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Sravani K, Seeralan M, Sekar U, Kuppusamy S. Antimicrobial resistance profiling of bacteria isolated from wastewater and environmental samples of pharmaceutical industries in South India. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024:105670. [PMID: 39303927 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The study was aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance in the isolated bacteria from the influent (25), effluent (15), surface and ground water samples (15) surrounding the pharmaceutical industries located in south India. From 55 samples, 48 isolates of 10 different bacteria were obtained. The identified bacterial isolates were viz. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Corynebacterium sp., Acinetobacter sp., Aeromonas punctata, Ralstonia picketti, Staphylococcus aureus, Stenotrophomonas maltophillia, and Citrobacter freundii. The phenotypic profile of resistance through antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out against sixteen different antibiotics. Standard PCR technique was used for the detection of 12 resistance genes encoding carbapenems, quinoline, aminoglycoside, β-lactam belonging blaOXA-58,blaOXA-22,qnrA, qnrB, aac(6)-Ib-cr, aac (3)-XI, mec A, qepA, aadB, blaVIM, blaOXA-48 and blaNDM. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1: TN/I/2020) showed presence of 3 resistance genes. qnrB (489 bp) gene was present in maximum of 7 isolates while blaVIM (196 bp) gene was present in 6 isolates. The resistance genes blaNDM (621 bp) was present in three different isolates; aac (X):6)-lb-cr (482 bp), qepA (495 bp), aadB (500 bp), blaOXA-58 (843 bp) resistant genes were present in two different isolates each among the bacterial isolates obtained in this study. In phenotypic resistance profiling by AST method, out of 16 antibiotics tested, 14 showed resistance. Similarly, in genotypic resistance profiling, among 12 resistance genes tested, a maximum of three resistance genes were noticed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There were positive and negative correlations observed between phenotypic and genotypic resistance among different antibiotics and their resistance genes indicating the variations in the resistance gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamatham Sravani
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, (DU), Porur, Chennai 600116, India
| | - Manoharan Seeralan
- Vaccine Research Centre - Bacterial Vaccine, Centre for Animal Health Studies, TANUVAS, Madhavaram, Chennai 600051, India
| | - Uma Sekar
- Department of Microbiology, SRMC & RI, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, (DU), Porur, Chennai 600116, India
| | - Sujatha Kuppusamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, (DU), Porur, Chennai 600116, India.
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Hutu I, Lungu BC, Spataru II, Torda I, Iancu T, Barrow PA, Mircu C. Microbiological and Molecular Investigation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Western Romanian Dairy Farms: An Epidemiological Approach. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2266. [PMID: 39123792 PMCID: PMC11311086 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial therapy is the most frequently used medical intervention for bovine mastitis in the dairy industry. This study aims to monitor the extent of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) problem in Staphylococcus aureus in the dairy industry in Western Romania. Twenty farms were selected by random sampling in a transverse epidemiological study conducted across four counties in Western Romania and divided into livestock units. This study assessed the association between the resistance genes to phenotypic expression of resistance and susceptibility. Isolates of S. aureus were identified and q-PCR reactions were used to detect antibiotic resistance genes. One hundred and fifty bovine and 20 human samples were positive for S. aureus. Twenty five percent of bovine isolates (30/120) and none(0/30) of the human isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). All isolates were susceptible to fosfomycin, ciprofloxacin, netilmicin, and resistant to ampicillin and penicillin. S. aureus isolates regarded as phenotypically resistant (R) were influenced by the origin of the samples (human versus bovine, χ2 = 36.510, p = 0.013), whether they were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (χ2 = 108.891, p < 0.000), the county (χ2 = 103.282, p < 0.000) and farm of isolation (χ2 = 740.841, p < 0.000), but not by the size of the farm (χ2 = 65.036, p = 0.306). The multiple antibiotic resistance index was calculated for each sample as the number regarded as phenotypically resistant (R)/total antibiotics tested (MARI = 0.590 ± 0.023) was significantly higher (p < 0.000) inmethicillin-resistant S. aureus (0.898 ± 0.019) than non-methicillin-resistant S. aureus (0.524 ± 0.024) isolates. For the antibiotics tested, the total penetrance (P%) of the resistance genes was 59%, 83% for blaZ, 56% for cfr, 50% for erm(B), 53% for erm(C), 57% for mecA and 32% for tet(K). Penetrance can be used as a parameter for guidance towards a more accurate targeting of chemotherapy. P% in S. aureus was strongly positively correlated with the multiple antibiotic resistance index (r = +0.878, p < 0.000) with the potential to use the same limit value as an antibiotic management decision criterion. Considering cow mastitis, the penetrance value combined with the multiple antibiotic resistance index suggests that penetrance could serve as a useful parameter for more precise targeting of chemotherapy for S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Hutu
- “Horia Cernescu” Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “Regele Mihai I”, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.H.); (B.C.L.); (I.I.S.); (I.T.); (C.M.)
| | - Bianca Cornelia Lungu
- “Horia Cernescu” Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “Regele Mihai I”, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.H.); (B.C.L.); (I.I.S.); (I.T.); (C.M.)
| | - Ioana Irina Spataru
- “Horia Cernescu” Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “Regele Mihai I”, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.H.); (B.C.L.); (I.I.S.); (I.T.); (C.M.)
| | - Iuliu Torda
- “Horia Cernescu” Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “Regele Mihai I”, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.H.); (B.C.L.); (I.I.S.); (I.T.); (C.M.)
| | - Tiberiu Iancu
- Faculty of Agricultural Management, University of Life Sciences “Regele Mihai I”, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Paul Andrew Barrow
- “Horia Cernescu” Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “Regele Mihai I”, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.H.); (B.C.L.); (I.I.S.); (I.T.); (C.M.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Rd., Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Calin Mircu
- “Horia Cernescu” Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “Regele Mihai I”, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (I.H.); (B.C.L.); (I.I.S.); (I.T.); (C.M.)
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Arif W, Thangaraj G, Srinivasan P, Srirama S, Devaraju P. Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes Resist Acquisition of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Insights from Field and Laboratory Studies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:618. [PMID: 39061300 PMCID: PMC11273473 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pathogens and their spillover into the environment have become a global public health menace. Insects can acquire these pathogens from the environment and would serve as mechanical and biological vectors. The current study assessed the ability of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes to acquire methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) through the exposure of the mosquitoes to the pathogen via rearing water, blood feed, or a feeding membrane under laboratory conditions. In addition, mosquito immatures collected from their habitat in the vicinity of hospitals, veterinary dispensaries, and butcher shops at 15 study sites in Puducherry were screened for MRSA infection. All samples were subjected to the culture-based isolation of S. aureus from the surface and homogenate. The presence of the S. aureus-specific nuc gene and the genes that confer resistance to methicillin (mecA and mecC) were screened using PCR tests. MRSA was not evident either on the external surface or in the homogenate of the mosquitoes emerging from the larvae reared in the MRSA-spiked water or those fed with MRSA through blood or smeared membranes. Furthermore, the presence of MRSA was not evident in any of the field-caught mosquitoes. Hence, we conclude that C. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes are impervious to MRSA colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseema Arif
- Unit of One Health, ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Gowdham Thangaraj
- Public Health Entomology, ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Pushpa Srinivasan
- Unit of One Health, ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Srikanth Srirama
- Unit of One Health, ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Panneer Devaraju
- Unit of One Health, ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry 605006, India
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Bashabsheh RH, AL-Fawares O, Natsheh I, Bdeir R, Al-Khreshieh RO, Bashabsheh HH. Staphylococcus aureus epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and application of nano-therapeutics as a promising approach to combat methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:209-231. [PMID: 38006316 PMCID: PMC11221481 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2285187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium and one of the most prevalent infectious disease-related causes of morbidity and mortality in adults. This pathogen can trigger a broad spectrum of diseases, from sepsis and pneumonia to severe skin infections that can be fatal. In this review, we will provide an overview of S. aureus and discuss the extensive literature on epidemiology, transmission, genetic diversity, evolution and antibiotic resistance strains, particularly methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). While many different virulence factors that S. aureus produces have been investigated as therapeutic targets, this review examines recent nanotechnology approaches, which employ materials with atomic or molecular dimensions and are being used to diagnose, treat, or eliminate the activity of S. aureus. Finally, having a deeper understanding and clearer grasp of the roles and contributions of S. aureus determinants, antibiotic resistance, and nanotechnology will aid us in developing anti-virulence strategies to combat the growing scarcity of effective antibiotics against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghad H.F. Bashabsheh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - O’la AL-Fawares
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - Iyad Natsheh
- Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Roba Bdeir
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - Rozan O. Al-Khreshieh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
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Sharma S, Chauhan A, Ranjan A, Mathkor DM, Haque S, Ramniwas S, Tuli HS, Jindal T, Yadav V. Emerging challenges in antimicrobial resistance: implications for pathogenic microorganisms, novel antibiotics, and their impact on sustainability. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1403168. [PMID: 38741745 PMCID: PMC11089201 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1403168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Overuse of antibiotics is accelerating the antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic microbes which is a growing public health challenge at the global level. Higher resistance causes severe infections, high complications, longer stays at hospitals and even increased mortality rates. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has a significant impact on national economies and their health systems, as it affects the productivity of patients or caregivers due to prolonged hospital stays with high economic costs. The main factor of AMR includes improper and excessive use of antimicrobials; lack of access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene for humans and animals; poor infection prevention and control measures in hospitals; poor access to medicines and vaccines; lack of awareness and knowledge; and irregularities with legislation. AMR represents a global public health problem, for which epidemiological surveillance systems have been established, aiming to promote collaborations directed at the well-being of human and animal health and the balance of the ecosystem. MDR bacteria such as E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp., Acinetobacter spp., and Klebsiella pneumonia can even cause death. These microorganisms use a variety of antibiotic resistance mechanisms, such as the development of drug-deactivating targets, alterations in antibiotic targets, or a decrease in intracellular antibiotic concentration, to render themselves resistant to numerous antibiotics. In context, the United Nations issued the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015 to serve as a worldwide blueprint for a better, more equal, and more sustainable existence on our planet. The SDGs place antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the context of global public health and socioeconomic issues; also, the continued growth of AMR may hinder the achievement of numerous SDGs. In this review, we discuss the role of environmental pollution in the rise of AMR, different mechanisms underlying the antibiotic resistance, the threats posed by pathogenic microbes, novel antibiotics, strategies such as One Health to combat AMR, and the impact of resistance on sustainability and sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Sharma
- Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuj Ranjan
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Darin Mansor Mathkor
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research & Development, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Ambala, India
| | - Tanu Jindal
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Yadav
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Nitz AA, Johnson DL, Lupiyaningdyah P, Meinzer MA, Ramsey JS, Robinson CM, Valencia Amores CS, Pickett BE. Secondary analysis of Staphylococcus aureus whole genomes reveals diverse antimicrobial resistance profiles. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.000903. [PMID: 38741934 PMCID: PMC11089388 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in microorganisms is an ongoing threat to human health across the globe. To better characterize the AMR profiles of six strains of Staphylococcus aureus , we performed a secondary analysis that consisted of the following steps: 1) download fastq files from the Sequence Read Archive, 2) perform a de novo genome assembly from the sequencing reads, 3) annotate the assembled contigs, 4) predict the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. We predicted the presence of 75 unique genes that conferred resistance against 22 unique antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Nitz
- Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States
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Veysi A, Kababian M, Khalifeh Gholi M, Godini K, Vatandoost H, Saghafipour A. Comparing the Bacterial Flora of Insectary and Filed Strains of Supella longipalpa (Blattaria: Ectobiidae) and Their Antibiotic Resistant Pattern in Qom Province, Central Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2023; 17:197-205. [PMID: 38860199 PMCID: PMC11162543 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v17i3.14981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cockroaches play a role in the mechanical transmission of microbial pathogens. This study was designed to determine the isolated bacteria and their susceptibility to conventional antibiotics from brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa, in Qom province, central Iran. Methods In this cross-sectional study, brown-banded cockroaches were bred in an insectary and caught from hospitals of Qom. The samples were taken from the surface and alimentary canal and then cultured on microbial culture media; next, grown specimens were identified using differential culture media. Finally, after performing diagnostic tests and identifying the bacteria species, their susceptibility to various antibiotics was evaluated. Results A total of 120 adult cockroaches from the insectary and hospitals were included in the study. Ten bacterial genera were found; nine were Gram-negative and one was Gram-positive. The genus Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, Citrobacter and Hafnia were isolated only from the hospital strain. On the other hand, Pseudomonas and Escherichia from both groups and other species such as Salmonella, Proteus and Shigella were isolated only from laboratory strains. The highest antibiotic resistance among Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli were 100.0% and 98.1% for ampicillin and Ceftazidime, respectively. Conclusion The results of this study showed that various pathogenic bacteria harbored by brown-banded cockroaches. Moreover, it was found that most of these bacteria belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family, which can be pathogenic and thus threaten human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Veysi
- Zoonoses Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Majid Kababian
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khalifeh Gholi
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Kazem Godini
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abedin Saghafipour
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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El Damaty HM, El-Demerdash AS, Abd El-Aziz NK, Yousef SG, Hefny AA, Abo Remela EM, Shaker A, Elsohaby I. Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Isolated from Caseous Lymphadenitis of Smallholder Sheep and Goats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2337. [PMID: 37508114 PMCID: PMC10376069 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. pseudotuberculosis) that affects sheep and goats, leading to abscess formation in their lymph nodes. The present study aimed to isolate and identify C. pseudotuberculosis from CLA in smallholder sheep and goats, and determine the resistance patterns, virulence, and resistance genes of the isolates. Additionally, genotypic and phylogenetic analysis of the isolates was conducted using ERIC-PCR and DNA sequencing techniques. A cross-sectional study examined 220 animals (130 sheep and 90 goats) from 39 smallholder flocks for clinical signs of CLA. Fifty-four (24.54%) animals showed CLA-compatible lesions, confirmed by C. pseudotuberculosis isolation and PCR identification. Sheep had a lower infection rate of CLA (18.46%) compared with goats (33.3%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 54 C. pseudotuberculosis isolates to 24 antimicrobial drugs revealed that they were 100% resistant to bacitracin and florfenicol, while none of the isolates were resistant to norfloxacin. A high resistance rate was observed for penicillin and erythromycin (92.6% each). Interestingly, 16.7% of C. pseudotuberculosis isolates recovered from sheep showed vancomycin resistance. Molecular characterization of C. pseudotuberculosis isolates revealed that PLD, PIP, and FagA virulence genes were present in all examined isolates. However, the FagB, FagC, and FagD genes were detected in 24 (100%), 20 (83%), and 18 (75%) of the sheep isolates, and 26 (87%), 26 (87%), and 18 (60%) of the goat isolates, respectively. The β-lactam resistance gene was present in all isolates. Furthermore, 83% of the sheep isolates carried the aminoglycoside (aph(3″)-lb), chloramphenicol (cat1), and bacitracin (bcrA) resistance genes. Among the isolates recovered from goats, 73% were found to contain macrolides (ermX), sulfonamide (sul1), and bacitracin (bcrA) resistance genes. It is worrisome that the glycopeptide (vanA) resistance gene was detected in 8% of the sheep isolates as a first report. ERIC-PCR genotyping of 10 multi-drug-resistant C. pseudotuberculosis isolates showed a high similarity index of 83.6% between isolates from sheep and goats. Nucleotide sequence analysis of partial 16S rRNA sequences of C. pseudotuberculosis revealed 98.83% similarity with biovar Ovis of globally available reference sequences on the Genbank database. Overall, our findings might indicate that C. pseudotuberculosis infection in smallholders in Egypt might be underestimated despite the significant financial impact on animal husbandry and potential health hazards it poses. Moreover, this study highlights the importance of implementing a sustainable control strategy and increasing knowledge and awareness among smallholder breeders to mitigate the economic impact of CLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend M El Damaty
- Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Azza S El-Demerdash
- Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig 44516, Egypt
| | - Norhan K Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Sarah G Yousef
- Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Hefny
- Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Etab M Abo Remela
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa Shaker
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice (OHRP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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Amini M, Pourmand MR, Faridi-Majidi R. Development of a High Sensitive Multiplex Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) System for Rapid Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2023; 15:100-107. [PMID: 37034894 PMCID: PMC10073916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a worldwide concern as an epidemic bacterium and a cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. One of the major problems in the prevention and treatment of infections caused by MRSA strains is their multi-drug resistant trait, which causes the spread of infections and increases the mortality rate. Therefore, a rapid and accurate method is needed to identify MRSA strains, initiate appropriate antibiotic therapy, and control its infection. The aim of this study was to develop a twin lateral flow immunoassay system to detect methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Methods First, BSA blocked AuNPs-anti-peptidoglycan antibody and AuNPs-anti-BSA antibody were used to detect Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Then, AuNPs-anti-PBP2a antibody was used to specifically detect MRSA. Sensitivity, specificity and limit of detection of this twin immunoassay system were assessed using MRSA, methicillin susceptible S. aureus and clinical samples. Results were compared to those of cefoxitin disc diffusion (FOX30) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as gold standards. Results The Limit of Detection (LOD) of this twin system were 103 and 104 CFU/ml for the first and second strips, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of this innovative assay in detecting MRSA were 92.30 and 97.36%, compared to FOX30 and PCR, respectively. Conclusion High rates of sensitivity and specificity of this initiative system show its high potentials for rapid and accurate detection of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Amini
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pourmand
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Faridi-Majidi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Rawat N, Sabu B, Jamwal R, Devi PP, Yadav K, Raina HS, Rajagopal R. Understanding the role of insects in the acquisition and transmission of antibiotic resistance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159805. [PMID: 36461578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a global healthcare threat that requires a comprehensive assessment. Poorly regulated antibiotic stewardship in clinical and non-clinical settings has led to a horizontal dissemination of AR. A variety of often neglected elements facilitate the circulation of AR from antibiotic sinks like concentrated animal feeding operations and healthcare settings to other environments that include healthy human communities. Insects are one of those elements that have received underwhelming attention as vectors of AR, despite their well-known role in transmitting clinically relevant pathogens. We here make an exhaustive attempt to highlight the role of insects as zoonotic reservoirs of AR by discussing the available literature and deriving realistic inferences. We review the AR associated with insects housing various human-relevant environments, namely, animal farm industry, edible-insects enterprise, healthcare institutes, human settlements, agriculture settings and the wild. We also provide evidence-based accounts of the events of the transmission of AR from insects to humans. We evaluate the clinical threats associated with insect-derived AR and propose the adoption of more sophisticated strategies to understand and mitigate future AR concerns facilitated by insects. Future works include a pan-region assessment of insects for AR in the form of AR bacteria (ARB) and AR determinants (ARDs) and the introduction of modern techniques like whole-genome sequencing, metagenomics, and in-silico modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Rawat
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Benoy Sabu
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rohit Jamwal
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pukhrambam Pushpa Devi
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Karuna Yadav
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Harpreet Singh Raina
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India; Department of Zoology, Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Raman Rajagopal
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India.
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Mostafa Abdalhamed A, Zeedan GSG, Ahmed Arafa A, Shafeek Ibrahim E, Sedky D, Abdel nabey Hafez A. Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Clinical and Subclinical Mastitis in Ruminants and Studying the Effect of Novel Green Synthetized Nanoparticles as One of the Alternative Treatments. Vet Med Int 2022; 2022:6309984. [PMID: 36457891 PMCID: PMC9708356 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6309984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an important disease in dairy animals worldwide. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common causes of clinical and subclinical intramammary infections. In the current study, we isolated bacteria from 150 mastitic milk samples. Multiplex PCR was used to detect the methicillin resistance genes in S. aureus to detect the occurrence of MRSA isolates. Green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) using aqueous leaf extracts of Artemisia herb Alba (A. herb Alba TiO2 NPs). The antibacterial efficacy of these nanoparticles was evaluated (in vitro and in vivo) against collected MRSA isolates using the disc diffusion method and SPF rats. Out of 150 mastitic milk samples, the frequency of S. aureus was 38 (25.3%), that of E. coli was 45 (30%), that of Klebsiella spp. Was 7 (4.7%), and that of Streptococcus spp. Was 11 (7.3%). Among 38 positive isolates of S. aureus, MRSA was 16 (42.1%) by antimicrobial sensitivity testing (AST) and 14 (38.8%) by multiplex PCR. The MRSA isolates were shown to have 100% resistance to penicillin and methicillin, 87.5% resistance to gentamicin, 50% resistance to cefoxitin and amoxicillin, and 75% resistance to ampicillin and ampicillin/sublactam with low resistance against erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and levofloxacin by AST, respectively. A. herb Alba TiO2 NP formation was observed by changing the colour from white to dark green. The UV spectrum revealed absorbance peaks at 240-250 nm, and their sizes ranged from 42-66 nm and 11 to 45 nm by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A. herb Alba TiO2 NP suspensions were evaluated against MRSA, with the highest zone of inhibition (43 ± 0.45 mm) at a concentration of 40 μg/ml. Hematological parameters and histological examination after oral administration of 20 mg/kg of A. herb Alba TiO2 NPs indicated that A. herb Alba TiO2 NPs can be used as a new antimicrobial against resistant bacteria (MRSA) with consideration of the dose and methods of synthesis of plant-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amany Ahmed Arafa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Eman Shafeek Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Doaa Sedky
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Amani Abdel nabey Hafez
- Department of Animal Health, Division of Animal and Poultry Production, Desert Research Center, Matariya, Cairo, P. O. Box 11562, Egypt
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Seetswane E, Loeto D, Muzila M, Tshekiso K, Gomba A, Baruti K, Jongman M. Phenotypic and genotypic profiling reveals a high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospitals, houseflies and adjacent informal food retailers in Botswana. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 36287593 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the environment, food and healthcare systems is a global public health concern. MRSA is reported to cause food poisoning, osteomyelitis and pyogenic infections of the skin, and consequently has been categorized as a high-priority pathogen by the World Health Organization. Here, we determined the presence of MRSA in clinical (n=56), food (n=150) and housefly samples (n=970) collected from two hospitals in Botswana. Characterization based on phenotypic (antimicrobial resistance, biofilm production) and genotypic (antimicrobial resistance genes and integrons) profiles were performed on all isolates. Of the total samples tested, 64 were positive for MRSA following conventional culture methods and PCR amplification of the mecA and mecC genes for confirmation of presumptive MRSA isolates. The confirmed isolates included 71 % (95 % CI 83.2-59.6) from clinical, 9 % (95 % CI 14--4.8) from food, and 1 % (95 % CI 1.6-0.4) collected from housefly samples. In total 89 % (n=57) isolates in the current study showed a multidrug resistance phenotype, among these, resistance to β-lactams and glycoside antibiotic classes were predominant. Genotypic characterization showed the domination of the blatem gene (95 %) followed by fox (63 %) and tetO (19 %) whilst vanA was only reported in 13 % of the isolates. Integrons were detected in 50 % (32/64) of the total MRSA isolates, and we report a high prevalence of etd gene, detected in 67 % (43/64) of the isolates followed by eta 38 % (24/64) whilst tsst-1 (3%) was the least detected genetic determinant. The genes etb and PVL were not detected in a ll the tested MRSA isolates. We provide the first report on the prevalence of MRSA isolated from the clinical-food-vector nexus harbouring biofilm and blatem genes, and antibiotic resistance profiles in Botswana. These results are significant for risk-assessment analysis and the development of improved MRSA infection prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunicah Seetswane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Daniel Loeto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Mbaki Muzila
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kgomotso Tshekiso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Annancietar Gomba
- National Health Laboratory Services, National Institute of Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kabo Baruti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana.,Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Mosimanegape Jongman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana
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Özdemir F. Antimicrobial Resistance, Multilocus Sequence, and spa Typing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Retail Raw Meat Products. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:6035987. [PMID: 39281059 PMCID: PMC11401655 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6035987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
With a high capacity to acquire antimicrobial resistance, Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen causing severe infections in animals and humans. A total of 50 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from retail ground beef, chicken meat, and fish were characterized by antimicrobial resistance profiling, staphylococcal protein A gene (spa) typing, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The broth microdilution test results showed that all isolates were resistant to penicillin and sulphamethoxazole but had varying resistance rates to tetracycline (24%), erythromycin (4%), gentamicin (2%), ciprofloxacin (2%), trimethoprim (2%), and chloramphenicol (0%). The blaZ and sulI genes were detected in 100% of the isolates followed by grlA (94%), norA (92%), tetK (80%), chlA (60%), tetM (26%), aacA-aphD (2%), ermA (2%), fexA (0%), and dfrA (0%). Moreover, 26% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, with five or more resistance genes. The spa typing analysis revealed 22 spa types, with t091 (16%), t1677 (8%), and t14538 (8%) being the most common, and one new spa type, t19851, was uncovered. MLST identified seven sequence types (STs), with ST7 (40%), ST15 (20%), and ST199 (13%) being the most common, and two STs (ST7435 and ST7436) were newly identified. In this study, S. aureus isolated from raw meat showed multidrug resistance and different clones associated with human infections. As a result, foods of animal origin may act as potential vehicles for transmission of multidrug-resistant S. aureus isolates, and the dissemination of potentially pathogenic clonal types, posing a health risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Özdemir
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14030 Gölköy, Bolu, Turkey
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14
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Akbarizadeh MR, Sarani M, Darijani S. Study of antibacterial performance of biosynthesized pure and Ag-doped ZnO nanoparticles. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-022-01079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Akram ZM, Khalid KB, Oraibi QK, Nassar MF. Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens isolated from the infections of post maxillofacial surgery. J Med Life 2022; 15:944-950. [PMID: 36188658 PMCID: PMC9514827 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions contributed to a global issue of antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance isolated from maxillofacial infections (MIs). Two hundred and twenty-two patients with different MIs were included in this study. Swab samples were taken from the site of infections. Samples were cultured, and isolated bacteria were identified using various biochemical tests. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolates were assessed by the disk diffusion method. The mean age of the patients was 50.8 years. The male-to-female ratio was 127/95 (P<0.05). Smoking and alcohol consumption were found in 60.36% and 37.38% of patients, respectively. Most patients had a ≤1-week infection duration (P<0.05). Abscess lesion was the most predominant infection type (P<0.05). The prevalence of aerobic bacteria among abscess, pus localization, and deep facial infections was 59.33%, 64.28%, and 46.66%, respectively. The prevalence of anaerobic bacteria among abscess, pus localization, and deep facial infections was 40.66%, 23.80%, and 53.33%, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus (10.36%) and Prevotella buccalis (8.55%) had the uppermost distribution amongst all examined samples. Isolated bacteria exhibited the uppermost resistance rate toward penicillin (65.76%), tetracycline (61.26%), gentamicin (58.10%), and ampicillin (57.65%) antimicrobials. The lowest resistance rate was obtained for linezolid (25.67%), ceftriaxone (31.08%), and azithromycin (31.08%) antimicrobials. Linezolid, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin had effective antimicrobial activities toward bacteria isolated from MIs. Therefore, cautious antibiotic prescription might decrease the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in dental and maxillofacial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Mustafa Akram
- Department of Dentistry, Al-Rafidain University College, Baghdad, Iraq,Corresponding Author: Zaid Mustafa Akram, Department of Dentistry, Al-Rafidain University College, Baghdad, lraq. E-mail:
| | | | | | - Maadh Fawzi Nassar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Bahramian A, Kachoie MA, Rahimi E. Antimicrobial effects of Arctium lappa against infectious bacteria: Experimental in vitro analysis. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-220002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Arctium lappa (A. lappa) is one of the most significant edible medicinal plants with high antibacterial effects, in which it could be supposed to grow with more beneficial effects under administration by salicylic acid and chitosan based biofertilizers. Accordingly, the effects of salicylic acid, chitosan, and 50% moisture discharge were investigated in this work to see the antimicrobial treatments of some foodborne pathogens effects by A. lappa. To this aim, plants were cultivated based on different concentrations of salicylic acid and chitosan with/without drought stress, in which their extracted essential oils were examined for showing the antimicrobial effect against different bacterial agents. The results indicated that the salicylic acid and chitosan administrated A. lappa could work with improved inhibitory functions. Comparing with referenced antibiotics showed even higher antimicrobial effects of A. lappa against the targeted bacterial agents, in which the species with 14 mmol of salicylic acid and 2 g/l of chitosan was a distinguished one for approaching the purpose. Consequently, the achievements of this work could be further investigated for producing novel antibiotic drug agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Bahramian
- Department of Agro-ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Ataie Kachoie
- Department of Agro-ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Heidari M, Eshagh Hoseini SJ, Fatemi Manesh H. Study the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and bladder cancer. BIONATURA 2022. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2022.07.01.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers, and Helicobacter pylori infection also has 30-80% prevalence in different communities, this study investigates the role of H. pylori in developing bladder cancer; From December 2013 to February 2020, 200 patients with bladder tumors who underwent bladder tumor resection through the urethra in Kamkar-Arabnia Hospital were included in this study. H. pylori Ab, IgA, and IgG tests were first requested from all patients. If their antibodies were positive, other periodic tests including creatinine-sodium-potassium, Prothrombin Time (PT), Prothrombin Time Test (PTT), and International Normalized Ratio (INR), urinalysis, and culture were taken. The obtained results were analyzed using SPSS software version 25, and in the chi-square test, P <0.05 was considered a significant level; (3) Results: Based on laboratory findings, 66.5% of patients were H. pylori + (p <0.05). The result of the PCR test was positive in 4% of all patients. Besides, 6% of patients who tested positive for H. pylori Ab also showed positive PCR tests. Further studies are needed to investigate the association between H. pylori infection and bladder tumors to evaluate the proper role of H. pylori in tumors of the urinary system, especially the bladder and prostate, which have not been treated or reduced by treating H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Heidari
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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18
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Bottalico L, Charitos IA, Potenza MA, Montagnani M, Santacroce L. The war against bacteria, from the past to present and beyond. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 20:681-706. [PMID: 34874223 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2013809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human defense against microorganisms dates back to the ancient civilizations, with attempts to use substances from vegetal, animal, or inorganic origin to fight infections. Today, the emerging threat of multidrug-resistant bacteria highlights the consequences of antibiotics inappropriate use, and the urgent need for novel effective molecules. METHODS AND MATERIALS We extensively researched on more recent data within PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Elsevier's EMBASE, Cochrane Review for the modern pharmacology in between 1987 - 2021. The historical evolution included a detailed analysis of past studies on the significance of medical applications in the ancient therapeutic field. AREAS COVERED We examined the history of antibiotics development and discovery, the most relevant biochemical aspects of their mode of action, and the biomolecular mechanisms conferring bacterial resistance to antibiotics. EXPERT OPINION The list of pathogens showing low sensitivity or full resistance to most currently available antibiotics is growing worldwide. Long after the 'golden age' of antibiotic discovery, the most novel molecules should be carefully reserved to treat serious bacterial infections of susceptible bacteria. A correct diagnostic and therapeutic procedure can slow down the spreading of nosocomial and community infections sustained by multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Bottalico
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies (Cediclo), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies (Cediclo), University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Emergency/Urgent Department, National Poisoning Center, Riuniti University Hospital of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Potenza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology - Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Montagnani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology - Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Microbiology and Virology Unit, School of Medicine,University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Mesbah A, Mashak Z, Abdolmaleki Z. A survey of prevalence and phenotypic and genotypic assessment of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria isolated from ready-to-eat food samples collected from Tehran Province, Iran. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:81. [PMID: 34635183 PMCID: PMC8504009 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are considered among the major causes of foodborne diseases. This survey aims to assess genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus bacteria isolated from ready-to-eat food samples. METHODS According to the previously reported prevalence of S. aureus in ready-to-eat food samples, a total of 415 ready-to-eat food samples were collected from Tehran province, Iran. S. aureus bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. Besides, the phenotypic antibiotic resistance profile was determined by disk diffusion. In addition, the genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined using the PCR. RESULTS A total of 64 out of 415 (15.42%) ready-to-eat food samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Grilled mushrooms and salad olivieh harbored the highest contamination rate of (30%), while salami samples harbored the lowest contamination rate of 3.33%. In addition, S. aureus bacteria harbored the highest prevalence of resistance to penicillin (85.93%), tetracycline (85.93%), gentamicin (73.43%), erythromycin (53.12%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (51.56%), and ciprofloxacin (50%). However, all isolates were resistant to at least four antibiotic agents. Accordingly, the prevalence of tetK (70.31%), blaZ (64.06%), aacA-D (57.81%), gyrA (50%), and ermA (39.06%) was higher than that of other detected antibiotic resistance genes. Besides, AacA-D + blaZ (48.43%), tetK + blaZ (46.87%), aacA-D + tetK (39.06%), aacA-D + gyrA (20.31%), and ermA + blaZ (20.31%) were the most frequently identified combined genotypic patterns of antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSION Ready-to-eat food samples may be sources of resistant S. aureus, which pose a hygienic threat in case of their consumption. However, further investigations are required to identify additional epidemiological features of S. aureus in ready-to-eat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Mesbah
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mashak
- Department of Food Hygiene, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Zohreh Abdolmaleki
- Department of Pharmacology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
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Ren Y, Chakraborty T, Doijad S, Falgenhauer L, Falgenhauer J, Goesmann A, Hauschild AC, Schwengers O, Heider D. Prediction of antimicrobial resistance based on whole-genome sequencing and machine learning. Bioinformatics 2021; 38:325-334. [PMID: 34613360 PMCID: PMC8722762 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest global problems threatening human and animal health. Rapid and accurate AMR diagnostic methods are thus very urgently needed. However, traditional antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is time-consuming, low throughput and viable only for cultivable bacteria. Machine learning methods may pave the way for automated AMR prediction based on genomic data of the bacteria. However, comparing different machine learning methods for the prediction of AMR based on different encodings and whole-genome sequencing data without previously known knowledge remains to be done. RESULTS In this study, we evaluated logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and convolutional neural network (CNN) for the prediction of AMR for the antibiotics ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and gentamicin. We could demonstrate that these models can effectively predict AMR with label encoding, one-hot encoding and frequency matrix chaos game representation (FCGR encoding) on whole-genome sequencing data. We trained these models on a large AMR dataset and evaluated them on an independent public dataset. Generally, RFs and CNNs perform better than LR and SVM with AUCs up to 0.96. Furthermore, we were able to identify mutations that are associated with AMR for each antibiotic. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Source code in data preparation and model training are provided at GitHub website (https://github.com/YunxiaoRen/ML-iAMR). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Ren
- Department of Data Science in Biomedicine, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany,German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Swapnil Doijad
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany,German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Linda Falgenhauer
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen 35392, Germany,Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany,Hessisches universitäres Kompetenzzentrum Krankenhaushygiene, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Jane Falgenhauer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany,German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Alexander Goesmann
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen 35392, Germany,Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Anne-Christin Hauschild
- Department of Data Science in Biomedicine, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Oliver Schwengers
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen 35392, Germany,Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
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Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Different Sources. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.115221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial pathogen that can cause a wide range of nosocomial infections. Nasal colonization by S. aureus plays an important role both in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of infection. Objectives: This study aimed at detecting the biofilm-forming capacity of clinical isolates and detection of icaA and agr genes. Methods: A total of 150 clinical specimens was collected from patients in different hospitals in Baghdad. The clinical samples included wounds, abscess, sputum, and ear infections. The suspected isolates were cultured for one day at 37 °C on mannitol salt agar in an aerobic environment. Results: The results showed that of 150 samples, 44 isolates were S. aureus (29.3%), of wounds samples, 22 isolates (45.83%) were S. aureus, 13 (37.14%) were from abscess, 7 (17.95%) from sputum, and 2 isolates (7.14%) from ear samples. This study found that most isolates formed biofilm, but the levels of biofilm were distributed across three ranges. The results also indicated that 47.7% of the isolates produced a strong biofilm, as well as 38.6 and 13.6% produced moderate and weak biofilms, respectively. The present molecular results showed that S. aureus from different samples were 13 (59.1%), 4 (30.77%), 3 (42.85%), 0 (0%) from wounds, abscess, sputum, ear, respectively, were positive for agr gene. While the results showed 18 (81.8%), 10 (76.9%), 5 (71.4%), 1 (50%), respectively, were positive for icaA gene. Conclusions: Most S. aureus isolates isolated from wound were biofilm positive. These isolates bore icaA and agr genes in a high quantity.
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Virulence factors and antibiotic resistance properties of Streptococcus species isolated from hospital cockroaches. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:321. [PMID: 34194905 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02874-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospital cockroaches are probable sources of pathogenic bacteria. The present investigation was performed to assess the antibiotic resistance properties and distribution of virulence factors in the Streptococcus spp. isolated from hospital cockroaches. Six hundred and sixty cockroach samples were collected. Cockroaches were washed with normal saline, and the achieved saline was used for bacterial culture. Isolated Streptococcus spp. were subjected to disk diffusion. The distribution of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes were assessed using a polymerase chain reaction. The prevalence of S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, and S. pneumonia amongst examined samples was 4.82%, 1.66%, and 6.96%, respectively. Cfb (53.93%), cyl (52.8%), scaa (51.68%) and glna (50.56%) were the most commonly detected virulence factors. Pbp2b (71.91%), pbp2x (58.42%), mefA (46.06%), ermB (46.06%) and tetM (46.06%) were the most commonly detected antibiotic resistance genes. Streptococcal spp. harbored the highest prevalence of resistance against tetracycline (80.89%), trimethoprim (65.16%), and penicillin (56.17%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first prevalence report of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes in the Streptococcal spp. isolated from American, German, and oriental hospital cockroaches in Iran. Our findings indicated a certain role for cockroaches in nosocomial pathogens transmission in the hospital environment.
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Subclinical Mastitis in Selected Bovine Dairy Herds in North Upper Egypt: Assessment of Prevalence, Causative Bacterial Pathogens, Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence-Associated Genes. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061175. [PMID: 34072543 PMCID: PMC8229104 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a significant disease affecting dairy cattle farms in Egypt. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence and major bacterial pathogens causing subclinical mastitis (SCM) in three bovine dairy herds, with a history of SCM, at three Governorates in North Upper Egypt. The antimicrobial resistance profiles and specific virulence-associated genes causing bovine SCM were investigated. One thousand sixty-quarter milk samples (QMS) were collected aseptically from 270 apparently healthy cows in three farms and examined. The total prevalence of SCM was 46% and 44.8% based on California Mastitis Test (CMT) and Somatic Cell Count (SCC), respectively. Bacteriological examination of CMT positive quarters revealed that the prevalence of bacterial isolation in subclinically mastitic quarters was 90.4% (26 and 64.3% had single and mixed isolates, respectively). The most frequent bacterial isolates were E. coli (49.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (44.9%), streptococci (44.1%) and non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) (37.1%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of isolates revealed a high degree of resistance to the most commonly used antimicrobial compound in human and veterinary medicine. Implementation of PCR revealed the presence of mecA and blaZ genes in 60% and 46.7% of S. aureus isolates and in 26.7% and 53.3% of NAS, respectively. Meanwhile 73.3% of streptococci isolates harbored aph(3’)-IIIa gene conferring resistance to aminoglycosides and cfb gene. All E. coli isolates harbored tetA gene conferring resistance to tetracycline and sul1 gene conferring resistance to sulfonamides. The fimH and tsh genes were found in 80% and 60%, respectively. A significant association between the phenotypes and genotypes of AMR in different bacteria was recorded. The presence of a high prevalence of SCM in dairy animals impacts milk production and milk quality. The coexistence of pathogenic bacteria in milk is alarming, threatens human health and has a public health significance. Herd health improvement interventions are required to protect human health and society.
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Characteristics and Antibiotic Resistance of Haemophilus influenzae in Children with Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Chengdu, China. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.114210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Haemophilus influenzae is an opportunistic pathogen of the human respiratory tract. Haemophilus influenzae can cause not only respiratory tract infection in children but also otitis media, epiglottitis and sinusitis. With the widespread use of antibiotics, the positive rate of β-lactamase in H. influenzae is increasing, and the rate of antimicrobial resistance is also increasing, which increases the difficulty of clinical treatment. Objectives: To study the infection characteristics of patients and the antibiotic resistance of H. influenzae in lower respiratory tract samples of children in Chengdu, so as to provide a reference for its clinical diagnosis and the rational use of antibiotics. Methods: Sputum samples of 15891 children aged 0-14 years with lower respiratory tract infection were collected. Haemophilus influenzae was cultured and identified, its drug susceptibility tested, and the results determined according to the guidelines of CLSI 2020. Results: A total of 15891 clinical isolate strains in sputum were detected for drug sensitivity from December 2018 to January 2020, of which 5488 were H. influenzae, accounting for 34.54% (5488/15891). The sex of children infected with H. influenzae was not skewed (P > 0.05). The detection rate of H. influenzae was the highest in children aged 7 - 11 months, and the lowest was in the age group ≤ 28 d. The detection rate was the highest in spring and the lowest in autumn. The positive rate of β-lactamase was 92.0%, the resistance rate to ampicillin was 92.0%, the sensitivity to amoxicillin/clavulanate was 70.2%, and the sensitivity to cefotaxime, ofloxacin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and rifampicin was more than 90.0%. Conclusions: Children aged 7 months to 14 years were generally susceptible to H. influenzae in spring, and the positive rate of β-lactamase was high. Doctors should refer to the infection characteristics and drug resistance of H. influenzae and choose antibiotics correctly to better control the infection.
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Prevalence of PVL and LucED Genes in Methicillin-Resistant and Susceptible Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Burn Patients in Kermanshah, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.109982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The main pathogen causing various nosocomial infections, especially in burn patients, is Staphylococcus aureus. An important virulence factor of this bacterium is leukocidin, which binds to white blood cells and leads to apoptosis and necrosis. Objectives: In the present research, we aimed at investigating the prevalence of the panton-valentine leukocidin (PVL) and LucED genes in methicillin-susceptible and resistant isolates of S. aureus isolated from burn patients in Kermanshah, Iran. Methods: Overall, 73 isolates of S. aureus were collected from burn wounds and identified by specific biochemical tests. After determining the susceptibility patterns of the isolates by the disc diffusion method, the frequencies of the PVL and LucED genes were assessed using specific primers and polymerase chain reactions. Results: The rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates were 58.9% (43 isolates) and 41.1% (30 isolates), respectively. In MRSA isolates, the highest antibiotic resistance was to penicillin (100%) and gentamicin (81.4%). Moreover, the frequencies of the LucED and PVL genes were 76.7% (56 isolates) and 27.4% (20 isolates), respectively, and the highest frequency of the LucED and PVL genes was observed in MRSA (81.4%) and MSSA (40%) isolates, respectively. Conclusions: Increased multidrug resistance pattern among S. aureus isolates with leukocidin production has led to treatment failure and severe infections. The development of infections can be prevented by the identification of isolates carrying the leukocidin gene, and early detection of MRSA isolates is feasible by using the PVL gene.
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Li Y, Schal C, Pan X, Huang Y, Zhang F. Effects of Antibiotics on the Dynamic Balance of Bacteria and Fungi in the Gut of the German Cockroach. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2666-2678. [PMID: 32968762 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattaria: Blattidae) harbored diverse microorganisms in the digestive tract, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa. This diverse community maintains a relatively stable balance. Some bacteria have been confirmed to play crucial roles in the insect's physiology, biochemistry, and behavior. Antibiotics can effectively eliminate bacteria and disrupt the balance of gut microbiota, but the time-course of this process, the structure of the new microbial community, and the dynamics of re-assemblage of a bacterial community after antibiotic treatment have not been investigated. In the present study, antibiotic (levofloxacin and gentamicin) ingestion reduced bacterial diversity and abundance in the cockroach gut. Within 14 d of discontinuing antibiotic treatment, the number of culturable gut bacteria returned to its original level. However, the composition of the new bacterial community with greater abundance of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus and Dysgonomonas was significantly different from the original community. Network analysis showed that antibiotic treatment made the interaction between bacteria and fungi closer and stronger in the cockroach gut during the recovery of gut microorganisms. The study on the composition change, recovery rules, and interaction dynamics between gut bacteria and fungi after antibiotic treatment are helpful to explore gut microbes' colonization and interaction with insects, which contributes to the selection of stable core gut bacteria as biological carriers of paratransgenesis for controlling Blattella germanica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People of Republic of China
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Xiaoyuan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People of Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research and Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, 41 Jiefang Road, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People of Republic of China
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Khoshbayan A, Shariati A, Ghaznavi-Rad E, van Belkum A, Darban-Sarokhalil D. Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of ceftaroline non-susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates, first clinical report from Iran. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2020; 67:228-233. [PMID: 33258796 DOI: 10.1556/030.2020.01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the major pathogens in Iran with a high prevalence and a high level of antibiotic resistance. Ceftaroline is a fifth generation cephalosporin binding and inhibiting penicillin binding protein (PBP2a). METHODS In the present study, 228 clinical MRSA isolates were collected from four cities of Iran and their susceptibility to ceftaroline was evaluated by E-test and the disk diffusion method. RESULTS Our results showed a high susceptibility rate (97.3%) to ceftaroline in MRSA strains from Iran. Six isolates were found to be ceftaroline non-susceptible (CPT-NS) with Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥2 µg/mL. All CPT-NS isolates were isolated from blood and tracheal aspirate and belonged to SCCmec type III as well as agr type I and were all susceptible to vancomycin. Out of six isolates, three, two and one belonged to spa type t030, t4864, and t969, respectively. Vancomycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, linezolid, chloramphenicol, and tigecycline were the most active agents against CPT-NS isolates. CONCLUSION Due to the broad-spectrum activity and low toxicity of ceftaroline as well as the increased rate of vancomycin resistance among MRSA strains in recent years, ceftaroline can be considered as a novel approach to treat MRSA-induced infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Khoshbayan
- 1Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Shariati
- 1Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsanollah Ghaznavi-Rad
- 2Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arak School of Paramedicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Alex van Belkum
- 3Open Innovation & Partnerships, Route de Port Michaud, 38390, La Balme Les Grottes, France
| | - Davood Darban-Sarokhalil
- 1Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Norouzi A. Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) cases by the oral administration of montelukast tablets. BIONATURA 2020. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2020.05.04.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the hypothesis, montelukast may have therapeutic action against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) occurred by coronavirus 2 (CoV-19). The research was aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of montelukast tablet on coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) patients. A total of 20 COVID-19 confirmed patients were included in this study. The presence of COVID-19 infections in all patients was confirmed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and computerized tomography (CT) scan. Confirmed cases were treated with oral administration of montelukast (10 mg) tablet for 10 days. The study population was included 18 to 82 years old patients (10 males and 10 females). The mean age of studied men and women individuals were 44.7±17 and 41±17.45 years, respectively. Frequency of respiratory distress, cough, abdominal cramps/diarrhea, fever, and odor disorder clinical signs amongst the examined patients were 85%, 90%, 20%, 70%, and 65%, respectively. Our findings revealed that all patients who were received 10 days of oral administration of montelukast tablets (10 mg) were recovered from the COVID-19 disease.
Additionally, all of the clinical signs of COVID-19 patients, including respiratory distress, cough, and odor disorder, were gradually disappeared. Our findings revealed that widespread oral administration of montelukast tablets (10 mg) is a potential treatment for COVID-19 disease. However, several double-blind and multifactorial clinical trials should perform to determine the other clinical aspects of the treatment of COVID-19 patients by oral administration of montelukast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Norouzi
- Master of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Iran
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Guzman J, Vilcinskas A. Bacteria associated with cockroaches: health risk or biotechnological opportunity? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10369-10387. [PMID: 33128616 PMCID: PMC7671988 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Cockroaches have existed for 300 million years and more than 4600 extant species have been described. Throughout their evolution, cockroaches have been associated with bacteria, and today Blattabacterium species flourish within specialized bacteriocytes, recycling nitrogen from host waste products. Cockroaches can disseminate potentially pathogenic bacteria via feces and other deposits, particularly members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, but also Staphylococcus and Mycobacterium species, and thus, they should be cleared from sites where hygiene is essential, such as hospitals and kitchens. On the other hand, cockroaches also carry bacteria that may produce metabolites or proteins with potential industrial applications. For example, an antibiotic-producing Streptomyces strain was isolated from the gut of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana. Other cockroach-associated bacteria, including but not limited to Bacillus, Enterococcus, and Pseudomonas species, can also produce bioactive metabolites that may be suitable for development as pharmaceuticals or plant protection products. Enzymes that degrade industrially relevant substrates, or that convert biomasses into useful chemical precursors, are also expressed in cockroach-derived bacteria and could be deployed for use in the food/feed, paper, oil, or cosmetics industries. The analysis of cockroach gut microbiomes has revealed a number of lesser-studied bacteria that may form the basis of novel taxonomic groups. Bacteria associated with cockroaches can therefore be dangerous or useful, and this review explores the bacterial clades that may provide opportunities for biotechnological exploitation. Key points • Members of the Enterobacteriaceae are the most frequently cultivated bacteria from cockroaches. • Cultivation-independent studies have revealed a diverse community, led by the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. • Although cockroaches may carry pathogenic bacteria, most strains are innocuous and may be useful for biotechnological applications. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-020-10973-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guzman
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Mehainaoui A, Menasria T, Benouagueni S, Benhadj M, Lalaoui R, Gacemi-Kirane D. Rapid screening and characterization of bacteria associated with hospital cockroaches (Blattella germanica L.) using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:960-970. [PMID: 32737936 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study aimed to explore the diversity of culturable microbiota colonizing the alimentary tract and outer surfaces of German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) captured in a health care facility. METHODS AND RESULTS Microbial identification was conducted using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) Biotyper and 16S rRNA sequencing. A total of 181 bacteria strains were isolated from 25 cockroach specimens and the MALDI-TOF MS-based assay yielded direct identification of 96·5% (175 out of 181) of the strains at the species level. The proteomic fingerprinting mainly revealed strains belonged to Gram-negative Enterobacteria (103) with six different genera that were characterized including Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Kluyevera, Leclercia, Morganella and Serratia. In addition, Pseudomonas sp. strains ranked in second with 29·8% (54 strains) followed by Staphylococcus sp. (6·62%) and Enterococcus sp. (1·65%). A large number of these bacteria (n = 90, 49·72%) was found in cockroaches captured in the maternity ward, whereas 45 strains (24·8%) were recovered in the paediatric ward. Altogether, 24 bacterial species were identified from both the external surface and digestive tract of the insect, of which Serratia marcescens presented the major group (n = 80, 44·19%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 53, 29·28%) and Klebsiella oxytoca (n = 9, 4·94%). CONCLUSION The findings showed a high prevalence of bacterial pathogens harboured in the body and alimentary tract of B. germanica captured in a health care facility. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This investigation shows the possible role of German cockroaches as a source for bacterial pathogens, increasing the likelihood of direct transmission of healthcare associated infections, and thereby representing a public health risk. In addition, the present study revealed a high discriminatory power of the mass spectra investigation and a competent bacterial typing tool that extends phenotypic and genotypic approaches, which allows new possibilities for fast and accurate diagnosis in medical entomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mehainaoui
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Annaba, Algeria.,Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Plants and Adaptation, Team of Water, Soil, and Microorganisms, Department of Biology, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Annaba, Algeria.,Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - T Menasria
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, University of Tebessa, Tebessa, Algeria
| | - S Benouagueni
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Annaba, Algeria
| | - M Benhadj
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, University of Tebessa, Tebessa, Algeria
| | - R Lalaoui
- Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - D Gacemi-Kirane
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Annaba, Algeria.,Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Plants and Adaptation, Team of Water, Soil, and Microorganisms, Department of Biology, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Annaba, Algeria
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Torki Baghbaderani Z, Shakerian A, Rahimi E. Phenotypic and Genotypic Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Isolated from Retail Meat. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1339-1349. [PMID: 32440171 PMCID: PMC7213866 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s241189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are determined to be one of the main causes of foodborne diseases. PURPOSE This survey was done to assess the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus bacteria isolated from retail meat. METHODS Four-hundred and eighty-five retail meat samples were collected and examined. S. aureus bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. The phenotypic profile of antibiotic resistance was examined using the disk diffusion method. The genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined using the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Forty-eight out of 485 (9.89%) raw retail meat samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Raw retail buffalo meat (16%) had the highest incidence of S. aureus, while raw camel meat (4%) had the lowest. S. aureus bacteria exhibited the uppermost incidence of resistance toward tetracycline (79.16%), penicillin (72.91%), gentamicin (60.41%), and doxycycline (41.666%). The incidence of resistance toward chloramphenicol (8.33%), levofloxacin (22.91%), rifampin (22.91%), and azithromycin (25%) was lower than other examined antibiotics. The most routinely detected antibiotic resistance genes were blaZ (58.33%), tetK (52.08%), aacA-D (33.33%), and ermA (27.08%). Cat1 (4.16%), rpoB (10.41%), msrA (12.50%), grlA (12.50%), linA (14.58%), and dfrA1 (16.66%) had the lower incidence rate. CONCLUSION Raw meat of animals may be sources of resistant S. aureus which pose a hygienic threat about the consumption of raw meat. Nevertheless, further investigations are essential to understand supplementary epidemiological features of S. aureus in retail meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Torki Baghbaderani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Amir Shakerian
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Moosavian M, Baratian Dehkordi P, Hashemzadeh M. Characterization of SCCmec, Spa Types and Multidrug Resistant of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in Ahvaz, Iran. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1033-1044. [PMID: 32308445 PMCID: PMC7154036 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s244896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most pathogens associated with health care. Molecular typing methods are vital for outbreak investigations of MRSA. The aim of this study was characterization of SCCmec, spa types and multidrug resistant of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Ahvaz, Iran. Methods A total of 50 MRSA isolates were determined by using the phenotypic method and mecA gene. Antibiotic resistance profile and SCCmec types were screened using disc diffusion method and PCR, respectively. For spa typing of MRSA isolates, two molecular typing methods including the PCR-sequencing and high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis were used. Results In the present study, the highest sensitivity of MRSA was to vancomycin and linezolid and the lowest to clindamycin. In the MRSA isolates, 22% were XDR and 78% were MDR. SCCmec type III was found commonly among MRSA. Based on PCR-sequencing and HRM results, 10 different spa types were identified. The spa types t037 and t030 were the most common in this study. Conclusion This study emphasizes the spa variation among MRSA isolates, which may be considered as an important criterion when treating staphylococcal infections. Accurate and early detection of MDR, XDR, or even PDR MRSA isolates strains must be commenced by all clinical microbiology laboratories to reduce the menace of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Moosavian
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Paria Baratian Dehkordi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemzadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Molecular and Virulence Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Recovered From Hospital Cockroaches. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.98564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococci on Hand-Touching Surfaces in a University Town in Southwestern China: A Prevalence Study of Virulence and Resistance. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.95859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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35
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Saadati A, Mashak Z, Yarmand MS. Prevalence of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Gene Amongst the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Fowl Meat. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2019. [DOI: 10.15171/ijep.2019.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered to be one of the most important causes of foodborne diseases. Objective: The current examination was performed to examine the distribution of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene amongst the MRSA strains isolated from raw fowl meat samples. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 fowl meat samples were collected and cultured. MRSA strains were identified using cefoxitin and oxacillin susceptibility tests. DNA samples extracted from the MRSA strains were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of SCCmec and PVL gene. Results: Twenty-two out of 240 (9.16%) raw fowl meat samples were positive for S. aureus strains. Twelve out of 22 S. aureus strains (54.54%) were determined as MRSA strains. The incidence of MRSA strains in raw chicken, turkey, quail, and ostrich meat samples was 66.66%, 50%, 50%, and 33.33%, respectively. The incidence of SCCmec IVa, SCCmec IVd, and SCCmec V was 50%, 8.33% and 41.66%, respectively. The applied method failed to detect SCCmec types I, II, III, IVb, and IVc. The incidence of the PVL gene amongst the MRSA strains was 75%. Conclusion: The presence of SCCmec IV and SCCmec V and PVL gene revealed occurrence of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) in fowl meat samples. Further studies are required to find additional epidemiological aspects of the MRSA strains in fowl meat samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Saadati
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mashak
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeid Yarmand
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance and Distribution of Virulence Factors in the Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli Recovered from Hospital Food. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.82659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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