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Fan YM, Zhao QY, Wei YY, Wang HR, Ga Y, Zhang YN, Hao ZH. Qingjie decoction attenuated E.coli-induced diarrhea by regulating energy metabolism and alleviating inflammation based on network analysis and metabolomics. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116806. [PMID: 37460028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Diarrhea is a frequently encountered gastrointestinal complication in clinical practice, and E. coli is one of the main causative agents. Although Qingjie decoction (QJD) has been shown to be highly effective in treating diarrhea by eliminating heat-toxin, the underlying molecular mechanisms and pathways of QJD remain unclear. AIM OF REVIEW The aim of this research was to explore the effects and fundamental mechanism of QJD on diarrhea induced by E.coli in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Initially, we used UHPLC-MS/MS analysis to identify the chemical composition of QJD. Then, we constructed a visualization network using network pharmacology. Next, we utilized metabolomics to identify differentially expressed metabolites of QJD that are effective in treating diarrhea. RESULTS The chemical composition of QJD was analyzed using UHPLC-MS/MS, which identified a total of 292 components. Using a network pharmacology approach, 127 bioactive compounds of QJD were screened, targeting 171 potential diarrhea treatment targets. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and CAT were identified as important targets through visualizing the PPI network. Enrichment analysis demonstrated significant enrichment in the TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. QJD showed beneficial effects, such as increased body weight, decreased fecal water content, and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in the duodenum and colon, as well as maintaining the structure of the duodenum and colon. Metabolomic analysis revealed 32 differentially expressed metabolites in the control, model and QJD-H groups, including glucose, valine, and cysteine. Functional analysis indicated that differential metabolites were related to energy metabolism, including glucose metabolism, TCA cycle, and amino acid metabolism. CONCLUSION QJD significantly increased body weight, decreased water content in feces, relieved inflammatory cell infiltration, maintained the structure of duodenum and colon. Combining network analysis and metabolomics, QJD exerted therapeutic effects by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress, regulating glucose metabolism, tricarboxylic acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Meng Fan
- Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing-Yu Zhao
- Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wei
- Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui-Ru Wang
- Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Ga
- Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan-Nan Zhang
- Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Hao
- Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China.
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Sharma B, Modgil V, Mahindroo J, Kumar A, Kaur V, Narayan C, Verma R, Mohan B, Taneja N. Are non-lactose-fermenting Escherichia coli important diarrhoeal pathogens in children and adults? Access Microbiol 2023; 5:acmi000459.v3. [PMID: 37601441 PMCID: PMC10436021 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000459.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) remains one of the major causes of acute diarrhoea episodes in developing countries. The percentage of acute diarrhoea cases caused by DEC is 30-40 % in these countries. Approximately 10% of E. coli isolates obtained from stool specimens have been reported to be non-lactose-fermenting (NLF). The available literature is sparse regarding the pathogenicity of NLF E. coli causing infectious diarrhoea. Aim We aimed to elucidate the importance of NLF E. coli in causing diarrhoea in both adults and children by detecting various DEC pathotypes among NLF E. coli in stool samples taken from gastroenteritis cases. Material and Methods A total of 376 NLF E. coli isolates from 3110 stool samples from diarrhoea/gastroenteritis patients were included in the study. Up to three NLF colonies that were not confirmed as Vibrio cholerae , Aeromonas spp., Salmonella spp. or Shigella spp., but were identified as E. coli using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), were carefully picked up from each MacConkey agar plate and then meticulously streaked onto freshly prepared, sterilized nutrient agar plates, and biochemical reactions were conducted. Multiplex PCR was conducted for the EAEC, EPEC, ETEC and EHEC pathotypes and PCR for the ipaH gene was conducted for EIEC. The disc diffusion method was used for antibiotic sensitivity testing. Results Using multiplex PCR and ipaH PCR, a total of 63 pathotypes of DEC were obtained, with EAEC being the most predominant (n=31) followed by EIEC (n=22), EPEC (n=8) and ETEC (n=2). To further differentiate EIEC from Shigella , additional biochemical tests were performed, including acetate utilization, mucate and salicin fermentation, and aesculin hydrolysis. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) showed that maximum resistance was seen against ciprofloxacin (82.5 %) followed by ampicillin (77.8 %) and cotrimoxazole (68.2 %), and minimum resistance was seen against ertapenem (4.8 %). Conclusion In our study two pathotypes (EAEC, EIEC) were predominant among NLF E. coli and these were not only important aetiological agents in children, but also in adults. Our study also sheds light on the epidemiology of EIEC, which is one of the most neglected DEC pathotypes, as hardly any microbiological laboratories process NLF E. coli for EIEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
| | - Vinay Modgil
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jaspreet Mahindroo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Varpreet Kaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Chandradeo Narayan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritu Verma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Balvinder Mohan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelam Taneja
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Analysis of the Virulence and Inflammatory Markers Elicited by Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Isolated from Clinical and Non-Clinical Sources in an Experimental Infection Model, India. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is highly heterogeneous in virulence; we wanted to understand the pathogenic potential of EAEC isolated from various clinical and non-clinical sources in an animal model. We infected male BALB/c mice in six mice/groups with 50 EAEC isolates isolated from clinical and non-clinical sources. We studied colonization, weight loss, stool shedding, and inflammatory markers and their relationship with 21 virulence genes and phylogroups, EAEC organ burden, and histopathological changes. We detected significantly more inflammatory changes and fecal lactoferrin and calprotectin levels in mice infected with EAEC isolated from symptomatic cases. In clinical EAEC isolates, the presence of chromosomal genes (aap (46%), aaiC (23.3%), SPATEs (pet (13.3%), sat (20%), sigA, and pic (6.6%)), the adhesive variantsof EAEC (agg4A (53.3%), aggA (53.3%), aafA (36.6%), andagg3A (40%)), and the master regulator gene aggR (66.6%) were associated with higher levels of lactoferrin and calprotectin. Additionally, 70% (9/13) of EAEC isolated from acute diarrheal cases bearing chuA (70%) in our study were assigned to groups B2 (4 isolates) and D (5 isolates). Real-time PCR analysis revealed that colonization by EAEC strains from different clinical and non-clinical sources occurs up to 10–15 days of life. Even from non-diarrheal stools and non-clinical sources, EAEC strainshad the potential to cause prolonged colonization, weight loss, and inflammation in the intestine, though the degree varied. Moreover, a better understanding of EAEC pathogenic pathways is desperately needed in different clinical scenarios.
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Melendez-Avalos A, Sainz-Espuñes T, Castrillón-Rivera LE, Mendoza-Pérez F, Palma-Ramos A, Castañeda-Sánchez JI, Drago-Serrano EM. Analysis of inflammatory cytokine expression in the urinary tract of BALB/c mice infected with Proteus (P.) mirabilis and enteroaggregative Escherichia (E.) coli (EAEC) strains. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 65:133-142. [PMID: 31104302 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in the urinary tract of BALB/c mice infected with bacterial strains with uropathogenic potential. Groups of four 6-week-old female BALB/c mice were intraurethrally inoculated with 5 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU) of P. mirabilis ATCC29906, EAEC O42, P. mirabilis RTX339, or sterile saline (control group) and then sacrificed at 0, 2, 4, 7, or 10 days post-infection (p.i.). Samples were cultured to determine the CFU/mL in urine or CFU/g in the bladders and kidneys. Cytokine expression (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, -6, and -8) was evaluated in the target organs using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry; histology was examined with hematoxylin and eosin staining. The results are presented as the means and standard deviations and were compared using one-way ANOVA, with p < 0.05 indicating significant differences. Bacteriuria was not detected in the infected groups; bacterial colonization occurred in the target organs at all time points, but was higher in mice infected with EAEC O42 or P. mirabilis RTX339 at 7 days p.i. The expression of all cytokine mRNAs was seen, but only the levels of the IL-8 protein increased in situ at 7 days p.i. in the P. mirabilis RTX339 and EAEC O42 groups in both organs. Morphological alterations, observed in all of the infected groups, were more prominent in the EAEC O42 and P. mirabilis RTX339 groups. The findings provide insights into the uropathogenicity and inflammatory cytokine expression in the urinary tract of mice infected with three previously untested bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Melendez-Avalos
- Maestria en Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, CP 04960, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Teresita Sainz-Espuñes
- Departamento de Sistemas Biologicos, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, CP 04960, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Laura Estela Castrillón-Rivera
- Departamento de Sistemas Biologicos, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, CP 04960, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Felipe Mendoza-Pérez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biologicos, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, CP 04960, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Palma-Ramos
- Departamento de Sistemas Biologicos, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, CP 04960, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ismael Castañeda-Sánchez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biologicos, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, CP 04960, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Elisa Maria Drago-Serrano
- Departamento de Sistemas Biologicos, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, CP 04960, CDMX, Mexico.
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Sun X, Gao Y, Wang X, Hu G, Wang Y, Feng B, Hu Y, Mu X, Zhang Y, Dong H. Escherichia coli O 101-induced diarrhea develops gut microbial dysbiosis in rats. Exp Ther Med 2018; 17:824-834. [PMID: 30651869 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced diarrhea is a devastating disease and one of the third leading causes of infectious disease-associated mortalities worldwide. Despite recent advances in the identification of the association between gut microbiota and diarrhea, a lack of understanding exists on the status of gut microbiota in rats treated with ETEC. In the present study, a rat model of Escherichia (E.) coli O101-induced diarrhea was established. The diarrhea incidence and index, as well as histological changes, were assessed. In addition, Illumina MiSeq sequencing of V3-V4 hypervariable regions of 16S ribosomal RNA was employed to investigate the changes in the gut microbiota profiles in the feces of the diarrhea rats. The results indicated that E. coli O101 increased the diarrhea index and injury in the intestinal tissues, whereas it decreased the bacterial richness and shifted the distribution pattern of the bacterial communities in the phylum, order and genus levels in the fecal samples. Notably, the proportion of bacteria Prevotella, Enterococcus and Akkermansia was significantly decreased, while the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia/Shigella were significantly increased in diarrhea rats. Taken together, the gut microbiota is closely associated with E. coli O101-induced diarrhea in lower microbial diversity and dysbiosis of gut microbiota at different taxonomical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Biology, Tennessee Center for Botanical Medicine Research, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132-0001, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Ge Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Yun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Bo Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Yanxin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Mu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Hong Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
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Kumar M, Dhaka P, Vijay D, Vergis J, Mohan V, Kumar A, Kurkure NV, Barbuddhe SB, Malik SVS, Rawool DB. Antimicrobial effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus against multidrug-resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 48:265-70. [PMID: 27451088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus were evaluated individually and synergistically against multidrug-resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (MDR-EAEC). In vitro evaluation of each probiotic strain when co-cultured with MDR-EAEC isolates revealed a reduction in MDR-EAEC counts (eosin-methylene blue agar) in a dose- and time-dependent manner: probiotics at a dose rate of 10(10) CFU inhibited MDR-EAEC isolates at 72 h post-inoculation (PI), whereas at lower concentrations (10(8) and 10(9) CFU) MDR-EAEC isolates were inhibited at 96 h PI. The synergistic antimicrobial effect of both probiotic strains (each at 10(10) CFU) was highly significant (P < 0.01) and inhibited the growth of MDR-EAEC isolates at 24 h PI. For in vivo evaluation, weaned mice were fed orally with 10(7) CFU of MDR-EAEC. At Day 3 post-infection, treated mice were fed orally with the probiotic strains (each at 10(10) CFU). Compared with the control, post-treatment a significant (P < 0.01) reduction in MDR-EAEC counts was observed in faeces by Day 2 and in intestinal tissues of treated mice by Days 3 and 4 as evidenced by plate count (mean 2.71 log and 2.27 log, respectively) and real-time PCR (mean 1.62 log and 1.57 log, respectively) methods. Histopathologically, comparatively mild changes were observed in the ileum and colon from Days 3 to 5 post-treatment with probiotics; however, from Day 6 the changes were regenerative or normal. These observations suggest that these probiotic strains can serve as alternative therapeutics against MDR-EAEC-associated infections in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Pankaj Dhaka
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Deepthi Vijay
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Vysakh Mohan
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Nitin V Kurkure
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal Science and Fishery University, Nagpur 440006, India
| | | | - S V S Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Deepak B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India.
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Current perspectivesin pathogenesis and antimicrobial resistance of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Microb Pathog 2015; 85:44-9. [PMID: 26057827 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an emerging pathogen that causes acute and persistent diarrhea in children and adults. While the pathogenic mechanisms of EAEC intestinal colonization have been uncovered (including bacterial adhesion, enterotoxin and cytotoxin secretion, and stimulation of mucosal inflammation), those of severe extraintestinal infections remain largely unknown. The recent emergence of multidrug resistant EAEC represents an alarming public health threat and clinical challenge, and research on the molecular mechanisms of resistance is urgently needed.
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