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Singh K, Nainwal N, Chitme HR. A review on recent advancements in pharmaceutical technology transfer of tablets from an Indian perspective. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2024:S0003-4509(24)00108-1. [PMID: 39127322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The healthcare sector is a paramount and rapidly expanding industry in India. The pharmaceutical field in India has experienced substantial growth and transformation in recent times, making significant contributions to the global healthcare market. This comprehensive review delves into the most recent innovations in pharmaceutical technology transfer (TT), particularly in the context of tablet formulations from an Indian standpoint. SIGNIFICANCE The pharmaceutical sector has grappled with various challenging issues, including the escalating costs of medications and the demand for patient-friendly products. METHODS In this technological progress era, various cutting-edge pharmaceutical technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), and 3D and 4D printing, play pivotal roles in drug development. Tablets, the most promising and widely utilized dosage form worldwide, require a sophisticated approach to TT. Achieving a successful TT necessitates a dedicated team with well-defined objectives, improved documentation, and effective communication. RESULTS The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry (IPI) possesses the potential to make significant contributions to the global healthcare sector. Moreover, we delve into the various phases of TT, highlighting the pivotal role of formulation development and process optimization in ensuring product quality, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness along with different models of TT. Additionally, we examine the challenges associated with TT and potential solutions, as well as the initiatives of the Indian government to bolster the Indian pharmaceutical sector's position as the "Pharmacy of the World". CONCLUSION It is concluded that there is a need to contextualize and institutionalize the tech transfer policies for successful implementation for the benefit of the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishan Singh
- All India Institute of Ayurveda, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi 110076, India.
| | - Nidhi Nainwal
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Premnagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
| | - Havagiray R Chitme
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India.
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Poudel I, Mita N, Babu RJ. 3D printed dosage forms, where are we headed? Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38993098 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2379943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 3D Printing (3DP) is an innovative fabrication technology that has gained enormous popularity through its paradigm shifts in manufacturing in several disciplines, including healthcare. In this past decade, we have witnessed the impact of 3DP in drug product development. Almost 8 years after the first USFDA approval of the 3D printed tablet Levetiracetam (Spritam), the interest in 3DP for drug products is high. However, regulatory agencies have often questioned its large-scale industrial practicability, and 3DP drug approval/guidelines are yet to be streamlined. AREAS COVERED In this review, major technologies involved with the fabrication of drug products are introduced along with the prospects of upcoming technologies, including AI (Artificial Intelligence). We have touched upon regulatory updates and discussed the burning limitations, which require immediate focus, illuminating status, and future perspectives on the near future of 3DP in the pharmaceutical field. EXPERT OPINION 3DP offers significant advantages in rapid prototyping for drug products, which could be beneficial for personalizing patient-based pharmaceutical dispensing. It seems inevitable that the coming decades will be marked by exponential growth in personalization, and 3DP could be a paradigm-shifting asset for pharmaceutical professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwor Poudel
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Nur Mita
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia
| | - R Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Elkanayati RM, Darwesh AY, Taha I, Wang H, Uttreja P, Vemula SK, Chambliss WG, Repka MA. Quality by design approach for fabrication of extended-release buccal films for xerostomia employing hot-melt extrusion technology. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 200:114335. [PMID: 38768765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The study endeavors the fabrication of extended-release adipic acid (APA) buccal films employing a quality by design (QbD) approach. The films intended for the treatment of xerostomia were developed utilizing hot-melt extrusion technology. The patient-centered quality target product profile was created, and the critical quality attributes were identified accordingly. Three early-stage formulation development trials, complemented by risk assessment aligned the formulation and process parameters with the product quality standards. Employing a D-optimal mixture design, the formulations were systematically optimized by evaluating three formulation variables: amount of the release-controlling polymer Eudragit® (E RSPO), bioadhesive agent Carbopol® (CBP 971P), and pore forming agent polyethylene glycol (PEG 1500) as independent variables, and % APA release in 1, 4 and 8 h as responses. Using design of experiment software (Design-Expert®), a total of 16 experimental runs were computed and extruded using a Thermofisher ScientificTM twin screw extruder. All films exhibited acceptable content uniformity and extended-release profiles with the potential for releasing APA for at least 8 h. Films containing 30% E RSPO, 10% CBP 971P, and 20% PEG 1500 released 88.6% APA in 8 h. Increasing the CBP concentration enhanced adhesiveness and swelling capacities while decreasing E RSPO concentration yielded films with higher mechanical strength. The release kinetics fitted well into Higuchi and Krosmeyer-Peppas models indicating a Fickian diffusion release mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M Elkanayati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Alaa Y Darwesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Iman Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Honghe Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Prateek Uttreja
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Sateesh Kumar Vemula
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Walter G Chambliss
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Forbes TP, Gillen JG, Feeney W, Ho J. Quality by Design Considerations for Drop-on-Demand Point-of-Care Pharmaceutical Manufacturing of Precision Medicine. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3268-3280. [PMID: 38661480 PMCID: PMC11262155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Distributed and point-of-care (POC) manufacturing facilities enable an agile pharmaceutical production paradigm that can respond to localized needs, providing personalized and precision medicine. These capabilities are critical for narrow therapeutic index drugs and pediatric or geriatric dosing, among other specialized needs. Advanced additive manufacturing, three-dimensional (3D) printing, and drop-on-demand (DoD) dispensing technologies have begun to expand into pharmaceutical production. We employed a quality by design (QbD) approach to identify critical quality attributes (CQAs), critical material attributes (CMAs), and critical process parameters (CPPs) of a POC pharmaceutical manufacturing paradigm. This theoretical framework encompasses the production of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) "inks" at a centralized facility, which are distributed to POC sites for DoD dispensing into/onto delivery vehicles (e.g., orodispersible films, capsules, single liquid dose vials). Focusing on the POC dispensing/dosing processes, QbD considerations and cause-and-effect analyses identified the dispensed API quantity and solid-state form (CQAs), as well as the nozzle diameter, system pressure channel, and number of drops dispensed (CPPs) for detailed investigation. Final assay quantification and content uniformity CQAs were measured from demonstrative levothyroxine sodium single-dose liquid vials of glycerin/water, meeting the standard acceptance values. Each POC facility is unlikely to maintain full quality control laboratory capabilities, requiring the development of appropriate atline or inline methods to ensure quality control. We developed control strategies, including atline ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) verification of the API ink prior to dispensing, inline drop counting during dispensing, intermediate atline-dispensed volume checks, and offline batch confirmation by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) following production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - John Greg Gillen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - William Feeney
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Johnny Ho
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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Turac IR, Porfire A, Iurian S, Crișan AG, Casian T, Iovanov R, Tomuță I. Expanding the Manufacturing Approaches for Gastroretentive Drug Delivery Systems with 3D Printing Technology. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:790. [PMID: 38931911 PMCID: PMC11207633 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDSs) have gained substantial attention in the last 20 years due to their ability to retain the drug in the stomach for an extended time, thus promoting an extended release and high bioavailability for a broad range of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that are pH-sensitive and/or have a narrow absorption window. The currently existing GRDDSs include floating, expanding, mucoadhesive, magnetic, raft-forming, ion-exchanging, and high-density systems. Although there are seven types of systems, the main focus is on floating, expanding, and mucoadhesive systems produced by various techniques, 3D printing being one of the most revolutionary and currently studied ones. This review assesses the newest production technologies and briefly describes the in vitro and in vivo evaluation methods, with the aim of providing a better overall understanding of GRDDSs as a novel emerging strategy for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.-R.T.); (S.I.); (A.G.C.); (T.C.); (R.I.); (I.T.)
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Kim YJ, Choi YR, Kang JH, Park YS, Kim DW, Park CW. Geometry-Driven Fabrication of Mini-Tablets via 3D Printing: Correlating Release Kinetics with Polyhedral Shapes. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:783. [PMID: 38931904 PMCID: PMC11207496 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to fabricate mini-tablets of polyhedrons containing theophylline using a fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer, and to evaluate the correlation between release kinetics models and their geometric shapes. The filaments containing theophylline, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), and EUDRAGIT RS PO (EU) could be obtained with a consistent thickness through pre-drying before hot melt extrusion (HME). Mini-tablets of polyhedrons ranging from tetrahedron to icosahedron were 3D-printed using the same formulation of the filament, ensuring equal volumes. The release kinetics models derived from dissolution tests of the polyhedrons, along with calculations for various physical parameters (edge, SA: surface area, SA/W: surface area/weight, SA/V: surface area/volume), revealed that the correlation between the Higuchi model and the SA/V was the highest (R2 = 0.995). It was confirmed that using 3D- printing for the development of personalized or pediatric drug products allows for the adjustment of drug dosage by modifying the size or shape of the drug while maintaining or controlling the same release profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (Y.-R.C.)
| | - Yu-Rim Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (Y.-R.C.)
| | - Ji-Hyun Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of New Drug Development, and Respiratory Drug Development Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yun-Sang Park
- Research & Development Center, P2K Bio, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Collge of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chun-Woong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (Y.-R.C.)
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Kreft K, Fanous M, Möckel V. The potential of three-dimensional printing for pediatric oral solid dosage forms. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2024; 74:229-248. [PMID: 38815205 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2024-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Pediatric patients often require individualized dosing of medicine due to their unique pharmacokinetic and developmental characteristics. Current methods for tailoring the dose of pediatric medications, such as tablet splitting or compounding liquid formulations, have limitations in terms of dosing accuracy and palatability. This paper explores the potential of 3D printing as a solution to address the challenges and provide tailored doses of medication for each pediatric patient. The technological overview of 3D printing is discussed, highlighting various 3D printing technologies and their suitability for pharmaceutical applications. Several individualization options with the potential to improve adherence are discussed, such as individualized dosage, custom release kinetics, tablet shape, and palatability. To integrate the preparation of 3D printed medication at the point of care, a decentralized manufacturing model is proposed. In this setup, pharmaceutical companies would routinely provide materials and instructions for 3D printing, while specialized compounding centers or hospital pharmacies perform the printing of medication. In addition, clinical opportunities of 3D printing for dose-finding trials are emphasized. On the other hand, current challenges in adequate dosing, regulatory compliance, adherence to quality standards, and maintenance of intellectual property need to be addressed for 3D printing to close the gap in personalized oral medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemen Kreft
- 1Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., a Sandoz Company, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Xiao YP, Xu HJ, Liao W, Li ZH. Clinical application of instant 3D printed cast versus polymer orthosis in the treatment of colles fracture: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:104. [PMID: 38297262 PMCID: PMC10829219 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The shortcomings of plaster in water resistance, air permeability, skin comfort, fixed stability and weight of wearing are still to be solved. 3D printed cast can overcome the above shortcomings. At present, there is a relative lack of data on the clinical application of 3D printed cast, probably due to its complexity, relatively long operating time, and high price. We aimed to compare and evaluate the short-term effectiveness, safety and advantages of 3D printed wrist cast versus polymer orthosis in the treatment of Colles fracture. METHODS Forty patients with Colles fracture in our hospital from June to December 2022 were selected and divided into an observation group (20 patients, treated with instant 3D printed cast) and a control group (20 cases, treated with polymer orthosis). Both groups treated with manual reduction and external fixation. The visual analogue scale (VAS), immobilization effectiveness and satisfaction scores, Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score, complications and imaging data were collected and compared before immobilization and at 2, 6 and 12 weeks after the fracture. RESULTS VAS at 2 weeks after the fracture was significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group ( P < 0.05). The immobilization effectiveness and satisfaction scores at 6 weeks after the fracture were significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group (all P < 0.05). The DASH scores at 2 and 6 weeks after the fracture were significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group (all P < 0.05). There wasn't rupture of the printed cast or orthosis in both groups. There were 2 cases of skin irritation in the control group, and no skin irritation occurred in the observation group. The palmar tilt angle and ulnar inclination angle at 2 weeks and 12 weeks after the fracture were significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Both instant 3D printed cast and polymer orthosis are effective in the treatment of Colles fracture. But instant 3D printed cast is better than polymer orthosis in areas of good clinical and imaging performance, and high patient satisfaction and comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Xiao
- The Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 241, Pengliuyang Road, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Jia Xu
- The Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 241, Pengliuyang Road, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Wen Liao
- The Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 241, Pengliuyang Road, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhang-Hua Li
- The Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 241, Pengliuyang Road, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei Province, P.R. China.
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Mahmood A, Perveen F, Chen S, Akram T, Irfan A. Polymer Composites in 3D/4D Printing: Materials, Advances, and Prospects. Molecules 2024; 29:319. [PMID: 38257232 PMCID: PMC10818632 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), commonly referred to as 3D printing, has revolutionized the manufacturing landscape by enabling the intricate layer-by-layer construction of three-dimensional objects. In contrast to traditional methods relying on molds and tools, AM provides the flexibility to fabricate diverse components directly from digital models without the need for physical alterations to machinery. Four-dimensional printing is a revolutionary extension of 3D printing that introduces the dimension of time, enabling dynamic transformations in printed structures over predetermined periods. This comprehensive review focuses on polymeric materials in 3D printing, exploring their versatile processing capabilities, environmental adaptability, and applications across thermoplastics, thermosetting materials, elastomers, polymer composites, shape memory polymers (SMPs), including liquid crystal elastomer (LCE), and self-healing polymers for 4D printing. This review also examines recent advancements in microvascular and encapsulation self-healing mechanisms, explores the potential of supramolecular polymers, and highlights the latest progress in hybrid printing using polymer-metal and polymer-ceramic composites. Finally, this paper offers insights into potential challenges faced in the additive manufacturing of polymer composites and suggests avenues for future research in this dynamic and rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyaz Mahmood
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China;
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610054, China
- School of Art and Design, Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic, Guangzhou 511483, China
- Dongguan Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Fouzia Perveen
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering & Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Shenggui Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China;
- School of Art and Design, Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic, Guangzhou 511483, China
- Dongguan Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Tayyaba Akram
- Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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Barrulas RV, Corvo MC. Rheology in Product Development: An Insight into 3D Printing of Hydrogels and Aerogels. Gels 2023; 9:986. [PMID: 38131974 PMCID: PMC10742728 DOI: 10.3390/gels9120986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheological characterisation plays a crucial role in developing and optimising advanced materials in the form of hydrogels and aerogels, especially if 3D printing technologies are involved. Applications ranging from tissue engineering to environmental remediation require the fine-tuning of such properties. Nonetheless, their complex rheological behaviour presents unique challenges in additive manufacturing. This review outlines the vital rheological parameters that influence the printability of hydrogel and aerogel inks, emphasising the importance of viscosity, yield stress, and viscoelasticity. Furthermore, the article discusses the latest developments in rheological modifiers and printing techniques that enable precise control over material deposition and resolution in 3D printing. By understanding and manipulating the rheological properties of these materials, researchers can explore new possibilities for applications such as biomedicine or nanotechnology. An optimal 3D printing ink requires strong shear-thinning behaviour for smooth extrusion, forming continuous filaments. Favourable thixotropic properties aid viscosity recovery post-printing, and adequate yield stress and G' are crucial for structural integrity, preventing deformation or collapse in printed objects, and ensuring high-fidelity preservation of shapes. This insight into rheology provides tools for the future of material design and manufacturing in the rapidly evolving field of 3D printing of hydrogels and aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta C. Corvo
- i3N|Cenimat, Department of Materials Science (DCM), NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
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Aguilar-de-Leyva Á, Linares V, Domínguez-Robles J, Casas M, Caraballo I. Extrusion-based technologies for 3D printing: a comparative study of the processability of thermoplastic polyurethane-based formulations. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:939-947. [PMID: 37878535 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2274945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) offer excellent properties for a wide range of dosage forms. These polymers have been successfully utilized in personalized medicine production using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing (3DP). However, direct powder extrusion (DPE) has been introduced recently as a challenging technique since it eliminates filament production before 3DP, reducing thermal stress, production time, and costs. This study compares DPE and single-screw extrusion for binary (drug-TPU) and ternary (drug-TPU-magnesium stearate [MS]) mixtures containing from 20 to 60% w/w of theophylline. Powder flow, mechanical properties, fractal analysis, and percolation theory were utilized to analyze critical properties of the extrudates. All the mixtures could be processed at a temperature range between 130 and 160 °C. Extrudates containing up to 50% w/w of drug (up to 30% w/w of drug in the case of single-screw extrusion binary filaments) showed toughness values above the critical threshold of 80 kg/mm2. MS improved flow in mixtures where the drug is the only percolating component, reduced until 25 °C the DPE temperature and decreased the extrudate roughness in high drug content systems. The potential of DPE as an efficient one-step additive manufacturing technique in healthcare environments to produce TPU-based tailored on-demand medicines has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Aguilar-de-Leyva
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Vicente Linares
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Domínguez-Robles
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Casas
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Isidoro Caraballo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Khalid MY, Arif ZU, Noroozi R, Hossain M, Ramakrishna S, Umer R. 3D/4D printing of cellulose nanocrystals-based biomaterials: Additives for sustainable applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126287. [PMID: 37573913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have gained significant attraction from both industrial and academic sectors, thanks to their biodegradability, non-toxicity, and renewability with remarkable mechanical characteristics. Desirable mechanical characteristics of CNCs include high stiffness, high strength, excellent flexibility, and large surface-to-volume ratio. Additionally, the mechanical properties of CNCs can be tailored through chemical modifications for high-end applications including tissue engineering, actuating, and biomedical. Modern manufacturing methods including 3D/4D printing are highly advantageous for developing sophisticated and intricate geometries. This review highlights the major developments of additive manufactured CNCs, which promote sustainable solutions across a wide range of applications. Additionally, this contribution also presents current challenges and future research directions of CNC-based composites developed through 3D/4D printing techniques for myriad engineering sectors including tissue engineering, wound healing, wearable electronics, robotics, and anti-counterfeiting applications. Overall, this review will greatly help research scientists from chemistry, materials, biomedicine, and other disciplines to comprehend the underlying principles, mechanical properties, and applications of additively manufactured CNC-based structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasir Khalid
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Zia Ullah Arif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Management & Technology Lahore, Sialkot Campus, 51041, Pakistan.
| | - Reza Noroozi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Zienkiewicz Institute for Modelling, Data and AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, SA1 8EN Swansea, UK.
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Rehan Umer
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box: 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Chen H, Li X, Gong Y, Bu T, Wang X, Pan H. Unidirectional drug release from 3D printed personalized buccal patches using FDM technology. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123382. [PMID: 37683982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Oromucosal delivery of active ingredients of drugs provides a superior administration route for the treatment of oral diseases, due to avoidance of the first pass effect. In the present work, in view of the characteristics of large differences between oral ulcer symptoms and different lesion sizes, dexamethasone acetate unidirectional drug release buccal patches has been prepared based on Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). Unidirectional drug release was achieved by covering the top and side with ethyl cellulose. Polyvinyl alcohol as a drug carrier, xylitol as a plasticizer. First, the protection effect of different thicknesses of the protective layer is investigated to determine the thickness of the protective layer. Co-extrusion printing method was adapted, utilizing blank filament to regulate preparations with different areas' drug loading. The results show that co-extrusion had no significant impact on the overall patches' drug release and adhesion properties. The physicochemical properties of the patches were also characterized. Evaluation of irritation is showed that these patches do not cause irritation to the oral mucosa of rats. Pharmacodynamic evaluation results showed that the preparation could promote the reduction of ulcer area. The results showed that FDM printing is a convenient and practical approach in manufacturing buccal patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Shenyang 110036, China; School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ye Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Tianshi Bu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Hao Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Shenyang 110036, China.
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Mandati P, Nyavanandi D, Narala S, Alzahrani A, Vemula SK, Repka MA. A Comparative Assessment of Cocrystal and Amorphous Solid Dispersion Printlets Developed by Hot Melt Extrusion Paired Fused Deposition Modeling for Dissolution Enhancement and Stability of Ibuprofen. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:203. [PMID: 37783961 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02666-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary focus of the research is to study the role of cocrystal and amorphous solid dispersion approaches for enhancing solubility and preserving the stability of a poorly soluble drug, i.e., ibuprofen (IBP). First, the solvent-assisted grinding approach determined the optimum molar ratio of the drug and the coformer (nicotinamide (NIC)). Later, the polymeric filaments of cocrystals and amorphous solid dispersions were developed using the hot melt extrusion (HME) process, and the printlets were fabricated using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) additive manufacturing process. In addition, the obtained filaments were also milled and compressed into tablets as reference samples. The formation of cocrystals and amorphous solid dispersions was evaluated and confirmed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. The drug release profiles of 3D printlets with 50% infill were found to be faster and are in line with the release profiles of compressed tablets. In addition, the 3D-printed cocrystal formulation was stable for 6 months at accelerated conditions. However, the 3D printlets of amorphous solid dispersions and compressed tablets failed to retain stability attributed to the recrystallization of the drug and loss in tablet mechanical properties. This shows the suitability of a cocrystal platform as a novel approach for developing stable formulations of poorly soluble drug substances over amorphous solid dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Mandati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Dinesh Nyavanandi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Sagar Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Abdullah Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Sateesh Kumar Vemula
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA.
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA.
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15
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Ibrahim AMH, Idrees M, Tekerek E, Kontsos A, Palmese GR, Alvarez NJ. Engineered Interleaved Random Glass Fiber Composites Using Additive Manufacturing: Effect of Mat Properties, Resin Chemistry, and Resin-Rich Layer Thickness. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3189. [PMID: 37571083 PMCID: PMC10420951 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard lay-up fabrication of fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) suffer from poor out-of-plane properties and delamination resistance. While advanced manufacturing techniques (e.g., interleaving, braiding, and z-pinning) increase delamination resistance in FRCs, they typically result in significant fabrication complexity and limitations, increased manufacturing costs, and/or overall stiffness reduction. In this work, we demonstrate the use of facile digital light processing (DLP) technique to additively manufacture (AM) random glass FRCs with engineered interleaves. This work demonstrates how vat photo-polymerization techniques can be used to build composites layer-by-layer with controlled interleaf material, thickness, and placement. Note that this engineering control is almost impossible to achieve with traditional manufacturing techniques. A range of specimens were printed to measure the effect of interleaf thickness and material on tensile/flexural properties as well as fracture toughness. One important observation was the ≈60% increase in interlaminar fracture toughness achieved by using a tough resin material in the interleaf. The comparison between AM and traditionally manufactured specimens via vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) highlighted the limitation of AM techniques in achieving high mat consolidation. In other words, the volume fraction of AM parts is limited by the wet fiber mat process, and engineering solutions are discussed. Overall, this technique offers engineering control of FRC design and fabrication that is not available with traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. H. Ibrahim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University College of Engineering, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mohanad Idrees
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University College of Engineering, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emine Tekerek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University College of Engineering, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Antonios Kontsos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University College of Engineering, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Giuseppe R. Palmese
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University College of Engineering, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicolas J. Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University College of Engineering, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Ramezani M, Mohd Ripin Z. 4D Printing in Biomedical Engineering: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:347. [PMID: 37504842 PMCID: PMC10381284 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14070347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
4D printing has emerged as a transformative technology in the field of biomedical engineering, offering the potential for dynamic, stimuli-responsive structures with applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, medical devices, and diagnostics. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the advancements, challenges, and future directions of 4D printing in biomedical engineering. We discuss the development of smart materials, including stimuli-responsive polymers, shape-memory materials, and bio-inks, as well as the various fabrication techniques employed, such as direct-write assembly, stereolithography, and multi-material jetting. Despite the promising advances, several challenges persist, including material limitations related to biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and degradation rates; fabrication complexities arising from the integration of multiple materials, resolution and accuracy, and scalability; and regulatory and ethical considerations surrounding safety and efficacy. As we explore the future directions for 4D printing, we emphasise the need for material innovations, fabrication advancements, and emerging applications such as personalised medicine, nanomedicine, and bioelectronic devices. Interdisciplinary research and collaboration between material science, biology, engineering, regulatory agencies, and industry are essential for overcoming challenges and realising the full potential of 4D printing in the biomedical engineering landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Ramezani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Zaidi Mohd Ripin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Malaysia
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Al-Shalawi FD, Mohamed Ariff AH, Jung DW, Mohd Ariffin MKA, Seng Kim CL, Brabazon D, Al-Osaimi MO. Biomaterials as Implants in the Orthopedic Field for Regenerative Medicine: Metal versus Synthetic Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2601. [PMID: 37376247 PMCID: PMC10303232 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering bone fractures in different parts of the body require implants that will enable similar function to that of the natural bone that they are replacing. Joint diseases (rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis) also require surgical intervention with implants such as hip and knee joint replacement. Biomaterial implants are utilized to fix fractures or replace parts of the body. For the majority of these implant cases, either metal or polymer biomaterials are chosen in order to have a similar functional capacity to the original bone material. The biomaterials that are employed most often for implants of bone fracture are metals such as stainless steel and titanium, and polymers such as polyethene and polyetheretherketone (PEEK). This review compared metallic and synthetic polymer implant biomaterials that can be employed to secure load-bearing bone fractures due to their ability to withstand the mechanical stresses and strains of the body, with a focus on their classification, properties, and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Dakhelallah Al-Shalawi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.D.A.-S.); (M.K.A.M.A.)
| | - Azmah Hanim Mohamed Ariff
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.D.A.-S.); (M.K.A.M.A.)
- Research Center Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dong-Won Jung
- Faculty of Applied Energy System, Major of Mechanical Engineering, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohd Khairol Anuar Mohd Ariffin
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.D.A.-S.); (M.K.A.M.A.)
| | - Collin Looi Seng Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Dermot Brabazon
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre, and Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, D09 V209 Dublin 9, Ireland;
| | - Maha Obaid Al-Osaimi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Doolaanea A, Latif N, Singh S, Kumar M, Safa'at MF, Alfatama M, Edros R, Bhatia A. A Review on Physicochemical Properties of Polymers Used as Filaments in 3D-Printed Tablets. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:116. [PMID: 37160772 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has presently been explored widely in the field of pharmaceutical research to produce various conventional as well as novel dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, oral films, pellets, subcutaneous implants, scaffolds, and vaginal rings. The use of this innovative method is a good choice for its advanced technologies and the ability to make tailored medicine specifically for individual patient. There are many 3D printing systems that are used to print tablets, implants, and vaginal rings. Among the available systems, the fused deposition modeling (FDM) is widely utilized. The FDM has been regarded as the best choice of printer as it shows high potential in the production of tablets as a unit dose in 3D printing medicine manufacturing. In order to design a 3D-printed tablet or other dosage forms, the physicochemical properties of polymers play a vital role. One should have proper knowledge about the polymer's properties so that one can select appropriate polymers in order to design 3D-printed dosage form. This review highlighted the various physicochemical properties of polymers that are currently used as filaments in 3D printing. In this manuscript, the authors also discussed various systems that are currently adopted in the 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdAlmonem Doolaanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
- IKOP SdnBhd, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - NurFaezah Latif
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Shubham Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
| | | | - Mulham Alfatama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, 22200, Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Raihana Edros
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Amit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India.
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