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Wang H, He W, Yang G, Zhu L, Liu X. The Impact of Weight Cycling on Health and Obesity. Metabolites 2024; 14:344. [PMID: 38921478 PMCID: PMC11205792 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a systemic and chronic inflammation, which seriously endangers people's health. People tend to diet to control weight, and the short-term effect of dieting in losing weight is significant, but the prognosis is limited. With weight loss and recovery occurring frequently, people focus on weight cycling. The effect of weight cycling on a certain tissue of the body also has different conclusions. Therefore, this article systematically reviews the effects of body weight cycling on the body and finds that multiple weight cycling (1) increased fat deposition in central areas, lean mass decreased in weight loss period, and fat mass increased in weight recovery period, which harms body composition and skeletal muscle mass; (2) enhanced the inflammatory response of adipose tissue, macrophages infiltrated into adipose tissue, and increased the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in adipocytes; (3) blood glucose concentration mutation and hyperinsulinemia caused the increase or decrease in pancreatic β-cell population, which makes β-cell fatigue and leads to β-cell failure; (4) resulted in additional burden on the cardiovascular system because of cardiovascular rick escalation. Physical activity combined with calorie restriction can effectively reduce metabolic disease and chronic inflammation, alleviating the adverse effects of weight cycling on the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (H.W.); (W.H.); (G.Y.)
| | - Wenbi He
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (H.W.); (W.H.); (G.Y.)
| | - Gaoyuan Yang
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (H.W.); (W.H.); (G.Y.)
| | - Lin Zhu
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (H.W.); (W.H.); (G.Y.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (H.W.); (W.H.); (G.Y.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
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Salehi Z, Rahbarinejad P, Ghosn B, Azadbakht L. Association of quality and quantity of macronutrients intake with obesity, new anthropometric indices, lipid accumulation, and blood lipid risk index in Tehranian women. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:3237-3250. [PMID: 38726395 PMCID: PMC11077202 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study examines the association between micronutrient intake, anthropometric indices, lipid accumulation, and blood lipid risk index among Tehranian women. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 556 Tehranian women. Dietary intake was measured using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Biochemical assessment and anthropometric indices were measured, and demographic information and physical activity were collected. Results Participants with the highest intake of carbohydrates were more prone to obesity. Conversely, those in the top tertile for protein intake had a lower likelihood of obesity and higher levels of lipid accumulation product (LAP). The highest fat consumers had a 63% decreased chance of having a high Castelli's Risk Index 1 (CRI-1). A higher glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) were linked to an increased probability of a high atherogenic coefficient (AC). Women in the top tertile of GL were significantly more likely to be obese and had lower odds for high LAP. Participants in the top tertile of aromatic amino acids/branched chain amino acids (AAA/BCAA) had significantly lower chances of high CRI-1 and a high atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). Those in the highest tertile of monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA/PUFA) had lower odds of obesity and high AIP. Conclusions The amount of carbohydrate (g) and protein intake (%), dietary GL, and the ratio of MUFA to PUFA were associated with obesity. The amount of fat intake (g) and AAA/BCAA indices were associated with CRI-1. LAP decreased with an increase in GL. AC increased with an increase in GI and GL. AAA/BCAA and MUFA/PUFA were associated with AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Salehi
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Pegah Rahbarinejad
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Batoul Ghosn
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Diabetes Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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Park S. Association of a High Healthy Eating Index Diet with Long-Term Visceral Fat Loss in a Large Longitudinal Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:534. [PMID: 38398858 PMCID: PMC10892686 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the association of a sustainable diet with a long-term reduction in waist circumference (WC) while identifying novel biomarkers for WC reduction (WCR). The participants were recruited initially during 2004-2013 in a large hospital-based cohort, and the follow-up measurements were conducted during 2012-2016. The 65,611 adults aged 45-75 were categorized into WC-loss (n = 22,290) and WC-gain (n = 43,321). Each study investigated demographic, anthropometric, biochemical, genetic, and dietary factors. The modified Healthy Eating Index (MHEI), dietary patterns, and glycemic index were calculated from a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Novel biomarkers influencing WC reduction were identified using machine learning approaches. A WCR was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk and its components. Daily energy intake did not differ between those with and without WCR. However, MHEI, which represents diet quality, demonstrated a positive association with WCR. Among various dietary patterns, the Asian-style balanced diet (ABD), including more fermented soybeans and less restricted salt than the Diet Approach to Stop Hypertension, was positively associated with WCR. However, an inverse association was observed between the diet that was high in noodle and processed meat consumption and that which was high in rice consumption. However, the PRS for abdominal obesity did not significantly interrupt WCR. The receiver operating characteristic curve in the prediction model for WCR was about 0.86. The biomarkers in the models included MetS components, inflammation index, diet components, alcohol consumption, and smoking status, but not genetic factors. In conclusion, adopting a high-quality diet with a high MHEI like ABD leads to WCR, irrespective of genetic influences. These results could be applied to develop effective strategies for preventing and managing abdominal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan-Si 31499, Republic of Korea
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Lockard B, Mardock M, Oliver JM, Byrd M, Simbo S, Jagim AR, Kresta J, Baetge CC, Jung YP, Koozehchian MS, Khanna D, Rasmussen C, Kreider RB. Comparison of Two Diet and Exercise Approaches on Weight Loss and Health Outcomes in Obese Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4877. [PMID: 35457744 PMCID: PMC9032860 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the efficacy of two popular weight loss approaches on weight loss, body composition, and markers of health in sedentary obese women. METHODS In total, 51 sedentary women (age 34.5 ± 7.7 yrs.; weight 90.0 ± 14.5 kg; BMI 34.0 ± 5.1 kg/m2; 46.5 ± 7.0% fat) were matched and randomized to participate in the Weight Watchers® Momentum™ (WW) or Curves® (CV) Fitness and Weight Management program for 16 weeks. Participants in the WW group (n = 27) were provided a point-based diet program, received weekly progress checks and counseling, and were encouraged to exercise. Participants in the CV group (n = 24) followed a menu-based higher protein/low-fat diet (1200 kcal/d) for 1 week; 1500 kcal/d diet for 3 weeks; and 2000-2500 kcals/d for 2 weeks that was repeated three times (except the last segment) while participating in a supervised circuit-style resistance training program (3 d/wk). A general linear model (GLM) with repeated measures was used to analyze data and are presented as mean changes from baseline (mean [UL, LL]). RESULTS Supervised CV training resulted in greater amounts of vigorous and total physical activity. After 16 weeks, both groups lost weight (WW -6.1 [-7.8, -4.6], CV -4.9 [-6.2, -3.2] kg, p = 0.264). Participants in the CV group observed greater reductions in fat mass (WW -2.9 [-6.7, -0.2], CV -6.4 [-9.2, -3.6] kg, p = 0.081) and increases in lean mass (WW -2.5 [-4.3, -0.7], CV 1.3 [-0.6, 3.2] kg, p = 0.005) resulting in more favorable changes in percent body fat (WW -1.4 [-4.1, 1.2], CV -4.7 [-7.5, -1.8]%, p = 0.098). Both groups observed improvements in peak aerobic capacity and muscular endurance, although bench press lifting volume was greater in the CV group. Those in the CV group experienced a greater increase in HDLc and reduction in the CHL-HDLc ratio and triglycerides. CONCLUSION Both interventions promoted weight loss and improvements in fitness and markers of health. The CV program, which included supervised resistance training and higher protein diet menus, promoted greater fat loss, increases in lean mass, and improvements in percent body fat and blood lipids. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov, #NCT04372771, registered retrospectively 1 May 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittanie Lockard
- School of Nursing and Health Professions, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA;
| | - Michelle Mardock
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.M.); (J.M.O.); (M.B.); (S.S.); (C.C.B.); (C.R.)
| | - Jonathan M. Oliver
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.M.); (J.M.O.); (M.B.); (S.S.); (C.C.B.); (C.R.)
| | - Mike Byrd
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.M.); (J.M.O.); (M.B.); (S.S.); (C.C.B.); (C.R.)
- Byrd’s Eye Enterprises, Inc., Forney, TX 75126, USA
| | - Sunday Simbo
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.M.); (J.M.O.); (M.B.); (S.S.); (C.C.B.); (C.R.)
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Andrew R. Jagim
- Department of Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA;
| | - Julie Kresta
- College of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University Central-Texas, Killeen, TX 76549, USA;
| | - Claire C. Baetge
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.M.); (J.M.O.); (M.B.); (S.S.); (C.C.B.); (C.R.)
| | | | - Majid S. Koozehchian
- Department of Kinesiology, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL 36265, USA;
| | - Deepesh Khanna
- Department of Foundational Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL 33759, USA;
| | - Chris Rasmussen
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.M.); (J.M.O.); (M.B.); (S.S.); (C.C.B.); (C.R.)
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.M.); (J.M.O.); (M.B.); (S.S.); (C.C.B.); (C.R.)
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Vogtschmidt YD, Raben A, Faber I, de Wilde C, Lovegrove JA, Givens DI, Pfeiffer AFH, Soedamah-Muthu SS. Is protein the forgotten ingredient: Effects of higher compared to lower protein diets on cardiometabolic risk factors. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Atherosclerosis 2021; 328:124-135. [PMID: 34120735 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Higher protein (HP) diets may lead to lower cardiometabolic risk, compared to lower protein (LP) diets. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to investigate the effects of HP versus LP diets on cardiometabolic risk factors in adults, using the totality of the current evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS Systematic searches were conducted in electronic databases, up to November 2020. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to pool the standardised mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The main outcomes were weight loss, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fat mass, systolic and diastolic BP, total cholesterol, HDL-and LDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol, fasting glucose and insulin, and glycated haemoglobin. RESULTS Fifty-seven articles reporting on 54 RCTs were included, involving 4344 participants (65% female, mean age: 46 (SD 10) years, mean BMI: 33 (SD 3) kg/m2), with a mean study duration of 18 weeks (range: 4 to 156 weeks). Compared to LP diets (range protein (E%):10-23%), HP diets (range protein (E%): 20-45%) led to more weight loss (SMD -0.13, 95% CI: -0.23, -0.03), greater reductions in fat mass (SMD -0.14, 95% CI: -0.24, -0.04), systolic BP (SMD -0.12, 95% CI: -0.21, -0.02), total cholesterol (SMD -0.11, 95% CI: -0.19, -0.02), triacylglycerol (SMD -0.22, 95% CI: -0.30, -0.14) and insulin (SMD -0.12, 95% CI: -0.22, -0.03). No significant differences were observed for the other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Higher protein diets showed small, but favourable effects on weight loss, fat mass loss, systolic blood pressure, some lipid outcomes and insulin, compared to lower protein diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakima D Vogtschmidt
- KingdomHugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Harry Nursten Building, Reading RG6 6DZ, United Kingdom; Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, United Kingdom; Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom.
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC), Niels Steensens Vej 2, 2820, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Ilona Faber
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Claudia de Wilde
- Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic disorders (CoRPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, 5000, LE Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- KingdomHugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Harry Nursten Building, Reading RG6 6DZ, United Kingdom; Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, United Kingdom; Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - D Ian Givens
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, United Kingdom; Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Potsdam, Berlin, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University of Medicine, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabita S Soedamah-Muthu
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom; Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic disorders (CoRPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, 5000, LE Tilburg, the Netherlands
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Rea K, Jadallah J, Nadpara P, Goode JVK. Evaluation of the impact of a community-based, pharmacist-led weight loss program focused on a high-protein diet on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 61:S147-S153. [PMID: 33618987 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lifestyle choices such as poor diet, physical inactivity, and smoking contribute to modifiable cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. OBJECTIVES To evaluate clinical outcomes (blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin [A1C] level, lipid profile, weight, and waist circumference) that affect CV disease and the American Heart Association (AHA) Life's Simple 7 score before and after completion of a weight loss program focusing on a high-protein, low-calorie, low-carbohydrate, and low-fat diet. PRACTICE DESCRIPTION Independent pharmacy in Richmond, VA. PRACTICE INNOVATION Pharmacist-led weight loss program focusing on a high-protein, low-calorie, low-carbohydrate, and low-fat diet. EVALUATION METHODS A retrospective analysis of electronic patient records was conducted to evaluate a pharmacist-led weight loss program focusing on a high-protein, low-calorie, low-carbohydrate, and low-fat diet. Baseline information included age, gender, race, height, comorbid conditions, diet, physical activity, and smoking status. Clinical CV outcomes (blood pressure, A1C level, lipid profile, weight, and waist circumference) were compared from baseline and at completion. Participants beginning calculated AHA Life's Simple 7 score was compared with the calculated score at completion. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to analyze data. RESULTS Fourteen participants completed the program. Improvements in risk factors included systolic blood pressure (5.79 ± 5.56 mm Hg, P < 0.005), diastolic blood pressure (2.57 ± 3.37 mm Hg, P < 0.012), A1C level (0.6% ± 0.99%, P < 0.001), total cholesterol (22.21 ± 17.79 mg/dL, P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (18 mg/dL, P < 0.041), weight (11.06 ± 5.65 kilograms, P < 0.001), and waist circumference (5.44 ± 4.24 centimeters, P < 0.001). The AHA Life's Simple 7 scores increased after the weight loss program (3.21 ± 0.89, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION A community-based, pharmacist-led weight loss program focusing on a high-protein, low-calorie, low-carbohydrate, and low-fat diet improved participants' AHA Life's Simple 7 scores and modifiable risk factors for CV disease.
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Hruby A, Jacques PF. Protein Intake and Human Health: Implications of Units of Protein Intake. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:71-88. [PMID: 32879937 PMCID: PMC7850043 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the health effects of protein intake is bedeviled by a number of factors, including protein quality and source. In addition, different units, including grams, grams per kilogram body weight (g/kg BW), and percent energy, may contribute to confusion about protein's effects on health, especially BW-based units in increasingly obese populations. We aimed to review the literature and to conduct a modeling demonstration of various units of protein intake in relation to markers of cardiometabolic health. Data from the Framingham Heart Study Offspring (n = 1847; 60.3 y; 62.5% women) and Third Generation (n = 2548; 46.2 y; 55.3% women) cohorts and the NHANES 2003-04 (n = 1625; 46.2 y; 49.7% women) and 2005-06 (n = 1347; 43.7 y; 49.5% women) cycles were used to model cross-sectional associations between 7 protein units (grams, percent energy, g/kg ideal BW, g/kg actual BW, BW-adjusted g/kg actual BW, g/kg lean BW, and g/kg fat-free BW) and 9 cardiometabolic outcomes (fasting glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, BMI, waist circumference, and estimated glomerular filtration rate). The literature review indicated the use of myriad units of protein intake, with differential results on cardiometabolic outcomes. The modeling demonstration showed units expressed in BW were confounded by BW, irrespective of outcome. Units expressed in grams, percent energy, and ideal BW showed similar results, with or without adjustment for body size. After adjusting for BW, results of units expressed in BW aligned with results of grams, percent energy, and ideal BW. In conclusion, protein intake in cardiometabolic health appears to depend on protein's unit of expression. Authors should be specific about the use of WHO (g/kg ideal BW) compared with US (g/kg actual BW) units, and ideally use gram or percent energy in observational studies. In populations where overweight/obesity are prevalent, intake based on actual BW should be reevaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Hruby
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA, USA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA, USA
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Zhubi-Bakija F, Bajraktari G, Bytyçi I, Mikhailidis DP, Henein MY, Latkovskis G, Rexhaj Z, Zhubi E, Banach M. The impact of type of dietary protein, animal versus vegetable, in modifying cardiometabolic risk factors: A position paper from the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). Clin Nutr 2021; 40:255-276. [PMID: 32620446 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteins play a crucial role in metabolism, in maintaining fluid and acid-base balance and antibody synthesis. Dietary proteins are important nutrients and are classified into: 1) animal proteins (meat, fish, poultry, eggs and dairy), and, 2) plant proteins (legumes, nuts and soy). Dietary modification is one of the most important lifestyle changes that has been shown to significantly decrease the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) by attenuating related risk factors. The CVD burden is reduced by optimum diet through replacement of unprocessed meat with low saturated fat, animal proteins and plant proteins. In view of the available evidence, it has become acceptable to emphasize the role of optimum nutrition to maintain arterial and CV health. Such healthy diets are thought to increase satiety, facilitate weight loss, and improve CV risk. Different studies have compared the benefits of omnivorous and vegetarian diets. Animal protein related risk has been suggested to be greater with red or processed meat over and above poultry, fish and nuts, which carry a lower risk for CVD. In contrast, others have shown no association of red meat intake with CVD. The aim of this expert opinion recommendation was to elucidate the different impact of animal vs vegetable protein on modifying cardiometabolic risk factors. Many observational and interventional studies confirmed that increasing protein intake, especially plant-based proteins and certain animal-based proteins (poultry, fish, unprocessed red meat low in saturated fats and low-fat dairy products) have a positive effect in modifying cardiometabolic risk factors. Red meat intake correlates with increased CVD risk, mainly because of its non-protein ingredients (saturated fats). However, the way red meat is cooked and preserved matters. Thus, it is recommended to substitute red meat with poultry or fish in order to lower CVD risk. Specific amino acids have favourable results in modifying major risk factors for CVD, such as hypertension. Apart from meat, other animal-source proteins, like those found in dairy products (especially whey protein) are inversely correlated to hypertension, obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fjolla Zhubi-Bakija
- Clinic of Cardiology, University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Gani Bajraktari
- Clinic of Cardiology, University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo; University of Prishtina, Medical Faculty, Prishtina, Kosovo; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University and Heart Centre, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Ibadete Bytyçi
- Clinic of Cardiology, University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo; University of Prishtina, Medical Faculty, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Michael Y Henein
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University and Heart Centre, Umeå, Sweden; Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George University London, UK; Brunel University, Middlesex, UK
| | - Gustavs Latkovskis
- Institute of Cardiology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia; Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Zarife Rexhaj
- Clinic of Cardiology, University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Esra Zhubi
- University of Prishtina, Medical Faculty, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland; Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland.
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The effect of 12 weeks of euenergetic high-protein diet in regulating appetite and body composition of women with normal-weight obesity: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:1044-1051. [PMID: 32513334 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520002019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Normal-weight obesity (NWO) syndrome is associated with metabolic diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of a high-protein (HP) v. a standard protein (SP) diet on appetite, anthropometry and body composition in NWO women. In this clinical trial, fifty NWO women were randomly allocated to HP (n 25) or SP (n 25) diet groups. Women in the HP and SP groups consumed 25 and 15 % of their total energy intake from protein for 12 weeks. Weight, fat mass (FM), lean body mass (LBM), waist circumference (WC) and appetite were evaluated at baseline and following their 3-month intervention. After 12 weeks, the LBM was higher in HP compared with no significant changes in the SP group (mean between-group difference = 1·5 kg; 95 % CI 3·1, 0·01; effect size (d) = 0·4). Furthermore, the HP group had lower FM (mean between-group difference -1·1 kg; 95 % CI 1, -3·3; d = -0·2), body fat percentage (BFP) (mean between-group difference -2 %; 95 % CI 0·7, -5·2; d = -0·3) and WC (mean between-group difference -1·4 cm; 95 % CI 0·6, -3·6; d = -0·2) at the end of the study in comparison with the SP group. In both groups, weight and appetite were unchanged over time without significant differences between groups. Twelve weeks of euenergetic diets with different dietary protein contents resulted in no significant weight loss in women with NWO. However, an HP diet significantly improved body composition (LBM, FM, BFP and WC) in this population.
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Camblor Murube M, Borregon-Rivilla E, Colmenarejo G, Aguilar-Aguilar E, Martínez JA, Ramírez De Molina A, Reglero G, Loria-Kohen V. Polymorphism of CLOCK Gene rs3749474 as a Modulator of the Circadian Evening Carbohydrate Intake Impact on Nutritional Status in an Adult Sample. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041142. [PMID: 32325849 PMCID: PMC7231306 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of energy intake and macronutrients consumption throughout the day, and how its effect on nutritional status can be modulated by the presence of the rs3749474 polymorphism of the CLOCK gene in the Cantoblanco Platform for Nutritional Genomics (“GENYAL Platform”). This cross-sectional study was carried out on 898 volunteers between 18 and 69 years old (65.5% women). Anthropometric measurements, social issues and health, dietary, biochemical, genetic, and physical activity data were collected. Subsequently, 21 statistical interaction models were designed to predict the body mass index (BMI) considering seven dietary variables analyzed by three genetic models (adjusted by age, sex, and physical activity). The average BMI was 26.9 ± 4.65 kg/m2, 62.14% presented an excess weight (BMI > 25 kg/m2). A significant interaction was observed between the presence of the rs3749474 polymorphism and the evening carbohydrate intake (% of the total daily energy intake [%TEI]) (adjusted p = 0.046), when predicting the BMI. Participants carrying TT/CT genotype showed a positive association between the evening carbohydrate intake (%TEI) and BMI (β = 0.3379, 95% CI = (0.1689,0.5080)) and (β = 0.1529, 95% CI = (−0.0164,0.3227)), respectively, whereas the wild type allele (CC) showed a negative association (β = −0.0321, 95% CI = (−0.1505,0.0862)). No significant interaction with the remaining model variables was identified. New dietary strategies may be implemented to schedule the circadian distribution of macronutrients according to the genotype. Clinical Trial number: NCT04067921.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Camblor Murube
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Elena Borregon-Rivilla
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-R.); (E.A.-A.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Gonzalo Colmenarejo
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Elena Aguilar-Aguilar
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-R.); (E.A.-A.); (J.A.M.)
| | - J. Alfredo Martínez
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-R.); (E.A.-A.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research (CIN), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Center of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramírez De Molina
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Production and Development of Foods for Health, IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Viviana Loria-Kohen
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-R.); (E.A.-A.); (J.A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-912796957; Fax: +34-911880756
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Zhang T, Wang M, Liu L, He B, Hu J, Wang Y. Hypothalamic nesfatin-1 mediates feeding behavior via MC3/4R-ERK signaling pathway after weight loss in obese Sprague-Dawley rats. Peptides 2019; 119:170080. [PMID: 31260713 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 is an anorexic peptide derived from nucleobindin 2 (NUCB2). An increase in hypothalamic nesfatin-1 inhibits feeding behavior and promotes weight loss. However, the effects of weight loss on hypothalamic nesfatin-1 levels are unclear. In this study, obese rats lost weight in three ways: Calorie Restriction diet (CRD), Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). We found an increase in nesfatin-1 serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels after weight loss in obese Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Moreover, weight loss also increased hypothalamic melanocortin 3/4 receptor (MC3/4R) and extracellular regulated kinase phosphorylation (p-ERK) signaling. Third ventricle administration of antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (MON) against the gene encoding NUCB2 inhibited hypothalamic nesfatin-1 and p-ERK signaling, increased food intake and reduced body weight loss in SG and RYGB obese rats. Third ventricle administration of SHU9119 (MC3/4R blocker) blocked hypothalamic MC3/4R, inhibited p-ERK signaling, increased food intake and reduced body weight loss in SG and RYGB obese rats. These findings indicate that weight loss leads to an increase in hypothalamic nesfatin-1. The increase in hypothalamic nesfatin-1 participates in regulating feeding behavior through the MC3/4R-ERK signaling especially after SG and RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Chong Shan Road, Huanggu District, 110032, Shenyang, China.
| | - Mofei Wang
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Chong Shan Road, Huanggu District, 110032, Shenyang, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, China.
| | - Bing He
- Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, China.
| | - Jingyao Hu
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Chong Shan Road, Huanggu District, 110032, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Chong Shan Road, Huanggu District, 110032, Shenyang, China.
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12
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Yannakoulia M, Poulimeneas D, Mamalaki E, Anastasiou CA. Dietary modifications for weight loss and weight loss maintenance. Metabolism 2019; 92:153-162. [PMID: 30625301 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide obesity rates remain at a rise, and to treat obesity is at the top of the global public health agenda. In 2013, the AHA/ACC/TOS obesity management guidelines were published, in essence suggesting that any dietary scheme seems to be effective for weight loss, as long as it can induce a sustainable energy deficit. In the present review, we update and critically discuss available information regarding dietary modifications for weight loss and weight loss maintenance, published after the 2013 guidelines. Regarding weight loss, we found no proof to support that a single dietary scheme, be it nutrient-, food group- or dietary pattern- based, is more efficacious of the other for achieving weight loss. For weight loss maintenance, published interventions point towards the same direction, although inconclusively. Most research explores the effect of weight loss regimes on weight loss maintenance and not the effect of the diet during weight loss maintenance, and this literature gap should be more thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Yannakoulia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Greece.
| | | | - Eirini Mamalaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Greece
| | - Costas A Anastasiou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Greece
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