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Sørensen J, Cuenca A, Schmidt JG, Madsen SB, Iburg TM, Madsen L, Vendramin N. A novel high-throughput qPCR chip for solving co-infections in RAS farmed rainbow trout. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16802. [PMID: 39039114 PMCID: PMC11263403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) have become more attractive due to reduced water consumption and effluent discharge. However, intensification of production increases the risk of introducing pathogens at farming sites. The emergence of uncultivable pathogens and RAS pathobiome diversity shifts the traditional disease paradigm from "one pathogen, one disease" to complex multiple-pathogen disease cases. Piscine orthoreovirus genotype 3 (PRV-3) is an excellent example, as it is capable of inducing anemia and heart pathology resembling heart and skeletal muscle inflammation under experimental conditions, and is associated with increased mortality in association with other pathogens in the field. The aim of this study was to develop a method for detection of multiple pathogens and putative pathogens, as co-infections are common in aquaculture. To do this, in the pilot study, we mapped the pathobiome of RAS-farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (commercial RAS, farm A) using both standard diagnostic methods and metabarcording (16S rRNA) to investigate the gill microbiome. During this study, we observed infections with multiple pathogens, and detected two putative gill pathogens Candidatus Branchiomonas cysticola and Candidatus Piscichlamydia salmonis, both of which have been linked with complex gill disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Based on the pilot study, we developed and tested a high throughput qPCR (HT-qPCR) chip targeting 22 viral and bacterial pathogens and putative pathogens, followed by a surveillance of a fish cohort in a commercial RAS farm during production (farm B). Co-infection with PRV-3 and Ca. B. cysticola combined with stress inducing management practices may explain the severe disease outbreak observed (37% mortality). The time course study sets the base for a future screening scheme for disease prediction and addresses limitations of the method when testing environmental DNA/RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Sørensen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources DTU Aqua, Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Argelia Cuenca
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources DTU Aqua, Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Jacob Günther Schmidt
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources DTU Aqua, Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | | | - Tine Moesgaard Iburg
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources DTU Aqua, Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Lone Madsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources DTU Aqua, Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Niccoló Vendramin
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources DTU Aqua, Section for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
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Saleh M, Hummel K, Schlosser S, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Bartholomew JL, Holzer A, Secombes CJ, El-Matbouli M. The myxozoans Myxobolus cerebralis and Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae modulate rainbow trout immune responses: quantitative shotgun proteomics at the portals of entry after single and co-infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1369615. [PMID: 38803570 PMCID: PMC11129561 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1369615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Little is known about the proteomic changes at the portals of entry in rainbow trout after infection with the myxozoan parasites, Myxobolus cerebralis, and Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. Whirling disease (WD) is a severe disease of salmonids, caused by the myxosporean M. cerebralis, while, proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is caused by T. bryosalmonae, which instead belongs to the class Malacosporea. Climate change is providing more suitable conditions for myxozoan parasites lifecycle, posing a high risk to salmonid aquaculture and contributing to the decline of wild trout populations in North America and Europe. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide the first proteomic profiles of the host in the search for evasion strategies during single and coinfection with M. cerebralis and T. bryosalmonae. Methods One group of fish was initially infected with M. cerebralis and another group with T. bryosalmonae. After 30 days, half of the fish in each group were co-infected with the other parasite. Using a quantitative proteomic approach, we investigated proteomic changes in the caudal fins and gills of rainbow trout before and after co-infection. Results In the caudal fins, 16 proteins were differentially regulated post exposure to M. cerebralis, whereas 27 proteins were differentially modulated in the gills of the infected rainbow trout post exposure to T. bryosalmonae. After co-infection, 4 proteins involved in parasite recognition and the regulation of host immune responses were differentially modulated between the groups in the caudal fin. In the gills, 11 proteins involved in parasite recognition and host immunity, including 4 myxozoan proteins predicted to be virulence factors, were differentially modulated. Discussion The results of this study increase our knowledge on rainbow trout co-infections by myxozoan parasites and rainbow trout immune responses against myxozoans at the portals of entry, supporting a better understanding of these host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saleh
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hummel
- VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Jerri L. Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Astrid Holzer
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher J. Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Abou-Okada M, Rashad MM, Ali GE, Abdel-Radi S, Hassan A. Oxidative stress, gene expression and histopathology of cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) naturally co-infected with Ergasilus sieboldi and Vibrio alginolyticus. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:277. [PMID: 38104092 PMCID: PMC10724927 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic and bacterial co-infections have been associated with increasing fish mortalities and severe economic losses in aquaculture through the past three decades. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress, histopathology, and immune gene expression profile of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) co-infected with Ergasilus sieboldi and Vibrio alginolyticus. RESULTS Vibrio alginolyticus and Ergasilus sieboldi were identified using 16 S rRNA and 28 S rRNA sequencing, respectively. The collagenase virulence gene was found in all Vibrio alginolyticus isolates, and the multiple antimicrobial resistance index ranged from 0.286 to 0.857. Oxidant-antioxidant parameters in the gills, skin, and muscles of naturally infected fish revealed increased lipid peroxidation levels and a decrease in catalase and glutathione antioxidant activities. Moreover, naturally co-infected gilthead sea bream exhibited substantial up-regulation of il-1β, tnf-α, and cyp1a1. Ergasilus sieboldi encircled gill lamellae with its second antennae, exhibited severe gill architectural deformation with extensive eosinophilic granular cell infiltration. Vibrio alginolyticus infection caused skin and muscle necrosis in gilthead sea bream. CONCLUSION This study described some details about the gill, skin and muscle tissue defense mechanisms of gilthead sea bream against Ergasilus sieboldi and Vibrio alginolyticus co-infections. The prevalence of co-infections was 100%, and no resistant fish were detected. These co-infections imbalance the health status of the fish by hampering the oxidant-antioxidant mechanisms and proinflammatory/inflammatory immune genes to a more detrimental side. Our results suggest that simultaneous screening for bacterial and parasitic pathogens should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abou-Okada
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Maha M Rashad
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Ghada E Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Abdel-Radi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Azza Hassan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
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Akram N, El-Matbouli M, Saleh M. The Immune Response to the Myxozoan Parasite Myxobolus cerebralis in Salmonids: A Review on Whirling Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17392. [PMID: 38139218 PMCID: PMC10743445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonids are affected by the economically significant whirling disease (WD) caused by the myxozoan parasite Myxobolus cerebralis. In the past, it was endemic to Eurasia, but it has now spread to different regions of North America, Europe, New Zealand, and South Africa. Among salmonids, rainbow trout is considered the most highly susceptible host. Upon entering to the host's body, the parasite invades the spine and cranium, resulting in whirling behaviour, a blackened tail, and destruction of cartilage. The disease is characterized by the infiltration of numerous inflammatory cells, primarily lymphocytes and macrophages, with the onset of fibrous tissue infiltration. Several efforts have been undertaken to investigate the role of various immune modulatory molecules and immune regulatory genes using advanced molecular methods including flow cytometry and transcriptional techniques. Investigation of the molecular and cellular responses, the role of STAT3 in Th17 cell differentiation, and the inhibitory actions of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) on interferons and interleukins, as well as the role of natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (Nramp) in WD have significantly contributed to our understanding of the immune regulation mechanism in salmonids against M. cerebralis. This review thoroughly highlights previous research and discusses potential future directions for understanding the molecular immune response of salmonids and the possible development of prophylactic approaches against WD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mona Saleh
- Division of Fish Health, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (N.A.)
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Kang G, Woo WS, Kim KH, Son HJ, Sohn MY, Kong HJ, Kim YO, Kim DG, Kim EM, Noh ES, Park CI. Identification of Potential Hazards Associated with South Korean Prawns and Monitoring Results Targeting Fishing Bait. Pathogens 2023; 12:1228. [PMID: 37887744 PMCID: PMC10610149 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study detected two potential pathogens, Vibro parahaemolyticus, which causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), in fishing bait in South Korea. However, their infectious nature was not confirmed, possibly due to the degradation caused by freezing/thawing or prolonged storage under frozen conditions. While infectivity was not confirmed in this study, there is still a significant risk of exposure to these aquatic products. Furthermore, fishing bait and feed should be handled with caution as they are directly exposed to water, increasing the risk of disease transmission. In Australia, cases of WSSV infection caused by imported shrimp intended for human consumption have occurred, highlighting the need for preventive measures. While freezing/thawing is a method for inactivating pathogens, there are still regulatory and realistic issues to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyoungsik Kang
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (G.K.)
| | - Won-Sik Woo
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (G.K.)
| | - Kyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (G.K.)
| | - Ha-Jeong Son
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (G.K.)
| | - Min-Young Sohn
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (G.K.)
| | - Hee Jeong Kong
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ok Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Soo Noh
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; (G.K.)
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Qin J, Meng F, Wang G, Chen Y, Zhang F, Li C, Dong X, Huang J. Coinfection with Yellow Head Virus Genotype 8 (YHV-8) and Oriental Wenrivirus 1 (OWV1) in Wild Penaeus chinensis from the Yellow Sea. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020361. [PMID: 36851575 PMCID: PMC9964421 DOI: 10.3390/v15020361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, there are few studies on the epidemiology of diseases in wild Chinese white shrimp Penaeus chinensis. In order to enrich the epidemiological information of the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)-listed and emerging diseases in wild P. chinensis, we collected a total of 37 wild P. chinensis from the Yellow Sea in the past three years and carried out molecular detection tests for eleven shrimp pathogens. The results showed that infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1), yellow head virus genotype 8 (YHV-8), and oriental wenrivirus 1 (OWV1) could be detected in collected wild P. chinensis. Among them, the coexistence of IHHNV and DIV1 was confirmed using qPCR, PCR, and sequence analysis with pooled samples. The infection with YHV-8 and OWV1 in shrimp was studied using molecular diagnosis, phylogenetic analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. It is worth highlighting that this study revealed the high prevalence of coinfection with YHV-8 and OWV1 in wild P. chinensis populations and the transmission risk of these viruses between the wild and farmed P. chinensis populations. This study enriches the epidemiological information of WOAH-listed and emerging diseases in wild P. chinensis in the Yellow Sea and raises concerns about biosecurity issues related to wild shrimp resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Qin
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fanzeng Meng
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guohao Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yujin Chen
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266110, China
| | - Chen Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xuan Dong
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266110, China
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (J.H.)
| | - Jie Huang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
- Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (J.H.)
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Abd El-Hack ME, El-Saadony MT, Ellakany HF, Elbestawy AR, Abaza SS, Geneedy AM, Khafaga AF, Salem HM, Abd El-Aziz AH, Selim S, Babalghith AO, AbuQamar SF, El-Tarabily KA. Inhibition of microbial pathogens in farmed fish. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 183:114003. [PMID: 36030638 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture, also known as aqua farming, is defined as farming fish, crustaceans, mollusks, aquatic plants, algae, and other marine organisms. It includes cultivating fresh- and saltwater populations under controlled conditions compared to commercial fishing or wild fish harvesting. Worldwide, carp, salmon, tilapia, and catfish are the most common fish species used in fish farming in descending order. Disinfectants prevent and/or treat different infections in aquatic animals. The current review indicates the uses of different disinfectants against some important pathogens in aquaculture, with particular reference to tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farming. A single review cannot cover all aspects of disinfection throughout aquaculture, so the procedures and principles of disinfection in tilapia farming/aquaculture have been chosen for illustration purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Hany F Ellakany
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Samar S Abaza
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Amr M Geneedy
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ayman H Abd El-Aziz
- Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad O Babalghith
- Medical Genetics Department, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Synan F AbuQamar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia.
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Saravanan K, Praveenraj J, Kiruba-Sankar R, Devi V, Biswas U, Kumar TS, Sudhagar A, El-Matbouli M, Kumar G. Co-Infection of Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV) and White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in the Wild Crustaceans of Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071378. [PMID: 34372583 PMCID: PMC8310313 DOI: 10.3390/v13071378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was intended to screen the wild crustaceans for co-infection with Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV) and White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. We screened a total of 607 shrimp and 110 crab samples using a specific polymerase chain reaction, and out of them, 82 shrimps (13.5%) and 5 (4.5%) crabs were found positive for co-infection of IHHNV and WSSV. A higher rate of co-infection was observed in Penaeus monodon and Scylla serrata than other shrimp and crab species. The nucleotide sequences of IHHNV and WSSV obtained from crab in this present study exhibited very high sequence identity with their counterparts retrieved from various countries. Histopathological analysis of the infected shrimp gill sections further confirmed the eosinophilic intra-nuclear cowdry type A inclusion bodies and basophilic intra-nuclear inclusion bodies characteristics of IHHNV and WSSV infections, respectively. The present study serves as the first report on co-infection of WSSV and IHHNV in Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India and accentuates the critical need for continuous monitoring of wild crustaceans and appropriate biosecurity measures for brackishwater aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Saravanan
- Division of Fisheries Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India; (J.P.); (R.K.-S.); (V.D.); (U.B.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (G.K.)
| | - Jayasimhan Praveenraj
- Division of Fisheries Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India; (J.P.); (R.K.-S.); (V.D.); (U.B.)
| | - Rajendran Kiruba-Sankar
- Division of Fisheries Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India; (J.P.); (R.K.-S.); (V.D.); (U.B.)
| | - Varsha Devi
- Division of Fisheries Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India; (J.P.); (R.K.-S.); (V.D.); (U.B.)
| | - Utpal Biswas
- Division of Fisheries Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India; (J.P.); (R.K.-S.); (V.D.); (U.B.)
| | - Thangaraj Sathish Kumar
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Chennai 600028, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Arun Sudhagar
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Ernakulam North P.O., Kochi 682018, Kerala, India;
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinarplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinarplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (G.K.)
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Syrová E, Palíková M, Mendel J, Seidlová V, Papežíková I, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Somerlíková K, Minářová H, Mareš L, Mikulíková I, Pikula J, Mareš J. Field study indicating susceptibility differences between salmonid species and their lineages to proliferative kidney disease. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:1201-1211. [PMID: 32740949 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea) is the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD), which affects both wild and farmed salmonid fish. The objective of this study was to outline differences in susceptibility to PKD in different salmonid species, hybrids and breeding lineages. Susceptibility to T. bryosalmonae infection was established based on cumulative mortality, pathological findings and detection of T. bryosalmonae in the kidney using immunohistochemistry and molecular methods. Determination of pure and hybrid individuals of different species in the genus Salvelinus, and dissimilarity of rainbow trout lineages, was performed using traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microsatellite analyses. Rainbow trout displayed higher disease severity compared with brook trout and Alsatian charr. Moreover, the results indicated differences in infection susceptibility, not only among different salmonid species but also among different lineages of charr and rainbow trout. Our study indicated that some salmonid species and even different lineages of the same species are more suitable for farming under PKD pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Syrová
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Palíková
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mendel
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Seidlová
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Papežíková
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Somerlíková
- Department of Regional and Business Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Minářová
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Mareš
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Mikulíková
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mareš
- Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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10
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Bailey C, Holland JW, Secombes CJ, Tafalla C. A portrait of the immune response to proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in rainbow trout. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12730. [PMID: 32403171 PMCID: PMC7507176 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD), caused by the myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, is one of the most serious parasitic diseases of salmonids in which outbreaks cause severe economic constraints for the aquaculture industry and declines of wild species throughout Europe and North America. Given that rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is one of the most widely farmed freshwater fish and an important model species for fish immunology, most of the knowledge on how the fish immune response is affected during PKD is from this organism. Once rainbow trout are infected, PKD pathogenesis results in a chronic kidney immunopathology mediated by decreasing myeloid cells and increasing lymphocytes. Transcriptional studies have revealed the regulation of essential genes related to T-helper (Th)-like functions and a dysregulated B-cell antibody type response. Recent reports have discovered unique details of teleost B-cell differentiation and functionality and characterized the differential immunoglobulin (Ig)-mediated response. These studies have solidified the rainbow trout T. bryosalmonae system as a sophisticated disease model capable of feeding key advances into mainstream immunology and have contributed essential information to design novel parasite disease prevention strategies. In our following perspective, we summarize these efforts to evaluate the immune mechanisms of rainbow trout during PKD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christyn Bailey
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA‐INIA)MadridSpain
| | - Jason W. Holland
- Aberdeen Oomycete LaboratoryInstitute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Christopher J. Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research CentreInstitute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA‐INIA)MadridSpain
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11
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Proliferative kidney disease in Alaskan salmonids with evidence that pathogenic myxozoans may be emerging north. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:797-807. [PMID: 32479830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonids, a chronic immunopathology caused by the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, is exacerbated by increased water temperatures. PKD causes economic concerns to trout farmers and contributes to the decline of wild salmonid populations in North America and Europe. The parasite occurs as far north as Norway and Iceland in Europe and was confirmed from California to southern British Columbia in the American continent. In mid-September 2011 adult chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) were sampled from Kantishna River, a tributary to Yukon River in Alaska. Clinical PKD was diagnosed based on the macroscopic appearance of mottled kidneys that were uniformly swollen and by the detection of tumultuous histozoic extrasporogonic and coelozoic sporogonic stages of T. bryosalmonae in renal tissue by histopathology. Archived samples provided the molecular confirmation and local strain identification, representing the first confirmed case of PKD in wild adult chum salmon, also co-infected with Parvicapsula minibicornis that represents another novel myxozoan detection in Alaska. Our investigation was extended to another case from August/September 1997, with mortality following furunculosis and ectoparasite co-infections, in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) pre-smolts net-pen reared in English Bay Lakes, Alaska. Immunohistochemistry on archived histological preparations confirmed T. bryosalmonae sporogonic and extrasporogonic stages, indicating a severe to resolving PKD, with concomitant Chloromyxum spp. infection. Those cases provide the first documentation that this parasite is present in Alaska and causes PKD in wild and cultured salmonids in the region. The known geographic range of T. bryosalmonae can be extended to ~267 km south of the Arctic Circle, representing the northernmost detection in America. Given the vast size of Alaska and small resident population, it is likely that T. bryosalmonae remained undetected, but more recently became evident due to the clinical manifestation of PKD, possibly linked to increasing water temperatures reported at the sample locations.
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12
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Lewisch E, Solymos V, Waldner K, van der Vloedt L, Harl J, Bakran-Lebl K, El-Matbouli M, Fuehrer HP. Acanthocephalan parasites collected from Austrian fishes: molecular barcoding and pathological observations. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 139:103-111. [PMID: 32351241 DOI: 10.3354/dao03471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Acanthocephalan parasites were collected from the intestinal tracts of 137 predominantly wild fish (1 barbel Barbus barbus, 3 European chub Squalius cephalus, 13 rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and 120 brown trout Salmo trutta) from 12 localities. The condition factor, intensity of acanthocephalan infection and pathological lesions, if applicable, were documented. Routine bacteriology and virology were performed, and the brown trout were additionally tested for the presence of the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsolioides bryosalmonae by PCR. In total, 113 acanthocephalans were barcoded by sequencing a section of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Barcoding of the acanthocephalan tissues resulted in 77 sequences, of which 56 were assigned to Echinorhynchus truttae (3 genotypes), 11 to Pomphorhynchus tereticollis (9 genotypes), 9 to Acanthocephalus sp. (5 genotypes) and 1 to Neoechinorhynchida. Most of these genotypes were detected for the first time. Statistically, the acanthocephalan infection did not have an impact on the condition factor of the brown trout. Infection with P. tereticollis caused more severe pathological changes in the digestive tract than E. truttae. The present study provides new data regarding the distribution of acanthocephalan species in Austria and their impact on individual fish. In addition, new barcoding data from acanthocephalan parasites are presented, and the occurrence of P. tereticollis in European chub in Austria and in brown and rainbow trout in general was confirmed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lewisch
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Shen SS, Qu XY, Zhang WZ, Li J, Lv ZY. Infection against infection: parasite antagonism against parasites, viruses and bacteria. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:49. [PMID: 31200765 PMCID: PMC6570864 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious diseases encompass a large spectrum of diseases that threaten human health, and coinfection is of particular importance because pathogen species can interact within the host. Currently, the antagonistic relationship between different pathogens during concurrent coinfections is defined as one in which one pathogen either manages to inhibit the invasion, development and reproduction of the other pathogen or biologically modulates the vector density. In this review, we provide an overview of the phenomenon and mechanisms of antagonism of coinfecting pathogens involving parasites. Main body This review summarizes the antagonistic interaction between parasites and parasites, parasites and viruses, and parasites and bacteria. At present, relatively clear mechanisms explaining polyparasitism include apparent competition, exploitation competition, interference competition, biological control of intermediate hosts or vectors and suppressive effect on transmission. In particular, immunomodulation, including the suppression of dendritic cell (DC) responses, activation of basophils and mononuclear macrophages and adjuvant effects of the complement system, is described in detail. Conclusions In this review, we summarize antagonistic concurrent infections involving parasites and provide a functional framework for in-depth studies of the underlying mechanisms of coinfection with different microorganisms, which will hasten the development of promising antimicrobial alternatives, such as novel antibacterial vaccines or biological methods of controlling infectious diseases, thus relieving the overwhelming burden of ever-increasing antimicrobial resistance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-019-0560-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Shi Shen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Qu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Zhe Zhang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Li
- Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, ZhuHai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Yue Lv
- Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, ZhuHai, Guangdong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China.
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14
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Gorgoglione B, Taylor NGH, Holland JW, Feist SW, Secombes CJ. Immune response modulation upon sequential heterogeneous co-infection with Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae and VHSV in brown trout (Salmo trutta). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:375-390. [PMID: 30797951 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous and sequential infections often occur in wild and farming environments. Despite growing awareness, co-infection studies are still very limited, mainly to a few well-established human models. European salmonids are susceptible to both Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD), an endemic emergent disease caused by the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, and Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS), an OIE notifiable listed disease caused by the Piscine Novirhabdovirus. No information is available as to how their immune system reacts when interacting with heterogeneous infections. A chronic (PKD) + acute (VHS) sequential co-infection model was established to assess if the responses elicited in co-infected fish are modulated, when compared to fish with single infections. Macro- and microscopic lesions were assessed after the challenge, and infection status confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis, enabling the identification of singly-infected and co-infected fish. A typical histophlogosis associated with histozoic extrasporogonic T. bryosalmonae was detected together with acute inflammation, haemorrhaging and necrosis due to the viral infection. The host immune response was measured in terms of key marker genes expression in kidney tissues. During T. bryosalmonae/VHSV-Ia co-infection, modulation of pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial peptide genes was strongly influenced by the viral infection, with a protracted inflammatory status, perhaps representing a negative side effect in these fish. Earlier activation of the cellular and humoral responses was detected in co-infected fish, with a more pronounced upregulation of Th1 and antiviral marker genes. These results reveal that some brown trout immune responses are enhanced or prolonged during PKD/VHS co-infection, relative to single infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, England, UK.
| | - Nick G H Taylor
- CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, England, UK
| | - Jason W Holland
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Stephen W Feist
- CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, England, UK
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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15
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Kotob MH, Kumar G, Saleh M, Gorgoglione B, Abdelzaher M, El-Matbouli M. Differential modulation of host immune genes in the kidney and cranium of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in response to Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae and Myxobolus cerebralis co-infections. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:326. [PMID: 29848363 PMCID: PMC5977764 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the studies on fish diseases focus on single infections, although in nature co-infections occur more often. The two freshwater myxozoan parasites of salmonids, having high economic and ecologic relevance are Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Malacosporea), the etiological agent of proliferative kidney disease, and Myxobolus cerebralis (Myxosporea), the etiological agent of whirling disease. The present study aims to investigate immune modulation in rainbow trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during single and co-infections by these parasites. METHODS Fish were initially infected with T. bryosalmonae (one group) and M. cerebralis (another group) separately. At 30 days post-exposure (dpe), both the single species infected groups were co-infected, respectively, with the other parasite. Posterior kidney and cartilage cranium samples were collected at 30, 60, 90 and 120 dpe and RT-qPCR was performed on them to assess the transcription of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) -1 and -3, Janus kinase-1 (JAK-1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) genes. RESULTS Kidney samples from the T. bryosalmonae-infected group showed upregulation of all immune genes tested between 60-120 dpe. Crania from the single M. cerebralis-infected group and the M. cerebralis and T. bryosalmonae co-infected group exhibited upregulation of SOCS-1 and JAK-1 between 60-120 dpe and SOCS-3 at 120 dpe. However, only in the single M. cerebralis-infected group, was a statistically significant expression of STAT-3 observed at 30 and 60 dpe. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that both T. bryosalmonae and M. cerebralis induce overexpression of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 genes and modulate the host immune response during the development of parasite to cause immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Kotob
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Mahmoud Abdelzaher
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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