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths in co-infected patients. In recent years, new insights into the mechanisms of accelerated fibrosis and liver disease progression in HIV/HCV and HIV/HBV co-infections have been reported. In this paper, we review recent studies examining the natural history and pathogenesis of liver disease in HIV-HCV/HBV co-infection in the era of direct acting antivirals (DAA) and antiretroviral therapy (ART). We also review the novel therapeutics for management of HIV/HCV and HIV/HBV co-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
| | - Larisa Y Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
| | - Natalia A Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, United States
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22
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Interferon α subtypes in HIV infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:13-18. [PMID: 29475588 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN), which are immediately induced after most virus infections, are central for direct antiviral immunity and link innate and adaptive immune responses. However, several viruses have evolved strategies to evade the IFN response by preventing IFN induction or blocking IFN signaling pathways. Thus, therapeutic application of exogenous type I IFN or agonists inducing type I IFN responses are a considerable option for future immunotherapies against chronic viral infections. An important part of the type I IFN family are 12 IFNα subtypes, which all bind the same receptor, but significantly differ in their biological activities. Up to date only one IFNα subtype (IFNα2) is being used in clinical treatment against chronic virus infections, however its therapeutic success rate is rather limited, especially during Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Recent studies addressed the important question if other IFNα subtypes would be more potent against retroviral infections in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Indeed, very potent IFNα subtypes were defined and their antiviral and immunomodulatory properties were characterized. In this review we summarize the recent findings on the role of individual IFNα subtypes during HIV and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus infection. This includes their induction during HIV/SIV infection, their antiretroviral activity and the regulation of immune response against HIV by different IFNα subtypes. The findings might facilitate novel strategies for HIV cure or functional cure studies.
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Zhang W, Ambikan AT, Sperk M, van Domselaar R, Nowak P, Noyan K, Russom A, Sönnerborg A, Neogi U. Transcriptomics and Targeted Proteomics Analysis to Gain Insights Into the Immune-control Mechanisms of HIV-1 Infected Elite Controllers. EBioMedicine 2018; 27:40-50. [PMID: 29269040 PMCID: PMC5828548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A small subset of HIV-1 infected individuals, the "Elite Controllers" (EC), can control viral replication and restrain progression to immunodeficiency without antiretroviral therapy (ART). In this study, a cross-sectional transcriptomics and targeted proteomics analysis were performed in a well-defined Swedish cohort of untreated EC (n=19), treatment naïve patients with viremia (VP, n=32) and HIV-1-negative healthy controls (HC, n=23). The blood transcriptome identified 151 protein-coding genes that were differentially expressed (DE) in VP compared to EC. Genes like CXCR6 and SIGLEC1 were downregulated in EC compared to VP. A definite distinction in gene expression between males and females among all patient-groups were observed. The gene expression profile between female EC and the healthy females was similar but did differ between male EC and healthy males. At targeted proteomics analysis, 90% (29/32) of VPs clustered together while EC and HC clustered separately from VP. Among the soluble factors, 33 were distinctive to be statistically significant (False discovery rate=0.02). Cell surface receptor signaling pathway, programmed cell death, response to cytokine and cytokine-mediated signaling seem to synergistically play an essential role in HIV-1 control in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhang
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anoop T Ambikan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maike Sperk
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Robert van Domselaar
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Noyan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aman Russom
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Smith N, Herbeuval JP. Mechanisms underlying plasmacytoid dendritic cell regulation during viral infection. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikaïa Smith
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Descartes, CICB, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Chemistry & Biology, Modeling & Immunology for Therapy, CBMIT
| | - Jean-Philippe Herbeuval
- CNRS UMR-8601, Université Paris Descartes, CICB, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
- Chemistry & Biology, Modeling & Immunology for Therapy, CBMIT
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Littwitz-Salomon E, Dittmer U, Sutter K. Insufficient natural killer cell responses against retroviruses: how to improve NK cell killing of retrovirus-infected cells. Retrovirology 2016; 13:77. [PMID: 27821119 PMCID: PMC5100108 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system and protect against cancers and a variety of viruses including retroviruses by killing transformed or infected cells. They express activating and inhibitory receptors on their cell surface and often become activated after recognizing virus-infected cells. They have diverse antiviral effector functions like the release of cytotoxic granules, cytokine production and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The importance of NK cell activity in retroviral infections became evident due to the discovery of several viral strategies to escape recognition and elimination by NK cells. Mutational sequence polymorphisms as well as modulation of surface receptors and their ligands are mechanisms of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 to evade NK cell-mediated immune pressure. In Friend retrovirus infected mice the virus can manipulate molecular or cellular immune factors that in turn suppress the NK cell response. In this model NK cells lack cytokines for optimal activation and can be functionally suppressed by regulatory T cells. However, these inhibitory pathways can be overcome therapeutically to achieve full activation of NK cell responses and ultimately control dissemination of retroviral infection. One effective approach is to modulate the crosstalk between NK cells and dendritic cells, which produce NK cell-stimulating cytokines like type I interferons (IFN), IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 upon retrovirus sensing or infection. Therapeutic administration of IFNα directly increases NK cell killing of retrovirus-infected cells. In addition, IL-2/anti-IL-2 complexes that direct IL-2 to NK cells have been shown to significantly improve control of retroviral infection by NK cells in vivo. In this review, we describe novel approaches to improve NK cell effector functions in retroviral infections. Immunotherapies that target NK cells of patients suffering from viral infections might be a promising treatment option for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Littwitz-Salomon
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital in Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital in Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital in Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
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Abstract
Whether type I interferons (IFNs) hinder or facilitate HIV disease progression is controversial. Type I IFNs induce the production of restriction factors that protect against mucosal HIV/SIV acquisition and limit virus replication once systemic infection is established. However, type I IFNs also increase systemic immune activation, a predictor of poor CD4+ T-cell recovery and progression to AIDS, and facilitate production and recruitment of target CD4+ T cells. In addition, type I IFNs induce CD4+ T-cell apoptosis and limit antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. The outcomes of type I IFN signaling may depend on the timing of IFN-stimulated gene upregulation relative to HIV exposure and infection, local versus systemic type I IFN-stimulated gene expression, and the subtype of type I IFN evaluated. To date, most interventional studies have evaluated IFNα2 administration largely in chronic HIV infection, and few have evaluated the effects on tissues or the HIV reservoir. Thus, whether the effect of type I IFN signaling on HIV disease is good, bad, or so complicated as to be ugly remains a topic of hot debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanya S Utay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Arbour N, Rastikerdar E, McCrea E, Lapierre Y, Dörr J, Bar-Or A, Antel JP. Upregulation of TRAIL expression on human T lymphocytes by interferon b and glatiramer acetate. Mult Scler 2016; 11:652-7. [PMID: 16320724 DOI: 10.1191/1352458505ms1222oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We measured the in vivo and in vitro effects of interferon (IFN)b and glatiramer acetate (GA) on the expression of the regulatory molecule, tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We confirmed the prior observation that TRAIL is enhanced on anti-CD3 activated T cells by the in vitro addition of IFNβ. T cells from IFNβ-treated patients stimulated with anti-CD3 only, had higher levels of TRAIL than untreated patients, suggesting that in vivo IFNβ exposure has an effect on TRAIL expression in association with T cell activation. In vitro IFNβ-induced TRAIL upregulation on anti-CD3 or phytohemagglutinin-activated T cells was comparable for IFNβ-treated and non-treated MS patients and controls, indicating that IFN receptors were neither saturated nor down-regulated by current IFNβ therapy. Although GAin vivo orin vitro did not induce TRAIL, the IFNβ-GA combination in vitro enhanced TRAIL expression to higher levels than IFNβ alone on CD4+ T cells obtained from MS patients, regardless of GA treatment status, and healthy donors, and on GA reactive T cell lines derived from GA-treated patients or controls. Whether any observed therapeutic effects of GA/IFNβ combination therapy will correlate with TRAIL expression and function remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Arbour
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, QC, Canada
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Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor Antagonists Sensitize Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Macrophages to TRAIL-Mediated Killing. J Virol 2016; 90:6255-6262. [PMID: 27122585 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00231-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Strategies aimed at eliminating persistent viral reservoirs from HIV-1-infected individuals have focused on CD4(+) T-cell reservoirs. However, very little attention has been given to approaches that could promote elimination of tissue macrophage reservoirs. HIV-1 infection of macrophages induces phosphorylation of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R), which confers resistance to apoptotic pathways driven by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), thereby promoting viral persistence. In this study, we assessed whether CSF-1R antagonists (PLX647, PLX3397, and PLX5622) restored apoptotic sensitivity of HIV-1-infected macrophages in vitro PLX647, PLX3397, and PLX5622 at clinically relevant concentrations blocked the activation of CSF-1R and reduced the viability of infected macrophages, as well as the extent of viral replication. Our data show that strategies targeting monocyte colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) signaling could be used to promote elimination of HIV-1-infected myeloid cells and to contribute to the elimination of persistent viral reservoirs. IMPORTANCE As the HIV/AIDS research field explores approaches to eliminate HIV-1 in individuals on suppressive antiviral therapy, those approaches will need to eliminate both CD4(+) T-cell and myeloid cell reservoirs. Most of the attention has focused on CD4(+) T-cell reservoirs, and scant attention has been paid to myeloid cell reservoirs. The distinct nature of the infection in myeloid cells versus CD4(+) T cells will likely dictate different approaches in order to achieve their elimination. For CD4(+) T cells, most strategies focus on promoting virus reactivation to promote immune-mediated clearance and/or elimination by viral cytopathicity. Macrophages resist viral cytopathic effects and CD8(+) T-cell killing. Therefore, we have explored clearance strategies that render macrophages sensitive to viral cytopathicity. This research helps inform the design of strategies to promote clearance of the macrophage reservoir in infected individuals on suppressive antiviral therapy.
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HMGB1 Is Involved in IFN-α Production and TRAIL Expression by HIV-1-Exposed Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells: Impact of the Crosstalk with NK Cells. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005407. [PMID: 26871575 PMCID: PMC4752468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are innate sensors of viral infections and important mediators of antiviral innate immunity through their ability to produce large amounts of IFN-α. Moreover, Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and 9 (TLR9) ligands, such as HIV and CpG respectively, turn pDCs into TRAIL-expressing killer pDCs able to lyse HIV-infected CD4+ T cells. NK cells can regulate antiviral immunity by modulating pDC functions, and pDC production of IFN-α as well as cell–cell contact is required to promote NK cell functions. Impaired pDC-NK cell crosstalk was reported in the setting of HIV-1 infection, but the impact of HIV-1 on TRAIL expression and innate antiviral immunity during this crosstalk is unknown. Here, we report that low concentrations of CCR5-tropic HIV-1Ba-L promote the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-α, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-12, and CCR5-interacting chemokines (MIP-1α and MIP-1β) in NK-pDCs co-cultures. At high HIV-1BaL concentrations, the addition of NK cells did not promote the release of these mediators, suggesting that once efficiently triggered by the virus, pDCs could not integrate new activating signals delivered by NK cells. However, high HIV-1BaL concentrations were required to trigger IFN-α-mediated TRAIL expression at the surface of both pDCs and NK cells during their crosstalk. Interestingly, we identified the alarmin HMGB1, released at pDC-NK cell synapse, as an essential trigger for the secretion of IFN-α and IFN-related soluble mediators during the interplay of HIV-1 exposed pDCs with NK cells. Moreover, HMGB1 was found crucial for mTRAIL translocation to the plasma membrane of both pDCs and NK cells during their crosstalk following pDC exposure to HIV-1. Data from serum analyses of circulating HMGB1, HMGB1-specific antibodies, sTRAIL and IP-10 in a cohort of 67 HIV-1+ patients argue for the in vivo relevance of these observations. Altogether, these findings identify HMGB1 as a trigger for IFN-α-mediated TRAIL expression at the surface of pDCs and NK cells, and they suggest a novel mechanism of innate control of HIV-1 infection. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are the most potent IFN-α-producing cells and serve as an essential link between innate and adaptive immunity. Exposure of pDCs to HIV-1 triggers IFN-α production, which in turn upregulates TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), turning pDCs into killer pDCs, able to kill infected CD4+ T cells. At sites of infection, pDCs might activate or get activated by Natural killer (NK) cells, and pDC-NK cell-cell contact is required to promote the cytolytic potential of NK cells. Functional defects in the pDC and NK cell compartments were reported in the setting of HIV-1 infection, but the precise mechanisms by which HIV impairs NK cell and pDC crosstalk remain to be fully elucidated. To address this question, we developed an ex-vivo model of NK-pDC interaction, based on a short-term contact between sorted peripheral NK cells and purified pDCs exposed to HIV-1BaL. We found that the concentration of HIV-1 is critical to sustain the functional activation of both pDCs and NK cells. Moreover, we identified the alarmin HMGB1 as an essential trigger for the secretion of IFN-α and IFN-related soluble mediators during the interplay of HIV-1-exposed pDCs and NK cells. HMGB1 was also found crucial for HIV-1-induced translocation of TRAIL on both pDC and NK cell membrane. The in vivo relevance of the interdependency between HMGB1, IFN- and TRAIL is suggested by the strong positive correlations between circulating levels of these mediators in a cohort of 67 HIV-1 infected patients. Altogether these findings highlight a new function for HMGB1 and they suggest a novel mechanism of innate control of HIV infection.
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Liu Z, Li X, Yang J, Xu L, Guo H. Differences in acquired immune deficiency syndrome treatment and evaluation strategies between Chinese and Western Medicine. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2016; 35:718-22. [PMID: 26742320 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(15)30165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine, including Chinese medicine (CM), has been used to treat acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) foralmost 30 years. We aimed to compare the main differences between AIDS treatment and evaluation strategies between CM and Western Medicine (WM), and analyze advantages and disadvantages. The characteristics of integrative medicine (IM), based on CM and WM, include a patient-centered mode of medicine based on evidence. IM focuses on complex intervention and management with systemic and individual treatment. The evaluation indexes of IM might consist of objective indicators and subjective indexes. IM might be a more valuable method for treating AIDS in the future instead of WM or CM alone.
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ISG15 expression correlates with HIV-1 viral load and with factors regulating T cell response. Immunobiology 2015; 221:282-90. [PMID: 26563749 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Given the multifactorial nature of action of type I interferon (IFN) in HIV-1 infection and the need to firmly establish the action of key components of IFN pathways, we compared the IFN stimulated gene (ISG)15 expression with that of other well-characterized ISGs, evaluating its relationship with immunosuppressive factors regulating T-cell response in HIV-1 patients. PBMC from 225 subjects were included: healthy donors (n=30), naïve (n=93) and HAART treated HIV-1 subjects (n=102). Levels of ISG15-mRNA, ISG56-mRNA, APOBEC3G/3F-mRNA, TRAIL-mRNA, IDO-mRNA, proviral load andISG15 (rs15842 and rs1921) SNPs were evaluated by using TaqMan assays. We found that ISG15, ISG56, APOBEC3G/3F levels were increased in untreated HIV-1 patients compared to healthy donors, being ISG15 the highest ISG expressed. The amount of ISG15 correlated with viral load and with CD4+ T cell counts whereas no relationship was found between all ISGs analyzed and proviral load or HIV-1 tropism. ISG15 expression was reduced following long-term antiretroviral therapy. In addition, ISG15 levels were correlated with those of TRAIL and IDO in HIV-1 viremic patients. Lastly, ISG15 SNPs had no influence on ISG15 levels. We demonstrates that ISG15 is elevated in viremic HIV-1 patients and is associated with high TRAIL and IDO levels.
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Smith N, Herbeuval JP. [Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: the novel Eldorado for antiviral therapy?]. Biol Aujourdhui 2015; 209:135-44. [PMID: 26514383 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2015017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) represent the first line of host defense against viruses and are an essential link between innate and adaptive immunity. The antiviral factor IFN-α is massively produced by pDCs in response to HIV infection and induces the expression of cellular genes that interfere with viral replication (ISG). Indeed, type I IFN produced by pDCs has a direct anti-viral activity against HIV and has important adjuvant function on other immune cell-types, such as T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. However, the role of type I IFN in HIV disease is complex and may depend on the stage of the disease. The immunologic hallmark of HIV infection is a status of chronic and progressive immune activation, which drives the immune system to exhaustion and leads to severe immunodeficiency. There is now strong evidence that chronic activation of pDCs may promote HIV pathogenesis and have an impact on adaptive T-cell response. Thus, targeting pDCs and type I IFN may open new therapeutic strategies for chronically activated HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikaïa Smith
- Equipe Chimie et Biologie, Nucléo(s)tides & Immunologie pour la Thérapie (CBNIT), CNRS UMR8601, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CICB-Paris (FR 3567), Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Herbeuval
- Equipe Chimie et Biologie, Nucléo(s)tides & Immunologie pour la Thérapie (CBNIT), CNRS UMR8601, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CICB-Paris (FR 3567), Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In HIV infection, the homeostasis of CD4 and CD8 T cells is dramatically disturbed, and several studies have pointed out that T-cell turnover rates are increased. To understand how the CD4 and CD8 T-cell pools are affected, it is important to have quantitative insights into the lifespans of the cells constituting the different T-lymphocyte populations. METHODS We used long-term in-vivo H2O labeling and mathematical modeling to estimate the average lifespans of naive and memory CD4 and CD8 T cells in untreated (n = 4) and combination antiretroviral therapy-treated (n = 3) HIV-1-infected individuals. RESULTS During untreated chronic HIV-1 infection, naive CD4 and CD8 T cells lived on average 618 and 271 days, whereas memory CD4 and CD8 T cells had average lifespans of 53 and 43 days, respectively. These lifespans were at least three-fold shorter than those in healthy controls (n = 5). In patients on effective combination antiretroviral therapy with total CD4 T-cell counts in the normal range, we found that naive CD4 and CD8 T-cell lifespans had not completely normalized and were still two-fold shortened. CONCLUSION The average lifespan of both naive and memory CD4 and CD8 T cells decreased during untreated chronic HIV-1 infection. Although the turnover of the memory T-cell populations nearly normalized during effective treatment, the turnover of naive CD4 and CD8 T cells did not seem to normalize completely.
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Zahoor MA, Xue G, Sato H, Aida Y. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling reveals that HIV-1 Vpr differentially regulates interferon-stimulated genes in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Virus Res 2015; 208:156-63. [PMID: 26116899 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that directly link the innate and adaptive immune responses. HIV-1 infection of DCs leads to a diverse array of changes in gene expression and play a major role in dissemination of the virus into T-cells. Although HIV-1 Vpr is a pleiotropic protein involved in HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis, its exact role in APCs such as DCs remains elusive. In this study, utilizing a microarray-based systemic biology approach, we found that HIV-1 Vpr differentially regulates (fold change >2.0) more than 200 genes, primarily those involved in the immune response and innate immune response including type I interferon signaling pathway. The differential expression profiles of select genes involved in innate immune responses (interferon-stimulated genes [ISGs]), including MX1, MX2, ISG15, ISG20, IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFI27, IFI44L, and TNFSF10, were validated by real-time quantitative PCR; the results were consistent with the microarray data. Taken together, our findings are the first to demonstrate that HIV-1 Vpr induces ISGs and activates the type I IFN signaling pathway in human DCs, and provide insights into the role of Vpr in HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Atif Zahoor
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; International Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Guangai Xue
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; International Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan; Japanese Foundation of AIDS Prevention, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Pérez de Diego AC, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Pleguezuelos FJ, Garfia B, del Carmen P, Pedrera M. Comparative analysis of cellular immune responses and cytokine levels in sheep experimentally infected with bluetongue virus serotype 1 and 8. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:95-105. [PMID: 25769647 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protective immunity in sheep with bluetongue virus (BTV) infection as well as the role of BTV-induced cytokines during immune response remains unclear. Understanding the basis immunological mechanisms in sheep experimentally infected with serotypes 1 and 8 (BTV-1 and -8) was the aim of this study. A time-course study was carried out in order to evaluate cell-mediated immune response and serum concentrations of cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα, IL-12, IFNγ, IL-4 and IL-10) with inflammatory and immunological functions. Depletion of T cell subsets (mainly CD4(+), γδ and CD25(+)) together with the absence of cytokines (IFNγ and IL-12) involved in the regulation of cell-mediated antiviral immunity at the first stage of the disease suggested that both BTV-1 and BTV-8 might impair host's capability against primary infections which would favor viral replication and spreading. However, cellular immune response and cytokines elicited an immune response in sheep that efficiently reduced viremia in the final stage of the experiment. Recovery of T cell subsets (CD4(+) and CD25(+)) together with a significant increase of CD8(+) T lymphocytes in both infected groups were observed in parallel with the decrease of viremia. Additionally, the recovery of CD4(+) T lymphocytes together with the significant increase of IL-4 serum levels at the final stage of the experiment might contribute to humoral immune response activation and neutralizing antibodies production against BTV previously described in the course of this experiment. These results suggested that both cellular and humoral immune response may contribute to protective immunity against BTV-1 and BTV-8 in sheep. The possible role played by IL-10 and CD25(+) cells in controlling inflammatory and immune response in the final stage of the experiment has also been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Sánchez-Cordón
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Edificio Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - A C Pérez de Diego
- VISAVET Center and Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J C Gómez-Villamandos
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Edificio Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - J M Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Center and Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F J Pleguezuelos
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Edificio Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - B Garfia
- Garfia Veterinary Medicine Laboratory S.L., Polígono Industrial Tecnocórdoba, C/Varsovia, 53, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - P del Carmen
- VISAVET Center and Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pedrera
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Edificio Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by decreased bone mass and microarchitectural changes in bone tissue that increase the susceptibility to fracture. Secondary osteoporosis is loosely defined as low bone mineral density or increased risk of fragility fracture caused by any factor other than aging or postmenopausal status. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current understanding of the pathophysiology and contribution to fracture risk of many of the more common causes of secondary osteoporosis, as well as diagnostic considerations, outlined by organ system. While not comprehensive, included are a wide array of diseases, conditions, and medications that have been associated with bone loss and susceptibility to fractures. The hope is to highlight the importance to the general clinician of screening for and treating the osteoporosis in these patients, so to limit the resultant increased morbidity associated with fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Emkey
- Pennsylvania Regional Center for Arthritis & Osteoporosis Research, 1200 Broadcasting Road, Suite 200, Wyomissing, PA 19610, USA.
| | - Sol Epstein
- Mt Sinai School of Medicine, I Gustave Levy Place New York, New York, NY, USA
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Modulation of type I interferon-associated viral sensing during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection in African green monkeys. J Virol 2014; 89:751-62. [PMID: 25355871 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02430-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), such as African green monkeys (AGMs), do not progress to AIDS when infected with SIV. This is associated with an absence of a chronic type I interferon (IFN-I) signature. It is unclear how the IFN-I response is downmodulated in AGMs. We longitudinally assessed the capacity of AGM blood cells to produce IFN-I in response to SIV and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Phenotypes and functions of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and other mononuclear blood cells were assessed by flow cytometry, and expression of viral sensors was measured by reverse transcription-PCR. pDCs displayed low BDCA-2, CD40, and HLA-DR expression levels during AGM acute SIV (SIVagm) infection. BDCA-2 was required for sensing of SIV, but not of HSV, by pDCs. In acute infection, AGM peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) produced less IFN-I upon SIV stimulation. In the chronic phase, the production was normal, confirming that the lack of chronic inflammation is not due to a sensing defect of pDCs. In contrast to stimulation by SIV, more IFN-I was produced upon HSV stimulation of PBMCs isolated during acute infection, while the frequency of AGM pDCs producing IFN-I upon in vitro stimulation with HSV was diminished. Indeed, other cells started producing IFN-I. This increased viral sensing by non-pDCs was associated with an upregulation of Toll-like receptor 3 and IFN-γ-inducible protein 16 caused by IFN-I in acute SIVagm infection. Our results suggest that, as in pathogenic SIVmac infection, SIVagm infection mobilizes bone marrow precursor pDCs. Moreover, we show that SIV infection modifies the capacity of viral sensing in cells other than pDCs, which could drive IFN-I production in specific settings. IMPORTANCE The effects of HIV/SIV infections on the capacity of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to produce IFN-I in vivo are still incompletely defined. As IFN-I can restrict viral replication, contribute to inflammation, and influence immune responses, alteration of this capacity could impact the viral reservoir size. We observed that even in nonpathogenic SIV infection, the frequency of pDCs capable of efficiently sensing SIV and producing IFN-I was reduced during acute infection. We discovered that, concomitantly, cells other than pDCs had increased abilities for viral sensing. Our results suggest that pDC-produced IFN-I upregulates viral sensors in bystander cells, the latter gaining the capacity to produce IFN-I. These results indicate that in certain settings, cells other than pDCs can drive IFN-I-associated inflammation in SIV infection. This has important implications for the understanding of persistent inflammation and the establishment of viral reservoirs.
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Shift in monocyte apoptosis with increasing viral load and change in apoptosis-related ISG/Bcl2 family gene expression in chronically HIV-1-infected subjects. J Virol 2014; 89:799-810. [PMID: 25355877 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02382-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although monocytes and macrophages are targets of HIV-1-mediated immunopathology, the impact of high viremia on activation-induced monocyte apoptosis relative to monocyte and macrophage activation changes remains undetermined. In this study, we determined constitutive and oxidative stress-induced monocyte apoptosis in uninfected and HIV(+) individuals across a spectrum of viral loads (n = 35; range, 2,243 to 1,355,998 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml) and CD4 counts (range, 26 to 801 cells/mm(3)). Both constitutive apoptosis and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis were positively associated with viral load and negatively associated with CD4, with an elevation in apoptosis occurring in patients with more than 40,000 (4.6 log) copies/ml. As expected, expression of Rb1 and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), plasma soluble CD163 (sCD163) concentration, and the proportion of CD14(++) CD16(+) intermediate monocytes were elevated in viremic patients compared to those in uninfected controls. Although CD14(++) CD16(+) frequencies, sCD14, sCD163, and most ISG expression were not directly associated with a change in apoptosis, sCD14 and ISG expression showed an association with increasing viral load. Multivariable analysis of clinical values and monocyte gene expression identified changes in IFI27, IFITM2, Rb1, and Bcl2 expression as determinants of constitutive apoptosis (P = 3.77 × 10(-5); adjusted R(2) = 0.5983), while changes in viral load, IFITM2, Rb1, and Bax expression were determinants of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis (P = 5.59 × 10(-5); adjusted R(2) = 0.5996). Our data demonstrate differential activation states in monocytes between levels of viremia in association with differences in apoptosis that may contribute to greater monocyte turnover with high viremia. IMPORTANCE This study characterized differential monocyte activation, apoptosis, and apoptosis-related gene expression in low- versus high-level viremic HIV-1 patients, suggesting a shift in apoptosis regulation that may be associated with disease state. Using single and multivariable analysis of monocyte activation parameters and gene expression, we supported the hypothesis that monocyte apoptosis in HIV disease is a reflection of viremia and activation state with contributions from gene expression changes within the ISG and Bcl2 gene families. Understanding monocyte apoptosis response may inform HIV immunopathogenesis, retention of infected macrophages, and monocyte turnover in low- or high-viral-load states.
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HIV-1 Vpr induces interferon-stimulated genes in human monocyte-derived macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106418. [PMID: 25170834 PMCID: PMC4149569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages act as reservoirs of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and play an important role in its transmission to other cells. HIV-1 Vpr is a multi-functional protein involved in HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis; however, its exact role in HIV-1-infected human macrophages remains poorly understood. In this study, we used a microarray approach to explore the effects of HIV-1 Vpr on the transcriptional profile of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). More than 500 genes, mainly those involved in the innate immune response, the type I interferon pathway, cytokine production, and signal transduction, were differentially regulated (fold change >2.0) after infection with a recombinant adenovirus expressing HIV-1 Vpr protein. The differential expression profiles of select interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and genes involved in the innate immune response, including STAT1, IRF7, MX1, MX2, ISG15, ISG20, IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFI27, IFI44L, APOBEC3A, DDX58 (RIG-I), TNFSF10 (TRAIL), and RSAD2 (viperin) were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR and were consistent with the microarray data. In addition, at the post-translational level, HIV-1 Vpr induced the phosphorylation of STAT1 at tyrosine 701 in human MDMs. These results demonstrate that HIV-1 Vpr leads to the induction of ISGs and expand the current understanding of the function of Vpr and its role in HIV-1 immune pathogenesis.
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Verma S, Loewendorf A, Wang Q, McDonald B, Redwood A, Benedict CA. Inhibition of the TRAIL death receptor by CMV reveals its importance in NK cell-mediated antiviral defense. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004268. [PMID: 25122141 PMCID: PMC4133390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) death receptors (DR) regulate apoptosis and inflammation, but their role in antiviral defense is poorly understood. Cytomegaloviruses (CMV) encode many immune-modulatory genes that shape host immunity, and they utilize multiple strategies to target the TNF-family cytokines. Here we show that the m166 open reading frame (orf) of mouse CMV (MCMV) is strictly required to inhibit expression of TRAIL-DR in infected cells. An MCMV mutant lacking m166 expression (m166stop) is severely compromised for replication in vivo, most notably in the liver, and depleting natural killer (NK) cells, or infecting TRAIL-DR-/- mice, restored MCMV-m166stop replication completely. These results highlight the critical importance for CMV to have evolved a strategy to inhibit TRAIL-DR signaling to thwart NK-mediated defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Verma
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea Loewendorf
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Qiao Wang
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bryan McDonald
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alec Redwood
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chris A. Benedict
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Barblu L, Smith N, Durand S, Scott-Algara D, Boufassa F, Delfraissy JF, Cimarelli A, Lambotte O, Herbeuval JP. Reduction of death receptor 5 expression and apoptosis of CD4+ T cells from HIV controllers. Clin Immunol 2014; 155:17-26. [PMID: 25110157 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis of HIV-1-exposed CD4 T cells expressing the death receptor 5 (DR5) in vitro and has been associated with reduced CD4 T cell number in viremic HIV-1-infected patients. Alterations of the TRAIL/DR5 apoptotic pathway could be involved in the absence of massive CD4 T cell depletion in HIV-1-infected controllers (HIC). We studied here apoptosis of CD4 T cells from HIV-infected progressors and controllers. Reduced apoptosis of CD4 T cells from HIC was observed upon HIV stimulation. This lower apoptosis correlated with a deficiency of DR5 cell surface expression by CD4 T cells upon HIV-1 stimulation. The significant lower apoptosis observed in CD4 T cells after HIV exposure, associated with lower expression of membrane DR5 could explain the better survival of HIV-specific CD4 T cells from HIV controllers. The levels of DR5 cell surface expression on CD4 T cells could represent a new prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Barblu
- CNRS UMR 8147; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nikaïa Smith
- CNRS UMR 8601, Faculté des Saints-Pères, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Durand
- Department of Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; INSERM, U758; Université Lyon1, France
| | | | | | - Jean-François Delfraissy
- INSERM, U1012, Bicêtre, Paris, France; AP-HP, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Bicêtre Hospital, Bicêtre, Paris, France; Université Paris-Sud, Bicêtre, France
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- Department of Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; INSERM, U758; Université Lyon1, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- INSERM, U1012, Bicêtre, Paris, France; AP-HP, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Bicêtre Hospital, Bicêtre, Paris, France; Université Paris-Sud, Bicêtre, France
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Cha L, Berry CM, Nolan D, Castley A, Fernandez S, French MA. Interferon-alpha, immune activation and immune dysfunction in treated HIV infection. Clin Transl Immunology 2014; 3:e10. [PMID: 25505958 PMCID: PMC4232062 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) exert anti-viral effects through the induction of numerous IFN-stimulated genes and an immunomodulatory effect on innate and adaptive immune responses. This is beneficial in controlling virus infections but prolonged IFN-α activity in persistent virus infections, such as HIV infection, may contribute to immune activation and have a detrimental effect on the function of monocytes and T and B lymphocytes. Activation of monocytes, associated with increased IFN-α activity, contributes to atherosclerotic vascular disease, brain disease and other ‘age-related diseases' in HIV patients treated with long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART). In HIV patients receiving ART, the anti-viral effects of IFN-α therapy have the potential to contribute to eradication of HIV infection while IFN-α inhibitor therapy is under investigation for the treatment of immune activation. The management of HIV patients receiving ART will be improved by understanding more about the opposing effects of IFN-α on HIV infection and disease and by developing methods to assess IFN-α activity in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Cha
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cassandra M Berry
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University , Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Nolan
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Allison Castley
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University , Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia ; Department of Clinical Immunology and Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sonia Fernandez
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martyn A French
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia, Australia ; Department of Clinical Immunology and Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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43
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Moir S, Fauci AS. Insights into B cells and HIV-specific B-cell responses in HIV-infected individuals. Immunol Rev 2014; 254:207-24. [PMID: 23772622 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is associated with dysregulation and dysfunction involving all major lymphocyte populations, including B cells. Such perturbations occur early in the course of infection and are driven in large part by immune activation resulting from ongoing HIV replication leading to bystander effects on B cells. While most of the knowledge regarding immune cell abnormalities in HIV-infected individuals has been gained from studies conducted on the peripheral blood, it is clear that the virus is most active and most damaging in lymphoid tissues. Here, we discuss B-cell perturbations in HIV-infected individuals, focusing on the skewing of B-cell subsets that circulate in the peripheral blood and their counterparts that reside in lymphoid tissues. This review also highlights recent advances in evaluating HIV-specific B-cell responses both in the memory B-cell compartment, as well as in circulating antibody-secreting plasmablasts and the more differentiated plasma cells residing in tissues. Finally, we consider how knowledge gained by investigating B cells in HIV-infected individuals may help inform the development of an effective antibody-based HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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44
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Bahr GM. Immune deficiency in HIV-1 infection: novel therapeutic approaches targeting innate and adaptive responses. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 1:529-47. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.4.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Boasso A. Type I Interferon at the Interface of Antiviral Immunity and Immune Regulation: The Curious Case of HIV-1. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:580968. [PMID: 24455433 PMCID: PMC3885208 DOI: 10.1155/2013/580968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) play a critical role in the innate immune response against viral infections. They actively participate in antiviral immunity by inducing molecular mechanisms of viral restriction and by limiting the spread of the infection, but they also orchestrate the initial phases of the adaptive immune response and influence the quality of T cell immunity. During infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the production of and response to IFN-I may be severely altered by the lymphotropic nature of the virus. In this review I consider the different aspects of virus sensing, IFN-I production, signalling, and effects on target cells, with a particular focus on the alterations observed following HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Boasso
- Immunology Section, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
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46
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TNF and TNF receptor superfamily members in HIV infection: new cellular targets for therapy? Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:484378. [PMID: 24453421 PMCID: PMC3880767 DOI: 10.1155/2013/484378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptors (TNFR) superfamily members are engaged in diverse cellular phenomena such as cellular proliferation, morphogenesis, apoptosis, inflammation, and immune regulation. Their role in regulating viral infections has been well documented. Viruses have evolved with numerous strategies to interfere with TNF-mediated signaling indicating the importance of TNF and TNFR superfamily in viral pathogenesis. Recent research reports suggest that TNF and TNFRs play an important role in the pathogenesis of HIV. TNFR signaling modulates HIV replication and HIV proteins interfere with TNF/TNFR pathways. Since immune activation and inflammation are the hallmark of HIV infection, the use of TNF inhibitors can have significant impact on HIV disease progression. In this review, we will describe how HIV infection is modulated by signaling mediated through members of TNF and TNFR superfamily and in turn how these latter could be targeted by HIV proteins. Finally, we will discuss the emerging therapeutics options based on modulation of TNF activity that could ultimately lead to the cure of HIV-infected patients.
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47
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Tian Y, Tao T, Zhu J, Zou Y, Wang J, Li J, Bo L, Deng X. Soluble tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand level as a predictor of severity of sepsis and the risk of mortality in septic patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82204. [PMID: 24349222 PMCID: PMC3861352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) as a member of the TNF gene superfamily induces apoptosis primarily in tumor cells. TRAIL also plays an important role in the modulation of inflammatory responses, especially in the process of immune paralysis. The aim of the present study was to examine soluble TRAIL (sTRAIL) levels in septic patients in an attempt to explore the association between sTRAIL level and the risk of mortality. METHODS Plasma sTRAIL levels were detected by ELISA in 50 septic patients and 20 healthy volunteers. HLA-DR expression in monocytes was detected by flow cytometry. Selective biochemical parameters were recorded, and patients were monitored in a 28-day period for mortality. RESULTS The mean plasma sTRAIL level in septic patients was significantly lower than that in healthy controls (16.9±8.3 vs. 68.3±8.6 pg/ml, P<0.01), and was significantly higher in 28-day survivors than those in non-survivors (19.4±9.8 vs. 13.9±4.7 pg/ml, P<0.05). Univariate analysis indicated that plasma sTRAIL level was positively correlated with monocyte and lymphocyte counts and HLA-DR expression level (r = 0.5, P<0.01; r = 0.3, P<0.05; r = 0.43, P<0.01, respectively). STRAIL level was negatively correlated with APACHE II score, BUN and age (r = -0.48, P<0.01; r = -0.29, P<0.05; r = -0.45, P<0.01, respectively). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the predictor of plasma soluble TRAIL level was HLA-DR expression (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Low plasma sTRAIL levels were associated with immune paralysis and a high risk of mortality in patients with septic shock. sTRAIL may prove to be a potential biomarker of immune function and predict the survival of septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Naval General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzhu Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiali Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinbao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulong Bo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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48
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Estaquier J, Zaunders J, Laforge M. HIV integrase and the swan song of the CD4 T cells? Retrovirology 2013; 10:149. [PMID: 24321528 PMCID: PMC4029360 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell apoptosis represents one pathophysiological mechanism associated with AIDS. Herein, we discuss the recent report published by A. Cooper et al. in Nature (June 2013) regarding HIV viral DNA integration-mediated apoptosis.
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49
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Gibellini D, Borderi M, Clò A, Morini S, Miserocchi A, Bon I, Ponti C, Re MC. HIV-related mechanisms in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2013; 14:780-90. [DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e3283619331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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50
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Innate immune evasion strategies by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. ISRN AIDS 2013; 2013:954806. [PMID: 24052891 PMCID: PMC3767209 DOI: 10.1155/2013/954806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Host immune components play both beneficial and pathogenic roles in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. During the initial stage of viral infection, a complex network of innate immune factors are activated. For instance, the immune cells express a number of inflammatory proteins including cytokines, chemokines, and antiviral restriction factors. These factors, specifically, interferons (IFNs) play a crucial role in antiviral defense system by modulating the downstream signaling events, by inducing maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), and by activation of macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and B and T cells. However, HIV-1 has evolved to utilize a number of strategies to overcome the antiviral effects of the host innate immune system. This review discusses the pathways and strategies utilized by HIV-1 to establish latent and persistent infection by defeating host's innate defense system.
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